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TRANSCRIPT
From words to features to trees: Computing a world tree of
languages from word lists
Gerhard Jäger
Tübingen University
Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies
October 16, 2017
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 1 / 45
Introduction
Introduction
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 2 / 45
Introduction
Language change and evolution
�The formation of di�erent languages and of distinct species, and theproofs that both have been developed through a gradual process, arecuriously parallel. [...] We �nd in distinct languages striking homologiesdue to community of descent, and analogies due to a similar process offormation. The manner in which certain letters or sounds change whenothers change is very like correlated growth. [...] The frequent presenceof rudiments, both in languages and in species, is still more remarkable.[...]Languages, like organic beings, can be classed in groups under groups;and they can be classed either naturally according to descent, orarti�cially by other characters. Dominant languages and dialects spreadwidely, and lead to the gradual extinction of other tongues.�
(Darwin, The Descent of Man)
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 3 / 45
Introduction
Language change and evolution
Vater Unser im Himmel, geheiligt werde Dein
Name
Onze Vader in de Hemel, laat Uw Naam
geheiligd worden
Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name
Fader Vor, du som er i himlene! Helliget vorde
dit navn
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 4 / 45
Introduction
Language change and evolution
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 5 / 45
Introduction
Language change and evolution
Mittelhochdeutsch:Got vater unser, dâ du bist in dem himelrîche
gewaltic alles des dir ist, geheiliget sô werde dîn
nam
Althochdeutsch:Fater unser thû thâr bist in himile, si giheilagôt
thîn namo
Gotisch:Atta unsar þu in himinam, weihnai namo þein
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 6 / 45
Introduction
Convergent evolution
Old English docga >English dog
Proto-Paman *gudaga >Mbabaram dog (`dog')
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 7 / 45
Introduction
Language phylogeny
Comparative method
1 identifying cognates, i.e. obviously related
morphemes in di�erent languages, such as
new/nowy, two/dwa, or water/voda
2 reconstruction of common ancestor and sound lawsthat explain the change from reconstructed to
observed forms
3 applying this iteratively leads to phylogenetic
language trees
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 8 / 45
Introduction
Similarity between languages
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 9 / 45
Introduction
Similarity between languages
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 10 / 45
Introduction
Similarity between languages
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 11 / 45
Introduction
Language phylogeny
Scope of the method
reconstructed vocabulary shrinks with growing time depth
maximal time horizon seems to be about 8,000 years
grammatical morphemes and categories arguably more stable and less apt to
borrowing
problem here: limited number of features, cross-linguistic variation constrained
by language universals, frequently convergent evolution
comparative method is hard to apply in regions with high linguistic diversity and
without written documents (Paleo-America, Papua)
tree structure might be inappropriate if there is a signi�cant e�ect of language
contact (cf. Australia)
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 12 / 45
Introduction
Computational Methods
both cognate detection and tree construction lend themselves to algorithmic
implementation
Advantages:
easy to scale upcomparability of resultsa�ords statistical evaluation
Disadvantages:
cognacy judgments require lots of linguistic insight and experiencetree construction should be subject to historical (including archeological) and geographicalplausibility
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 13 / 45
Introduction
From words to trees
word alignments
cognate classes
character matrix
phylogenetictree
soundsimilarities
Swadesh lists
trainingpair-Hidden Markov Model
applyingpair-Hidden Markov Model
classification/clustering
feature extraction
Bayesianphylogenetic
inference
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 14 / 45
Introduction
From words to trees
word alignments
cognate classes
character matrix
phylogenetictree
soundsimilarities
Swadesh lists
trainingpair-Hidden Markov Model
applyingpair-Hidden Markov Model
classification/clustering
feature extraction
Bayesianphylogenetic
inference
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 14 / 45
Introduction
From words to trees
word alignments
cognate classes
character matrix
phylogenetictree
soundsimilarities
Swadesh lists
trainingpair-Hidden Markov Model
applyingpair-Hidden Markov Model
classification/clustering
feature extraction
Bayesianphylogenetic
inference
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 14 / 45
Introduction
From words to trees
word alignments
cognate classes
character matrix
phylogenetictree
soundsimilarities
Swadesh lists
trainingpair-Hidden Markov Model
applyingpair-Hidden Markov Model
classification/clustering
feature extraction
Bayesianphylogenetic
inference
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 14 / 45
Introduction
From words to trees
word alignments
cognate classes
character matrix
phylogenetictree
soundsimilarities
Swadesh lists
trainingpair-Hidden Markov Model
applyingpair-Hidden Markov Model
classification/clustering
feature extraction
Bayesianphylogenetic
inference
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 14 / 45
Introduction
From words to trees
word alignments
cognate classes
character matrix
phylogenetictree
soundsimilarities
Swadesh lists
trainingpair-Hidden Markov Model
applyingpair-Hidden Markov Model
classification/clustering
feature extraction
Bayesianphylogenetic
inference
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 14 / 45
Introduction
From words to trees
word alignments
cognate classes
character matrix
phylogenetictree
soundsimilarities
Swadesh lists
trainingpair-Hidden Markov Model
applyingpair-Hidden Markov Model
classification/clustering
feature extraction
Bayesianphylogenetic
inference
Khois
an
Niger-Congo
Nilo
-Sah
aran
Afro-A
siatic
Indo
-Eur
opea
n
Ura
licAltai
c
Ainu
Nak
h-D
aghe
stan
ian
Dra
vidia
n
Sin
o-T
ibeta
n
Hm
ong-M
ien Ta
i-Kadai
Austro
-Asia
tic
Austronesian
Sepik
Torricelli
Tim
or-
Alo
r-Pa
nta
r
Trans-NewGuinea
Australian
NaDeneAlgic
Uto-A
ztec
an
Salis
h
Penutian
Hok
an
Otom
anguean
May
an
Chibchan
Tucanoan
Panoan
Que
chua
n
Arawakan
Cariban
Tupian
Macro-Ge
Trans-NewGuinea
Trans-NewGuinea
Trans-NewGuinea
Otomanguean
Torricelli
SE Asia
America
Pap
ua
Austra
lia/P
apua
NW Eurasia
Subsahar
an
Africa
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 14 / 45
From word lists to distances
From word lists to distances
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 15 / 45
From word lists to distances
The Automated Similarity Judgment Program
Project at MPI EVA in Leipzig around Søren Wichmann
covers more than 6,000 languages and dialects
basic vocabulary of 40 words for each language, in uniform phonetic transcription
freely available
used concepts: I, you, we, one, two, person, �sh, dog, louse, tree, leaf, skin, blood, bone, horn, ear,
eye, nose, tooth, tongue, knee, hand, breast, liver, drink, see, hear, die, come, sun, star, water, stone,
�re, path, mountain, night, full, new, name
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 16 / 45
From word lists to distances
Automated Similarity Judgment Project
concept Latin English
I ego Ei
you tu yu
we nos wi
one unus w3n
two duo tu
person persona, homo pers3n
�sh piskis �S
dog kanis dag
louse pedikulus laus
tree arbor trileaf foly∼u* lif
skin kutis skin
blood saNgw∼is bl3d
bone os bon
horn kornu horn
ear auris ir
eye okulus Ei
concept Latin English
nose nasus nos
tooth dens tu8
tongue liNgw∼E t3N
knee genu ni
hand manus hEnd
breast pektus, mama brest
liver yekur liv3r
drink bibere drink
see widere si
hear audire hirdie mori dEi
come wenire k3m
sun sol s3n
star stela star
water akw∼a wat3r
stone lapis ston
�re iNnis fEirGerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 17 / 45
From word lists to distances
Word distances
based on string alignment
baseline: Levenshtein alignment ⇒ count matches and mis-matches
too crude as it totally ignores sound correspondences
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 18 / 45
From word lists to distances
How well does normalized Levenshtein distance predict
cognacy?
LDN
empi
rical
pro
babi
lity
of c
ogna
cy
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
no yescognate
LDN
cognate
no
yes
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 19 / 45
From word lists to distances
Problems
binary distinction: match vs. non-match
frequently genuin sound correspondences in cognates are missed:
c v a i n a z 3 - - - f i S
- - t u n - o s p i s k i s
corresponding sounds count as mismatches even if they are aligend correctly
h a n t h a n t
h E n d m a n o
substantial amount of chance similarities
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 20 / 45
From word lists to distances
Capturing sound correspondences
weighted alignment using Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI, a.k.a. log-odds):
s(a, b) = logp(a, b)
q(a)q(b)
p(a, b): probability of sound a being etymologically related to sound b in a pair of cognatesq(a): relative frequency of sound a
Needleman-Wunsch algorithm: given a matrix of pairwise PMI scores between
individual symbols and two strings, it returns the alignment that maximizes the aggregate
PMI score
but �rst we need to estimate p(a, b) and q(a), q(b) for all soundclasses a and b
q(a): relative frequency of occurence of segment a in all words in ASJP
p(a, b): that's a bit more complicated...
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 21 / 45
From word lists to distances
Substitution matrix for the ASJP data
1. identify large sample of pairs of closely related languages (using expert information or
heuristics based on aggregated Levenshtein distance)
An.NORTHERN_PHILIPPINES.CENTRAL_BONTOCAn.MESO-PHILIPPINE.NORTHERN_SORSOGON
WF.WESTERN_FLY.IAMEGAWF.WESTERN_FLY.GAMAEWE
Pan.PANOAN.KASHIBO_BAJO_AGUAYTIAPan.PANOAN.KASHIBO_SAN_ALEJANDRO
AA.EASTERN_CUSHITIC.KAMBAATA_2AA.EASTERN_CUSHITIC.HADIYYA_2
ST.BAI.QILIQIAO_BAI_2ST.BAI.YUNLONG_BAI
An.SULAWESI.MANDARAn.OCEANIC.RAGA
An.SULAWESI.TANETEAn.SAMA-BAJAW.BOEPINANG_BAJAU
An.SOUTHERN_PHILIPPINES.KAGAYANENAn.NORTHERN_PHILIPPINES.LIMOS_KALINGA
An.MESO-PHILIPPINE.CANIPAAN_PALAWANAn.NORTHWEST_MALAYO-POLYNESIAN.LAHANAN
NC.BANTOID.LIFONGANC.BANTOID.BOMBOMA_2
IE.INDIC.WAD_PAGGAIE.INDIC.TALAGANG_HINDKO
NC.BANTOID.LINGALANC.BANTOID.LIFONGA
An.CENTRAL_MALAYO-POLYNESIAN.BALILEDOAn.CENTRAL_MALAYO-POLYNESIAN.PALUE
AuA.MUNDA.HOAuA.MUNDA.KORKU
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 22 / 45
From word lists to distances
Substitution matrix for the ASJP data
2. pick a concept and a pair of related languages at random
languages: Pen.MAIDUAN.MAIDU_KONKAU, Pen.MAIDUAN.NE_MAIDUconcept: one
3. �nd corresponding words from the two languages:
nisam, niSem
4. do Levenshtein alignment
n i s a m
n i S e m
5. for each sound pair, count number of correspondences
nn: 1; ii: 1; sS; 1; ae: 1; mm: 1
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 23 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5
e −4.1
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5
e −4.1
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5
e −4.1
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13
e −4.1
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13
e −4.1
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13
e −4.1
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53
e −4.1
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03
e −4.1
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62
s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62
s −8.9 −2.97
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62
s −8.9 −2.97 2.15
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62
s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62
s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62
s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the left
and above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover
the corresponing optimal alignmentGerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62
s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the left
and above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover
the corresponing optimal alignmentGerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62
s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the left
and above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover
the corresponing optimal alignmentGerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62
s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the left
and above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover
the corresponing optimal alignmentGerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3
m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47
e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55
n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6
E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62
s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the left
and above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover
the corresponing optimal alignmentGerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 24 / 45
From word lists to distances
Evaluation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 25 / 45
From word lists to distances
Evaluation
x
X
G q
g k
4 N
o u
a
E e 3 i
v w
m f
b p
T
!
C c
7 h s
8 z
n
5 y
l r
L
S Z
t
d j
−5
05
10
velar/uvular vowels labials dental
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 26 / 45
From word lists to distances
How well does PMI similarity predict cognacy?
expert cognacy judgments used as gold standard
LDN
empi
rical
pro
babi
lity
of c
ogna
cy
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
PMI
empi
rical
pro
babi
lity
of c
ogna
cy
−20 −10 0 10 20
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
no yescognate
LDN
cognate
no
yes
−20
−10
0
10
20
no yescognate
PM
I
cognate
no
yes
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 27 / 45
From word lists to distances
Calibrated PMI similarity
English / Swedish
Ei yu wi w3n tu fiS . . .
yog −7.77 0.75 −7.68 −7.90 −8.57 −10.50du −7.62 0.33 −5.71 −7.41 2.66 −8.57vi −2.72 −2.83 4.04 −1.34 −6.45 0.70et −5.47 −7.87 −5.47 −6.43 −1.83 −4.70tvo −7.91 −4.27 −3.64 −4.57 0.39 −6.98fisk −7.45 −11.2 −3.07 −9.97 −8.66 7.58...
values along diagonal give similarity between candidates for cognacy (possibility of
meaning change is disregarded)
values o� diagonal provide sample of similarity distribution between non-cognates
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 28 / 45
From word lists to distances
Calibrated PMI similarity
let s be the PMI-similarity between the English and
Swedish word for concept c
calibrated string similarity: − log(probability that
random word pairs are more similar than s)
language similarity: average word similarity for all
concepts
English vs. Swedish
PM
I sim
ilarit
y
−25
−20
−15
−10
−5
0
5
10
15
different meaning same meaning
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 29 / 45
Cognate clustering
Cognate clustering
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 30 / 45
Cognate clustering
Cognate clustering
clustering of ASJP strings into automatically inferred cognate classes (Jäger andSofroniev, 2016; Jäger et al., 2017) (take �cognate� with a grain of salt)
supervised learning, based on expert cognacy judgments as goldstandard
sources (only the 40 ASJP concepts were used)
Dataset Source Words Concepts Languages Families Cognate classes
ABVD Greenhill et al. (2008) 2,306 34 100 Austronesian 409
Afrasian Militarev (2000) 770 39 21 Afro-Asiatic 351
Chinese B¥ijng Dàxué (1964) 422 20 18 Sino-Tibetan 126
Huon McElhanon (1967) 441 32 14 Trans-New Guinea 183
IELex Dunn (2012) 2,089 40 52 Indo-European 318
Japanese Hattori (1973) 387 39 10 Japonic 74
Kadai Peiros (1998) 399 40 12 Tai-Kadai 102
Kamasau Sanders and Sanders (1980) 270 36 8 Torricelli 59
Mayan Brown et al. (2008) 1,113 40 30 Mayan 241
Miao-Yao Peiros (1998) 206 36 6 Hmong-Mien 69
Mixe-Zoque Cysouw et al. (2006) 355 39 10 Mixe-Zoque 79
Mon-Khmer Peiros (1998) 579 40 16 Austroasiatic 232
ObUgrian Zhivlov (2011) 769 39 21 Uralic 68
total 10,106 40 318 13 2,311
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 31 / 45
Cognate clustering
Cognate clustering
calibrated word similarity and language similarity were used as predictors to train a SupportVector Machine → probability of being cognate for each pair of synonymous ASJP entries
Label Propagation (Raghavan et al., 2007) for clustering
0.84 B-cubed F-score with cross-validation on goldstandard data
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 32 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 33 / 45
Cognate clustering
Cognate clustering
doculect word class label
ALBANIAN vet3 0
ALBANIAN_TOSK vEt3 0
ARAGONESE ombre 1
ITALIAN_GROSSETO_TUSCAN omo 2
ROMANIAN_MEGLENO wom 2
VLACH omu 2
ASTURIAN persona 3
BALEAR_CATALAN p3rson3 3
CATALAN p3rson3 3
FRIULIAN pErsoN 3
ITALIAN persona 3
SPANISH persona 3
VALENCIAN persone 3
CORSICAN nimu 4
DALMATIAN om 5
EMILIANO_CARPIGIANO om 5
ROMANIAN_2 om 5
TURIA_AROMANIAN om 5
EMILIANO_FERRARESE styan 6
LIGURIAN_STELLA kristyaN 6
NEAPOLITAN_CALABRESE kr3styan3 6
ROMAGNOL_RAVENNATE sCan 6
ROMANSH_GRISHUN k3rSTawn 6
ROMANSH_SURMIRAN k3rstaN 6
GALICIAN ome 7
GASCON omi 7
PIEMONTESE_VERCELLESE omaN 8
ROMANSH_VALLADER uman 8
ALBANIAN_GHEG 5eri 9
SARDINIAN_CAMPIDANESE omini 9
SARDINIAN_LOGUDARESE omine 9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 34 / 45
Cognate clustering
Cognate clusteringconcept doculect glot_fam transcription
eye DORASQUE Chibchan oko
eye NORTHERN_LOW_SAXON Indo-European ok
eye NORTH_FRISIAN_AMRUM Indo-European uk
eye STELLINGWERFS Indo-European ok
eye ASSAMESE Indo-European soku
eye CHAKMA_UnnamedInSource Indo-European sog
eye DALMATIAN Indo-European vaklo
eye FRIULIAN Indo-European voli
eye ITALIAN Indo-European okkyo
eye ITALIAN_GROSSETO_TUSCAN Indo-European okyo
eye JUDEO_ESPAGNOL Indo-European oxo
eye LATIN Indo-European okulus
eye NEAPOLITAN_CALABRESE Indo-European woky3
eye ROMANIAN_2 Indo-European oky
eye ROMANIAN_MEGLENO Indo-European wokLu
eye SARDINIAN Indo-European ogu
eye SARDINIAN_CAMPIDANESE Indo-European oxu
eye SARDINIAN_LOGUDARESE Indo-European okru
eye SICILIAN_UnnamedInSource Indo-European okiu
eye SPANISH Indo-European oho
eye TURIA_AROMANIAN Indo-European okLu
eye VLACH Indo-European okklu
eye BELARUSIAN Indo-European voka
eye BOSNIAN Indo-European oko
eye BULGARIAN Indo-European oko
eye CROATIAN Indo-European oko
eye CZECH Indo-European oko
eye KASHUBIAN Indo-European wokwo
eye LOWER_SORBIAN Indo-European voko
eye LOWER_SORBIAN_2 Indo-European woko
eye MACEDONIAN Indo-European oko
eye OLD_CHURCH_SLAVONIC Indo-European oko
eye POLISH Indo-European oko
eye SERBOCROATIAN Indo-European oko
eye SLOVAK Indo-European oko
eye SLOVENIAN Indo-European oko
eye UKRAINIAN Indo-European oko
eye UPPER_SORBIAN Indo-European voCko
eye UPPER_SORBIAN Indo-European voko
eye BAINOUK_GUNYAAMOLO Atlantic-Congo g3li
eye USINO Nuclear_Trans_New_Guinea ogo
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 35 / 45
Phylogenetic inference
Phylogenetic inference
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 36 / 45
Phylogenetic inference
Modeling language change
Markov process
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 37 / 45
Phylogenetic inference
Modeling language change
Markov process Phylogeny
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 37 / 45
Phylogenetic inference
Modeling language change
Markov process Phylogeny
Branching process
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 37 / 45
Phylogenetic inference
Estimating rates of change
if phylogeny and states of extant languages are known...
... transition rates and ancestral states can be estimated based on Markov model
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 38 / 45
Phylogenetic inference
Estimating rates of change
if phylogeny and states of extant languages are known...
... transition rates and ancestral states can be estimated based on Markov model
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 38 / 45
Phylogenetic inference
ASJP word lists → character matrix
1 Automatically inferred cognate classes
each cluster cc de�nes one characterdoculect l has value 1 if its word list contains an element of cc, unde�ned if the slot of thecorresponding concept is unde�ned, and 0 else
2 Soundclass-concept characters
each combination (c, s) of an ASJP concept c and an ASJP sound class s is a characterdoculect l has value 1 if one of its entries for c contains s, 0 if not, and unde�ned if there isno entry for c
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 39 / 45
Phylogenetic inference
Character matrix → trees
validation
correlation with geographic distancephylogenetic inference (MaximumLikelihood) + comparison to Glottologexpert tree on 100 random sample ofASJP doculects, containing between 20and 400 doculectsusing Stamatakis' RAxML (which isgreat)
partitioned character-based inference
seems to work best
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 40 / 45
The world tree
Sah
aran
.BE
RT
I
Afro
-Asi
atic
.MO
KILK
O
Aust
roas
iatic
.BU
GAN
2
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL JICOCINGO ZACATLAN
Tai-K
adai
.NIU
PO
GE
LAO
Huavean.HUAVE 2
Mayan.KICHEE CUBULCO
Austronesian.BRUNEI
Nuclear T
rans N
ew Guinea.E
NGA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
ON
GY
E
Lepki-Murkim
.MILK
I MU
RK
IM
Afro-A
siatic
.JIM
I CAM
EROON
Atlantic-C
ongo.NA
KI
Atlantic-C
ongo.LIFO
NG
A
Hruso-A
ka.BE
NG
RU
HR
US
O
Sino-T
ibetan.JING
PH
O
Tup
ian.
UR
UB
U K
AA
PO
R
Ara
wak
an.Y
AW
ALA
PIT
I
Ata
.PE
LE A
TA
Tup
ian.
