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Ing. Nelson Cabrera Maráz, Mscroneven@cotas.com.bo

UDABOL-SCZMarzo–Abril 2014

Diplomado en Producción de Hidrocarburos

Facilidades de SuperficieFacilidades de SuperficieIntroducciIntroduccióónn

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Introducción Las facilidades de producción o instalaciones de superficie son el vínculo físico al reservorio, incluyen perforación, terminación, bombeo, inyección, procesamiento y almacenamiento. Un diseño adecuado y el mantenimiento de las instalaciones tiene un profundo efecto en la rentabilidad. Las instalaciones deben ser capaces de llevar a cabo el plan de manejo del reservorio.

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Introducción

El rol de un ingeniero de producción es maximizar la producción de petróleo y gas de una manera que minimice los costos operativos.La comprensión y familiaridad  de los sistemas de producción de petróleo y gas es fundamental y esencial para los ingenieros.

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Introduction

A complete oil or gas production systemconsists of a reservoir, well, flowline, separators, pumps, and transportationpipelines. The reservoir supplies wellborewith crude oil or gas. The well provides a path for the production fluid to flow frombottom hole to surface and offers a means tocontrol the fluid production rate. Theflowline leads the produced fluid toseparators.The separators remove gas and water from thecrude oil. Pumps and compressors are used totransport oil and gas through pipelines tosales points.

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A sketch of a petroleum production system

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ReservoirHydrocarbon accumulations in geological traps can be classified as reservoir, field, and pool. A ‘‘reservoir’’is a porous and permeable underground formation containingan individual bank of hydrocarbons confined by impermeable rock or water barriers and is characterized by a single natural pressure system. A ‘‘field’’ is an area thatconsists of one or more reservoirs all related to the samestructural feature. A ‘‘pool’’ contains one or more reservoirs in isolated structures. Depending on the initial reservoir condition in the phasediagram, hydrocarbon accumulations are classified as oil, gas condensate, and gas reservoirs. An oil that is at a pressure above its bubble‐point pressure is called an‘‘undersaturated oil’’ because it can dissolve more gas atthe given temperature. An oil that is at its bubble‐pointpressure is called a ‘‘saturated oil’’ because it can dissolve no more gas at the given temperature. Single (liquid)‐phase flow prevails in an undersaturated oil reservoir, whereas two‐phase (liquid oil and free gas) flowexists in a saturated o il reservoir.

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A typical hydrocarbon phase diagram

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A Sketch of a water-driver reservoir

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A sketch of a gas-cap drive reservoir

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A sketch of dissolved-gas drive reservoir

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A sketch of a typical flowing oil well

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A sketch of a wellhead

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A sketch of a casing head, tubing head

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A sketch of a “Christmas tree”

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A sketch of a surface valve

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A sketch of a wellhead choke

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Conventional horizontal separator

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Double-action piston pump

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Elements of a typical reciprocating compressor

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SSíímbolosmbolosFlowFlow SheetSheet SymbolsSymbols

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Tipica hoja de flujo

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Common FlowSheet Symbols

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Line Symbols, Blinds & Valves

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Valves

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Valves

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Pumps & Storage Symbols

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Electrical Symbols

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Instruments

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Examples

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Instruments - Measurement

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E & P Symbols

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E & P Symbols

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E & P Symbols

Abandoned wellNew coalbed methane drilling locationCoalbed methane gas well

Waste disposal wellUnderground gas storage well

Enhanced oil recovery injection well

Dry hole

Gas well other than CBM

Abandoned coalbed methane gas well

Oil well

CNCCanceled application or permit

New drilling location

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Facilidades de Facilidades de SuperficieSuperficie

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An outline of the processing surface field operations

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Típico sistema de producción y proceso gas

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Typical oil production process system

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Typical gas production process system

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Typical surface production equipment

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Diagrama de flujo de equipos de producción en superficie

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