future comforts andrew keogh carrier air conditioning
TRANSCRIPT
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Future Comforts
Andrew KeoghCarrier Air Conditioning
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Air Conditioning Energy Use
• AC can account for over 1/3rd of all electricity used
in a building
• The UK National Grid has now become “summer
peaking”.
• 1,300 MW extra load on hot days, growing at 8%
• Rapid growth in the use of AC is threatening our
Kyoto commitments
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Range of Monitored Monthly Cooling Energy Consumption (Phase 1: Data NOT normalised for Load)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
All-Air Systems ChilledCeilings
FancoilsSystems
Split DXSystems
VariableRefrigerant
Flow DX
kW
h/m
2Air Conditioning Energy Use
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90 %
300 %
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Natural Ventilation
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• Exposed building fabric
• Low internal gains
• Atrium / Chimney
• High thermal mass
• Open plan
• Shallow floor plan
• Sun shades or blinds
• Away from city centre
• Vents, wind catchers, solar chimneys
Design Constraints
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Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Hours
28.1 20.3 11
25.3 18.5 39
22.5 16.9 123
19.7 15.3 390
16.9 13.9 573
14.2 12.3 456
11.4 9.7 528
8.6 7.2 542
5.8 4.8 375
3.1 2.3 290
Design Conditions
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Refrigerant R22 R134a R290 R744 R717 R410a
Cooling COP 4.66 4.61 4.54 2.53 4.75 4.39
Pressure ratio 4.03 4.70 3.68 3.15 4.95 3.92
Refrigeration Effect
163 147 279 123 1102 168
Inlet Quality 0.25 0.29 .30 .55 .16 .31
Refrigerant Choice
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T1
T2
T
S
COP=T2/(T1-T2)
System Fundamentals
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T1 T2 COP
313 275 7.2Air cooled 6/12
System Fundamentals
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T1 T2 COP
313 275 7.2
303 275 9.8
Air cooled 6/12
Water cooled 6/12
System Fundamentals
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T1 T2 COP
313 275 7.2
303 275 9.8
303 285 15.8
Air cooled 6/12
Water cooled 6/12
Water cooled 16/20
System Fundamentals
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Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Hours
28.1 20.3 11
25.3 18.5 39
22.5 16.9 123
19.7 15.3 390
16.9 13.9 573
14.2 12.3 456
11.4 9.7 528
8.6 7.2 542
5.8 4.8 375
3.1 2.3 290
Free Cooling
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Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Hours
28.1 20.3 11
25.3 18.5 39
22.5 16.9 123
19.7 15.3 390
16.9 13.9 573
14.2 12.3 456
11.4 9.7 528
8.6 7.2 542
5.8 4.8 375
3.1 2.3 290
Free Cooling
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Variable Speed Drives
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Heat Pumps?
The Answer