YU
QU
I
Indo-European.PIEMONTESE VERCELLESE
Atlantic-C
ongo.KU
SU
MA
TAP
A
Austronesian.TAGABILI
Austronesian.LANGARA LAUT BAJAU
Khoe-Kwadi.GXANA
Atlantic-Congo.EFIK
Pano-Tacanan
.AR
AO
NA
Tai-K
adai
.ZH
UA
NG
NO
RTH
ER
N
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.J
AN
JER
O
Aust
roas
iatic
.KH
ASI 2
Pama-Nyungan.MALYANGAPA
Mayan.KEKCHI
Austronesia
n.LINGARAK
Tai-K
adai
.LU
Afro
-Asi
atic
.MU
BI
Atlantic-C
ongo.KW
AN
YA
MA
Mayan.MAM SAN PEDRO NECTA
Aust
roas
iatic
.RAJ
ARAM
PUR
SAN
TALI
Pama-Nyungan.KURRAMA
Mixe-Zoque.ULTERIOR MIXE C
Austronesian.UGHELE
Austro
nesia
n.YAKAM
UL
Atlantic-Congo.ER
UW
A
Nilo
tic.S
AB
AO
T
Nakh-D
aghestanian.AVAR ZAKATALY
Austronesia
n.ATCHIN
Austronesian.HARUKU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.J
ITA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
ALA
NG
A
Austronesian.OUMA
Atlantic-Congo.NGBANDI
Nilo
tic.B
UR
UN
Austronesian.SALUDENGANAustronesian.TOLAKI WIWIRANO
Sepik.AWTUW
Sentanic.D
EM
TA M
UR
IS
Indo-European.DIR GUJARI
Cochimi-Yuman.YAVAPAI
Mayan.ZINACANTAN TZOTZIL
Atlantic-C
ongo.HE
RE
RO
2
Austronesian.KISAR
Austronesian.RAROTONGAN 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.OM
BA
MB
A
Turkic.T
OFA
Austronesia
n.LENAKEL LENAUKAS
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.C
HW
AK
A
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.SJIA
GH
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.KE
SA
A S
AK
ATA
Tai-K
adai
.SA
EK
2
Ijoid
.OR
UM
A
Sino-T
ibetan.S
OU
TH
ER
N B
AIM
A
Atlantic-Congo.PALOR 2
Sino-T
ibetan.KA
TS
O
Afro
-Asi
atic
.IRA
QW
2
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BA
ISO
Atlantic-C
ongo.LUM
BW
E
Garrwan.GARAWA
Afro-A
siatic
.ZULG
O
Ara
wak
an.M
AC
HIG
UE
NG
A
Nuclear Torricelli.BU
NA
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.K
ULL
O
Tup
ian.
CH
IRIG
UA
NO
Austronesian.SAMIHIM
Austronesian.ONANK
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.BINU
MAR
IEN
Austronesian.NOKUKU
Indo-European.TALAGANG HINDKO
Tup
ian.
GU
AR
AY
U
Austronesian.SIAR
Austronesian.MAYRINAX ATAYAL
Nilo
tic.N
YAN
GAT
OM
Atlantic-Congo.DIDA YOCOBOUE
Austronesian.MALANGO
Sino-T
ibetan.GA
LO
Nuclear T
rans N
ew Guinea.S
AU
Maiduan.MAIDU KONKAU
Austronesian.GIMAN
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL TLALNEPANTLA TAMAZUNCHALE
Nub
ian.
NO
BIIN
Atlantic-Congo.GECHODE
Atlantic-Congo.BULI GHANA
Pan
o-Ta
cana
n.K
AX
INA
WA
Austro
asia
tic.D
AMAN
GN
UO
WA
Atlantic-C
ongo.LAM
BA
MB
OLE
BA
LAN
GA
Austro
nesia
n.SERUI L
AUT
Afro-A
siatic
.MIY
A
Atlantic-Congo.PULAR
Austronesian.SAAROA
Afro-A
siatic
.GHADAM
ES
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.B
EM
BA
2
Atlantic-C
ongo.BATA
NG
A
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.NA
KA
I
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
WA
HIL
I
Austronesian.EAST MASELA
Indo-European.DOLENJSKI ROMANI
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.TAFO
TA BA
RU
GA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
SE
NG
A
Abkhaz-Adyge.KABARDIAN
Chocoan.E
MB
ER
A CH
AM
I
Austronesia
n.BIE
REBO YEVALI
Atlantic-C
ongo.PAG
IBE
TE
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.YABEN
Atlantic-C
ongo.K14 LW
EN
A 2
Wakashan.OOWEKYALA
Atlantic-C
ongo.KA
NY
OK
Indo-European.KURDISH CENTRAL
Atlantic-C
ongo.ZO
OM
BO
4
Austronesia
n.PAAMA LAUL
Atlantic-Congo.SENOUFO TAGWANA
Austronesian.NUSA LAUT
Lakes Plain.K
IRIK
IRI FA
IA
Indo-European.BOSNIAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.MA
SH
YO
O
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.T
AA
BW
A R
DC
1
Indo-European.SOUTHERN AZAD KASHMIR GUJARI
Atlantic-C
ongo.ME
DU
MB
A
Austro
nesia
n.M
OUK 2
Austronesian.SIPOMA
Austronesian.AKLANON
Uralic.LIVE
Austronesian.WOLEAIAN
Atlantic-Congo.BAATONUM
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
YA
UY
OS
SA
N P
ED
RO
Turama-K
ikori.RU
MU
Austronesia
n.WALA
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL ZITLALA
Sino-T
ibetan.SH
I BA
I
Austronesian.ANIWA
Salishan.MONTANA SALISH
Austro
nesia
n.SUDEST
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
UK
US
HU
Austronesian.AURAN KULON PAZEH
Tup
ian.
UR
UE
WA
UW
AU
Chitim
acha.CH
ITIMA
CH
A
Austro
asia
tic.V
IETN
AMESE 2
Atakapa.ATAKAPA
Austronesian.ANAIWOI BAJAU
Nuclear T
rans N
ew Guinea.K
EWA S
POLE
Sino-T
ibetan.LEP
CH
A
Afro-A
siatic
.PSIK
YE
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
NG
ILI 1
Austronesian.ROMBLOMANON 1
Aust
roas
iatic
.MU
ND
ARI
Indo-European.RANA
Mab
an.M
AS
ALI
T
Tai-K
adai
.TA
I DA
EN
G
Tai-K
adai
.SH
AN
3
Mayan.MAM SAN JUAN OSTUNCALCO
Atlantic-C
ongo.C81 D
EN
GE
SE
Mayan.KICHEE JOYABAJ 2
Austronesian.BONERATE
Austronesian.KALLAHAN KAYAPA PROPER
Chumashan.VENTURENYO
Gaagudju.GAAGUDJU
Afro
-Asi
atic
.MAL
TESE
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.L
UG
AN
DA
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.WA
GA
RA
BA
I
Austronesian.MAMBAE
Atlantic-Congo.G
OKAN
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.A51 B
AFIA TU
MI TIN
GO
N
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KOMBA
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
ON
GO
Nakh-D
aghestanian.IC
ARI DARGI
Zuni.ZUNI
Hei
bani
c.LO
GO
L
Austronesia
n.SOUTHW
EST TANNA E
NFITANA
Austronesian.KALINGA GUINAANG
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.V
IRA
Pama-Nyungan.DIYARI
Algic.POWHATAN UnnamedInSource
East Bird's Head.MEYAH
Miwok-Costanoan.OLAMENTKE
Oto
man
guea
n.C
HIN
AN
TE
C C
OM
ALT
EP
EC
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.AH
TN
A
Austronesian.TANGOA
Hm
ong-Mien.H
MU
Atlantic-Congo.KPASHAM
Dagan.O
NJO
B
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
KO
RE
KIG
A
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KORAK
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.TE
LEF
OL
Sur
mic
.DID
ING
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.K15 M
BU
ND
A G
AN
GE
LA
Uru-Chipaya.UCHUMATAQU
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
FIA RO
PE
Misumalpan.CACAOPERA
Atlantic-C
ongo.SA
NG
U 1
Austronesian.LAKONEA BAJAU
Pae
z.P
AE
Z 2
Lakes Plain.S
IKA
RITA
I
Indo-European.SEPECIDES ROMANI
Atlantic-C
ongo.OB
AN
G
Tucanoan.DE
SA
NO
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.REM
PI
Car
iban
.WA
IMIR
I AT
RO
AR
I
Austronesian.DOURA
Tai-K
adai
.TA
I LU
NG
MIN
G
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.A
DA
NG
Waia.TABO
WAIA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MA
TO
KO
BO
MITA
BA
Sino-T
ibetan.CH
IN H
AK
A
Austronesian.MARINDUQUE TAGALOG
Atlantic-Congo.TAPSHIN
Anim
.ZIMA
KA
NI
Austronesian.MANDARA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.R
AB
AI
Austronesia
n.NAMAKURA TONGARIK
I
Austronesian.URUAVA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.D
HA
ISO
Que
chua
n.Q
UIC
HU
A IM
BA
BU
RA
2
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AS
SY
RIA
N N
EO
AR
AM
AIC
Chibchan.C
UN
A
Austronesian.TONSEA
Austronesian.BUSHI
Atlantic-C
ongo.LAA
DI 1
Atlantic-Congo.ELEM
E 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
AS
A 1
Ara
wak
an.M
AW
AY
AN
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.AK
WA
Atlantic-Congo.GBAYA BOZOUM
Tucanoan.TU
YU
CA
Atlantic-C
ongo.AM
BE
LE
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ANGGURUK YALI
Indo-European.ATTOCK CITY HINDKO
Siouan.IO
WA
OT
O
Iroquoian.ONONDAGA
Turkic.S
OLTAN ABAD KHORASANI
Pama-Nyungan.ARRERNTE CENTRAL
Mayan.KICHEE SAN JOSE CHIQUILAJA QUETZ
Hui
toto
an.H
UIT
OT
O M
INIC
A 2
Mixe-Zoque.ZOQUE FRANCISCO LEON
Mab
an.R
UN
GA
Atlantic-Congo.GBANZILI
Ijoid
.WE
ST
TA
RA
KIR
I
Afro-A
siatic
.BO
LE 2
Algic.MAHICAN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.RAW
A
Elem
an.KA
IPI
Sepik.GABIANO
Austronesian.WOTU
Barbacoan.G
UA
MB
IAN
O
Pama-Nyungan.SOUTHERN ARANDA
Angan.TAINAE
Nuclear-Macro-Je.OFAYE
Huarp
ean.
MIL
LCAYAC
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.M
OSIM
O
Austronesian.HAKU
Atlantic-C
ongo.YA
KA
PE
LEN
DE
North B
ougainville.RO
TOK
AS
Amto-Musan.AMTO
Atlantic-C
ongo.D1
4 EN
YA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
HO
NA
2
Gua
hibo
an.G
UA
HIB
O
Western Daly.MARANUNGGU
Austro
asia
tic.B
RU WESTE
RN Unn
amed
InSou
rce
Tai-K
adai
.LA
KK
JA
Atlantic-C
ongo.NY
EN
GO
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.T
IFO
L A
FEN
G A
BU
I
Mayan.KICHEE ZACUALPA
Austronesia
n.SORI H
ARENGAN
Austronesian.ILIR KOMERING
Sino-Tibetan.K
UN
MIN
G M
AN
DA
RIN
Oto
man
guea
n.H
UA
UT
LA D
E J
IME
NE
Z
Atlantic-C
ongo.LUN
DA
1
Angan.YAGWOIA
Austronesian.SEKOLA NEIRA BANDA
Austronesian.TAJE PETAPA
Mayan.CENTRAL QUICHE
Dravidian.NORTH BASTAR GONDI
Austro
asia
tic.K
ENSIW
Austronesian.PIAMATSINA
Sino-T
ibetan.BIS
U
Austronesian.KUSAIE
Ijoid
.EA
ST
TA
RA
KIR
I
Austronesian.MORI BAWAH WATU
Atlantic-Congo.MOORE
Austro
nesia
n.YAUR
Austronesian.BALI
Nilo
tic.J
UM
JUM
Northern Daly.MULLUKMULLUK
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL XILOCUAUTLA HUAUCHINANGO
Austronesian.SUMBAWA
Atlantic-Congo.EGG
ON
Pama-Nyungan.LAMALAMA COASTAL
Austronesian.SAMBAL BOTOLAN
Afro-A
siat
ic.M
UN
DAT
Austronesian.VALPEI
Pama-Nyungan.KUUKU YAU
Austronesian.DUSUN WITU
Uralic.KOMI PERMYAK
Nuclear Torricelli.KAM
ASAU 2
Austronesian.SICHULE
Austronesian.LAURU BAJAU
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
SA
N M
AR
TIN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.GIT
ATA
Uto-Aztecan.TOHONO OODHAM
Atlantic-C
ongo.YAM
BA
Atlantic-Congo.YAKOMA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.B
EM
BA
Ara
wan
.DE
NI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.PEV
E PA
LA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MUSAK
Nuclear Torricelli.MOLMO ONE
Turkic.S
HOR
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
KO
SS
I
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SO
KOR
O
Austronesian.DHADHAJE BOGHOTU
Tungusic.ULCHA
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
SA
A
Austronesian.NDI GHARI
Tai-K
adai
.MA
ON
AN
Mayan.NORTHERN CAKCHIQUEL SAN MARTIN JILOTEPEQUE
Nuclear Torricelli.HEYO 2
Atlantic-Congo.O
KA
Sino-T
ibetan.BW
E K
AR
EN
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
KA
KA
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.SIN
YA
R
Austronesian.TUAMOTUAN
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
YU
NG
WE
Ain
u.A
INU
SH
IRA
UR
AA
inu.
AIN
U S
OY
A
Kw
alean.KW
ALE
Indo-European.ARPITAN
Austronesian.SIANG
Kartvelia
n.SVAN
Kw
alean.MU
LAH
A IAIB
U
Nuclear T
rans N
ew Guinea.LEMBENA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.W
OLO
F
Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.TLINGIT
Austronesian.FINALLIG
Atlantic-Congo.JIBA
LakesP
lain.BIR
ITAI
Ara
wak
an.N
OM
AT
SIG
UE
NG
A
Austronesian.LIABUKA
Tai-K
adai
.LA
OTI
EN
Austronesian.UBIR
Atlantic-C
ongo.LIBIN
ZA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.X
HO
SA
Atlantic-Congo.GBARI
Austronesian.LONG TERAWAN BERAWAN
South Bougainville.BUIN
Cad
doan
.PA
WN
EE
2
Austronesian.KULISUSU
Algic.MIAMI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.TIG
RE
2
Greater Kwerba.SABERI
Austronesian.REJANG
Austronesian.NAROM
Austronesian.ZAZAO
Mayan.WESTERN POCOMAM SAN CRISTOBAL VERAPAZ
Chumashan.OBISPENYO
Austronesian.AKEI P
ENANTSIRO
Atlantic-C
ongo.B77a K
UK
UY
A 1
Atlantic-C
ongo.NYA
LI 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
LIA B
AN
DU
ND
U
Tai-K
adai
.MA
NG
SH
I TA
I
Atlantic-Congo.IKPANA
Mom
bum.M
OM
BUN
Atlantic-C
ongo.ZIM
BA
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
NG
UB
AN
GU
KA
BA
MB
AR
E
Atlantic-C
ongo.IYA
A
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
AC
HA
ME
Cochimi-Yuman.YUMA
Mongolic.BONAN
Afro-A
siatic
.ANG
AS
Tungusic.KUR URMI
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
SS
ELA
BO
MITA
BA
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.MA
NG
BE
TU
Atlantic-Congo.TAHOSS
Austro
asia
tic.M
UNG K
OI
Mongolic.KALAQIN
Tup
ian.
KA
MA
YU
RA
Piawi.PINAI HAGAHAI ARAMO
Kad
ugli-
Kro
ngo.
KA
MD
AN
G
Austronesian.TOMINI
Atlantic-Congo.ISHEU
Nuclear Torricelli.GALU
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL COXCATLAN
Sino-T
ibetan.MA
GA
R
Austro
nesia
n.TA
RPIA
Afro-A
siatic
.NZANYI
Atlantic-Congo.AKPAFU
Austronesia
n.NORTH AMBRYM R
ANON
Austronesian.PALLU
Kawesqar.QAWASQAR
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
41 X
HO
SA
Tai-K
adai
.BLA
CK
TH
AI
Turkic.S
ALAR 2
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
UN
DA
Mayan.KICHEE SANTA LUCIA UTATLAN
Afro-A
siatic
.GUDU
Aust
roas
iatic
.U
Austronesian.BUDONG BUDONG
Austronesian.MAMBORU
Sino-T
ibetan.TIW
A
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.O
YD
A
Atlantic-Congo.LA
RU
NIG
ERIA
Sino-T
ibetan.YO
GLI
Afro-A
siatic
.CIN
ENI
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL XALPATLAHUAC
Austronesian.SIRAYA
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
TALA
BO
MITA
BA
Pama-Nyungan.DJADJALA
Sino-T
ibetan.BU
RM
ES
E
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.PYRAMID WODO
Turkic.Q
UCHAN KHORASANI
Mande.BANKA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.Y
AO
2
Aust
roas
iatic
.KO
RW
A
Morehead-W
asur.JEISCH
Afro
-Asi
atic
.HO
BY
OT
Indo-European.ROMANSH VALLADER
Austronesian.KATINGAN
Nad
ahup
.DA
W
Pano-Tacanan
.KO
NIB
O
Pama-Nyungan.NYOONGAR
Hm
ong-Mien.G
UN
DO
NG
PA
HN
G
Atlantic-Congo.N
INKA
Nakh-D
aghestanian.G
ODOBERI
Hm
ong-Mien.LIU
XIA
NG
BU
NU
Oto
man
guea
n.C
HO
CH
OT
EC
Eastern Daly.KAMOR
Sino-T
ibetan.KA
RE
N P
WO
WE
ST
ER
N
Atlantic-Congo.BOMU BOBO
Atlantic-C
ongo.DE
NYA B
AJW
O
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AR
ABIC
SU
DAN
ESE
SPO
KEN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.ME
HR
I 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.KE
BW
E
Mande.KYENGA
Pama-Nyungan.BUNGANDITJ
Bosavi.K
ALU
LI
Austronesian.BUSOA
Atlantic-C
ongo.FU
MU
1
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
UM
A
Indo-European.GILGIT GUJARI
Atlantic-C
ongo.RU
BA
SA
Sino-T
ibetan.XIS
HA
N B
AI
Nuclear Torricelli.ARAPESH
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL AMILCINGO ZACUALPAN
Atlantic-Congo.N
CEKPE
Aust
roas
iatic
.RU
MAI
Mande.BOZO JENAAMA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BORONG
Austronesian.MORAMO BAJAU
Indo-European.OLD FRISIAN
Indo-European.OGHI PASHTO
Hm
ong-Mien.H
AIF
EN
G S
HE
Atlantic-C
ongo.BE
MB
E
Pama-Nyungan.YULPARIJA
Mayan.LACANDON
Wakashan.HAISLA
Pomoan.POMO NORTHEASTERN
Atlantic-Congo.OKO
OSANYE ENI
Gum
uz.S
ES
E
Nuclear Torricelli.YIBAB
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
62 S
OLI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.C
HIL
OM
WE
Atlantic-Congo.IZERE
Nuclear Torricelli.WANAP
Austro
nesia
n.NENGONE
Khoe-Kwadi.NAMA
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
ELO
N H
ALE
RM
AN
Dravidian.RAVULA
Afro-A
siatic
.BAZZA
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.GIM
I
Car
iban
.YU
KP
A
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
PA
CA
RA
OS
Atlantic-C
ongo.KU
CU
WE
LA A
NK
UT
CU
Austronesian.ALOR
Indo-European.GURVARI ROMANI
Austronesian.EAST BERAWAN
Car
iban
.WA
IWA
I
Austro
asia
tic.C
UA
Atlantic-Congo.BAYOT
Indo-European.EMILIANO FERRARESE
Tup
ian.
JUR
UN
A
Sino-T
ibetan.HM
AR
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.NUK
Diz
oid.
NA
O
Uralic.KHANTY
Eastern Trans-Fly.BINE KU
NIN
I
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AFA
R 2
Austro
asia
tic.S
EMELA
I
Atlantic-Congo.HORO
M
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.TANGMA DANI
Atlantic-Congo.LONGTO
Sentanic.TA
BLA
Sino-T
ibetan.T
IBE
TAN
LHA
SA
Atlantic-Congo.IBU
OR
O
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.C
ON
I
Maku.M
AKU
Atlantic-C
ongo.DZ
ING
B
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.T
SW
AN
A
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.ISA
BI
Oto
man
guea
n.X
AN
AG
UIA
ZA
PO
TE
C
Indo-European.SORKHEI
Sino-T
ibetan.BA
HIN
G
Otom
angu
ean.
