Future of GISFuture of GIS

GIS & the InternetGIS & the Internet

Access spatial data interactively Access spatial data interactively anywhere in the worldanywhere in the world

http://www.geographynetwork.com/

Software as a ServiceSoftware as a Service Everyday the Internet is becoming more important in our Everyday the Internet is becoming more important in our

liveslives Today I shop, get traffic conditions, compare products, buy Today I shop, get traffic conditions, compare products, buy

tickets, and read product reviewstickets, and read product reviews Today I can’t find restaurants in my area that serve a Today I can’t find restaurants in my area that serve a

particular cuisine that can take a reservation at 7PMparticular cuisine that can take a reservation at 7PM Today a business can’t find a vendor that has an item in Today a business can’t find a vendor that has an item in

stock or which vendor is cheapest or which can ship it to stock or which vendor is cheapest or which can ship it to me the soonestme the soonest

There are 2 main reason why services like this don’t exist There are 2 main reason why services like this don’t exist todaytoday– No standard for integrating information (XML Schemas No standard for integrating information (XML Schemas

fix this)fix this)– It’s too complex to integrate such servicesIt’s too complex to integrate such services

Web ServicesWeb Services

Provide a mechanism for packaging Provide a mechanism for packaging functionality across the Internetfunctionality across the Internet– Maps with Maps with http://411.ca– http://Maps.google.com– Local services with Local services with http://www.google.ca– ESRI’s Web ServicesESRI’s Web Services

StandardsStandards

OpenGISOpenGIS– Based on XMLBased on XML

XML stands for EXtensible Markup XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language Language

XML is a markup language much like XML is a markup language much like HTML. HTML.

XML was designed to XML was designed to describe datadescribe data.. XML tags are not predefined in XML. XML tags are not predefined in XML.

You must define your own tags. You must define your own tags.

XMLXML

The motto of HTML is: "I know how The motto of HTML is: "I know how it looks," whereas the motto of it looks," whereas the motto of XML is: "I know what it means, and XML is: "I know what it means, and you tell me how it should look." you tell me how it should look." Said another way, HTML is about Said another way, HTML is about making pretty presentations (bold making pretty presentations (bold text and neatly formatted tables, text and neatly formatted tables, etc.) while XML is a semi-etc.) while XML is a semi-structured document that holds structured document that holds "content.""content."

<LocationReference>

<CrossStreetsProfile>

<CrossStreetSection side="right">

<onStreetName>I-495</onStreetName>

<fromStreetName>Rt.50</fromStreetName>

<toStreetName>Braddock Road</toStreetName>

</CrossStreetSection>

</CrossStreetsProfile>

</LocationReference>

Element “start” tag

Element “end” tag

Element “content”

Nested elements must nest completely

Attribute Attribute value - must be quoted

Sample XML Document Sample XML Document FragmentFragment

Different XML SchemesDifferent XML Schemes

GMLGML– GML provides a standard means to encode GML provides a standard means to encode

Geographic Information (position, location, extent Geographic Information (position, location, extent

etc.) in XML.etc.) in XML. ArcXMLArcXML

– ESRI’s version of XMLESRI’s version of XML LandXMLLandXML

Popular Mechanics, 1954

Changing Emphases:Changing Emphases:

From Data to AnalysisFrom Data to Analysis

75%Data Conversion:

10-15%Attribute Tagging

Spatial 5% Analysis

Data Conversion

Spatial Analysis

Attribute Tagging

Past Future

Changing EmphasesChanging EmphasesFrom Description to Simulation & Modeling

Past

Picture worth athousand words:

maps & diagrams ofhow is, or how was

Future

Visual simulation &virtual reality:

real time display of how is, and how might be -forest fire -freeway traffic flow

Iconic models: scaled down representations of the real thing

Symbolic models: based on logical relationships in mathematical or statistical form

Changing EmphasesChanging Emphasesfrom 2-D description to 4-D interactionfrom 2-D description to 4-D interaction

PastPast 2-D flat map displays2-D flat map displaysFutureFuture Effective 3-DEffective 3-D 4-D incorporation of 4-D incorporation of

timetime

LIDAR and Digital Imaging LIDAR and Digital Imaging A LIDAR system that collects elevations every meter on the ground at a rate of 30,000 times per second or more while a digital camera produces six-inch-pixel data equates to mass quantities of instantaneously available data never dreamed of until recently.

Imagery Processing and Imagery Processing and DistributionDistribution

PromisePromise– Cheaper Cheaper – better resolutionbetter resolution

ProblemsProblems– image- processing software isn't easy to learn image- processing software isn't easy to learn

or use; or use; – most geotechnology users don't have access to most geotechnology users don't have access to

image-processing software; and image-processing software; and – the raw datasets required for image processing the raw datasets required for image processing

can be many gigabytes in size. can be many gigabytes in size. Covering the world at one-meter resolution requires a Covering the world at one-meter resolution requires a

staggering 1,800TB or 1,800,000GB of uncompressed staggering 1,800TB or 1,800,000GB of uncompressed imagery. imagery.

HardwareHardware Cost drop for PC’sCost drop for PC’s

– $1,000 -$1500$1,000 -$1500 Notebooks also much cheaper Notebooks also much cheaper PDA’sPDA’s Wireless TechnologyWireless Technology

– G1 GSM/GPRS 24 - 36 Kbps G1 GSM/GPRS 24 - 36 Kbps – G3-Data rate (up to 2Mbps) G3-Data rate (up to 2Mbps) – G4-Higher bandwidth (up to 100Mbps).G4-Higher bandwidth (up to 100Mbps).

Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc. wireless Internet, etc.

Deployed around 2010Deployed around 2010 New 64 bit chipsNew 64 bit chips

– Intel March 21, 2005Intel March 21, 2005– AMD 18 months agoAMD 18 months ago

InteroperabilityInteroperability

Open GIS Consortium (OGC) Open GIS Consortium (OGC) specifications maturespecifications mature

Normalizes playing field, Normalizes playing field, independent of:independent of:– Operating SystemOperating System– Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages– Development EnvironmentsDevelopment Environments

Open SourceOpen Source

Open Source SoftwareOpen Source Software– Open Source programs are applications Open Source programs are applications

of which you can access the source of which you can access the source code. code.

– http://opensourcegis.org/http://opensourcegis.org/– OSGeoOSGeo

WMS & WFSWMS & WFS

WMS: Web Map ServiceWMS: Web Map Service– Scope: geographic data rendered as images Scope: geographic data rendered as images

("maps"), no actual data values("maps"), no actual data values

WFS: Web Feature ServiceWFS: Web Feature Service – Scope: storage & retrieval of geographicScope: storage & retrieval of geographic

vector feature data (point/line/polygon)vector feature data (point/line/polygon)

– http://www.demis.nl/quakes/http://www.demis.nl/quakes/