fundamental laws 1
TRANSCRIPT
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
er:sIusþg;GKÁisnI ³
er:sIusþg;GKÁisnI KWCaFatumYyEdlmanlT§PaBRbqaMgTl;eTAnwgGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ enAkñúgesoKVIGKÁisnI ehIymanxñatrgVas;Ca GUm ()
nigmannimµitsBaØa tageday R.er:sIusþg;GKÁisnI
KWmanlT§PaBeFVIeGayGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ kñúgesoKVIGKÁisnI ERbRbYleTAtamtMélrbs;er:sIusþg;enaH. dUecñHer:sIusþg;EtgEt RbqaMgCanic©eTAnwgdMeNIrkarrbs;crnþ eTaHbItic b¤eRcIneTAtamlT§PaBrbs;va .1- c,ab;GUm ³
c,ab;GUm)anEcgfa ³ TMnak;TMngrvagcrnþ tg;süúg nig er:sIusþg; KWGaMgtg;sIuetRsUbedayeRKOgTTYlmYyERbRbYleTAtam³
- tg;süúgenAelIeKalrbs;va- er:sIusþg;rbs;eRKOgTTYl
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V
+
-
R
A
mUldæanRKwHGKÁisnI
(Fundamental Laws)
mUldæanRKwHGKÁisnI
(Fundamental Laws)
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
- ebIsinCaeyIgbegáIntg;süúgenAelIeKaleRKOgTTYl cMnYn 2 dg edayTukeGaytMéler:sIusþg;enAdEdl eBlenaH GaMgtg;sIuet crnþekIneLIg 2 dgEdr KWfa GaMgtg;sIuetsmamaRteTAnwgtg;süúg .
- pÞúymkvijebIeyIgbnßytMéler:sIusþg;Bak;kNþal ehIyTukeGaytg;süúgenAefr eBlenaHeyIgsegáteXIjfa GaMg tg;sIuetekIneLIg 2 dg mann½yfa GaMgtg;sIuet crnþRcas; smamaRteTAnwger:sIusþg; .
kñúgkrNITaMg 2 xagelI eyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa ³
TMnak;TMngTaMgGs;enH KWCac,ab; GUm
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GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ smamaRt eTAnwgtg;süúg
U
RI
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
2- er:sIusþg;énExScMlg³RKb;ExScMlgTaMgGs;EdlykmkeRbIR)as;kñúgvis
½yGKÁisnI suT§EtmantMél er:sIusþg;kñúgrbs;va EttMélenaHtUc rW FM KWGaRs½y eTAnwgRbEvgExS nigRbePTénExScMlgenaH EdlkñúgenHeyIgsMedAeTAelIPaBcMlgrbs;va ¬er:sIusÞIvIet¦ EdlGaRs½yeday RbePTénExScMlgenaH EdleKykmkplitCaExScMlg .
elah³FatuEdlcMlgGKÁisnI)anl¥ KWelah³EdlmaneGLicRtugesrIeRcIn EdlkñúgenaHman ³ Tg;Edg Cu ,R)ak; Ag , nig GaluymIj:Úm Al ,
ehIyPaBcMlgrbs;vamantMélxus²Kña .
= 1.6 × 10-8
= 2.6 × 10-8
CaTUeTAelah³PaKeRcIn KWcMlgcrnþGKÁisnI)anl¥ . Tg;Edg Caelah³EdlcMlgGKÁisnI)anl¥CageK ehIyRtUv)aneKykmk eRbIR)as;eFVICaExScMlgeRcInCageKEdr ehIybnÞab;mkKW GaluymIj:Úm .
ExScMlgEdll¥ KWExScMlgEdlmaner:sIusþg;tUc Edler:sIusþg;enaHsmamaRteTAnwgrUbmnþ ³
R =
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mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
Edl R : tMéler:sIusþg;kñúgrbs;ExScMlg manxñatKitCa GUm ()
L : RbEvgrbs;ExScMlg manxñatKitCaEm:Rt m
S : muxkat;rbs;ExScMlg manxñatKitCaEm:Rtkaer: (m2)
³ er:sIusÞIvIetrbs;ExScMlg manxñatKitCa GUmEm:Rt (m)
dUecñHtMéler:sIusþg;ExS KWGaRs½yedayRbEvgExS muxkat;ExS nigRbePTelah³ EdleKykmkeFVICaExScMlg .
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mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
a). er:sIusþg;rbs;ExScMlgsmamaRteTAnwgRbEvg
vas;er:sIusþg;énExScMlgBIrRbePTdUcKña muxkat;b:unKña b:uEnþRbEvgxusKña .