SUBTIABA
Pama-Nyungan.WAGAYA
Nuclear Torricelli.DIA
Austro
nesia
n.SEKAR
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.AMAIM
ON
Austronesian.SALAKO BADAMEA
Atlantic-C
ongo.SIM
AA
2
Sino-T
ibetan.GE
LAN
GH
E A
KH
A
Chumashan.CRUZENYO
Yokutsan.YOKUTS UNKNOWN
Sino-T
ibetan.JIND
ING
BA
I
Austronesian.ATAYAL
Indo-European.CHAPURSAN WAKHI
Atlantic-C
ongo.A60 M
MA
ALA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.G
WE
RE
2
Ara
wak
an.M
AS
HC
O P
IRO
Oto
man
guea
n.C
HO
AP
AN
ZA
PO
TE
C
Austronesian.MALAGASY SAKALAVA MORONDAVA
Burushaski.BURUSHASKI
Mayan.CHOLTI
Pama-Nyungan.DARRKINYUNG
Nuc
lear
Tra
ns N
ew G
uine
a.YA
LE K
OS
AR
EK
Atlantic-C
ongo.KU
SU
Austronesian.PERJAYA ULU KOMERING
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.Z
ULU
East S
trickland.SA
MO
Austro
asia
tic.J
EH 2
Que
chua
n.C
UZ
CO
GN
L
Austronesian.SOUTHERN SORSOGON
Kio
wa-
Tano
an.T
IWA
NO
RT
HE
RN
TA
OS
Atlantic-C
ongo.TE
KE
NT
YO
3
Atlantic-Congo.CEFO
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.KE
LIK
O
Austronesian.PAULOHI
Sepik.PAKA
Sino-T
ibetan.LAS
HI
Mayan.MAM SAN SEBASTIAN H
Oto
man
guea
n.C
HIN
AN
TE
C S
OC
HIA
PA
N
Atlantic-Congo.IBILO
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.R
UN
YO
RO
RU
TO
OR
O
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.IS
UK
HA
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
AN
CA
SH
HU
AYLA
S H
UA
RA
ZS
ino-Tibetan
.CH
OR
BA
T B
ALT
I
Que
chua
n.IN
GA
ME
DIO
PU
TU
MA
YO
Austronesian.FORDATA
Indo-European.CHAMAN PASHTO
Atlantic-Congo.IZI
Austronesian.TALUR
Indo-European.CENTRAL GOJAL WAKHI
Atlantic-C
ongo.KW
ES
E
Austronesia
n.LEWO M
APREMO
Indo-European.PESHAWAR CITY HINDKO
Totonacan.TOTONAC OLINTLA
Atlantic-C
ongo.LILIKO
Afro
-Asi
atic
.EA
STE
RN
OR
OM
O 2
Oto
man
guea
n.M
IXT
EC
NO
RT
HE
RN
TLA
XIA
CO
Atlantic-Congo.ZANDE
Atlantic-C
ongo.TIV 1
Atlantic-C
ongo.XE
PIN
ZIP
INZ
I
Tungusic.XIBE
Atlantic-Congo.ANII
Atlantic-C
ongo.LUV
ALE
Austronesian.SAABAN
Dravidian.ADILABAD GONDI
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.JIC
AR
ILLATa
i-Kad
ai.P
UB
IAO
Austronesian.AMBLONG
Atlantic-C
ongo.AW
ING
Turkic.T
URKISH 2
Indo-European.SINTI ROMANI
Atlantic-C
ongo.KW
AN
GE
Chukotko-Kamchatkan.ALUTOR
Austronesia
n.MAE
Turkic.R
UH ABAD KHORASANI
Austronesia
n.KATBOL
Aust
roas
iatic
.KH
MU
Uralic.LULE SAAMI
Chukotko-Kamchatkan.S ITELMEN
Umbugarla.UMBUGARLA
Austronesian.KANDAS
Hm
ong-Mien.Y
OU
NU
O B
UN
U
Austro
asia
tic.C
HRAU 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.ISO
NG
O
Lakes Plain.R
AS
AW
A
Nakh-D
aghestanian.H
INUKH
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
HE
RB
RO
Austronesian.TELA MASBUAR
Fasu.NA
MU
MI
Nakh-D
aghestanian.N
ORTHERN AKHVAKH
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
ULA
Wagiman.WAGIMAN
Atlantic-Congo.BILE
Hm
ong-Mien.W
ES
TE
RN
XIA
NG
XI H
MO
NG
Sino-T
ibetan.XIA
ND
AO
Atlantic-Congo.BOFI
Austro
asia
tic.K
UAN
Fur
an.F
UR
Eskimo-Aleut.INUKTITUT EASTERN CANADIAN
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.WAFFA
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.M
AK
AS
AE
Atlantic-Congo.KARANG
Algic.UNAMI UnnamedInSource
Atlantic-Congo.EBU
GH
U
Nakh-D
aghestanian.LAK
Hei
bani
c.W
AR
NA
NG
Nuclear Torricelli.SELEPUT
Chukotko-Kamchatkan.N ITELMEN
Indo-European.GUJARATI
Uto-Aztecan.CENTRAL TARAHUMARA
Austro
asia
tic.N
YEU
Atlantic-Congo.SENUFO SICITE
Austronesia
n.LABOAustr
onesian.M
OTA
Austronesian.MUTU
Austronesian.CHAM EASTERN
Atlantic-Congo.SAFEN
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
UU
MO
Ara
wak
an.A
JYIN
INK
A A
PU
RU
CA
YA
LI
Ijoid
.KU
NB
O
Austronesian.LUANGIUA
Kam
ula.
KA
MU
LA
Ras
had.
TAG
OI
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.YOPNO
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL RAFAEL DELGADO
Sino-T
ibetan.S
HIG
AR
BA
LTI
Indo-European.HUNZA SHINA
Austro
asia
tic.T
ODRAH U
nnam
edIn
Sourc
e
Atlantic-C
ongo.IBE
E
Daj
uic.
NY
ALA
Baining.URA PNG
Sino-Tibetan.Z
HO
UC
HE
NG
BA
I 2
Indo-European.BALOCHI EASTERN
Mande.GURO
Austronesia
n.REPANBITIP
Tup
ian.
PA
RA
NA
WA
T
Indo-European.SARIKOLI
Hm
ong-Mien.H
AIN
INH
MIE
N
Alsea.ALSEA
Austronesian.TAGBANWA KALAMIAN
Austronesia
n.PONAM
Austronesian.BELAIT
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.FU
RU
Austronesian.SODANGAN
Khoe-Kwadi.NARO
Atlantic-Congo.NGO
UMI
Austronesia
n.SOUTHW
EST TANNA IK
ITI
Indo-European.MACEDONIAN
Austronesian.MINANGKABAU
Nakh-D
aghestanian.B
EZHTA 2
Salishan.THOMPSON
Austronesian.BUBWAF
Afro
-Asi
atic
.TIG
RIN
YA
Unc
lass
ifia
ble.
KA
RIR
I
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.PILA
Ijoid
.GB
AR
AN
MA
TU
Maiduan.MAIDU NORTHWEST NAKUM
Nar
row
Tal
odi.N
DIN
G
Laal.LAAL
Chibchan.PECH
Austronesian.SEPANG
Austronesian.ARAKI
Austronesian.BONGGI
Ara
wak
an.P
IAP
OC
O 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
TA M
EK
AM
BO
Austronesia
n.AXAMB M
AXBAXO
Nakh-D
aghestanian.A
GUL
Suki-G
ogodala.SU
KI
Austronesia
n.NORTH TA
NNA
Pama-Nyungan.MAYI YAPI
Hui
toto
an.N
ON
UY
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.EG
BU
TA
Atlantic-Congo.DAMA
Sepik.POUYE
Afro
-Asi
atic
.ALA
GW
A
Austronesian.HITU
Nilo
tic.E
ND
O
Tucanoan.WA
NA
NO
Atlantic-C
ongo.C84 LE
LE LU
HILE
EL 2
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SAN FRANCISCO TLALNEPANTLA
Tuu.NU EN
Afro-A
siatic
.TESHENAW
A
Austronesian.NGGERI GHARI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.WA
DI
Atlantic-Congo.CE
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL AYOTOXCO
Pama-Nyungan.PITTA PITTA
Aust
roas
iatic
.MAT
IND
OR
MAH
ALI
Marrku-Wurrugu.MARGU
Chibchan.D
OR
AS
QU
E
Indo-European.GARAM CHISHMA KHOWAR
Afro
-Asi
atic
.MES
MES
2
Tucanoan.BA
RA
Oto
man
guea
n.C
HO
RO
TE
GA
Indo-European.ICELANDIC
Chimakuan.QUILEUTE
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
NG
O S
AN
SA
LVA
DO
R
Oto
man
guea
n.O
TOM
I DE
SAN
AN
DR
ES C
UEX
CO
NTI
TLAN
Atlantic-Congo.IBIBIO
2
Turkic.H
OKM ABAD KHORASANI
Mixe-Zoque.SOUTH HIGHLAND MIXE
Atlantic-Congo.BAKWE
Atlantic-Congo.IYINNO
Afro
-Asi
atic
.RO
N D
AFFO
BU
TUR
A
Atlantic-Congo.PAASAAL
Oto
man
guea
n.O
TOM
I AC
AMBA
Y
Indo-European.ROMUNGRO ROMANI
Sino-T
ibetan.KA
RE
N G
EB
A
Austronesian.BEKATI
Aust
roas
iatic
.SO
RA
2Austr
onesian.SA
Austronesia
n.LOU
Austronesian.GHAYAVI 1
Eastern Trans-Fly.MER
IAM
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.KA
TO
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.DUMPU
Austronesian.TIKOPIA
Sino-T
ibetan.KH
EZ
HA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.GID
OLE
2
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.DIG
UL M
UY
U
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.UM
BU
UN
GU
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.CITAK
Kayagaric.KAJGIRAus
troas
iatic
.AW
ALAI W
A
Austronesian.BILAAN SARANGANI
Nakh-D
aghestanian.K
ARATA
Austronesian.ADUMANIS ULU KOMERING
Katukinan.K
AN
AM
AR
I
Austronesian.M
OSINA VETUMBOSO
Indo-European.GUPIS SHINA
Atlantic-Congo.AKASELEM
Atlantic-Congo.BAI
Atlantic-Congo.C
ICIPU
East S
trickland.OD
OO
DE
E
Austronesian.BUGINESE
Algic.BLACKFOOT
Atlantic-Congo.SAM
BA DAG
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.MO
KE
NG
UI B
OM
ITAB
A
Mande.KOROKAKAN
Mande.MANINKAKAN EASTERN
Eastern Trans-Fly.WIPI G
UIAM
Uto-Aztecan.CAHUILLA
Atlantic-C
ongo.KW
ES
O N
GU
LO
Sepik.BAHINEMO
Dravidian.PENGO
Austronesian.TUNOE BABATANA
Car
iban
.MA
KU
SH
I
Oto
man
guea
n.Z
AP
OT
EC
MIT
LA
Atlantic-C
ongo.BIR
A M
IALA
BU
NIA
Atlantic-C
ongo.NS
EM
OH
BI
Tucanoan.TU
CA
NO
2
Cahuapanan.CHAYAHUITA
Pama-Nyungan.COLAC
Pama-Nyungan.WULIWULI
Sino-T
ibetan.LISU
2
Aust
roas
iatic
.DAN
AW
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BU
RJI
Austro
nesia
n.PA
PORA 2
Atlantic-Congo.LIKPE
Austronesian.SAPARUA IHAMAHU
Tuu.NG KE
Austronesia
n.SOUTHW
EST TANNA IM
REANG
Austronesian.CENTRAL MASELA
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
AN
DA S
UD
Oto
man
guea
n.Y
OS
ON
DU
A M
IXT
EC
Austronesian.MINAVEHA
Austronesian.DARO MATU
Indo-European.WESTERN ARMENIAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.KA
KO
2
Algic.KICKAPOO
Otom
angu
ean.
MEPHAA A
CATEPEC
Atlantic-C
ongo.BIR
A
Nuclear T
rans N
ew Guinea.A
NGAL
Tup
ian.
NH
EN
GA
TU
Austronesian.KELA
Dravidian.SAURIA PAHARIA
Nuclear Torricelli.U
RIM
O
Dravidian.NORTHWESTERN KOLAMI
Chimariko.CHIMARIKO
Elem
an.OR
OK
OLO
2
Mayan.MAM TACANA 2
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
TH
AN
GA
L
Austronesian.PINGELAPESE
Nilo
tic.R
EK
Nilo
tic.A
DH
OLA
Tup
ian.
GU
AR
AN
I KA
IWA
Indo-European.NORWEGIAN RIKSMAL
Indo-European.KAGHAN GUJARI
Tai-K
adai
.JIN
XIU
LA
KK
IA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
PO
ND
O
Atlantic-C
ongo.YA
KA
SU
D
Salishan.SAMISH
Sino-T
ibetan.IDU
MIS
HM
I
Aust
roas
iatic
.PAH
ARPU
R S
ANTA
LI
Sape.SAPE
Austronesian.BOLA
Indo-European.BROKSKAT
Atlantic-C
ongo.KPA
N
Mangarrayi-Maran.WANDARANG
Austronesian.ITBAYATEN BATANES ISLANDS
Yeniseian.PUMPOKOL
Austronesian.FATAAN AMIS
Hei
bani
c.E
BA
NG
Iroquoian.ONEIDA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
GH
WE
LE 2
Austronesian.YAROS
Atlantic-C
ongo.YA
KA
Angan.KAPAU
Tai-K
adai
.LA
CH
I
Nilo
tic.O
MO
TIK
Austronesian.KARO BATAK
Uru-Chipaya.CHIPAYA 3
Atlantic-Congo.PAJADE
Atlantic-C
ongo.LOK
ELE
YALE
MB
A
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL ATLACHOLOAYA XOCHITEPEC
Nuclear Torricelli.M
AND
I PAPUAN
G
Austronesian.CENTRAL BICOLANO
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.WANUM
A
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.L
AN
DO
MA
Turkic.K
AZAKH
Afro
-Asi
atic
.TU
NN
I
Gua
to.G
UA
TO
Atlantic-C
ongo.MIE
NG
E
Ijoid
.KO
LOK
UM
A
Uralic.INARI S
AAMI
Nakh-D
aghestanian.N
ORTHERN TABASSARAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.IWU
M W
UU
MB
U 2
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.B
LAG
AR
BA
KA
LAN
G
Austro
nesia
n.URUANGNIR
IN
Indo-European.MENDHAR GUJARI
Atlantic-C
ongo.NU
BA
CA
Cochimi-Yuman.WALAPAI
Atlantic-Congo.GEME
Indo-European.SERBOCROATIAN
Austronesian.HANUNOO
Atlantic-Congo.MAM
BAI
Sino-T
ibetan.KH
WO
PA
NE
WA
R
Atlantic-C
ongo.ISA
NG
U
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.NIN
GG
IRU
M K
AW
OM
A
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.K
EFA
Salishan.COMOX
Austronesian.MBAENGGUU
Austronesian.TEUN
Nilo
tic.P
AR
I
Atlantic-Congo.BETE DALOA
Nakh-D
aghestanian.A
RCHI
Austronesian.PULO ANNA
Sino-T
ibetan.WA
NC
HO
Indo-European.GURANI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
WA
HIL
I CH
IRA
ZI
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.HU
PA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ERIMA
Andoque.A
ND
OQ
UE
Atlantic-C
ongo.NS
ELE
MB
ILI
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.A
DA
NG
PIT
UN
G
Austronesian.SILISILI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BE
JA 2
Atlantic-Congo.TAROK
Austronesia
n.LELE
Austronesian.KUNI
Atlantic-C
ongo.EK
PAR
AB
ON
G
Ara
wak
an.B
AU
RE
Tai-K
adai
.BA
HA
BU
YAN
G
Great A
ndamanese.A
KA KOL
Atlantic-C
ongo.NS
ON
TE
NY
Atlantic-C
ongo.LUY
AN
A 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.BU
Songh
ay.K
ORO
BORO
SENNI
Mailuan.MAILU
Indo-European.ASTOR SHINA
Atlantic-C
ongo.BU
BE
Totonacan.TEPEHUA PISA FLORES
Mayan.KICHEE SANTA CRUZ DE EL QUICHE
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.KA
RA
Cochimi-Yuman.COCOPA
Austronesian.LEMOLANG
Indo-European.DARAI 2
Que
chua
n.Q
UIC
HU
A C
HIM
BO
RA
ZO
TR
OJE
Japonic.TAKETOMI YAEYAMA
Atlantic-Congo.BIJOGO
Austronesian.MINANGALI LOWER TANUDAN KALINGA
Austronesian.SEWA BAY
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.MA
MB
AR
E R
IVE
R
Hei
bani
c.A
BU
L
Atlantic-Congo.ECHIE
Sino-T
ibetan.D
ZO
NG
KH
A
Salinan.S
ALIN
AN
Tup
ian.
SU
RU
I DO
PA
RA
Pama-Nyungan.DHURGA
Atlantic-C
ongo.NK
OY
A 2
Pama-Nyungan.WANGAAYBUWAN NGIYAMBAA
Atlantic-Congo.D
EGEM
A 2
Atlantic-Congo.NDUNGA
Hib
ito-C
holo
n.C
HO
LON
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
MB
OM
BA
EP
EN
A
Austro
asia
tic.P
ACOH
Tai-K
adai
.TA
I LE
I PIN
G
Tup
ian.
AS
UR
INI
Austronesian.BARIO KELABIT
Mixe-Zoque.NORTH HIGHLAND MIXE
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
YA
UY
OS
LIN
CH
A
Austro
asia
tic.O
LD M
ON
Atlantic-C
ongo.YA
KA
2
Turkic.KARAIM
Atlantic-C
ongo.LIBIE
Lakes Plain.W
AR
ITAI
Matacoan.NIVACLE
Austronesian.SINDUE TAWAILI
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.MA
NTA
STA
AH
TE
NA
Austronesian.TAHANE
Austronesian.MAUTUTU
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
TAN
GK
HU
L
Tai-K
adai
.MA
GU
AN
TA
I
Austronesian.DAGIN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MAW
AK
Austronesian.KRUI LAMPUNG API
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BURUM
Pama-Nyungan.ADNYAMATHANHA
Beothuk.BEOTH
UK
Pama-Nyungan.ANMATYERRE
Atlantic-Congo.GODIE
Daj
uic.
LOG
OR
IK
Atlantic-Congo.AYER
E
Mande.VAI
Nilo
tic.B
AR
I SU
DA
N
Nuclear Torricelli.YAMBES
Hm
ong-Mien.Y
AN
GH
AO
HM
ON
G
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
ED
E
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.H
UN
DE
2
Bilu
a.B
ILU
A
Ara
wak
an.A
SH
AN
INK
A
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.GU
LA Z
UR
A
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.PANIM
Atlantic-C
ongo.TE
TE
LA
Indo-European.ROMANIAN MEGLENO
Tup
ian.
XE
TA
Afro-A
siatic
.MUSG
U R
Atlantic-C
ongo.NS
EJIM
E
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
WA
NI M
OZ
AM
BIQ
UE
Mixe-Zoque.TAPACHULTEC
Atlantic-Congo.GBAYA MBODOMO
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.NGGEM
Tai-K
adai
.GE
LAO
WA
NZ
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.GH
OM
ALA 1
Algic.MICMAC
Austronesian.MAILOA
Tucanoan.TU
YU
CA
2
Austronesian.MALEU 2
Austro
asia
tic.M
ASAN WA
Cochimi-Yuman.MOJAVE
East K
utubu.FOE
Indo-European.ZEEUWS
Austronesia
n.NORTH E
FATE NGUNA
Austronesian.KOTA AGUNG LAMPUNG API
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
WA
HIL
I MA
KU
ND
UC
HI
Atlantic-Congo.U
VBIE
Atlantic-C
ongo.MU
ND
AB
LI
Aust
roas
iatic
.NAN
CAW
RI
Austronesian.KAWE
Austronesia
n.SOUTH E
FATE ERATAP
Atlantic-Congo.SAMBA LEKO
Atlantic-C
ongo.NS
EK
SH
AA
Man
ubar
an.D
OROMU L
OFAIK
A
Chibchan.C
AB
EC
AR
CH
IRIP
O
Khoe-Kwadi.NARON
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MALAS
Atlantic-C
ongo.K15 M
BU
ND
A 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.HA
NG
ALA
Austro
asia
tic.R
ENGAO
Cochimi-Yuman.DIEGUENO
Guaicuruan.MOCOVI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.D
IGO
1
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
AN
ZA
BO
MITA
BA
Pama-Nyungan.MURUWARI
Indo-European.NAGAR SHINA
Turkic.T
URKMEN
Khoe-Kwadi.NAMA 2
Austronesian.KAPINGAMARANGI
East Bird's Head.SO
UG
B
Austronesian.TUTONG 2
Austronesian.MARQUESAN NUKUHIVA
Mayan.SIPAKAPENSE
Austronesian.PILAM PUYUMA
Ara
wak
an.Y
UC
UN
A
Mayan.MAM SAN MIGUEL SIGUILA
Austronesian.PENDAU
Bosavi.K
AS
UA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
HO
NA
KA
RA
NG
A
Atlantic-Congo.AYU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.J
62 R
UN
DI
Yana.YANA
Nihali.N
IHALI
2
Austronesian.LELEGHIA MARINGE CHEKE HOLO
Nuclear Torricelli.AMOL
Nub
ian.
UN
CU
NW
EE
Atlantic-C
ongo.NK
HU
MB
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.NT
OM
BA
NJA
LE
Nilo
tic.S
OG
OO
Austronesia
n.MARIN
O
Austro
asia
tic.Y
ANCHENG
WA
Oto
man
guea
n.Z
AP
OT
EC
LO
XIC
HA
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
NE
K
Sino-T
ibetan.SA
NI Y
I
Cochimi-Yuman.KILIWA
Sino-T
ibetan.AS
HIN
G
Maiduan.NISENAN
Kw
alean.HU
ME
NE
Austronesian.SANGIL SARANGANI ISLANDS
Nakh-D
aghestanian.B
AGWALAL
Atlantic-C
ongo.LUN
DA
2
Baibai-Fas.B
AIB
AI
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL DEL NORTE DEL ESTADO DE PUEBLA
Tup
ian.
MB
YA
Indo-European.LOMBARD BERGAMO
Salishan.SONGISH
Dravidian.KORAGA KORRA
Atlantic-Congo.LER
E SI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.KA
MB
AAT
A
Austronesian.DUSUN MALANG
Austronesian.MALAGASY SOUTHERN BETSIMISARAKA ZAFISIRO FARAFANGANA
Sino-T
ibetan.WA
MB
ULE
Austro
nesia
n.POM
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.B
LAG
AR
RE
TTA
PU
RA
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.W
OLA
YTT
A
Pama-Nyungan.MAYAGUDUNA
Afro-A
siatic
.ZENAG
A 2
Sino-Tibetan.D
ON
GS
HA
N C
HIN
ES
E
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AR
BO
RE
Austro
asia
tic.M
ALIENG
Austronesia
n.LEWO N
UVIAustronesia
n.PINALUM
Atlantic-C
ongo.TIKA
R A
KU
EN
Austronesian.KARA PNG
Mayan.KICHEE CUNEN 1
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.DAO
Mailuan.MAILU 2
Ara
wak
an.W
AR
EK
EN
AA
raw
akan
.GA
RIF
UN
A
Austronesian.SAKETA
Austro
asia
tic.B
AHNAR
Austronesian.NGGAE GHARI
Kad
ugli-
Kro
ngo.
