fusarium dieback in california: another ambrosia beetle...
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Fusarium Dieback in California: another ambrosia beetle associated disease of avocado and urban forest
A.Eskalen1, S.C.Lynch1,F.Na,J.S.Mayorquin1,J.D.Carrillo1,A.Lira2,T.Atkinson3
1DepartmentofPlantPathologyandMicrobiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA925212Ecologyandevolutionarybiology,Inecol,Mexico
3EcologyofambrosiabeetlesfromUniversityofTexas
AvocadoLaurelWiltSummit,Homestead,FloridaNov3-4,2016
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Outline• Overview• CurrentreproductivehostsofSHB• CurrentsituationonavocadoinCalifornia• CurrentsituationonurbanforestinCalifornia• Controlstrategiesandbestmanagementpracticesonavocado
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LosAngelesCoOrangeCo
SanBernardinoCoRiversideCoVenturaCo.
PolyphagousShotHoleBorerPSHB
Euwallacea sp.
KuroshioShotHoleBorerKSHB
Euwallacea sp.SanDiegoCoOrangeCo
SantaBarbaraCoSanLuisObispoCo
Graphiumeuwallaceae
Paracremoniumpembeum
Fusariumeuwallaceae(Freemanetal.2013) (Lynchetal.2015 (Lynchetal.2015)
Fusarium sp. Graphium sp.(Newspecies) (Newspecies)
A.Eskalen
Polyphagous and Kuroshio Shot Hole Borersand their symbiotic fungi
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Koch’s Postulates – Pathogenicity test
MeanlesionlengthsonavocadoandboxeldershootsinoculatedwithisolatesofFusarium euwallaceae, Graphiumeuwallaceae andParacremonium pembeum.VerticallinesrepresentstandarderrorofthemeanaccordingtoFisherprotectedLeastsignificantdifference(LSD)meanseparationtestatα=0.05.
BB
A
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Fusarium euwallaceae Graphium euwallaceae Acremonium sp. Control
Lesi
on L
engt
h (c
m)
Persea americana Acer negundo
C
Paracremonium pembeumGraphium euwallaceae
Avocado BoxElder
• Lynch and Eskalen , 2016. Mycologia, 108(2), pp.313-329
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Growth rate of symbiotic fungi in different temperature
Fungaldiameter(cm)
Temperature°C
12345678910
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Paracremonium pembeum
Graphium euwallaceae
0
Fusarium euwallaceae
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Fusarium dieback and symbiotic fungal pathogens
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N7F)(B)8 Q=5$' *$0B*2+S$*A(;%2#J'&#QPB$'5B: '+6B'S#
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Number of reproductive hosts that beetle/fungus can produce their offsprings
1. Boxelder(Acernegundo)*2. Californiasycamore(Platanusracemosa)*3. Londonplane(Platanus xacerfolia)4. Redwillow(Salixlaevigata)*5. Blackwillow(Salixgooddingii)*6. Arroyowillow(Salixlasiolepis)*7. Cottonwood (Populus fremontii)*8. Blackpoplar(Populus nigra)*9. Blackcottonwood(Populus trichocarpa)*10. Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin)11. EnglishOak(Quercusrobur)12. Engelmannoak(Quercusengelmannii)*13. Valleyoak(Quercuslobata)*14. Paloverde(Parkinsoniaaculeata)*15. Bigleafmaple (Acermacrophyllum)*16. Japanesemaple (Acer palmatum)17. Castorbean (Ricinus communis)18. CanyonLiveoak(Quercus chrysolepis)*19.Avocado (Persea americana20.Tridentmaple(Acerbuergerianum)21.Coastliveoak (Quercus agrifolia)22.WhiteAlder (Alnus rhombifolia)*23.Titoki (Alectryon excelsus)24.CorkOak(Quercus suber)
Eskalen andLynch,2016.Unpublisheddata
25.Coraltree (Erythrina corallodendon)26. Bluepalo verde (Cercidium floridum)*27.MoretonBayChestnut (Castanospermum australe)28.Brea(Cercidium sonorae)29.Mesquite(Prosopis articulata)*30.Weepingwillow (Salixbabylonica)31.Chineseholly (Ilex cornuta)32.Camelia (Camelliasemiserrata)33.Acacia(Acacia spp.)34.Liquidambar(Liquidambarstyraciflua)35.RedFloweringGum (Eucalyptusficifolia)36.Japanesewisteria(Wisteriafloribunda)37.Goodding's blackwillow(Salixgooddingii)*38.Treeofheaven(Ailanthusaltissima)39.Kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus)40.Blackmissionfig(Ficus carica)41.Japanesebeech(Faguscrenata)42.Denselogwood(Xylosma congestum)43.MuleFat(Baccharis salicifolia)*44.Carrotwood (Cupaniopsis anacardioides)45.Californiabuckeye(Aesculus californica)*46.MuleFat(Baccharis salicifolia)*47.KentiaPalm(Howea forsteriana)48.KingPalm(Ptychosperma elegans)
