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    OYE TI YIKE EITHME

    A

    ATPA 2005

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    A

    K A

    XPHTO EPAA EYT.

    EYT.

    IANNH APENIO

    NIKOITA NIKOOOYOY

    , ,

    IANNH K. IKPAMENO

    / 19972005

    ISBN: 9605386267K : YE 34/3

    Copyright 2005

    16 . , 26222 .: (2610) 367336, 367355, : (2610) 361420

    . 2121/1993,

    , .

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    fi

    ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

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    .................................................................................................................................. 13

    1.1 .

    ....................................................... 14

    1.2 .................................................................................... 19

    ...................................................................................................................................................... 21

    ............................................................................................................................. 23

    K 2

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    .................................................................................................................................. 27

    2.1 : , ,

    .................................................................................................................................... 31

    2.2 ......................................................................................................................................... 32

    2.3 ................................................................................................................... 33

    2.4 - .............................................................................................. 40

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    .................................................................................................................................. 45

    3.1 ................................... 47

    N E

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    6 A O T H N K A I K H T H N K B A N T I K H Y I K H

    3.2 ........................................................................................................ 59

    3.3 ........................................................................................................... 63

    * 3.3.1 Y g(v) ................................................................................. 66

    * 3.3.2 H u(,) ............................................................................................. 68

    3.4 - RayleighJeans ............................................. 70

    * 3.4.1 RayleighJeans ....................... 70

    3.4.2

    RayleighJeans ....................................................................................................................... 74

    * 1

    3.5 u(,) () ......................................... 79

    3.5.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 79

    3.5.2 u(,) ............................................................................................................... 80

    3.5.3 u(,T) .......................................................................................... 86

    ***3.5.4 () () ................................. 89

    3.6 Planck..................................................................................................... 93

    .................................................................................................................................................... 118

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    .............................................................................................................................. 121

    4.1 ........................................................................................................................................................... 124

    4.2 :

    .................................................................................................................................. 125

    4.3 :

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    4.4 :

    , Debye ..................................... 133

    * 24.5 :

    ............................................................................................................. 142

    * 3

    4.6 ....................................................................... 153

    4.7 ......................................................................... 157

    .................................................................................................................................................... 158

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    K 5

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    .............................................................................................................................. 163

    5.1 .......................................................................................................................... 166

    5.1.1 ............................................................................................................................................. 166

    5.1.2 ............................................................................... 167

    5.1.3 ........................... 172

    5.2 - ........................................................... 175

    * 4

    5.3 ............................................................................................................ 1845.4 1: , ,

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    5.5 2:

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    5.6 3:

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    5.7 5.1: O .

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    6.1 T Compton ........................................................................................................................ 203

    6.1.1 O ................................................................................................................................................ 203

    6.1.2 ................................................................................................ 203

    6.1.3 ......................................................... 206

    6.1.4 ......................................................... 210

    6.1.5 Compton ................. 214

    6.2 ......................................................................................................... 218

    6.2.1 ................................................................................................ 218

    6.2.2 .................................................................................................................... 221

    6.2.3 ......................................................................................... 221

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    7 E P I E X O M E N A

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    6.2.4 ............................................................................... 223

    6.2.5 ......................... 225

    6.3 .......................................................................................................................... 229

    6.3.1 ................................................................................................ 229

    6.3.2 ........................ 231

    6.4 ............................................................................................................................................ 233

    6.5 - ................................................................... 235

    .................................................................................................................................................... 236

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    .............................................................................................................................. 237

    7.1 ........................................................... 239

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    7.2 ............................................................................................. 246

    7.3 ............................................................................................. 248

    7.4 ................................................................................................................. 248

    7.4.1 Thomson ............................................................................... 248

    7.4.2 Rutherford ........................................................................... 252

    .................................................................................................................................................... 257

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    H Bohr

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    .............................................................................................................................. 259

    8.1 Bohr .............................. 261

    8.1.1 Bohr .................................................................................................................. 261

    8.1.2 Bohr...................................................................................................................... 267

    8.2 ....................................................................... 269

    8.3 .............................................. 275

    * 6

    8.4 Bohr ........................................................ 281

    8 A O T H N K A I K H T H N K B A N T I K H Y I K H

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    8.5 .......................................................................................................................... 287

    8.5.1 ........................................................................................................................ 287

    8.5.2 : Franck-Hertz ................................................. 293

    8.6 K Bohr............................................................................ 295

    .................................................................................................................................................... 297

    K 9

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    .............................................................................................................................. 299

    9.1 Bohr ............................................................................................................................................................ 302

    9.1.1 Wilson Sommerfeld ................................................. 302

    9.1.2 Sommerfeld ..................... 306

    9.2 de Broglie ....................................................................... 309

    9.2.1 ................................................ 309

    9.2.2

    ................................................................................................................................ 312

    9.2.3

    .................................................................................. 3149.2.4 ..................................................................................................... 317

    9.3 E 4: : .......................................... 329

    9.4 Heisenberg ................................................................................ 337

    9.4.1 ................................................................................ 337

    9.4.2 : .............................. 338

    9.4.3 .......................................................... 339

    9.4.4 ............... 341

    9.4.5 ................................................................... 352

    9.4.6 .................................................................. 357

    9.4.7 .................................................................. 359

    9.4.8 ............................................................................................. 361

    9.4.9 ............................ 363

    9.5 :

    ............................................ 371

    9.5.1 ................................................. 371

    9 E P I E X O M E N A

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    1 0 A O T H N K A I K H T H N K B A N T I K H Y I K H

    9.5.2 ............................................................... 373

    9.5.3 ............................................................................................. 377

    9.5.4 :

    ...................................................................................................... 380

    9.5.5 (Coherence) .......................................................................... 384

    9.5.6

    ........................................................................................................ 385

    .................................................................................................................................................... 388

    K 1 0

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    .............................................................................................................................. 391

    10.1 ............................................................................. 393

    10.1.1 ......................................................................... 393

    10.1.2 ...................................................................................................................... 393

    * 7

    10.1.3 : .......................................... 395

    10.1.4 ....................................................................................... 400

    10.1.5 ....................... 402

    10.1.6 .............................................................................................................. 405

    10.2 de Broglie ....................... 408

    10.3 Schrdinger ....................................................... 411

    10.3.1 ( ) ...................................................................... 411

    10.3.2 Schrdinger.............................................................. 413

    10.4 Schrdinger .................................. 416

    10.4.1 ......................................................................... 416

    10.4.2 Schrdinger................................................................ 420

    .................................................................................................................................................... 424

    A E .................................................................................................... 425

    E A E ......................................................... 430

    A A A .............................................................................................. 439

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    21. R. Eisberg, R. Resnick, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and

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    22. A.P. French and E.F. Taylor, An Introduction to Quantum Physics, The M.I.T.

    Introductory Physics Series, W.W. Norton Company, Inc., New York (1978). M

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    23. R. Gautreau, W. Savin, Schaums Outline Series. Theory and problems of Modern

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    24. D. Brandt, J. Hiller, M. Moloney, Modern Physics Simulations. The Consortium

    for UpperLevel Physics Software, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1995).

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    25. J. Hiller, I. Johnston, D. Styer, Quantum Mechanics Simulations. The Consortium

    for UpperLevel Physics Software, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1995).

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    2 6 1 : I

    , (15).

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    26. M. Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics. McGrawHill,

    New York (1966). K .

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    The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics. he

    Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective, John Wiley Sons,

    New York (1974).

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