TU
LIS
HI
Austronesia
n.BURMBAR
Pama-Nyungan.KOKO YALANDJI
Indo-European.MORANG
Atlantic-C
ongo.NN
AM
Tai-K
adai
.SU
I JU
NG
CH
IAN
G
Sino-T
ibetan.W
UJIA
O B
AIM
A
Dravidian.PARJI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
ZW
AN
I
Tucanoan.PIR
ATAP
UY
O
Kiwaian.M
OR
IGI
Austronesian.AMIS NATAORAN
Austronesian.PANGASINAN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SA
UR
I
Indo-European.DAMELI 2
Atlantic-Congo.FIRAN
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.ILI
AM
NA
TA
NA
INA
Kio
wa-
Tano
an.T
IWA
SO
UT
HE
RN
Tup
ian.
GU
AR
AN
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.YE
MB
A 2
Sentanic.D
EM
TA A
MB
OR
A
Austronesian.BOANO
Austronesian.MALAGASY PLATEAU MERINA ANTANANARIVO
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
EN
A
Lule.LULE AND TONOCOTE
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pant
ar.L
AMM
A
Austronesian.MALAGASY TANDROY MAHAFALY AMBOVOMBE
Ijoid
.BIS
EN
I
Austronesian.LETINESE
Tai-K
adai
.MA
K
Songh
ay.K
OYRA
CHIINI
Tai-K
adai
.LIA
NS
HA
N C
EN
TRA
L H
ON
GS
HU
IHE
ZH
UA
NG
Austro
asia
tic.P
LAN
G
Tai-K
adai
.JIN
GH
ON
G T
AI L
UE
Atlantic-C
ongo.B414 V
AR
AM
A
Tup
ian.
PA
RIN
TIN
TIN
Turkic.J
OGHATAY KHORASANI
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MAPE 2
Austro
asia
tic.S
TIENG
Kartvelia
n.MIN
GRELIAN
Afro-A
siatic
.MAKARY K
OTO
KO
Nad
ahup
.JU
PD
A
Austronesian.PALUE
Austronesian.DAMA DAMA
Austronesian.TORAU
Pama-Nyungan.NGAWUN
Austronesian.KALIANDA LAMPUNG API
Sino-T
ibetan.DA
RM
IYA
Atlantic-C
ongo.KW
AN
GA
3
North Halmahera.TALAPAO
Mayan.QUICHE
Mande.WOJENEKAKAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.A61 N
GO
RO
AS
OM
Tup
ian.
AW
ET
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.TUN
EN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SO
QO
TRI
Austronesian.LAUJE
Austronesian.W
EDAU
Atlantic-C
ongo.DE
NYA B
ITIEK
U
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.FAITA
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.GA
HU
KU
Austronesian.LAMALERA
Afro-A
siatic
.LAM
ANG HIT
KALANCHI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.AS
OA
Algic.ARAPAHO
Angan.MENYA 2
Goilalan.TA
UA
DE
Chibchan.B
OR
UC
A
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.D
AC
HE
Austronesian.ENDE
Mande.MENDE
Northern Daly.TYARAITY
Sino-T
ibetan.LOH
OR
UN
G
Austronesian.AZERA
Atlantic-C
ongo.NG
AN
GE
LA
Eastern Trans-Fly.WIPI KU
RU
Oto
man
guea
n.C
HIN
AN
TE
C P
ALA
NT
LA
Tai-K
adai
.TH
O
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
M M
BIZIN
AK
U
Car
iban
.HIX
KA
RY
AN
A
Turkic.A
SADLI KHORASANI
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
LIA
Atlantic-Congo.LABIR
Austronesian.MALAGASY ANATANKARANA AMBILOBE
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
AM
AN
G 2
Austro
nesia
n.TA
NEMA
Austronesian.INIBALOI
Austronesian.GEDAGED
Ara
wak
an.B
AH
UA
NA
Nilo
tic.A
LUR
Huavean.SAN FRANCISCO DEL MAR HUAVE
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SAN MIGUEL AYOTLA
Austronesian.INABAKNON
Algic.FOX
Indo-European.FINNISH ROMANI
Yamana.YAMANA
Austronesian.ZENAG
Atlantic-C
ongo.WU
MB
VU
2
Austronesian.LOM
Atlantic-C
ongo.MA
HO
NG
WE
Uralic.KILDIN SAAMI
Kun
ama.
KU
NA
MA
Tungusic.UILTA
Elem
an.PE
TOE
UA
RIP
I
Austronesia
n.TAPE
Austronesian.TAHITIAN
Mayan.WESTERN KEKCHI SAN JUAN CHAMELCO
Austronesia
n.MPOTOVORO VOVO
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
SO
UT
HE
RN
RE
NG
MA
Austronesian.KALAGAN KAAGAN
Atlantic-Congo.R
IJA
Afro-A
siatic
.MO
NTOL
Ijoid
.EK
PE
TIA
MA
Uto-Aztecan.EUDEVE
Hm
ong-Mien.D
ON
GS
HA
N B
IAO
MO
N
Tup
ian.
AN
AM
BE
Afro-A
siatic
.WAM
DIU
Tungusic.NEGIDAL VERCHOVSKI
Ara
wak
an.T
AR
IAN
A
Mayan.KICHEE CHICHICASTENANGO
Iroquoian.CAYUGA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MOERE
Austronesian.SAPOLEWA SOOW KWELE ULUI SERAM
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
NO
RT
H J
UN
IN T
AR
MA
Austronesia
n.MALUA BAY
Afro-A
siatic
.KERA
Austronesia
n.PORT S
ANDWIC
H
Siouan.A
SS
INIB
OIN
E
Atlantic-C
ongo.C831 ILE
BO
Eskimo-Aleut.ALEUT
Uralic.MOKSCHA M
ORDWINISCH
Indo-European.ASHRET PHALURA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
YA
NJA
NY
AS
A
Nuclear-Macro-Je.XO
KLENG
Austronesian.PATEP
Austronesian.MINANGNGA
Muskogean.CREEK
Sino-Tibetan.X
IAN
GY
UN
BA
I
Yawa.M
ARIAD
EI
Miwok-Costanoan.S SIERRA MIWOK
Indo-European.SADRI
Nuclear Torricelli.SETA
Aikana.A
IKA
NA
Oto
man
guea
n.M
ATLA
TZIN
CA
SAN
FR
ANC
ISC
O O
XTO
TILP
AN 2
Austronesian.NUKUORO
Atlantic-Congo.IDU
Ara
wak
an.A
MU
ES
HA
1
Indo-European.MANDEALI
Austronesian.BALANGAW
Austronesian.AKEI
Afro
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atic
.IRAQ
MU
SLIM
BAG
HD
AD A
RAB
IC
Austro
asia
tic.G
ARAustronesian.W
OGEO
Austronesian.BATAK ANGKOLA
Que
chua
n.Q
UIC
HU
A A
ZU
AY
Indo-European.PARACHI
Mixe-Zoque.MIGUEL CHIMALAPA
Maybrat.M
AI BRAT
Afro
-Asi
atic
.HER
DE
Austronesian.HILIGAYNON
Indo-European.EASTERN FRISIAN
Austro
asia
tic.K
UI THAIL
AND
Ndu.KWUSAUN
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
AM
BA
SIB
ITI
Angan.IVORI
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.ZIA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.YABONG
Indo-European.ENGLISH
Indo-European.KOSOVO ARLI ROMANI
Atlantic-C
ongo.DIN
G
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
HU
AN
UC
O P
AN
AO
Austronesian.M
EKEO
Austronesian.ERAI
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.WA
MB
ON
Austronesian.MOMA
Que
chua
n.Q
UIC
HU
A C
HIM
BO
RA
ZO
NIZ
AG
Atlantic-C
ongo.SA
KE
1
Atla
ntic
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go.IL
WA
NA
Sino-T
ibetan.SU
NW
AR
2
Austronesian.WALLISIAN EAST UVEAN
Maningrida.NAKARA
Yanomamic.SANIMA
Austronesian.NANUMEA
Dravidian.HILL MARIA GONDI
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
LON
DO
Atlantic-C
ongo.FAN
G M
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Gunwinyguan.GUNWINGGU MANYALLALUK MAYALI
Atlantic-Congo.KONNI
Afro-A
siatic
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Austronesian.TOMBULU
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.A
BU
I ATI
ME
LAN
G
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Atlantic-C
ongo.ZO
OM
BO
1
Austronesian.OLD OR MIDDLE JAVANESE
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
XI
Nilo
tic.K
AK
WA
Atlantic-Congo.HONE
Atla
ntic
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go.R
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YA
NK
OR
E R
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IGA
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL ACAXOCHITLAN
Afro-A
siatic
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Atlantic-C
ongo.ZA
MB
A 2
Pama-Nyungan.NGANYAYWANA
Sino-T
ibetan.SA
MP
AN
G
Austronesian.KUMARU
Indo-European.SLOVENIAN
Austronesian.IRANUN
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.G
IRY
AM
A
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.SAM
OSA
Ara
wak
an.P
AR
AU
JAN
O
Turkic.T
EREKEME AZERI
Oto
man
guea
n.S
AN
PE
DR
O IX
CA
TLA
N
Gunwinyguan.GUNWINGGU KUNINJKU
Austronesian.MENTAWAI
Kuliak
.IK
Afro
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atic
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IC 3
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Uto-Aztecan.CLASSICAL NAHUATL
Atla
ntic
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go.N
AN
DE
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BA
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E
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Afro
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atic
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ABIC
QU
RAN
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n.RAGA
Tim
or-A
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anta
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WA
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ino-Tibetan.LO
NG
ME
N B
AI
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Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
ALA
4
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AMBILA ATTA
Austronesian.GEBE
Afro-A
siatic
.TANG
ALE
Indo-European.TIRAH AFRIDI PASHTO
Atla
ntic
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go.S
HO
NA
MA
NY
IKA
Austronesian.MALAGASY SOUTHERN BETSIMISARAKA ANTAIMORO MANAKARA
Tara
scan
.PURHEPECHA 2
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SAN PEDRO TLALCUAPAN SANTA ANA CHIAUTEMPAN
Nuclear-M
acro-Je.AP
INAY
E
Austro
asia
tic.K
HMER 2
Sino-T
ibetan.CH
IN S
IYIN
Atlantic-C
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NTR
AL K
EN
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G
Maningrida.BURARRA
Austronesian.KONJO
Ain
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INU
SA
MA
NI
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.TA
I PIN
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IAN
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Pama-Nyungan.PINTUPI
Oto
man
guea
n.P
OP
OLO
CA
SA
N J
UA
N A
TZ
ING
O
Indo-European.SINGO DI GARHI HINDKO
Atlantic-Congo.NON
Tai-K
adai
.SA
EK
Atlantic-Congo.OGBA
Pama-Nyungan.GUMBAYNGGIR
Tai-K
adai
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HA
Turkic.M
ARESHK KHORASANI
Ara
wak
an.W
AU
RA
Atlantic-C
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L KILO
RI 3
Austronesian.TOMADINO
Kio
wa-
Tano
an.J
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Sou
th O
mot
ic.D
IME
Algic.KASKASKIA ILLINOIS
Austronesian.SEBUYAU
Pauwasi.YU
RI
Atlantic-Congo.NATENI
Atlantic-Congo.BAN
KALA
Oto
man
guea
n.Z
AP
OT
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SO
UT
HE
RN
RIN
CO
N
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ibetan.G
UR
UN
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Nuclear Trans N
ew G
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NE
Pan
o-Ta
cana
n.S
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NA
WA
Mande.GBELEBANKAKAN
Sino-T
ibetan.ZA
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Afro
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atic
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RO
MO
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I WU
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G
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n.ARGUNI
Austronesian.TANETE
Austro
nesia
n.W
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Austronesian.KAMBERA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SID
AM
O
Indo-European.GURU KALASHA
Afro-A
siatic
.TERA
Indo-European.WELSH
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adai
.TA
I PO
AI
Pomoan.POMO NORTHERN
Biksi.BIKSI
Sino-T
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OD
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Afro
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atic
.MO
RO
CC
AN A
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IC
Austronesian.NAKANAI
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL HUEYATI YAHUALICA
Indo-European.ROMANSH SURMIRAN
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.KA
PAU
KU
Mayan.WESTERN CAKCHIQUEL PATZUN
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.Z
ULU
NK
AN
DLA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.INN
EMO
R
Yangmanic.YANGMAN
Kxa.HOAN
South Bougainville.NASIO
I
Pama-Nyungan.PALLANGANMIDDANG
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
YA
LA K
EN
YA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.OR
MA
Austronesian.TAAI SAISIYAT
Austronesian.AMBON MALEIS
Atlantic-C
ongo.XE
HIM
BA
Chumashan.CHUMASH BARBARENO
Afro
-Asi
atic
.HAU
SA
Pama-Nyungan.WIRANGU
Que
chua
n.H
UA
NU
CO
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NYA
NG
KITW
II
Afro
-Asi
atic
.HAR
ARI
Karuk.KAROK
Austronesian.TONGAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.SU
KU
Austronesian.MALAGASY BETSIMISARAKA
Chukotko-Kamchatkan.CHUKCHEE
Atlantic-C
ongo.LEN
GO
LA 2
Austro
asia
tic.S
EMNAM
Austronesian.NAKANAI 2
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.BO
NG
O
Atlantic-C
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DO
Turkic.P
IR KOMAJ K
HORASANI
Indo-European.ITALIAN GROSSETO TUSCAN
Atlantic-Congo.DAGAARE
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL MONTEGRANDE PLATON SANCHEZ
Mab
an.K
IBE
T
Austronesian.ONEIBIA AROSI
Austronesian.LUNGGA
Was
ho.W
AS
HO
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or-A
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anta
r.TEW
A LE
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G
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ADA
Atlantic-C
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IOK
WE
Austronesian.MANTAURAN RUKAI
Austronesian.YAMDENA
Atlantic-Congo.SALKA
Nuclear Torricelli.YIR
Totonacan.TOTONAC OZELONACAXTLA
Austronesia
n.SIE
Atlantic-Congo.TEGBO
Mayan.MAYA YUCATAN
Austronesian.KERINCI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.GE
DE
O
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.OG
ULA
GH
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AU
RE
Afro-A
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.MIS
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Indo-European.ORMURI
Mande.SHANGA
Oto
man
guea
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ME
MER
IDIO
NAL
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.D
OE
Austronesian.AULU SAA
Austronesia
n.LITZLITZ
Car
iban
.YA
BA
RA
NA
Indo-European.PLAUTDIETSCH
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VE
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ZH
AI H
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ong-Mien.LO
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iatic
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Indo-European.YIDDISH WESTERN
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YO
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O
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Teberan.FOLO
PA
Que
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n.C
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LA
Atla
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-Con
go.N
DE
ND
EU
LE
Austronesia
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Atlantic-Congo.BEROM
R
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Mirndi.DJAMINDJUNG
Tup
ian.
KO
KA
MA
Mayan.KICHEE SAN MIGUEL CHICAJ
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Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
TAR
AO
Que
chua
n.IN
GA
Atlantic-Congo.LANGBASI
Austronesian.MBULA PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.P
AR
E S
UD
Austronesian.M
AFEA
Austronesian.NGAJU OLOH MANGTANGAI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.DAM
ASC
US
ARAB
IC
Nakh-D
aghestanian.B
ATS
Atlantic-C
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OM
BA
DE
BIK
OR
O
Atlantic-C
ongo.ZA
MB
A 3
Pama-Nyungan.NYUNGA EASTERN
Nuclear Torricelli.WOM
Austronesia
n.REREP
Sentanic.D
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TA U
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NO
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L
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.WIC
HIT
A
Atla
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ALA
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A 2
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ND
A T
WE
LIA
Austronesian.BUKITAN
Dravidian.TODA
Oto
man
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IXT
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O D
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JU
AN
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LOR
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O
Afro-A
siatic
.GERA
2
Atlantic-Congo.MONDO
Atlantic-Congo.AN
IB
Mayan.MOPAN
Atlantic-C
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KO
MA
Atlantic-Congo.EKIT
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.JILIM
Sino-T
ibetan.KA
RB
I
Palaihnihan.ATSUGEWI
Nuclear-M
acro-Je.GAV
IAO
DO
PAR
A
Tim
or-A
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Pant
ar.B
LAG
AR
APU
RI P
UR
A
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ASAS
Indo-European.JUDEO ESPAGNOL
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
AB
AN
CAY
TIN
TAY
Chibchan.R
AM
A
Austronesian.LEMO BAJAU
Oto
man
guea
n.C
HO
CH
O O
CO
TLA
N
Atlantic-C
ongo.HE
MB
A B
WIN
YA
NY
EM
BA
Sur
mic
.BA
ALE
Aust
roas
iatic
.GAT
ALower Sepik-Ramu.YIMAS 2
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.L
EN
JE
Indo-European.GILAKIIndo-European.SAXON UPPER
Indo-European.NORTH RUSSIAN ROMANI
Iroquoian.TUSCARORA
Sino-T
ibetan.RA
NG
PA
S
Sino-T
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BA
I
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akar
e.Y
UR
AC
AR
E Y
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UJU
RE
Puelche.G
UN
UN
A KU
NE
2
Atlantic-Congo.KLAO
Atlantic-Congo.N
ING
YE
Tai-K
adai
.TA
I WE
STE
RN
NU
NG
Austronesian.TOLAKI LAIWUI
Japonic.YONAGUNI
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL MECAYAPAN
Saharan.MANGA KANURI
Afro-A
siatic
.NKAFA
Pama-Nyungan.WARUNGU
Sino-Tibetan.M
AN
DA
RIN
Atlantic-C
ongo.KU
NY
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.C84 LE
LE LU
HILE
EL 3
Khoe-Kwadi.KHOEKHOEGOWAB
Austronesia
n.EAST AMBAE LOLSIWOI
Austronesian.ASILULU LIMA RUMAHSOSAL NUWETETU
Puinave.PUINAVE
Japonic.JAPANESE
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.MA
TT
OLE
Austronesian.LAMAHOLOT ILE MANDIRI
Pama-Nyungan.NHANDA
Sino-T
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K B
OR
OK
2
Atlantic-Congo.AKE
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
ISI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.H
A
Austronesia
n.SEKEH
mong-M
ien.JING
CU
N B
UN
U
Austronesian.WAMPUR
Ain
u.A
INU
OB
IHIR
O
Austro
asia
tic.C
HRAU
Muskogean.KOASATI
Oto
man
guea
n.O
TOM
I DE
IXTE
NC
O
Mande.FINANGAKAN
Atlantic-Congo.BEKWARRA
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL TEPOTZTLAN
Nuclear Torricelli.NINGIL
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
WA
HIL
I 2
Austronesia
n.SOUTHW
EST TANNA LAPW
ANGTOAI
Atlantic-C
ongo.LAA
DI
Atlantic-Congo.EFUTU
Atlantic-Congo.IDOM
A
Turkic.S
HIRWAN KHORASANI
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
FAW
Austronesian.RADE
Austronesian.BASAY
Sino-T
ibetan.MP
I
Koi
aria
n.E
SE
MA
NA
GA
LAS
I
Atlantic-Congo.BASSARI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.LO
KA
I
Morehead-W
asur.PEREM
KA
Bogia.LILAU
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.GA
LIC
E
Mande.WORODUGUKAKAN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.HE
BR
EW
Zaparoan.ZAPARO
Afro-A
siatic
.MUSG
U D P
LUS R
D
Austronesian.BALILEDO
Pama-Nyungan.YUGAMBAL
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
E
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ASARO7O
Indo-European.SATPARA SHINA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.SELEPET
Uralic.ESTONIAN
Austronesian.DAMPELAS
Afro
-Asi
atic
.GET
O
Tim
or-A
lor-P
anta
r.NED
EBAN
G 2
Nilo
tic.D
ATO
OG
A D
IALE
CT
5
Austronesian.SEBOP KENYAH
Dravidian.KURUX NEPALI
Yanomamic.NINAM
Uralic.TSCHEREMISSISCH KOZMODEMJANSK
Indo-European.SAURASHTRA
Afro-A
siatic
.MUPUN
Siouan.T
UT
ELO
Japonic.NORTHERN AMAMI OSHIMA
Nuclear Torricelli.W
AND
OM
I
Nilo
tic.S
HIL
LUK
Austronesian.BUTUANON
Atlantic-C
ongo.LUB
A
Ken
aboi
.KE
NA
BO
I 1
Indo-European.ARMENIAN CLASSICAL
Nivkh.GILYAK NORTH SAKHALIN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AW
NG
I 2
Pama-Nyungan.THAYORE
Nar
row
Tal
odi.J
OM
AN
G
Tungusic.AIHUI MANCHU
Indo-European.OLD ENGLISH
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.L
OZ
I 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.MO
NG
O
Atlantic-Congo.O
KPE
Austronesia
n.TOGA
Matacoan.WICHI LHAMTES
Tai-K
adai
.TA
IYA
NG
AI C
HA
M
Austronesian.AMARI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
WA
HIL
I TIK
UU
Afro-A
siatic
.FALI
GIL
I
Indo-European.POLISH
Left May.BO
Mangarrayi-Maran.ALAWA
Otom
angu
ean.