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ParksBackyardTrees
Urban Forests Impacted
GolfCourses
StreetTrees
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MixedEvergreenForests OakWoodlands FoothillWoodlands
Riparian
California Native Plant Communities Impacted
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Current Situation onavocado in California
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• Totalgrovessurveyed:26• 1ha(2.47acres)monitoringplotestablished• Examinedeverytreewithintheplot• Totaltreessurveyed:4,346x3times
Monitoring infested avocado groves
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SHB infestation habit on avocado in California
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Branch dieback on Avocado
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Sugar exudate and internal symptoms on avocado branch
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Beetle attack on branch collar and pruning wounds on avocado
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Current Situation in Urban Forest in California
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Damage on Landscape trees
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Mean(attacks/m^2) vs. TimePark
Carbon Canyon
atta
cks/m
^2
0
50
100
150
200
250
Aug '15Sep Oct Nov
Dec Jan Feb Mar AprMay Jun Jul
Aug '16
Time
Beetle attack incidence on an infested sycamore tree overtime
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May2015 Feb2016
Tijuana River Valley Before and After Pictures
Boland,2016
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Control Strategies
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Laboratory Fungicide Screening Experiment
aaaab
abb
cc
dNoInhibitionNoInhibitionNoInhibitionNoInhibition
0 1 2 3 4 5
Metconazole
Pyraclostrobin
Tebuconazole
Thiabendazole
Propiconazole
Triflumizole
Fluopyram
Mycobutanil
Pyrimethanil
Fluxapyroxad
Trifloxystrobin
Triadimefon
Azoxystrobin
EC50Values(ug/ml)
Treatm
ent
EC50Values
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TreeIVinjectionsystem Quick-JetAirinjectionsystem
Field Pesticide Trial on Avocado
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This slide is blank on purpose. Please see next slide.
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• Iftheinfestationisonthebranchcollar,cutintobranchcollar.
Best Management Practices on Avocado
• SpraypruningwoundwitheitherBifenthrin or2%(Bacillussubtilis).
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• Chipinfestedwoodon-sitetoasizeofoneinchorsmaller.• Solarizechippingmaterialusingclearplastictarpforseveralmonths
• CompostchippingmaterialandthenuseasmulchinthegroveIfthebranchistoolargetochip
• Fumigationwithphosphinegas(Arpaia andRios,2015)
• Don'tmoveinfestedplantmaterialwithoutchippingandsolarizing
Best Management Practices on Avocado Cont.
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FrederiqueRevenchon,Inecol,MexicoBenFaber,FarmAdvisor,VenturaCounty,CA\RichardDemerjian,UCIrvineSoniaRios,UCCEFarmAdvisor,SanDiegoSabrinaDrill,UCCELAandVenturaDanBerry,HuntingtonBotanicalGarden,GaryBender,UCCE,Emeritus,SanDiegoCo.JanisGonzales,UCCESanDiegoJimFolsom,HuntingtonBotanicalGardenJiriHulcr,Univ.ofFloridaKerryO’Donnell,NCUR-ARS-USDAMaryLuArpaia,UCRiversideKimCorella,CalFireTomSmith,CalFireJoeBarcinas,PCATomRoberts,PCAMathewHand,PCALindaBellamy,VentureSusanFrankel,USDAForestServiceTomAtkinson,UniversityofTexasSeanFeirer,UCANRJimDowner,UCCEVentura
CaliforniaAvocadoCommissionU.S.ForestService,OCParks,UCIrvine,UCANR,USDAFarmBill,Arborjet,Mauget,USDAForestService,Cal-Fire,HuntingtonbotanicalgardenandLAarboretum,UCMexus,Inecol,Mexico.
Collaborators
www.eskalenlab.ucr.edu