R2 L2
eK)an =R1 L1
b).
er:sIusþg;énExScMlgRcas;smamaRteTAnigmuxkat;rbs;va
vas;er:sIusþg;ExScMlgBIrEdlmanRbePTdUcKña RbEvgesµIKña b:uEnþmanmuxkat;xusKña . eK)an
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--
L1
V
R1
A
+R
L2
V
R2
A
+R
- -
V
S2
A
+R
V
S1
+R
A
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
R1 S2
=R2 S1
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mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
c). er:sIusþg;GaRs½ynigRbePTrbs;ExScMlgktþaEdlTak;TgeTAnigRbePTExScMlg
RtUv)aneKehAfa er:sIusÞIvIet (). er:sIusÞIvIet KWCaer:sIusþg;enA 0oC rbs;RbEvgExS nig rbs; xañtmuxkat; .
srubesckþImker:sIusþg;rbs;ExScMlg ³- GaRs½yeTAniger:sIusÞIvIet - smamaRteTAnigRbEvgrbs;va- Rcas;smamaRteTAnigmuxkat;rbs;va
R =
R KitCa KitCa m
S KitCa m2
vas;er:suIsþg;énExScMlgBIrmuxkat;dUcKña RbEvgdUcKña b:uEnþRbePTExSxusKña .
eK)an R1 R2
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A
R
R1
V
+
_
A
R2
V
+
_
R
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
eRBaH 1 2
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mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
3- er:sIusþg;ERbRbYleTAtamsItuNðPaB ³emKuNsItuNðPaB nwgbBa
¢ak;nUvkarpøas;bþÚrtMéler:sIusþg; enAeBlsItuNðPaBERbRbYl . >0
mann½yfaer:sIusþg;ekIneLIg ehIyebI <0 mann½yfa er:sIusþg;fycuH EtebI =0 mann½yfa er:sIusþg;mantMélefr KWminERbRbYleTAtamsItuNðPaB . tMélbMEr bMrYler:sIusþg;eTAtamsItuNðPaB mankñúgtaragxageRkam ³karERbRbYltMéler:sIusþg;edaysarsItuNðPaB eKeFVIkarKNnatamsmIkar³
er:sIusÞIvIetnigemKuNsItuNðPaBénGgÁFatucMlg
RbePTénelah³
enA 0o KitCa Ωm
R)ak; 1.5.10-8 0.0039
Tg;Edg 1.6.10-8 0.0039
mas 2.2.10-8 0.00377
GaluymIjÚm 2.6.10-8 0.004
s½gásI 5.7.10-8 0.004
sMelah³ s<an;÷ s½gásI
6.3.10-8 0.001
tg;Esþn 7.10-8 0.0039
Edk 10.10-8 0.0055
)aøTIn 11.10-8 0.00367
nIEkl 12.3.10-8 0.006
s<an; 18.10-8 0.005
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mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
sMN 20.10-8 0.0042
m:g;kaEns 42.10-8 0.00002
kugsþg;tg; 49.10-8 0
EhVr:UnIEkl 80.10-8 0.0009
)ar:t 94.10-8 0.009
kae)an 5000.10-8 -0.0004
or
Edl Rt : tMélersIusþg;eBlsItuNðPaBx<s; []
Ro : tMélersIusþg;eBlsItuNðPaB 200C []
: emKuNsItuNðPaB [ / 0C]
t : bMErbMrYlsItuNðPaB b¤ kMeNInsItuNðPaB
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Rt = Ro + Ro ( t) Rt = Ro [1 + ( t)]
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
4- bgÁMúer:suIsþg; ³- er:sIusþg;CaesrI
- er:suIsþg;smmUl ³RsmmUl = R1 + R2 + R3
- GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat; er:sIusþg;nImYy²mantMélesµIKña esµIeTAnwgGaMgtg;sIuet srubkñúgesoKVI eyIgGacKNnatamc,ab;GUm³
I1= U1 / R1
I2= U2 /R2
I3= U3 /R3
I1 = I2 = I3 = I = UsmmUl /RsmmUl
- tg;süúgenAelIeKaler:sIusþg;mantMélxusKña cMENkÉtg;süúgRbPBmantMélesµIplbUktg;süúgelIeKal er:sIusþg;nImYy²URbPB = U1 + U2 + U3
tamc,ab; GUm³U1 = R1 . I1
U2 = R2 .I2
U3 = R3 .I3
eyIgRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
R smmUl = R1 + R2 + R3 = U RbPB /I
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A
V
R1
R2
R3
+
-
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
U1 + U2 + U3 R1 x I + R2 x I + R3 x I (R1 + R2 + R3) IR smmUl= = =
I I I
U RbPBR smmUl = R1 + R2 + R3 =