TLAPANEC M
ALINALT
EPEC
Algic.POTAWATOMI
Austronesian.CANIPAAN PALAWAN
Austronesian.NORTH MARQUESAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.TE
KE
ES
T
Austronesian.WAWONII
Atlantic-Congo.ITEN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.UKURIGUMA
Atlantic-Congo.NGBUGU
Atlantic-C
ongo.H12 V
ILI MA
YU
MB
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.L221 LWA
LWA
1
Border.SENGI
Atlantic-C
ongo.TIE
NE
Indo-European.GULTARI SHINA
Indo-European.SHAHMIRZADI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.MIZ
A
Austronesian.TAORA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.RAPTING
Austronesian.BINUKID
Atlantic-C
ongo.TIE
NE
2
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.KU
MA
N
Mande.BAMBARA
Austronesian.FARANG AMIS
Angan.AMPALE
Austronesian.YAMI
Austronesian.YAPESE
Turkic.C
HUVASH
Tuu.MASARWA KAKIA
Atlantic-Congo.MBUM
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SID
AM
O 2
Austronesian.ALU MONO
Austronesian.TULEHU
Austronesian.MANIDE
Mongolic.SANTA MONGOLIAN
Oto
man
guea
n.LA
CH
IXIO
ZA
PO
TE
C
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.KE
NG
A
Afro
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atic
.AR
AMAI
C A
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T
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Austronesian.TRING
Yuat.MIYAK
Austronesian.SAMAL
Atlantic-Congo.KUTEB
Nakh-D
aghestanian.K
UBACHI DARGI
Atlantic-C
ongo.AG
HE
M W
EH
Afro-A
siatic
.GHYE
Indo-European.SANDNES NORWEGIAN
Uto-Aztecan.SERRANO
Austronesian.PULUWATESE
Salishan.COWLITZ
Yal
e.N
AG
AT
IMA
N
Indo-European.JALLOZAI PASHTO
Burushaski.MURTAZABAD HUNZA BURUSHASKI
Ijoid
.ME
IN
Austronesian.TJUBAR PAIWAN
Uto-Aztecan.NORTHERN PAIUTE
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.G
IKU
YU
Hui
toto
an.H
UIT
OT
O M
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UI
Atlantic-C
ongo.ALIN
GA
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
ZE
ME
Uto-Aztecan.EL NAYAR CORA
Atlantic-C
ongo.KA
LON
G
Atlantic-C
ongo.MP
UT
2
Austronesian.UMIRAY DUMAGET AGTA
Afro-A
siatic
.AW
JILA
H
Austronesia
n.DIX
ON REEF 2
Hm
ong-Mien.H
AIN
AN
KIM
MU
N
Austronesian.MALAGASY ANATANKARANA ANTALAHA
Indo-European.PALI
Atlantic-Congo.TESU
Austronesian.SALU HUHU
Atlantic-C
ongo.IPU
LO
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
ON
GA
Nuclear Torricelli.SAM
AP
Afro-A
siatic
.PAANCI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.Q
HA
LAX
AR
ZI
Sepik.NAMIA
Bulaka River.YELM
EK JAB
Mande.LIGBI
Indo-European.VAFSI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.LE
ND
U T
AD
HA
Tam
aic.
MAR
ARIT
Afro-A
siatic
.SENHAY
I
Katukinan.K
ATAW
IXI
Austronesian.MOLI TALISE
Kom
an.U
DU
K
Afro-A
siatic
.TETS
ERRET
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
LOT
HA
Tai-K
adai
.WH
ITE
TH
AI 2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ABASAKUR
Atlantic-Congo.TUTRUGBU
Ta-N
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mot
ic.K
AC
HA
MA
Kat
la-T
ima.
KAT
LAAtla
ntic
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go.S
WA
ZI
Atlantic-Congo.ELEM
E
Afro
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atic
.SYR
IAC
2
Atla
ntic
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go.D
UR
UM
A
Indo-European.DUTCH
Austronesian.LIMOS KALINGA
Tucanoan.YU
RU
TI
Sino-T
ibetan.QILIQ
IAO
BA
I
Afro-A
siatic
.OUARG
LA B
ERBER
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ASM
ATH NORTH
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.FOR
E
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SANTA ANA TLACOTENCO
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IGIBI
Afro-A
siat
ic.P
OLC
I
Aust
roas
iatic
.DEA
NG
2
Indo-European.VAAGRI BOLI
Austronesian.SAMOAN 2
Iwaidjan Proper.IWAIDJAAngan.SIMBARI
Austronesian.NORTH M
ALO
Atlantic-Congo.AU
CH
I
Austronesian.AORE
Nuclear Torricelli.AGI YOLPA
Yur
akar
e.Y
UR
AC
AR
E
Sko.WO
MO
Nuclear-M
acro-Je.RIK
BA
KTS
A
Mayan.KICHEE TOTONICAPAN 2
Indo-European.URSARI ROMANI
Afro-A
siatic
.TUM
ZABT
Atlantic-Congo.VU
TE MBAN
JO
Tai-K
adai
.TH
AI 3
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
OS
HI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BIL
IN
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
GO
NI M
ALA
WI
Sino-T
ibetan.R
ON
DU
BA
LTI
Atlantic-C
ongo.GH
OM
ALA 2
Oto
man
guea
n.T
EX
ME
LUC
AN
ZA
PO
TE
C
Salishan.SHUSWAP
Atlantic-Congo.U
DA
Sino-T
ibetan.NIS
I TAG
IN
Songh
ay.T
ONDI S
ONG
WAY
KIIN
I
Wes
t Bom
bera
i.IH
A
Austronesian.MANOBO WESTERN BUKIDNON
Sino-T
ibetan.MO
SH
AN
G
Atlantic-Congo.EFAI
Austronesian.TSOU
Atlantic-Congo.O
KOBO
Mayan.MOPAN SAN LUIS PETEN
Austro
nesian
.GRAND C
OULI
Atlantic-Congo.ED
O 2
Pama-Nyungan.GAMILARAAY
Atlantic-C
ongo.BE
KW
IL
Dravidian.DORLI GONDI
Lakes Plain.FAY
U
Lepki-Murkim
.MO
T MU
RK
IM
Afro-A
siatic
.TARIF
IT G
UELAIA
Indo-European.BATAGRAM PASHTO
Nakh-D
aghestanian.A
NDI MUNI
Nuclear Torricelli.EITIEP
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.MID
DLE
WA
HG
I
Mirndi.WAMBAYA
Yareban.MO
IKO
DI
Hei
bani
c.M
OR
O
Atlantic-Congo.EH
UEU
N
Ara
wak
an.C
AQ
UIN
TE
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KOWAKI
Dogon.DOGON
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
PO
ND
OM
ISE
Pomoan.SOUTHEASTERN POMO
Elem
an.KA
RA
ETA
UA
RIP
I
Siouan.CATAWBA
Afro-A
siatic
.KAREKARE
Austronesian.RURUTUAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.XE
BO
BE
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL LAS BALSAS
Nilo
tic.K
ALE
NJI
N
Sepik.KAPRIMAN
Atlantic-Congo.IG
ALA
Austronesian.TARANGAN BARAT FERUNI
Gunwinyguan.GUNBALANG WARLANG
Indo-European.FRISIAN WESTERN
Austro
nesia
n.TEANU
Atlantic-C
ongo.LAM
NS
OQ
Atlantic-C
ongo.A72a E
WO
ND
O
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.BA
KA
SU
DA
N
Austronesian.ILONGOT KAKIDUGEN
Austro
asia
tic.M
ON
Austronesia
n.BIG
NAMBAS
LEVIAMP
Elem
an.TOA
RIP
I
Ndu.NYAURA
Afro-A
siatic
.CUVOK
Sepik.MENDE PNG
Austronesian.SUBANUN SINDANGAN
Austronesian.TAJIO
North Halmahera.LODA
Atlantic-Congo.NINKARE
Tungusic.EWENKI 1
Western Daly.MARIDAN
Austronesian.CAPIZNON
Austronesian.PADOE
Atlantic-C
ongo.L32 KA
NY
OK
2
Austronesia
n.MOKERANG
Gunwinyguan.GUNWINGGU GUN DJEIHMI
Atlantic-C
ongo.LEG
A S
HA
BU
ND
A 2
Austro
asia
tic.S
AMRE
Atlantic-Congo.BAN
OG
OI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
GO
NI
Austronesia
n.MASKELY
NES
Peba-Yagua.YAGUA 3
Austronesian.WAGAU
Atlantic-Congo.NOTRE
Nub
ian.
BIR
KE
D
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
UI I
ND
ON
ES
IA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.M
URUPI
Atlantic-C
ongo.H42 H
UN
GA
NA
3
Indo-European.ORIYA
Indo-European.BANNU PASHTO
Sino-T
ibetan.T
HA
KA
LI
Atlantic-C
ongo.OR
OK
O
Austronesian.ANUTA
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.BA
LIM
BA
Austronesian.INDONESIAN 2
Yuki-Wappo.YUKI
Austronesian.MUSOM 2
Indo-European.USHOJO
Tup
ian.
SU
RU
I DO
RO
ND
ON
IA
Hm
ong-Mien.C
HE
NH
U S
HE
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.JIC
AR
ILLA
AP
AC
HE
Austronesian.GABADI
Nilo
tic.D
INK
A S
OU
THE
AS
TER
N
Austronesian.PIU
Anim
.MIN
AN
IBA
I
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
MA
O
Atlantic-C
ongo.A53 B
AFIA R
IKPA
Bororoan.U
MO
TIN
ASino-T
ibetan.TAK
A K
HA
M
Austronesia
n.AXAMB
Austronesian.TOWANGARA
Indo-European.SREMSKI GURBET ROMANI
Car
iban
.MA
CU
SH
I
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.SIN
AS
INA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.F
23 S
UM
BW
A Y
EK
E
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
ILA
MB
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.AG
HE
M IS
U
Austro
asia
tic.B
ANH
ON
G W
A
Atlantic-Congo.KERAK
Mande.NIGBIKAN
Indo-European.LUXEMBOURGISH
Afro
-Asi
atic
.HAU
SA 3
Austronesia
n.DAKAKA SESIVI
Bosavi.O
NA
BA
SU
LU
Pano-Tacanan
.KA
SH
IBO
SU
NG
AR
OY
AC
U
Indo-European.NORTHERN PASHTO
Afro
-Asi
atic
.HAU
SA 2
Austronesian.KALAGAN TAGAKAOLO
Dagan.M
AIW
A
Mande.KPELLE
Hm
ong-Mien.H
MO
NG
DA
W
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
OS
HI N
GO
LO
Austronesian.VAGHUA
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.S
HIN
AS
SH
A
Indo-European.SICILIAN UnnamedInSource
Atlantic-Congo.FAKA
I A
Atlantic-Congo.G
YEM
Atlantic-Congo.U
NEM
E
Kiwaian.G
OPE
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BIR
GIT
Austronesian.SALU MAKA
Tup
ian.
GU
AR
AN
I AN
TIG
OA
tlantic-Congo.LW
EL K
ILOR
I 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
NG
ALA
Austronesian.FILA
Austronesian.BULI
Austronesian.KEMAK
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
S K
EN
YAN
G
Kw
alean.HU
ME
NE
MA
NU
GO
RO
Atlantic-C
ongo.LING
ALA
Que
chua
n.C
HA
CPA
R
Pama-Nyungan.NYAWAYGI
Austronesian.MAPUN
Sur
mic
.MU
RLE
Austronesian.RENNELLESE
Austronesian.MUSSAU EMIRA
Dravidian.KANNADA
Kre
sh-A
ja.A
JA
Atlantic-Congo.YANGKAM
Lower Sepik-Ramu.YIMAS
Austronesian.AKEI T
ASIRIKI
Pawaia.PAWAIA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KWATO
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
HA
MB
ALA
Koi
aria
n.B
AR
AI
Atlantic-Congo.N
JIGBAN
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.WA
NG
GO
M
Kapauri.KAPAURI
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.URI PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Austronesian.PITULUA BAJAU
Austronesia
n.BAKI
Mailuan.DOMU
Indo-European.VLAX ROMANI
Gua
chi.G
UA
CH
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.NY
AN
GA
Austronesian.HAWAIIAN 3
Bosavi.BIAMI
Que
chua
n.LA
RA
OS
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SAN
AN
DR
ES A
RAB
IC 1
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.P
EM
BA
Austronesian.FIJIAN 2
Ara
wak
an.M
AIP
UR
E
Mayan.MAM TODOS SANTOS CUCHUMATAN 2
Atlantic-Congo.KABIYE
Tai-K
adai
.JIN
GH
ON
G T
AI L
UE
2
Dogon.WALO KUMBE
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
MA
NO
RD
Austro
asia
tic.K
ATU
Austronesian.LUANG
Chicham.ACHUAR
Austronesian.BABUYAN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.DA
HA
LO 2
Austronesian.EAST FUTUNA
Hm
ong-Mien.Y
AO
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.KA
BB
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.A51 B
AFIA ZA
KA
AN
Eas
tern
Jeb
el.IN
GA
SS
AN
A
Pama-Nyungan.GANGULU
Walio.TUWARI
Sko.WUTUNG
Indo-European.EASTERN KATIVIRI
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.PULABU
Tege
m.T
EG
EM
Muskogean.MIKASUKI
Austronesian.TOLOMAKO
Uto-Aztecan.UTE 2
Miwok-Costanoan.NORTHERN SIERRA MIWOK
Lengua-Mascoy.LENGUA
Austronesian.MALAGASY SOUTHERN BETSIMISARAKA ANTAMBOHOAKA MANANJARY
Austronesia
n.NAMAKURA B
ONGABONGA
Indo-European.LATVIAN ROMANI
Afro-A
siatic
.BACAM
A MULY
EN
Morehead-W
asur.NAM
O
Sino-Tibetan.F
UZ
HO
U
Mayan.MAM SAN ILDEFONSO IXTAHUACAN
Sko.DUMO
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.WANAM
BRE
Atlantic-Congo.JIJILI
Austronesia
n.BAETORA NAROVOROVO
Turkic.H
ARW E OLY
A KHORASANI
Atlantic-Congo.NGBAKA MABO
Austronesian.NGOFAKIAHA
Lakes Plain.PA
PAS
EN
A
Tai-K
adai
.YU
AN
YAN
G T
AI
Sko.SKOU
Western Daly.MARITHIEL
Austronesian.BAROK
Guaicuruan.ABIPON
Austronesia
n.BAETORA NAVENEVENE
Tup
ian.
SIR
ION
O
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.UTU
Atlantic-Congo.TYAP
Salishan.MUSQUEAM
Austronesian.MATO NO UWE
Atlantic-Congo.YANDANG
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.AGAR
ABI
Indo-European.WANA PASHTO
Ara
wak
an.A
SH
EN
INK
A P
ICH
ISA
tlantic-Congo.S
HIY
EY
I
North Halmahera.MADOLE
Atlantic-C
ongo.OY
AB
I
Seri.SERI
Atlantic-C
ongo.TO
UK
OU
LAK
A B
OM
ITAB
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.KW
AN
GA
1
Atlantic-C
ongo.B42 S
AN
GU
2
Mayan.KICHEE JOYABAJ 1
Tungusic.NANAI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.GU
LA M
ER
E
Atlantic-C
ongo.LEG
A M
WE
NG
A
Turkic.KARAKALPAK
Austronesian.HAIGWAI
Austronesian.M
ALMARIV
Austronesian.TODANGA
Otom
angu
ean.
TLACOAPA M
EPHAA
Khoe-Kwadi.KXOE
Sino-T
ibetan.NU
NG
CH
INA
Pama-Nyungan.MANTJILTJARA
Mande.YALUNKA
Atlantic-Congo.TUPURI
Austronesian.BWANABWANA
Takelma.TAKELMA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KESAW
AI
Austronesian.GHOVE BLABLANGA
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
BA
Mix
edLa
ngua
ge.N
OR
MA
L M
BU
GU
Afro
-Asi
atic
.CO
PTIC
Mailuan.LAUA
Austronesian.ROMBLOMANON 2
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.C
AG
A K
ILE
MA
Austronesian.LANGANYAN
Kungarakany.KUNKARAKANY
Mande.YAKOUBA
Austronesian.MALAGHETI TALISE
Car
iban
.MA
QU
IRIT
AR
I
Atlantic-Congo.BANDA NDELE NGAO
Ara
wak
an.L
OK
ON
O
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
UM
U 2
Atlantic-Congo.MAYOGO
Atlantic-C
ongo.PA
ND
E
Austronesian.HOAVA
Tungusic.OROCHI
Atlantic-Congo.AVBIAN
WU
Atlantic-Congo.GULA IRO
Que
chua
n.Q
UIC
HU
A L
OJA
Tai-K
adai
.HA
WY
IEN
GZ
ZHU
AN
G
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.NIN
AT
IE M
UY
U
Afro-A
siatic
.FALI
MUCHELL
A
Tai-K
adai
.CA
HA
GE
LAO
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
BO
NG
Mayan.JAKALTEKO EASTERN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ASM
AT YAOSAKO
R
Indo-European.OLD SAXON
Maningrida.GURAGONE
Tup
ian.
KU
RU
AY
A
Turkic.K
UMYK
Afro-A
siatic
.FUTU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
EN
GA
CH
IPA
TA
Pama-Nyungan.NGUNAWAL
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
AB
OLA
AIM
OLI
Ijoid
.IZO
N
Atlantic-Congo.WOBE
Songh
ay.K
ORANDJE
Tup
ian.
WIR
AF
ED
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MURATAYAK
Atlantic-Congo.UKAAN
Atlantic-Congo.U
RH
OBO
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.NA
CH
AD
Austronesian.TAWOYAN
Austronesian.LOWER PINLANG PUYUMA
Mayan.CENTRAL QUICHE SANTA MARIA CHIQUIMULA
Eskimo-Aleut.ST LAWRENCE YUPIK
Aust
roas
iatic
.KH
ARIA
Austronesian.LARIKE WAKASIHU
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
OZ
IME
Austronesian.LAWELE
Austronesian.BOTTENG
Austronesian.TAMBUNAN DUSUN
Que
chua
n.AT
ALL
A
Pama-Nyungan.WATHAWURRUNG
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BIB
LIC
AL
HE
BR
EW
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
BU
GW
E
Atlantic-C
ongo.EJA
GH
AM
Afro-A
siatic
.SIW
I
Sino-T
ibetan.M
AN
AN
GE
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
UM
BU
U
Sur
mic
.SU
RI C
HA
I
Austronesian.CIULI ATAYAL
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SO
MA
LI
Misumalpan.MISKITO
Indo-European.SETTLED SWAT GUJARI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.MO
RO
CC
AN A
RAB
IC 2
Austro
nesia
n.IR
ARUTU
Austronesian.CUYONON
Austronesian.BUDAI RUKAI
Atlantic-C
ongo.DU
ALA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BU
DU
MA
Sino-T
ibetan.CH
AN
G 2
Chocoan.E
PE
NA B
AS
UR
UD
O
Atlantic-C
ongo.VILI
Sino-T
ibetan.AD
I GA
LO
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.LE
ND
U P
IDH
A
Austronesian.TERMANU
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KAM
BA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MA
ND
I CA
ME
RO
ON
Austro
asia
tic.L
AWA
LA U
P
Algic.MOHEGAN
Mayan.TOJOLABAL
Austro
nesia
n.BIA
K 2
Japonic.HIGA OKINAWAN
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.Z
IBA
Austro
asia
tic.N
YAKUR
Austronesia
n.ORKON
Que
chua
n.C
HIM
BO
RA
ZO
QU
ICH
UA
Border.TAIKAT
Atlantic-Congo.GEN
Austronesian.NIMOA
Pama-Nyungan.GUWAMU
Atlantic-C
ongo.LOK
ELE
YAW
EM
BE
Ara
wak
an.IG
NA
CIA
NO
Austro
asia
tic.R
OLO
M
Tai-K
adai
.LU
E M
UO
NG
YO
NG
Koi
aria
n.K
OIA
RI
Mande.SEEKU
Indo-European.SHERPUR HINDKO
Atlantic-Congo.BIYANDA
Atlantic-C
ongo.LEK
E
Pama-Nyungan.RITHARNGU
Atlantic-C
ongo.C36e B
OLO
KI N
GIR
I
Atlantic-Congo.KRUMAN
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.K
EFA
2
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.UP
PE
R T
AN
AN
A T
ET
LIN
Ijoid
.NK
OR
O
Aust
roas
iatic
.SAV
ARA
Atlantic-Congo.AN
AANG
Atlantic-Congo.ISO
KO
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL CUENTEPEC TEMIXCO
Turkic.B
ASHKIR
Austronesian.KWARAAE
Turkic.S
HURAK KHORASANI
Eastern Trans-Fly.WIPI PEAW
A
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
GU
MB
O T
AA
BW
A
North Halmahera.WEST MAKIAN
Mayan.CHUJ SAN MATEO IXTATAN
Indo-European.THAL PASHTO
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
WA
NC
HO
Austronesian.IFUGAO AMGANAD
Atlantic-C
ongo.B431 V
UN
GU
Pyu.PYU
Japonic.KUROSHIMA YAEYAMA
Austro
asia
tic.G
UAN
SHU
ANG
WA
Pama-Nyungan.GIDABAL
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
ES
A
Uto-Aztecan.YAQUI 2
Atlantic-Congo.TWI ASANTE
Afro-A
siatic
.MUNJU
K
Austronesian.TABULAHAN MCKENZIE
Atlantic-C
ongo.FU
MU
2
Turama-K
ikori.ME
NA
Austronesian.SUAU
Tai-K
adai
.WA
NG
MO
BO
UY
EI
Uru-Chipaya.CHIPAYA
Afro-A
siatic
.KIL
BA
Atlantic-C
ongo.TE
E T
EK
E K
ALE
Austronesian.BLABLANGA
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.AN
GIYA
KM
IN FA
IWO
L
Austronesian.LISELA
Atlantic-C
ongo.SA
NY
Indo-European.BHOJPURI
Dagan.D
IMA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.MAL
TESE
AR
ABIC
Algic.WIYOT
Atlantic-Congo.ITOO
Eskimo-Aleut.C YUPIK
Austronesian.HOTE
Atlantic-C
ongo.B78 IW
UM
WU
UM
BU
SU
D T
EK
E
Puelche.G
UN
UN
A KU
NE
Austronesian.GADDANG
Indo-European.IRON OSSETIAN
Austronesian.BATU ATAS
Hm
ong-Mien.D
AP
ING
MIE
N
Hm
ong-Mien.C
HA
NG
PIN
G B
IAO
MO
N
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.W
ER
SIN
G 2
Afro-A
siatic
.JEBEL
NEFUSA
Sino-T
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GA
LIAN
GM
AI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.BA
LES
E
Austronesian.PELAUW HARUKU
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BILAKURA
Austronesia
n.VIN
MAVIS
Mande.MARKA
Mayan.KICHEE MOMOSTENANGO
Austronesia
n.KORO
Austronesian.SAPARUA OUW
Atlantic-Congo.KONKOMBA
Austronesian.SIKAIANA
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.BA
GIR
MI
Bosavi.B
EA
MI
Afro-A
siatic
.FO
QAHA
Austronesian.SOUTHWEST PALAWANO
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.PA
ND
IKE
RI
Sino-T
ibetan.T
IBE
TAN
CE
NT
RA
L
Baibai-Fas.FA
SChapacuran.O
RO
WIN
Ain
u.A
INU
BIH
OR
O
Sum
eria
n.S
UM
ER
IAN
Indo-European.SHEKHANI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.L
AM
BA
2
Oto
man
guea
n.C
HA
TIN
O T
ATA
LTE
PE
C
Austronesian.YOGYAKARTA
Kuliak.N
YANGI
Atlantic-Congo.W
AWA
Tup
ian.
