fundamentals of hvac control systems -...
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![Page 1: Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems - ibse.hkibse.hk/cpd/control/ASHRAE_Workshop_Control_SamHui_Part_1.pdf · PhD, BEng(Hons), CEng, CEM, MASHRAE, MCIBSE, MHKIE, MIESNA, LifeMAEE,](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061003/60b179a0574a67066405f574/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 1
Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems
18, 19, 25, 26 April 2007
ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Technical Workshop
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 2
About the Speakers
Dr. Sam C. M. HuiDept. of Mechanical Engineering, HKUOver 18 years of experience in teaching,
research, consultancy & design
Mr. William YickBusiness Development Director of
Johnson ControlsOver 30 years of professional experience in
the HVAC controls
“The Black Hairs”
“The White Hairs”
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 3
Know The Instructor
Dr. Sam C M Hui – Dept. of Mech. Engg., The University of Hong Kong
PhD, BEng(Hons), CEng, CEM, MASHRAE, MCIBSE, MHKIE, MIESNA, LifeMAEE, AssocAIAHKU Dept. of Mechanical Engineering (4.5 years)HKU Dept. of Architecture (6 years)Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, Japan (~1 year)PhD study (4 years)Associated Consulting Engineers (2 years)
Current role in ASHRAE:President of ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 4
ASHRAE Study Guide
“Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems”List price at US$150Included for each participant of the workshopDivided into 10 chaptersTypical structure of each chapter
InstructionsStudy ObjectivesMain BodyThe Next StepsSummaryBibliographySkill Development Exercises
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 5
Main Topics in Study Guide
1. Introduction to HVAC Control Systems2. Basic of Electricity3. Control Valves and Dampers4. Sensors and Auxiliary Devices5. Control Diagrams and Sequences6. Self-Powered Controls7. Electric Controls8. Pneumatic Controls9. Analog Electronic Controls10. Digital Controls
(* Practical considerations and applications are added too.)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 6
Assumptions & Focus
AssumptionsAudience knows the basic HVAC equipment & terminologyAudience members have interest in HVAC control systems and may have some experience before or working on it now
Focus of this workshopBasic concepts of HVAC control systemsPractical considerations and applicationsUpdated with latest developments too, e.g. DDC system
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 7
Chapter 1Introduction to HVAC
Control Systems
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 8
Why We Need Controls?
To regulate the output of systems and equipment
Such as your car
For HVAC system, to regulate the movement of air, water, electricity to obtain desired indoor conditions
Also for energy management and safety
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 9
Control System Types
Self-powered controlsElectric controlsPneumatic controlsAnalog electronic controlsDigital controls
Direct Digital Control (DDC)
* Most control systems today use a combination of the 5 system types
Hybrid control system
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 10
Block Diagram of a Control Loop
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 11
Simple Heating System
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 12
Key Terms
Controlled variableControl pointSetpointSensorControlled deviceProcess plantControllerControl loopClosed loop (i.e. w/ feedback)Open loop (i.e. w/o feedback)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 13
Some Definitions
Automatic control system: A system that reacts to a change or imbalance in the variable it controls by adjusting other variables to restore the system to the desired balance.Controlled Variable: The quantity or condition that is measured and controlled.Controller: A device that senses changes in the controlled
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 14
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 15
Basic Types of Control Modes
Two-position controlFloating controlModulating control
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 16
Two-Position Control
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 17
Two-Position ControlWith Anticipator
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 18
Step Control
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 19
Floating Control
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 20
P-I-D Control
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 21
Proportional-Only Control
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 22
P-I Control
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 23
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
Proportional Control Proportional-Integral(PI) Control
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Control
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 24
P, possibly PI for tight controlDewpoint temperature
P, possibly PI for tight controlHumidity
PI, Enhanced PIDFan static pressure
PI (use wide proportional band & a fast reset rate), PID
Air flow
PI, Enhanced PIDChiller discharge temperature
PI, Enhanced PIDCoil discharge temperature
PI, Enhanced PIDMixed air temperature
P, PIDSpace temperature
Control modeApplication
Recommended control modes for HVAC system
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 25
Pulse Width Modulation
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 26
Time-Proportioning Control
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 27
Proportional Control
(Gain and Loop Tuning – adjust the %gain to meet the specific application)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 28
P-I Control
(Loop Tuning is an “art”. Usually tune the P gain first, then adjust I gain to eliminate offset)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 29
P-I-D Control
(Derivative is seldom used because HVAC system response is rather slow.)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 30
Proportional Control
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 31
Control Action & Normal Position
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 32
Sequencing
Control range(cooling)
Control range(heating)
Typical control ranges:- Pneumatic = 3-13 psi- Electronic = 2-12 Vdc
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 33
Chapter 2Basics of Electricity
Introduce simple electrical circuits and common devices for controlling electrical power in HVAC systems. Some concepts of electronics are also helpful.
Common devices: relays, transformers, starters
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 34
Simple Electrical Circuit
V = I x R P = V x I = I2 x R
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 35
Water Tank Analogy
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 36
Parallel Circuits
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 37
Series Circuits
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 38
Alternating Voltage
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 39
Simple AC Circuit
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 40
Capacitor in DC Circuit
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 41
Voltage & Current Out of Phase
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 42
Magnetic Field
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 43
Inductor in DC Circuit
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 44
3-Phase Voltage
P = V x I x PF x √3
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 45
Transformer
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 46
120/208V Service(4-wire Wye Connected)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 47
480/277V Service(4-wire Wye Connected)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 48
Electromagnetic Relay(On/Off signal; a type of remote-controlled switch)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 49
Simple DC Circuit With Relay
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 50
Multipole Relay
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 51
Single- & Double-Throw Contacts
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 52
Across-the-Line Motor Starter(Start/stop control and overload protection)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 53
Starter With H-O-A Switch(H-O-A = hand-off-auto)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 54
Starter With H-O-A Switch& Aux. Contact
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 55
Starter With ManualStart/Stop Buttons
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 56
Magnetic Starter WithLife Safety Fan Wiring
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 57
Variable Speed Drives -Inverter VariableFrequency Drive
VSD = variable speed driveASD = adjustable speed drive
VFD = variable frequency drive
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 58
Sine-Coded PWM Waveform(PWM = pulse-width modulation)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 59
Variable Speed DriveWith Optional Starter
(the starter is provided as a backup, in case the VSD fails)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 60
Simple Relay Logic(Boolean logic notation, e.g. if (A or B) then C)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 61
Relay Logic WithDouble-Throw Contact
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 62
Three-Way Light Switch
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 63
Symbols for Elec. Logic Devices
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 64
Voltage Feedback Bug(Ladder diagrams to show how devices are to be physically wired in the field.)
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 65
Correction forVoltage Feedback
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© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 66
Ladder Diagram