I
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mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
- er:sIusþg;tCaExñg ³
1 1 1 1 = + +
RsmmUl R1 R2 R3
+ GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;er:sIusþg;nImYy² mantMélxus²Kña GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþsrubkñúgesoKVI
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = U/R smmUl
+ tg;süúgelIeKalén er:sIusþg;nImYy² nImYy²mantMélesµIKña ehIyesµInigtg;süúgRbPB
URbPB = U1 = U2= U3
= R1I1 = R1I2 = R3I3
eyIgnwgbBa¢ak;fa³
1 I smmUl 1 1 1 = = + +
R smmUl U R1 R2 R3
eRBaH
U U U 1 1 1 + + U ( + + )
I I1+I2+I3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3= = =
U U U U
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A
V R1 R2R3
+
-
V3V2V1
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
- RbsinebIkartCaExñgman- n er:sIusþg;dUcKña
-maner:sIusþg;Et 2 Kt; ehIymantMélxusKña
kMnt;sMKal;³
er:sIusþg;smmUlrbs;eRKOgTTYlEdltCaExñg Canic©CakalmantMéltUcCager:sIusþg;EdltUcCageKenAkñúgExñg
er:sIusþg;tcMruH
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R1 R2
R3
R4-+
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
edIm,IKNnaer:sIusþg;smmUlkñúgkartMelIgrUbxagelI eKRtUvbMEbk ehIyeFVIkarpÁMút²Kña dUcxageRkam ³
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mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
1- er:sIusþg; R 1 nig R 2 tCaesrI
Re1-2 = R1 + R2
2- er:sIusþg; R e1-2 nig R 3 tCaExñg
+
3- er:sIusþg; R e1-2.3 nig R 4 tCaesrI
er:sIusþg;smmUl Re = Re 1.2.3 + R4
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R4 Re 1.2.3
+ -
Re+ -
R3
-+R4
Re1-2
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
5- dg;suIet éncrnþ kñúgExScMlg ³
eKeFVIBiesaFn_
ExScMlgEdlmanmuxkat;tUcekþA CagExScMlgEdlmanmuxkat;FM .
ExScMlgTaMgBIrRtUv )anqøgkat;edaycrnþdUcKña . b:uEnþExStUcGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ qøgkat;kñúgmYyxñatépÞFMCagExSmuxkat;FM .
pleFob RtUv)anehAfa dg;sIuetcrnþ ( J )
dg;sIuetcrnþ EdlGacRTRTg;ExScMlgedayKµankMedAxøaMgRtUv )aneKehAfa dg;sIuet GnuBaØatiFMbMput .
dg;sIuet GnuBaØat FMbMputenHGaRs½yeTAelIFmµCatirbs;
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[ A ]
[ mm2 ][ A/mm2 ]
A+
-
Freeo . nickel
R
Ferro-Nickel
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
ExScMlg nig l½kçx½NÐ énkarcuHRtCak;rbs;
ExScMlgnImYy² .sMKal;-dg;sIuetcrnþrbs;ExSTg;Edg
Jcu=(3, 4)A/mm2
- dg;sIuetcrnþrbs;ExSGaluymIjÚm
JAL=(2, 3)A/mm2
l½kçx½NÐénkarcuHRtCak;l½kçx½NÐénkarcuHRtCak;
rbs;ExScMlgGaRs½yelI ³- kartMelIgExS ³ kñúgxül; ¬ lMh ¦ /
kñúgbMBg; / kñúgcg¥Úr >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.
- TMrg;énExScMlg ³ muxkat;Cakaer: / CactuekaN / CaExSrgVg; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.
- muxkat;énExScMlg ³
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L L
S2
2d
dS1
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
muxkat;
épÞénkarcuHRtCak;
/
kalNaGgÁt;p©itExScMlgFMCagBIrdgenaH muxkat;rbs;vaekIneLIg 4 dg . dUecñHRkLaépÞxag ¬ épÞénkar
cuHRtCak; ¦ ekIneLIg 2 dg Edr .dg;sIueténcrnþGnuBaØat
mantMéltUcbMputcMeBaHExScMlgEdlmanmuxkat;FM .
6- GanuPaBGKÁisnI ³GanuPaBGKÁisnI GacKNnatam
brimaNGKÁisnI nig tg;süúg .