OM
AG
UA
Sino-T
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NG
LON
GX
I
Walio.YAWIYO
Hm
ong-Mien.LIA
NH
UA
SH
E
Mongolic.MONGOLIAN
Hatam
-Mansim
.HATAM
Nuclear-M
acro-Je.KA
RA
JA
Nakh-D
aghestanian.TOKITIN
KARATA
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.KA
BA
DE
ME
SA
RA
Hm
ong-Mien.C
HIA
NG
RA
I MIE
N
Austro
asia
tic.O
I
Pama-Nyungan.BANGGARLA
Mayan.HUASTEC
Dravidian.SOUTH BASTAR GONDI
Austronesian.MANOBO ILIANEN
Salishan.COLUMBIA WENATCHI
Atlantic-C
ongo.YA
KA
yaf
Atlantic-Congo.HANGA
Iwaidjan Proper.MAWNG
Afro-A
siatic
.WARJI
Nar
a.N
AR
A
Mayan.AGUACATECO AGUACATAN
Austronesian.MAMUJU
Atlantic-Congo.HYAM
Atlantic-C
ongo.CIN
DA 5
Sino-T
ibetan.NIS
I
Nuclear Torricelli.WALMAN
Que
chua
n.P
OC
ON
A
Ara
wak
an.W
AP
IXA
NA
Arauca
nian.M
APUDUNGUN 3
Afro
-Asi
atic
.XA
MTA
NG
A
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.OJI
GA
Uto-Aztecan.WESTERN MONO
Indo-European.PARGAM NISAR KHOWAR
Afro-A
siat
ic.B
OG
HO
M
Southern Daly.NGENGOMERI
North B
ougainville.RA
PO
ISI
Indo-European.BAGROT SHINA
Nakh-D
aghestanian.IN
KHOKWARI
Iranxe.IRA
NT
XE
Tai-K
adai
.DO
NG
ME
N M
ULA
M
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AA
SA
X
Ijoid
.DE
FAK
A
Eastern Trans-Fly.WIPI KAPAL
Indo-European.DANISH
Austronesian.TAKITUDUH BUNUN
Tam
aic.
ASSA
NG
OR
I
Austro
asia
tic.T
HAVUNG
SO
Nuclear-Macro-Je.JABUTI
Aust
rone
sian
.BAN
JAR
SAR
I EN
GG
ANO
Kom
an.G
WA
MA
Indo-European.UKRAINIAN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BO
RA
NA
OR
OM
O 2
Austronesia
n.ANEIT
YUM 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.NZ
EB
I 1
Aust
roas
iatic
.SO
RA
Austronesian.MORI ATAS
Wakashan.MAKAH
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BUNABUN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.WADAGINAM
Jarrakan.KITJA
Lower Sepik-Ramu.CHAMBRI KILIMBIT
Kiwaian.BAM
U
Nuclear Torricelli.AU
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
MZ
IEM
E
Eskimo-Aleut.WEST GREENLANDIC
Natchez.NATCHEZ
Turkic.U
ZBEK
Atlantic-C
ongo.H42 H
UN
GA
NA
1
Atlantic-Congo.LEHAR
Atlantic-C
ongo.HE
RE
RO
Matacoan.MATACO
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
ND
EK
O B
OM
ITAB
A
Sino-T
ibetan.CH
AN
G
Austronesian.DAI
Atlantic-C
ongo.LIOU
ES
SO
BO
MITA
BA
Yanomamic.YANOMAMI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AK
KA
DIA
N
Que
chua
n.IN
KA
WA
SI
Atlantic-Congo.NJAK MBAI
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aco.OTO
MAC
O
Tai-K
adai
.TIA
NZH
U S
HID
ON
G N
OR
THE
RN
DO
NG
Pama-Nyungan.WARRNAMBOOL
Atlantic-C
ongo.TE
KE
Iroquoian.WENDAT HURON
Atlantic-C
ongo.KW
AN
YA
MA
2
Austronesian.YAKAN
Kolopom.KIM
AGH
AMA
Tucanoan.PIR
ATAP
UY
O 2
Angan.BARUYA 2
Hm
ong-Mien.H
MO
NG
NJU
AWorrorran.GUNIN KWINI
Dogon.TEBUL URE
Pama-Nyungan.KOKATA
Austronesian.BUKAR SADONG BIDAYUH
Austronesian.MARI
Mande.MANINKAKAN KITA
Tai-K
adai
.LO
NG
ZHO
U Z
HU
AN
G
Afro
-Asi
atic
.MIG
AMA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BE
JA
Algic.MONTAGNAIS
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.YARAWATA
Car
iban
.KA
XU
YA
NA
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
HU
AN
CA
SH
AU
SH
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
KO
KO
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AR
ABIC
CYP
RIO
T SP
OKE
N
Austro
nesia
n.ASUM
BOA
Austronesian.LIO
Austronesian.KIHA
Austronesian.WAY LIMA LAMPUNG API
Kayagaric.KAUG
AT
Nilo
tic.S
AM
PU
R
Hui
toto
an.C
OE
RU
NA
Algic.NASKAPI
Jara
wa-Onge.JA
RAWA
Afro-A
siatic
.MALG
BE
Lower Sepik-R
amu.G
AMEI
Atlantic-C
ongo.BE
MB
E 3A
tlantic-Congo.D
E W
UN
GTS
E
Sepik.ABAU
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
MO
2
Austronesian.TUGUN
Indo-European.MARDAN PASHTO
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SAN PABLO ZOQUITLAN
Salishan.SECHELT
Nuclear Torricelli.W
AU
Yeniseian.KET
Atlantic-C
ongo.KW
AN
DI
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.AWARA
Ijoid
.NE
MB
E
Nuclear-M
acro-Je.XAVA
NTE
2
Uto-Aztecan.PANAMINT
Atlantic-C
ongo.HE
MB
A M
AM
BW
E
Que
chua
n.Q
UIC
HU
A C
AN
YA
R
Austro
nesia
n.IA
AI
Austronesian.MALASANGA
Que
chua
n.S
ER
EN
A
Pama-Nyungan.MARTU WANGKA
Pama-Nyungan.YANYUWA
Atlantic-C
ongo.HO
LOH
OLO
Mande.MAUKAKAN
Austronesia
n.SOUTH W
EST BAY B
ENOUR
Tup
ian.
CIN
TA L
AR
GA
Atlantic-C
ongo.DU
MA
Austronesian.TOLAI
Gunwinyguan.NUNGGUBUYU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
YA
NJA
Indo-European.LAMANI
Atlantic-C
ongo.NG
OM
BE
Mande.ILLO BUSA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.HA
DIY
YA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MFU
MTE
Austro
nesia
n.TA
NDIA
Car
iban
.BA
KA
IRI
Austronesian.SANGIL
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.ME
LPA
Austronesian.SATAWALESE
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.FORAK
Tucanoan.BA
RA
SA
NO
Austronesia
n.EAST AMBAE LOLOMATUI
Austronesian.LOMAUMBI BABATANA
Ara
wak
an.E
NA
WE
NE
NA
WE
Border.IMO
NDA
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
NK
ON
Sino-T
ibetan.K
AR
GIL B
ALT
I
Indo-European.EASTERN FARSI
Indo-European.NONES FASSANO
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
MA
NO
RD
PLA
TE
AU
X C
ON
GO
Sino-T
ibetan.BA
NG
NI N
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HI
Atlantic-Congo.RUKUL
Tup
ian.
KA
RIT
IAN
A
Tim
or-A
lor-P
anta
r.TEW
A M
ADAR
Mande.BOKO
Austronesia
n.PAAMA FAULILI
Atlantic-Congo.KO
NJA SU
ND
ANI
Atlantic-Congo.MANJACA CHURO
Chonan.TE
HU
ELC
HE
Sino-Tibetan.LU
OB
EN
ZH
UO
BA
I 2
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.V
UM
BA
Atlantic-Congo.VIEMO
Nakh-D
aghestanian.R
UTUL
Nakh-D
aghestanian.C
HAMALAL
Atlantic-Congo.BAULE
Atlantic-Congo.O
KPAMH
ERI
Sino-T
ibetan.BO
KA
R
Austro
asia
tic.J
AH HUT
Austronesian.ROMA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.T
HE
MN
E
Austronesian.LIBON
North Halmahera.MODOLE
Nuclear-M
acro-Je.PY
KO
BJE
Pama-Nyungan.KUKU UWANH
Totonacan.TEPEHUA TLACHICHILCO
Chumashan.INESENYO
Pama-Nyungan.UMBUYKAMU
Tungusic.JURCHEN
Amto-Musan.MUSAN 2
Saharan.DAZAGA
Miwok-Costanoan.PLAINS MIWOK
Sino-T
ibetan.KO
IRE
NG
Austronesian.LUWUK BAJAU
Oto
man
guea
n.A
YO
QU
ES
CO
ZA
PO
TE
C
Atlantic-Congo.KASEM
Austronesian.TAMBOTALO
Usk
u.U
SK
U
Ara
wak
an.B
AN
IVA
Austronesian.ELPAPUTIH SERAM 2
Tup
ian.
AP
IAK
A
Turkic.Q
ARA BAGH KHORASANI
Mayan.KICHEE ZUNIL
Wiru
.WIR
U
Chicham.AGUARUNA 2
Afro-A
siatic
.PERO
2Afro
-Asia
tic.M
AFA
Tic
una-
Yur
i.TIK
UN
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.GE
NG
ELE
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
WA
TI
Indo-European.SWABIAN
Austronesia
n.NORTH E
FATE WORAVIU
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
LON
Atlantic-Congo.SENOUFO SUPYIRE
Oto
man
guea
n.S
AN
LO
RE
NZ
O C
UA
UN
EC
UIL
TIT
LA
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
CH
AC
HA
PO
YA
S
Afro-A
siatic
.CIB
AK
Chibchan.IK
A
Atlantic-Congo.LAMA
Japonic.KOHAMA YAEYAMA
Pano-Tacanan
.HU
AR
AY
O E
SE
EJJA
Austro
asia
tic.B
AHNAR 2
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.IL
A
Austronesia
n.VAO
Austronesian.W
USI NONONA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
AN
SO
AN
KA
Pama-Nyungan.WARLPIRI
Atlantic-C
ongo.PU
NU
1
Afro
-Asi
atic
.JIL
U
Atlantic-Congo.WAAMA
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
XI 2
Uralic.MATORISCH
Austronesian.NGAJU PULOPETAK
Man
ubar
an.M
ARIA
Afro-A
siatic
.DYA
RIM
Afro-A
siatic
.WANDALA
Zam
ucoan.C
HA
MA
CO
CO
Atlantic-C
ongo.RU
UN
D
Atlantic-Congo.SIDEME
Atlantic-C
ongo.KE
MP
EE
Blu
e N
ile M
ao.S
EZE
Afro
-Asi
atic
.NIM
BIA
Mayan.KICHEE RABINAL
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
YA
KY
US
A 2
Austronesian.KILIVILA
Austronesian.MALAGASY ANTAMBAHOAKA
Pama-Nyungan.BIRRDHAWAL
Atlantic-Congo.IBIN
O
Austro
nesia
n.YARIK
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
OR
TH
ER
N S
OT
HO
Atlantic-C
ongo.DO
KO
Austronesian.BINTULU
Austronesian.ISNAG
Austronesian.ANUKI
Mayan.MAM TECTITAN
Dravidian.SOUTHERN GONDI 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.TS
AM
BA
AN
YA
NZ
Sino-T
ibetan.ZH
AO
ZH
UA
NG
BA
I
East S
trickland.OIB
AE
Austronesian.BANJARESE MALAY
Indo-European.ISHKOMAN WAKHI
Atlantic-C
ongo.BU
CA
ME
RO
ON
Sino-T
ibetan.BO
DO
IND
IA
Austronesian.MALAGASY SAKALAVA MAJUNGA
Atlantic-Congo.KALI
Austronesia
n.SOUTHEAST AMBRYM M
AAT
Austro
asia
tic.C
EQ W
ONG
Tai-K
adai
.DO
NG
YIN
G L
ING
AO
Austronesian.REMUN
Indo-European.SARDINIAN
Atlantic-Congo.BALAN
TA
Indo-European.JUDEO TAT
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
YIM
CH
UN
GR
U
Indo-European.DOMARI
Oto
man
guea
n.C
HA
LCA
TO
NG
O M
IXT
EC
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL JALATLACO
Austronesian.M
OTLAV
Atlantic-Congo.BAD
A
Austronesian.TOLAKI KONAWE
Ndu.YELOGU
Austronesia
n.NEMI
Indo-European.LIGURIAN STELLA
Miwok-Costanoan.MUTSUN
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
GO
NI 2
Mongolic.BURIAT RUSSIA
Austronesia
n.LEWO F
ILAKARA
Indo-European.ATTOCK
Aust
roas
iatic
.MAL
Austronesia
n.NUME
Tara
scan
.TARASCAN
Ara
wan
.MA
DIJ
A
Austro
nesia
n.NAM
BAKAENGO MALO
Kw
aza.KW
AZA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.H
IMA
RD
C
Tim
or-A
lor-P
anta
r.TEI
WA
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
BO
LE D
ZE
KE
Austro
nesia
n.RON
Austronesian.SAPARUA HARIA
Sino-Tibetan.A
MO
Y M
INN
AN
CH
INE
SE
Ijoid
.OG
BE
IJO
Harakm
but.HU
AC
HIPA
ER
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
NG
O S
AN
SA
LVA
DO
R 2
Ndu.BOIKIN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.WAL
ANI S
ILTE
Austronesian.ALUNE
Sou
th B
ird's
Hea
d Fa
mily
.KE
MB
ER
AN
O W
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IAG
AR
Austronesian.AI BANDA
Mayan.KICHEE NAHUALA 2
Atlantic-Congo.ITU
MBU
SO
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
AM
BA
KE
NY
A 2
Indo-European.BAR PASHTO
Left May.ITERI
Indo-European.NONES
Salishan.SLIAMMON
Austronesian.M
OROUAS
Indo-European.SHINA 2
Atlantic-Congo.NGBAKA MANZA
Atlantic-C
ongo.KIH
OLU
Austronesian.SAMBIO
Atlantic-C
ongo.NK
OM
O K
ELLE
Atlantic-C
ongo.WO
NG
O 1
Atlantic-Congo.HASHA
Oto
man
guea
n.S
AN
BA
RT
OLO
ME
AY
AU
TLA
Austronesian.SAISIYATMayan.CHORTI JOCOTAN
Bor
an.M
UIN
AN
E
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
YIH
A T
AN
ZA
NIA
Austro
asia
tic.S
APUAN
Hadza.HADZA
Atlantic-C
ongo.NZ
AD
I 2
Nyulnyulan.YAWURU
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.KA
ND
AWO
Pama-Nyungan.NYUNGA NORTHERN
Angan.KAMASA
Austro
asia
tic.W
ANLE
NG
WA
Austronesian.MANDAYAN ISLAM PISO
Tai-K
adai
.WH
ITE
LA
CH
I
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SO
DD
O
Austronesian.ELPAPUTIH SAMASURU PAULOHIJ
Tara
scan
.PUREPECHA
Atlantic-C
ongo.YA
NZ
KIY
EY
Burushaski.HUSSAINABAD HUNZA BURUSHASKI
Atlantic-C
ongo.LUM
BU
YI TA
ND
U
Sino-T
ibetan.KA
RE
N M
AN
UM
AN
AW
Atlantic-C
ongo.MU
LON
GA
2
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.G
IRY
AM
A 3
Austronesian.MALAGASY MASIKORO MIARY
Austronesian.SERILI
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL COYOTEPEC
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.W
AMAS
Chibchan.N
GA
BE
RE
MO
VE
Austronesian.MOORIORI
Atlantic-C
ongo.LOB
ALA
Austro
asia
tic.R
UC
Algic.MENOMINEE
Indo-European.BUGURDZI ROMANI
Atlantic-C
ongo.EN
YA
Pama-Nyungan.DUUNGIDJAWU
Austronesian.LAIYOLO
Atlantic-C
ongo.LUY
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.KE
ND
EM
Ara
wak
an.P
IAP
OC
O
Tim
or-A
lor-P
anta
r.LAM
MA
BIAN
GW
ALA
Oto
man
guea
n.Z
AP
OT
EC
MIX
TE
PE
C
Atlantic-C
ongo.ZO
OM
BO
3
Mayan.MAM NORTHERN
Elem
an.TOA
RIP
I 2
Austronesian.GALOLI
Austronesian.MALAGASY TSIMIHETY MANDRITSARA
Atlantic-Congo.DOOHWAAYAAYO
Nuclear-M
acro-Je.PAN
AR
A
Afro
-Asi
atic
.UBI
Salishan.COEUR DALENE
Austronesia
n.NYIN
DROU
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.HINIHON
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
AM
AN
G L
AN
GK
UR
U
Turkic.C
RIMEAN TURKISH
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MUNGKIP
Austronesian.KANKANAY NORTHERN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.DA
AS
AN
AC
H 2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KATIATI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
AS
HI D
RC
Tai-K
adai
.LA
IBIN
CE
NTR
AL
HO
NG
SH
UIH
E Z
HU
AN
G
Atlantic-C
ongo.L31a LUB
A K
AS
AY
I
Mongolic.BURIAT MONGOLIA
Atlantic-C
ongo.UM
BU
ND
U
Austronesian.KEAPARA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
E
Austronesian.MALAGASY BARA
Austronesian.APUTAI
Atlantic-Congo.ANYI
Pama-Nyungan.BADIMAYA
Yeniseian.ASSAN
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
AN
CA
SH
CH
IQU
IAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.NT
OM
BA
2
Chibchan.TE
RIB
E
Tucanoan.TAN
IMU
CA
RE
TUA
RA
Tai-K
adai
.FA
NG
CU
N M
AK
Pama-Nyungan.MARGANY
Atlantic-Congo.GA
Atlantic-C
ongo.YA
NZ
1
Salishan.TWANA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
64 T
ON
GA
2
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL LA REFORMA TEPEHUACAN DE GUERRERO
Tru
mai
.TR
UM
AI
Tunica.TUNICA
Tem
ein.
