fundamentals of advances in special steels
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Shamail Ahmad, NED University of Engg. & Tech. &
Peoples Steel Mills Ltd.
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Effect of Weight Percentage of Alloying Elements on Eutectoid Temperature
Effect of Weight Percentage of Alloying Elements on Eutectoid ‘C’ Content
Austenite and Ferrite Stabilizers
Effect of Weight Percentage of Alloying Elements on Expansion and Shrinkage of Authentic Region
Effect of Carbon %age on Martensite Temperature, Shape and Lattice Constant
Carbide Forming Elements
Structure of Metal Carbides
Hardness Comparison of Different Metal Carbides
Schaflar Diagram
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Each alloying element have a discrete effect in steel
These effects could be,
Solid Solution formation
Intermetallic Compound formation
Carbide formation
Stabilization of a particular Phases (ferrite, austenite, martensite)
Increase in Hardenability and Quenchability
Alteration of Eutectoid Transformation Temperature and Carbon Contents
Increase in Corrosion Resistance
Increase in Machinability
Increase in Mechanical Properties (in general)
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Hardness comparison of different
metallic carbides cont’d.
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“This diagram is used to predict the structure when
mixture of alloying elements are present in steels
by converting austenite and ferrite stabilizing
elements as Ni and Cr equivalent respectively”
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George Krauss, George Roberts and Richard
Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th edn, ASM, 1998
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