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Q
U
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
W = Q.U
W : CafamBlGKÁisnI KitCa ( J )
U : tg;süúgelIeKaleRKÓgTTYl KitCa ( V ) v:ulQ : brimaNbnÞúkGKÁisnI KitCa KULM ( C )
b:uEnþ KWCaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ
dUecñH P = U.I P:
GanuPaBGKÁisnI KitCava:t; (W)
U: tg;süúg KitCav:ul (V)
I : GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ KitCaGMEB (A)
GanuPaBGKÁisnI GacRtUvvas;eday ³- v:ulEm:Rt nig GMEBrEm:Rt lT§pl P = U . I
- lT§plGanuPaBEdlcg¥úledayva:t;Em:RtesµI nwg U . I
etImanFatuGKÁisnIGVIxøHenAkñúgva:t;Em:Rt ?
/tt/file_convert/55c9cedabb61eb0d0d8b4876/document.doc44bUb‘Íntg;süúgtCaExñgdUcvu
V U
I P
_
+
R
WA
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
GanuPaBEdlRsUbedayeRKOgTTYlGacKNnatamGnuKmn_
- er:sIusþg;rbs;eRKÓgTTYl nig crnþqøgkat;va
P = U . I = RI . I = R.I2
P - W
U - V
7- famBlGKÁisnI ³kñúgRbB½n§ MKSA
famBlRtUv)aneKKitCah‘SÚl ( J )
W -JP -Wt -s
b:uEnþxñatenHmaneRbItickñúgrgVas;famBlGKÁisnI
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P = R.I2
W = P . t
bUb‘ÍnGaMgtg;sIuettCaesrIdUcG
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
BYkGñkbec©keTsGKÁisnI)aneRbIR)as;xñatmYyepSgeTot
KWva:t;em:ag ( Wh )
va:t;em:agKWbgðaj famBlEdlsIuedayeRKOgTTYlkñúgGanuPaB 1W
dMeNIrkarkñúry³eBl 1h .
ed
eday
famBlGKÁisnIvas;tamrebobNa ?eKGacvas;famBlGKÁisnI)anedaymanCMnYy
BIva:t;Em:Rt nig RkUNUEm:Rt .
W = P . t
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W = P . tW - Wh P - W t - h
W = P . t J W s
W = P . t Wh W h
1Wh = 3600J
1h = 3600s
t – [s]
_
+
R
W
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
karGnuvtþn_viFIenH eKmineRbIR)as;eTenAkñúgpÞHGtifiCn .
eKvas;famBlGKiÁsnIedayeRbIva:t;ema:gEm:Rt rWeKehAfanaLikasÞg; ¬Compter¦ .
famBlGKÁisnIesµI ³ W = P.t
W = UI.t
naLikasÞg;GKÁisnI GaRs½yeTAelI ³- tg;süúg U
- GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ I
- ry³eBldMeNIrkarN_ t
bgÁMúrbs;va:t;ema:gEm:Rt ¬naLikarsÞg;¦
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bUb‘Íntg;süúg
bUb‘ÍnGaMgtg;suIet
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
- el,ÓnrgVilrbs;fassmamaRt eTAnwgGanuPaBEdlsIuedayeRKÓgTTYl
- eTaHCael,ÓnrgVilya:gNak_eday k_enAEtsmamaRteTAnwgGanuPaBEdlsIuedayeRKÓgTTYlEdr .
famBlEdlGaRs½yeTAnwgmYyCMurbs;fasKWRtUv)aneKehAfa emKuNefrénnaLikasÞg;¬ C¦
famBlsrub W = C.n
Minuterie
RtUv)anKNnapÞal;edayfamBlsrubEdlsIuedayeRKÓgTTYl .
kart naLikasÞg;m:UNUhVa ¬1Ph¦
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W- KitCa wh
C- KitCa wh/r.pm
bNaþj
Ph
NbnÞúkeRbIR)as;
mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
edIm,IeCosvagkarlYcbnøM eKminRtUvRtLb;dMNrExScMlgTaMgBIr¬hVanigNWt¦ BIbNþajeLIy .
edaykareRbInaLikasÞg;etIeKGackMNt;GanuPaBEdlsIuedayeRKÓgTTYl)anya:gdUcemþc ? edIm,IkMNt;GanuPaBeRKÓgTTYl eKRtUvrab;cMnYnCMurbs;fas;naLikasÞg; ¬n¦kñúgry³eBl¬t¦ Edl bgðajedayRkUNUEm:Rt .
P =
P =
/tt/file_convert/55c9cedabb61eb0d0d8b4876/document.doc49
C KitCa Wh/r.pmn
cMnYnCMuénfas;rgVil