TE
ME
IN
Austronesian.TALAUD
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.O
IRAT
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.SO
NG
OLA
ULIN
DI
Totonacan.TOTONAC TEJERIA
Atlantic-C
ongo.SE
NG
ELE
MB
ELO
Indo-European.YAGHNOBI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.C
AG
A K
IWO
SO
Austronesian.KALAGAN
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.K
OY
RA
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.KO
MYA
ND
AR
ET
Nakh-D
aghestanian.U
DI
Aust
roas
iatic
.BIT
Atlantic-C
ongo.ELE
KU
BO
NG
IND
A
Angan.ANKAVE
Sino-Tibetan.E
NQ
I BA
I
Austronesian.EAST MAKIAN
Atlantic-Congo.ELOYI
Suki-G
ogodala.GO
GO
DA
LA AR
I
Austronesian.W
AILAPA
Mayan.TZELTAL BACHAJON
Bosavi.K
ALU
LI 2
Botin.KAMBO
T KAMBAR
AMBA
Austronesia
n.LEIPON
Sko.LEITRE
Turkic.K
AZAN TATAR
Greater Kwerba.BAG
USA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MA
NE
HA
S
Austronesian.WASUAMBA
Jodi-Saliban.Y
UW
AN
A 2
Uto-Aztecan.UTE SOUTHERN PAIUTE
Mande.MANDINKA
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL CHINANCAHUATL ZACUALTIPAN
Tai-K
adai
.CH
AD
ON
G 2
Indo-European.WELSH ROMANI
Dogon.DOGON TORO TEGU PIRINGUA
Mura-Piraha.PIRAHA
Kiwaian.U
RAM
A
Molala.MOLALA
Austronesia
n.APMA
Austronesian.MANGGARAI
Nilo
tic.G
IUR
Nilo
tic.T
ES
O
Indo-European.KALKOTI
Afro-A
siatic
.KIR
FI
Austronesian.CASIGURAN NEGRITO
Japonic.TAKARAJIMA JAPANESE
Atlantic-C
ongo.IBO
LO B
AM
BO
MB
A B
OM
ITAB
A
Indo-European.GOHARABAD SHINA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.DEDUA
Uralic.SELKUP
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.MO
NI 2
Tai-K
adai
.JIN
PIN
G T
AI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.LU
LUB
A
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.AS
AR
O
Austro
nesia
n.W
OI
Atlantic-Congo.BIRIFOR SOUTHERN
Indo-European.JELIL CHILAS SHINA
Austronesian.LAHANAN
Lakes Plain.E
DO
PI
Austronesian.UJIR
Austronesia
n.LAMENU
Austronesia
n.KATBOL T
IMBEMBE
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
PO
CH
UR
I
Indo-European.DANUWAR
Sino-Tibetan.Y
UN
LON
G B
AI
Nuclear Torricelli.YAHANG
Austronesian.RORO
Comecrudan.COMECRUDO
Nimboranic.M
EKWEI KENDATE
Afro
-Asi
atic
.PAL
ESTI
NIA
N A
RAB
IC
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KOBON
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
OT
I
Austronesian.DUWET
Khoe-Kwadi.KHWE
Uto-Aztecan.OPATA
Uralic.ESTONIAN VORO
Atlantic-Congo.BAKA 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.ELE
KU
IBE
NG
E
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
TO
NG
O D
IBO
LE
Oto
man
guea
n.O
TOM
I DE
1776
Austronesian.TAHITIAN 18TH CENTURY
Indo-European.BAFFA PASHTO
Atlantic-Congo.GO
UNDO
Nakh-D
aghestanian.LEZGI
Tucanoan.SE
CO
YA 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.BU
JA M
ON
OG
O B
UM
BA
Bosavi.A
IME
LE
Indo-European.BRETON
Austronesian.KAYELI
Austronesian.KADATUA
Atlantic-C
ongo.NG
WI M
AT
EK
O K
ING
OLI
Indo-European.TOCHARIAN B
Atlantic-C
ongo.ITAN
GA
BO
MITA
BA
Uto-Aztecan.MAYO LOS CAPOMOS
Indo-European.SHINA KOHISTANI
Oto
man
guea
n.M
AN
GU
E
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
WA
YA
2
Austronesian.ILOKANO
Hei
bani
c.R
ER
E
Afro-A
siatic
.TARIF
IT B
ENI IZNASSEN
Ara
wak
an.W
AP
ISH
AN
A
Afro-A
siatic
.TAM
AJEQ
TAY
ART AIR
Austronesian.PANASUAN
Indo-European.KARAK PASHTO
Oto
man
guea
n.Z
AP
OT
EC
SIE
RR
A D
E J
UA
RE
Z
Austronesian.BUASI
Sepik.WOGAMUSIN
Car
iban
.MA
PO
YO
Austronesian.MUALANG
Atlantic-Congo.AHANTE
Sino-Tibetan.C
AN
TO
NE
SE
Austronesian.HALIA 2
Atlantic-Congo.KAN
A
Pan
o-Ta
cana
n.M
AT
IS
Austronesian.SAWAI UnnamedInSource
Atlantic-C
ongo.SIM
AA
3
Atlantic-Congo.NAWURI
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.KA
MA
NO
KA
FE
Austronesian.SASAK
Aust
roas
iatic
.RIA
NG
WH
ITE
STR
IPED
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.SO
NGUM
Austronesian.NUKURIA
Afro-A
siatic
.SIR
I
Austronesian.NIAS SOUTHERN
Atlantic-C
ongo.NK
ON
GH
O
Austronesian.MANADONESE
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.GU
HU
SA
MA
NE
Sino-T
ibetan.RA
UT
E
Austronesian.MARALANGO
Anim
.IPIK
O
Atlantic-Congo.O
RO
Sino-T
ibetan.DU
MI 2
Afro
-Asi
atic
.WES
TER
N N
EO A
RAM
AIC
Austronesian.BONFIAY
Tai-K
adai
.TA
I NO
NG
KH
AI
Gunwinyguan.WARAY
Sino-T
ibetan.TA
MA
NG
Austro
asia
tic.J
RU
Austronesian.MANOBO ATA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.T
AIT
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
AN
GW
E
Mirndi.DJINGILI
Mayan.IXIL CHAJUL
Austronesian.VAEAKAU TAUMAKO
Indo-European.PUNJABI MAJHI
Ndu.NGALA
Pan
o-Ta
cana
n.K
AT
UK
INA
PA
NO
Arauca
nian.M
APUDUNGUN 2
Sino-T
ibetan.R
GY
ALT
HA
NG
Cad
doan
.PA
WN
EE
Pama-Nyungan.KUNJEN
Austro
asia
tic.C
HONG
H
Kad
ugli-
Kro
ngo.
KE
IGA
Austronesian.TERNATE PASAR
Chocoan.E
PE
NA S
AIJA
Austronesian.MBAELELEA
Austronesian.KONDO
Atlantic-C
ongo.SO
ND
E K
YA
AN
ZA
Austronesian.GHARI
Nuclear Torricelli.SRENGE
Atlantic-C
ongo.NG
ELIM
A
Bosavi.K
AS
UA 2
Austronesian.MALAGASY FIANARANTSOA
Oto
man
guea
n.S
AN
JU
AN
CH
IQU
IHU
ITLA
N
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.DIMIR
Austronesian.BINA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KOSORONGTa
i-Kad
ai.T
A M
IT L
AH
A
Dagan.M
AIW
A GA
LEVA
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.B
LAG
AR
TE
RE
WE
NG
Atlantic-C
ongo.BU
SH
ON
G 1
Austro
asia
tic.D
AZHAI W
A
Atlantic-Congo.NGBAKA PENDI
Mayan.QANJOBAL SANTA EULALIA
Atlantic-C
ongo.KA
KO
BATO
UR
I
Tai-K
adai
.JU
DU
GE
LAO
Atlantic-C
ongo.MIS
SO
NG
Atlantic-C
ongo.MP
YE
MO
1
Atlantic-Congo.AO
MA
Indo-European.PORTUGUESE
Ong
ota.
ON
GO
TA
Atlantic-Congo.N
CO
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.NA
VA
JO
Austro
nesia
n.M
UNGGUI
Atlantic-Congo.FULFULDE ADAMAWA
Atlantic-Congo.AMO
Austro
nesia
n.AROP S
ISSANO
Indo-European.GREEK
Atlantic-C
ongo.PIN
YIN
Austro
nesia
n.PA
PORA
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL XILITLA
Austronesian.NALIK
Atlantic-C
ongo.BE
NG
E B
ATI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
IKE
RE
WE
Austronesian.DUSUN TEMPASUK
Pama-Nyungan.DARLING
Salishan.SPOKANE
Tucanoan.SIR
IAN
O 2
Indo-European.CHITRAL GUJARI
Miwok-Costanoan.MIWOK LAKE
Karanka
wa.KARANKAW
A
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.LE
ND
U N
JAW
DH
A
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.USU
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BIYOM
Eskimo-Aleut.YUPIK SIRENIK
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
WA
HIL
I SU
D
Atlantic-Congo.VAGALA
Austronesian.TUNJUNG
Indo-European.LATIN
Anim.M
AKAYAM
Austro
nesia
n.BONGGO
Songh
ay.T
ASAWAQ
Atlantic-Congo.NATIORO
Sino-T
ibetan.AN
GA
MI
Austronesian.BUTANGLU PAIWAN
Nambiquaran.SABANE
Pama-Nyungan.MANGGALILI
Ara
wan
.BA
NA
WA
Aust
roas
iatic
.HO
2S
ino-Tibetan.PU
TIA
N C
HIN
ES
E
Atlantic-Congo.SANGO
Austronesian.MANOBO DIBABAWON
Austro
nesia
n.BIA
K
Ijoid
.GB
AR
AIN
Atlantic-C
ongo.DU
MA
2
Atlantic-Congo.ATTIE
Indo-European.SLOVAK
Sino-T
ibetan.GA
RO
Turkic.T
ATAR
Indo-European.MANX
North Halmahera.TOBELO 2
Afro-A
siatic
.WUZLA
M
Indo-European.ASSAMESE
Sino-T
ibetan.SU
LUN
G
Sino-T
ibetan.PU
RO
IK
Fasu.FAS
U
Afro-A
siatic
.BACAM
A
Austronesian.SQULIQ ATAYAL
Austronesian.MALAGASY SOUTHERN BETSIMISARAKA ANTAISAKA VANGAINDRANO
Sino-T
ibetan.NO
CT
E
Pama-Nyungan.BIGAMBAL
Austronesian.MISOOL MAYA
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
LEK
E B
OM
ITAB
A
Austronesian.VATRATA SASAR
Mayan.HUASTEC VERACRUZ
Japonic.MIYAKO
Atlantic-C
ongo.SIE
NE
Atlantic-C
ongo.LEG
A
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SAN PEDRO JICORA
Austronesian.MATUKAR
Bangi Me.BAN
GI M
E
Nimboranic.NIM
BORAN 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.A60 G
UN
U
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL ATLIACA TIXTLA
Austro
nesian
.DEHU
Yukaghir.Y
UKAGHIR TUNDRA
Nuclear T
rans N
ew Guinea.K
EWA E
AST
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.S
HE
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
WA
HIL
I PE
MB
A
Tai-K
adai
.WU
DIN
G T
AI
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.B
AS
KE
TO
Atlantic-C
ongo.C10 G
AN
DO
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
LON
2
Austronesian.KWAI
Mixe-Zoque.SOTEAPAN ZOQUE
Austro
nesia
n.NANGGU
Kad
ugli-
Kro
ngo.
KA
DU
GLI
2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MOM
OLILI
Austronesian.TOKELAU
Austronesian.BIGA
Atlantic-Congo.GANANG
Elem
an.SE
PO
E
Atlantic-Congo.BARAMBU
Pano-Tacanan
.ES
E E
JJA
Nilo
tic.A
NY
UA
K
Afro
-Asi
atic
.GW
AGW
A
Hui
toto
an.H
UIT
OT
O M
INIC
A
Sino-T
ibetan.DH
AM
MA
I
Pano-Tacanan
.CA
VIN
EN
A 2
Austronesian.CHEKE HOLO
Indo-European.FRANS VLAAMS
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.GU
LA S
AR
A
Elem
an.OPA
O
Indo-European.EMILIANO CARPIGIANO
Abkhaz-Adyge.UBYKH
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
AM
BA
KE
NY
A
Austronesian.M
AGORI
Atlantic-Congo.KIM
Sepik.HEWA
Nilo
tic.A
CH
OLI
Tup
ian.
TE
MB
E
Austronesian.MENGGALA TULANG BAWANG LAMPUNG NYO
Sino-T
ibetan.KH
AM
TAK
ALE
Kxa.KUNG EKOKA
Dravidian.KURUMBA ALU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
AK
ON
DE
Atlantic-Congo.SH
ENI
Atlantic-C
ongo.SA
KA
TA K
IBA
I
Yanomamic.YANAM
Japonic.KUNINAKA MIYAKO
Sino-T
ibetan.DU
NG
MA
LI
Sino-Tibetan.H
EQ
ING
BA
I
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.C
HA
RA
Atlantic-C
ongo.KE
ME
ZUN
G
Mayan.CHICOMUCELTEC
Pama-Nyungan.NGARIGU
Hui
toto
an.H
UIT
OT
O M
IKA
Austronesia
n.WETAMUT D
ORIG
Afro-A
siatic
.FALI
BAGIR
A
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.UPPER PYRAMID DANI
Atlantic-C
ongo.TS
AA
NG
I
Atlantic-Congo.KUSAL
Austro
nesia
n.KURUDU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.T
AV
ETA
Austronesian.BAIKENO
Ara
wak
an.R
ES
IGA
RO
2
Maiduan.NE MAIDU
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ARAWUM
Atlantic-C
ongo.TE
KE
KO
MO
NO
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.MB
AY
Austro
nesia
n.ANSUS
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KARE
Sino-T
ibetan.RA
WA
NG
Lakes Plain.F
OA
U
Sino-T
ibetan.CH
IN T
HA
DO
Pama-Nyungan.DHUWAL
Mayan.WESTERN QUICHE MOMOSTENANGO
Mayan.SOUTHERN MAM SAN JUAN OSTUNCALCO
Sino-T
ibetan.JIR
EL
Nuclear Torricelli.YAU
Indo-European.CENTRAL AZAD KASHMIR GUJARI
Mayan.CHOL TILA
Austronesian.MAORI
Blu
e N
ile M
ao.H
OZO
Mande.JULA VEHICULAIRE
Atlantic-C
ongo.FAN
G
Ijoid
.OY
AK
IRI
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.NAKELepki-M
urkim.LEP
KI
Austronesian.IRARALAY IVATAN
Sepik.PIAME
Atlantic-Congo.TORO
Turkic.D
OLGAN
Sahaptian.NEZ PERCE
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.USINO
Austronesian.VARISI
Tuu.XOON NUEN
Pama-Nyungan.YOLNGUMATHA
Atlantic-C
ongo.KA
NIO
BO
MITA
BA
Austronesian.COASTAL KONJO
Indo-European.AGRA GUJARI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
AO
ND
E 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.MA
BA
LE
Atlantic-Congo.TSU
VADI
Kakua-Nukak.CACUA
Atlantic-Congo.MBELIME
Atlantic-C
ongo.PIN
ZI
Atlantic-C
ongo.YE
MB
A 1
Dravidian.PALIYAN
Ara
wak
an.A
PU
RIN
A
Austronesian.LELAK
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
MB
ILI
Indo-European.CROATIAN
Koi
aria
n.A
OM
IE
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
WIN
I 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.DIR
IKU
Atlantic-C
ongo.BE
EM
BE
Kam
sa.KA
MS
A
Sino-T
ibetan.PE
LA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.KAJ
AKSE
Sou
th B
ird's
Hea
d Fa
mily
.KO
KO
DA
KA
SU
WE
RI
Sino-Tibetan.T
UO
LUO
BA
I
Indo-European.HARBAN SHINA
Andaqui.ANDAQUI
Tucanoan.TATU
YO
Austro
asia
tic.M
ON N
ONG
DUU
Austronesian.SIRASIRA
Indo-European.RONDU SHINA
Oto
man
guea
n.M
IXT
EC
PE
NY
OLE
S
Atlantic-C
ongo.NYA
LI
Tungusic.EVEN
Tup
ian.
TAP
IRA
PE
Tai-K
adai
.YAY
Afro
-Asi
atic
.HER
TEVI
N
North Halmahera.PAGU
Taus
hiro
.TA
US
HIR
O
Afro-A
siatic
.PUTA
I
Tucanoan.KO
RE
GU
AJE
Oto
man
guea
n.IX
CA
TE
C
Diz
oid.
MA
JI
Tai-K
adai
.SO
UTH
ER
N D
ON
G
Afro-A
siatic
.FIG
UIG
Austronesian.BAURO
Indo-European.SANGISARI
Uto-Aztecan.SOUTHERN TEPEHUAN
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.CH
IPE
WY
AN
Chicham.JIVARO SHUAR
Uto-Aztecan.PIPIL
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
OU
TH
ER
N N
DE
BE
LE
Nuclear Torricelli.OLO LUMI
Nilo
tic.D
ATO
OG
A D
IALE
CT
3
Austronesia
n.NATI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.GEE
Z 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.WU
MB
VU
Indo-European.GILGIT SHINA
Atlantic-C
ongo.C80 S
HU
WA
Pama-Nyungan.GUUGU YIMIDHIR
Austronesian.CHRU
Mande.TENENGAKAN
Tai-K
adai
.LI B
AO
DIN
G
Austronesia
n.SOWA
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.EY
AK
Austronesian.KOLO BAWAH BAJAU
Austronesian.BILIAU
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.WASKIA
Austronesian.NGAJU BAAMANG
Austronesian.EMPLAWAS
Dravidian.KURUKH
Sino-T
ibetan.ZH
AB
A
Tup
ian.
ZO
E
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
MO
Austronesian.ALOR KALABAHI
Nilo
tic.M
AA
SA
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.KE
NS
WE
INS
EI
Nambiquaran.NAMBIKWARA
Wakashan.NOOTKA
Algic.OJIBWA EASTERN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.NAKAME
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
NJIA
NG
Nivkh.GILYAK SOUTH SAKHALIN
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.G
IRY
AM
A 2
Sino-T
ibetan.B
YA
NS
I
Austronesian.GESER
Austronesian.TAE
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.J
42 N
AN
DE
Atlantic-Congo.TAGBU
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.IMB
ON
GU
Atlantic-C
ongo.LOK
ELE
YE
PO
LOM
A
Austronesian.MARSHALLESE
Austronesian.TABULAHAN CAMPBELL
Pama-Nyungan.ALYAWARR ALYAWARA
Austronesian.MOKILESE
Atlantic-Congo.ABU
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
M
Cahuapanan.JEBERO
Austronesian.LUKEP
Austronesian.BADA INDONESIA
Bosavi.B
ED
AM
INI
Uto-Aztecan.HOPI
Austronesian.SAVU
Afro-A
siatic
.SIW
A BERBER
Atlantic-C
ongo.NK
IM
Siouan.LA
KH
OTA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
AG
UR
U
Japonic.KABIRA YAEYAMA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
OS
HI B
UN
JI
Tup
ian.
TU
PA
RI
Austronesian.SEPA INDONESIA
Nilo
tic.D
ON
GO
TON
O
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.NG
AM
BA
Y
Oto
man
guea
n.A
LOA
PA
M Z
AP
OT
EC
Austronesian.MUYUW
Atlantic-Congo.JIBU
Border.WAINA
Austronesian.NIUE
Atlantic-Congo.YOTI
Austronesian.MINIGIR
Nad
ahup
.YU
HU
P
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.IN
LAN
D T
AN
AIN
A
Austronesian.MARANAO
Kw
omta
ri-N
ai.K
WO
MTA
RI
Muniche.MUNICHI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.MA
NG
BU
TU
Western Daly.MANDA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ATEMPLE
Salishan.PUGET SALISH
Atlantic-C
ongo.NS
ELLE
Indo-European.VLACH
Left May.NIMO
Atlantic-C
ongo.C24 K
OY
O Z
WE
Austro
nesia
n.ARAW
E
Nuclear Torricelli.BRAGAT
Austronesia
n.MERLAV
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.BE
AV
ER
Siouan.D
AK
OTA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BO
ON
Atlantic-C
ongo.ETO
N
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BURUM MINDIK
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.L
AM
BY
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
A B
UTA
Nar
row
Tal
odi.D
EN
GE
BU
Aust
roas
iatic
.BU
MAN
G
Left May.NAKWI
Nakh-D
aghestanian.D
ARGWA
Nakh-D
aghestanian.TSEZ
Lakes Plain.TA
US
E
Tai-K
adai
.LA
LIU
MA
K
Iwaidjan Proper.AMURDAK
Indo-European.GREEK ROMANY
Afro-A
siat
ic.J
IMI
Yanomamic.YANOMAM
Salishan.OKANAGAN COLVILLE
Sino-T
ibetan.KO
NY
AK
Elem
an.SIV
IRI U
AR
IPI
Pama-Nyungan.DALWONGO
Dravidian.ABUJHMARIA
Car
iban
.IKP
EN
G
Tequistlatecan.HIGHLAND TEQUISTLATEC
Indo-European.ODIR KHOWAR
Indo-European.NORWEGIAN BOKMAAL
Indo-European.BAJAUR PASHTO
Uto-Aztecan.GUARIJIO
Austronesian.YABEM
Austronesian.MANDAR
Mixe-Zoque.SAYULA POPOLUCA
Tai-K
adai
.SH
UIQ
ING
SU
I
Austronesia
n.SOUTHEAST AMBRYM
TOAK
Austronesian.MORONENE TOKOTUA
Hm
ong-Mien.X
IAN
GX
I HM
ON
G
Gum
uz.G
UM
UZ
Aym
aran
.JA
QA
RU
2
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
MW
ALI 2
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BU
RU
NG
E
Sepik.YESSAN MAYO
Hui
toto
an.O
CA
INA
2
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.R
EG
I TA
NZ
AN
IA
Afro-A
siatic
.GHADAM
ES 2
Tai-K
adai
.TH
AI 2
Mayan.KICHE
Indo-European.HINDI
Pama-Nyungan.YANDRUWANDHA
Austronesian.SISIQA
Austronesian.SUNDANESE
Atlantic-Congo.ILU
E
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
AK
WA
ALU
A
Sino-T
ibetan.AP
ATA
NI
Arafundi.NANUBAE IMAM
ERI
Mande.LELE GUINEA
Austro
nesia
n.NEA
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
MILE
KE
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.LO
GO
Uto-Aztecan.COMANCHE
Austronesian.KEDANG
Indo-European.CHATORKHAND KHOWAR
Uto-Aztecan.YAQUI
Pomoan.POMO EASTERN
Tai-K
adai
.BU
YAN
G
Uto-Aztecan.NORTHERN PAIUTE BANNOCK
Austro
nesia
n.NUM
FOR
Austronesian.RAHAMBUU
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.MA
NG
BE
TU
2
Dravidian.BADAGA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.J
321
KIS
A
Austronesian.TALANG PADANG LAMPUNG API
Eskimo-Aleut.EAST GREENLANDIC
Giimbiyu.ERRE
Indo-European.ALBANIAN TOSK
Japonic.TOKYO JAPANESE
Nub
ian.
NU
BIA
N O
F D
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Atla
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-Con
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an.M
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Austronesian.MALAGASY TAIMORO
Atlantic-Congo.YALA
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East S
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ALA
Atlantic-C
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n.KAZUKURU
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asia
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Atla
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-Con
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.KA
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Atla
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L
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AK
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MG
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man
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-Con
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ibetan.DIM
AS
A
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A
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.GALA
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A MA
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Austro
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.ARTA
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-Con
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Tim
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n.AULUA
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.LA
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A
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scan
.PURHEPECHA
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Tim
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Koi
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.VAM
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-Con
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I
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Austronesian.SINAUNA
Afro-A
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.GERUM
A
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Atlantic-C
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EN
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n.NELEMW
A
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Sino-T
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Pauwasi.D
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Mayan.KICHEE SANTA MARIA CHIQUIMULA 1
Mande.BODUGUKAKAN
Mayan.MAM SAN RAFAEL PETZAL
Atlantic-Congo.FULFULDE MAASINA
Atlantic-C
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A
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-Asi
atic
.MAS
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.AM
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-Asi
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man
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ibetan.N
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TH
ER
N B
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Atlantic-C
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Oto
man
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.NA
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G S
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Nuclear Trans New Guinea.LANI
Atla
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-Con
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Salishan.SALISH STRAITS
Austronesian.LEHALURUP
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Atlantic-Congo.R
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-Con
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BU
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-Asi
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.BU
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.NA
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Pama-Nyungan.LAMALAMA INLAND
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GG
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aghestanian.B
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Man
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A
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-Asi
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.TS
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.LAT
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.HU
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Afro
-Asi
atic
.ME
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I
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Atlantic-C
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Nuclear Torricelli.YANGUM DEY
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n.Q
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MA
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Atlantic-C
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I
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Turkic.D
ARA GAZ KHORASANI 2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KINIAGEIMA
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n.Q
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AB
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RI
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B DABU
Angan.ANKAVE 2
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Indo-European.KOLAI SHINA
Nuclear T
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Tim
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anta
r.TEW
A D
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Oto
man
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7 BA
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A
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n.KW
AMERA YATUKWEY
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angu
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Austronesian.WEST KARA
Afro
-Asi
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.SYR
IAN
AR
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ong-Mien.P
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MW
U
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Indo-European.CATALAN 2
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iatic
.ABI
RPA
RA
MAH
ALI
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MIGABAC
Atlantic-Congo.TURKA
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Pama-Nyungan.YALARNNGA
Pomoan.KASHAYA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.MO
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IND
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Austronesian.MALAGASY TSIMIHETY
Austronesian.BUTMAS
Atla
ntic
-Con
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.CA
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O
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JI
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atic
.TU
RO
YO
Austronesian.GAURA NGGAURA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.SARUG
A
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G H
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atic
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MES
Atla
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IA
Mayan.CHONTAL TABASCO
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Nuclear Trans New Guinea.AM
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Austronesian.VATRATA
Atlantic-C
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Hui
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OT
O M
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.GO
EMAI
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Austronesia
n.WETAMUT
Turkic.A
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Indo-European.ITALIAN
Austronesian.DAYA LAMPUNG API
Atlantic-Congo.N
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P
Indo-European.SOFIA ERLI ROMANI
Pama-Nyungan.YAYGIR
Pahoturi.DIBO
LUG
Uralic.SOUTH SAAMI
Austro
asia
tic.B
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Oto
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ian.
ME
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Afro
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atic
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Austronesia
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A
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NG
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asia
tic.S
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BERI
Piawi.HARUAI
Etruscan.ETRUSCAN
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Sino-T
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U
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JAI
NTI
A
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nesian
.CEMUHI
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KA
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HA
Atlantic-C
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EN
YI
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Austronesian.WANUKAKA
Sino-Tibetan.JIA
NC
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AN
BA
I 2
Kw
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LAH
A
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Atlantic-C
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Mom
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MELO
MSC
H
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ibetan.RIA
NG
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Eastern Trans-Fly.WIPI D
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I
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BU
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E
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aghestanian.B
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Ath
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k-T
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HO
Afro-A
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.KABYLE
GREAT
ER KABYLI
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MANG
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Afro
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atic
.HA
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I
Austronesian.MALAY
Mande.WAN 2
North Halmahera.TABARU
Vilela.VILELA
Arauca
nian.R
ANQUELCHE
Austronesian.W
USI MANA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MID GRAND VALLEY DANI
Sino-Tibetan.F
UZ
HO
U C
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ES
E
Atlantic-Congo.FULFULDE
Austronesian.BUNAMA
Austronesian.DOBEL
Western Daly.MARITYABEN
Sentanic.D
EM
TA
Atlantic-C
ongo.RU
UM
BU
KIM
WA
AN
SA
Que
chua
n.Q
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CH
UA
PA
STA
ZA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MP
UT
3
Oto
man
guea
n.PA
ME
DE
JILI
APAN
195
8
Wakashan.KWAKWALA
Turkic.S
ALAR
Atlantic-Congo.FALI
Nuclear Torricelli.ARO
Sur
mic
.KW
EG
U
Mande.SOUTHERN BOBO MADARE
Austronesian.BUHI
Nilo
tic.C
AM
US
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.M
UNIT
Oto
man
guea
n.M
IXT
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CH
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UC
O
Austro
nesia
n.W
ANDAMEN
Austro
asia
tic.W
A 2
Ain
u.A
INU
RA
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ISH
KA
Austronesian.MALAGASY ANTANKARANA
Afro
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atic
.CAI
RO
AR
ABIC
Austronesian.FORTSENAL
Austronesian.ULAWA SAA
Que
chua
n.Q
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UA
YA
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OS
HO
NG
OS
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adai
.TA
I CH
IEN
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AI
Nuclear T
rans N
ew Guinea.H
ULI HOLE
Atlantic-Congo.M
AMBILA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.RERAU
Austronesian.LAMPUNG NYO MELINTING
Austro
asia
tic.J
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Algic.WAMPANOAG NATICK
Austronesian.TEMUAN
Austro
nesia
n.KURI
Oto
man
guea
n.O
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N Z
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.MAN
G
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ibetan.NA
GA
AO
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Austronesian.NGINIA GHARI
Austronesian.INDONESIAN BAJAU
Atlantic-C
ongo.B85d T
SO
NG
Hm
ong-Mien.P
A H
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Indo-European.SELICE ROMANI
Totonacan.TOTONAC COATEPEC
Que
chua
n.IN
GA
PU
TU
MAY
O
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ongo.YA
NZ
3
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atic
.RE
ND
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Dogon.NYAMBEENGGE 1
Yanomamic.YANAM 2
Indo-European.KOHISTANI INDUS
Afro
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atic
.KO
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O
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Austronesian.TALUTI
Atlantic-C
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I DIB
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Atlantic-Congo.NZAKARA
Austronesian.NAGA
Atlantic-C
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A A
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MA
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Pama-Nyungan.YIR YORONT
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.AK
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A
Austronesian.AROSI TAWATANA
Atla
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Austronesian.BILEKI NAKANAI
Mongolic.MOGHOL
Turkic.C
HARAM SARJAM KHORASANI
Mayan.MAM SAN MARTIN SACATEPEQUEZ
Indo-European.OLD PRUSSIAN
Aust
roas
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.KH
MU
2
Austronesian.TAIOF
Lower Sepik-R
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IKAREW
MAKAR
UB
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ALA
Atlantic-Congo.M
BULA N
IGER
IA
Austronesia
n.SOUTHW
EST TANNA
IKIYAU
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Indo-European.HUNGARIAN VEND ROMANI
Nakh-D
aghestanian.AVAR H
ID
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.T
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KA
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Eskimo-Aleut.INUPIAQ
Austronesia
n.NESE
Sino-T
ibetan.K
YIR
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G
Atlantic-Congo.BOKI
Indo-European.LOVARA ROMANI
Austronesian.MANSAKAAustronesian.TAUSUG
Nuclear Trans N
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TO
MK
A M
UY
U
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Atlantic-Congo.NYANKPA
Sino-T
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IBE
TAN
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EN
Pama-Nyungan.NGAANYATJARRA
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Mande.KOYAGAKAN
Tai-K
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.PO
AI
Austronesian.CEBUANO
Atlantic-Congo.KO
HU
MO
NO
Indo-European.NATANZI
Atlantic-C
ongo.YIP
UN
U
Que
chua
n.P
UN
O C
ITY
Mayan.TZUTUJIL WESTERN
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL HUEYAPAN TETELA DEL VOLCAN
Austronesia
n.UNUA
Atlantic-Congo.U
KWA
Austro
nesia
n.SUNGLI
K LIH
IR
Sino-T
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ER
DU
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EN
Mande.FOLOKAKAN
Atlantic-C
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KA
Indo-European.SHIMSAL WAKHI
Atlantic-C
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OM
BA
Aust
rone
sian
.EN
GG
ANO
Afro
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atic
.GEE
Z
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SE
DZ
O
Austronesia
n.BURMBAR LEPAXSIV
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Uralic.VEPS
Siouan.K
AN
SA
Austronesian.IDAAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.B25 K
OTA
2
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ARKAJ
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL ACATLAN
Kxa.JUHOAN
Austronesian.TOLAKI MEKONGGA
Kom
an.L
AN
GA
Atla
ntic
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go.S
OT
HO
SU
D
Atla
ntic
-Con
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ALI
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A
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Mixe-Zoque.OLUTA POPOLUCA
Austro
asia
tic.J
AHAI
Ijoid
.FU
RU
PA
GH
A
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Eastern Trans-Fly.WIPI W
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IE
Atlantic-C
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Atlantic-C
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Afro-A
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.TAM
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Indo-European.DASHKIN SHINA
Afro
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atic
.HA
DIY
YA 2
Austronesian.NORTHERN ROGLAI
Salishan.LILLOOET
Pan
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Sko.SUM
ARAR
U
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Cen
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Sud
anic
.GO
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.DEA
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Ijoid
.KA
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AR
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aghestanian.B
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ING
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Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
EN
A 2
Austronesian.SINGHI
Atlantic-Congo.VU
TE YOKO
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
UN
DU
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
UN
DA
Sur
mic
.ZIL
MA
MU
Nimboranic.M
EKWEI M
ARIBU
Austronesian.BILAAN KORONADAL
Austronesian.POHNPEIAN
Austronesian.CENTRAL TAGBANWA
Sino-T
ibetan.AC
HA
NG
Indo-European.GURBET ROMANI
Afro-A
siatic
.MBURKU
Austronesia
n.LEWO N
UL
Austro
asia
tic.K
ASONG
Pama-Nyungan.DJAPU
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
ON
GA
2
Atlantic-Congo.EN
WAN
G
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
AG
ULU
Atlantic-C
ongo.EW
ON
DO
3
Atlantic-C
ongo.OY
UO
MI T
CH
ER
RE
Baining.MALI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.B
EM
BA
1
Indo-European.BROK SKAD
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
44 N
DE
BE
LE Z
IMB
AB
WE
Oto
man
guea
n.O
TOM
I TEM
OAY
A
Indo-European.KONKANI
Afro-A
siatic
.GHO
MARA
Bulaka River.JABSC
H
Nilo
tic.N
AN
DI 2
Sino-T
ibetan.XID
E
Austronesia
n.MALFAXAL
Yaru
ro.Y
AR
UR
O
Sino-T
ibetan.QIA
NG
YA
DU
Totonacan.PAPANTLA TOTONAC
Bulaka River.YELM
EK
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.TANI
Atlantic-Congo.TUWULI
Ndu.HANGA HUNDI
Austronesian.TSAT
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.NANKINA
Austronesian.MANGAP
Berta.WETAWIT
Ara
wak
an.A
SH
EN
INK
A P
AJO
NA
L
Atlantic-C
ongo.LON
TO
MB
A
Afro-A
siatic
.TAM
AHAQ T
AHAGG
ART
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.Z
IGU
LA
Cof
an.C
OFA
N
Dogon.DOGON TORO TEGU NEMGUENE
Indo-European.RUSSIAN
Mande.TUDUGUKAKAN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.DANARU
Sino-T
ibetan.YA
KH
A
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
WA
HIL
I MV
ITA
Indo-European.KALAMI
Austronesian.KAHUA
Indo-European.SHUGHNI
Austronesia
n.NORTH E
FATE SIV
IRI
Worrorran.UNGGUMI
Sino-T
ibetan.TAN
GU
T
Austronesian.KANOWIT
Atlantic-C
ongo.PO
MO
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.H
AM
AP
Oto
man
guea
n.M
IXT
EC
O D
E Y
OS
ON
DU
A
Sur
mic
.TIR
MA
Austronesian.IA
MALELE
Nyi
man
g.A
FIT
TI
Indo-European.VALENCIAN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SYR
IAC
Pama-Nyungan.LENINGITIJ
Afro-A
siatic
.PODOKO
Austronesian.NORTHERN SORSOGON
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.PAYNAMAR
Kom
an.C
EN
TRA
L K
OM
A
Pama-Nyungan.GOBABINGO
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AM
HAR
IC 2
Afro
-Asi
atic
.UG
AR
ITIC
Afro-A
siatic
.DERA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.H
AY
A
Austronesian.MALAGASY ANATANKARANA VOHEMAR
Tai-K
adai
.KA
M Z
HA
NG
LU
Afro-A
siat
ic.R
ON
MO
NG
UN
A
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.P
AR
E 2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BAIM
AK
Tungusic.NEGIDAL
Austronesian.LANGALANGA
Angan.KAWACHA
Elem
an.OR
OK
OLO
Austronesian.ITNEG BINONGAN
Man
ubar
an.D
ORO
MU
Atlantic-C
ongo.TU
MB
WE
Austronesian.NGADHA
Austronesian.ALOR BARAHUSA KABIR
Atlantic-C
ongo.L22 MB
AG
AN
I
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.D
OE
2
Uto-Aztecan.LOWER PIMA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
HIM
AO
RE
Siouan.Q
UA
PA
W
Sino-T
ibetan.NIS
HIN
G
Mangarrayi-Maran.MARA
Austronesian.MONO
Hm
ong-Mien.H
UA
NG
LUO
BU
NU
Pama-Nyungan.GUGU BUJUN
Kad
ugli-
Kro
ngo.
MIR
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.LUM
BU
2
Sino-T
ibetan.LISU
Indo-European.HADOTI
Mande.MWAN
Nivkh.GILYAK WEST SAKHALIN
Indo-European.MALDIVIAN
Oto
man
guea
n.PA
ME
DE
PALU
CA
1958
Austronesian.KUBU
Austronesian.SIKA
Sino-T
ibetan.KA
RE
N S
GA
W
Austronesian.DAA
Austronesian.LARA
Austronesian.BALANGINGI SAMA
Austronesia
n.AXAMB AVOK
Mixe-Zoque.AYUTLA MIXE
Tai-K
adai
.WH
ITE
TH
AI
Atlantic-Congo.GALKE
Indo-European.YASIN WAKHI
Dagan.U
MA
NA
KA
INA G
WO
IDE
N
Atlantic-Congo.IIGAU
Austronesian.BALAESANG
Austro
nesia
n.AM
ARA
Indo-European.CHERAT PASHTO
Austronesian.MALAGASY SAKALAVA 2
Atlantic-Congo.LARTEH
Atlantic-C
ongo.WU
SH
I
Nuclear Torricelli.KUKWO
Afro
-Asi
atic
.LIB
IDO
Austronesian.MALAGASY BARA BETROKA
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
AM
AN
G
Austronesian.BAROO BAURO
Atlantic-Congo.GABU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
INY
AR
WA
ND
A
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.CA
RR
IER
Tai-K
adai
.NIN
GM
ING
YO
NG
NA
N Z
HU
AN
G
Austronesian.KEO
Nakh-D
aghestanian.AVAR K
USUR
Austronesian.BILUR
Tai-K
adai
.ZH
AN
GLU
DO
NG
Tai-K
adai
.SU
I
Austronesian.MOLBOG 2
Oto
man
guea
n.P
OP
OLO
CA
DE
SA
N V
ICE
NT
E C
OY
OT
EP
EC
Dravidian.TAMIL
Ain
u.A
INU
NA
YO
RO
Atlantic-C
ongo.LEG
A S
HA
BU
ND
A
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AFA
R
Atlantic-C
ongo.TE
KE
BO
UN
DJIA
tlantic-Congo.A
GH
EM
WU
M
Yanomamic.SHIRISHANA
Austronesian.KATAZI BABATANA
Atlantic-Congo.LE
LA
Mande.BUSA NIGERIA
Atlantic-C
ongo.C80 M
BIN
GI
Austronesia
n.DIX
ON REEF 1
Austronesian.MODANG
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
TA
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.M
ALE
ETH
IOP
IA
Atlantic-C
ongo.SA
KA
TA K
ES
HA
Mayan.TZELTAL OXCHUC
Afro-A
siatic
.MADA C
AMEROON
Kutenai.KUTENAI
Atlantic-C
ongo.L32 KA
NY
OK
1
Pama-Nyungan.KALKUTUNG
Atlantic-C
ongo.NS
EJA
U
Afro-A
siatic
.GAANDA
Austronesian.RAPA NUI
Atlantic-C
ongo.TE
KE
NT
YO
2
Austronesian.KOO TALISE
Mayan.EASTERN KEKCHI CAHABON
Austronesian.TATABA MARINGE CHEKE HOLO
Suki-G
ogodala.GO
GO
DA
LA AD
IBA
Turkic.T
UVAN
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.M
OC
HA
Austronesia
n.URIPIV
Japonic.NISHIHARA MIYAKO
Oto
man
guea
n.C
OA
TLA
N L
OX
ICH
A Z
AP
OT
EC
Atlantic-Congo.EPIE
Afro
-Asi
atic
.KW
AD
ZA
Oto
man
guea
n.M
IXT
EC
ALC
OZ
AU
CA
Atlantic-Congo.NDUT FALOR
Nuclear Torricelli.HEYO
Austronesian.FUTUNA EAST
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
GH
WE
LE
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
E B
UK
WO
K
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.H
UN
DE
Austronesian.SEDOA
Hm
ong-Mien.N
UM
AO
BU
NU
Sino-Tibetan.H
AIN
AN
MIN
NA
N C
HIN
ES
E
Gua
mo.
GU
AM
O
Burushaski.UYUM NAGAR BURUSHASKI
Sino-T
ibetan.WA
LING
Austronesian.MALAGASY ANTAISAKA
Austro
nesia
n.IR
ESIM
Atlantic-C
ongo.TE
TE
LA Y
YO
ND
O
Tai-K
adai
.HO
NG
FE
NG
GE
LAO
Austronesian.TAJE TANAMPEDAGI
Pano-Tacanan
.HU
AR
IAP
AN
O
Austro
asia
tic.N
GE
Ara
wak
an.R
ES
IGA
RO
Nihali.N
IHALI
Austronesian.MEHALAAN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MINDIK
Ain
u.A
INU
MA
OK
A
Tai-K
adai
.SA
EK
3
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
WA
HIL
I VU
MB
A
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.HUBE
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BAU
Austronesian.BARIAI
Nilo
tic.N
YAN
GAT
OM
2
Austronesian.SOMA
Atlantic-Congo.IGBO ONITSHA
Pama-Nyungan.CAMBERRA LANGUAGE
Austronesian.TUVALUAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
A B
AB
AN
DA
Tuu.XOON
Anson Bay.WADYGINY
Atlantic-Congo.ZIR
IYA
Atlantic-Congo.FONGBE
Border.DAONDA
Tai-K
adai
.GU
IGA
NG
CE
NTR
AL
HO
NG
SH
UIH
E Z
HU
AN
G
Gua
hibo
an.P
LAY
ER
OT
upia
n.TA
PIE
TE
Austronesian.BUGHOTU
Oto
man
guea
n.C
HIA
PAN
EC
Austronesian.BUTLEH
Austronesian.YOBA
Fulnio.FULNIO
Mayan.MOCHO
Ara
wak
an.K
INIK
INA
U
Atlantic-C
ongo.LIBO
BI
Mayan.MAM TODOS SANTOS CUCHUMATAN 3
Tai-K
adai
.YU
AN
JIA
NG
TA
I
Austronesian.SINAUGORO
Car
iban
.AK
AW
AIO
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.TT
SA
KW
AM
BO
Austronesian.MATO
Atlantic-Congo.BETE GUIBEROUA
Austronesian.TALUTI LAIMU
Miwok-Costanoan.CENTRAL SIERRA MIWOK
Chibchan.B
RIB
RI
Pama-Nyungan.YINDJIBARNDI
Ijoid
.OK
RIK
A
Mayan.KICHEE CANTEL
Austronesian.MALAGASY TANOSY TOLAGNARO
Sino-Tibetan.Q
ILIQIA
O B
AI 2
Austronesia
n.BIE
RIA V
OVO
Aust
roas
iatic
.CAR
Austronesian.SEGAI
Atlantic-Congo.NCHUMURU
Algic.PASSAMAQUODDY MALISEET UnnamedInSource
Indo-European.HANGU PASHTO
Atlantic-C
ongo.C36d LIN
GA
LA 2
Nuclear T
rans N
ew Guinea.P
OLE
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
ALA
NH
U
Afro-A
siatic
.DABA
Tup
ian.
AM
ON
DA
VA
Austronesian.DUHTU TSOU
Mayan.POQOMCHI WESTERNMayan.POCOMAM EASTERN
Austronesian.BISAYA SABAH
Nakh-D
aghestanian.AVAR B
ATLUKH
Indo-European.HITTITE
Atlantic-C
ongo.PO
L
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.GANGLAU
Indo-European.SOUTHERN HAZARA GUJARI
Atlantic-C
ongo.UM
BU
ND
U 2
Indo-European.GREEK ANCIENT
Afro
-Asi
atic
.OG
ADEN
AR
ABIC
Austronesian.TUAM
Atlantic-Congo.MANKANYAMongolic.TACHENG DAGUR
Austronesian.DUSUN DEYAH
Turama-K
ikori.OM
ATI
Pan
o-Ta
cana
n.K
ULI
NA
PA
NO
Austronesian.FUTUNA
Atlantic-Congo.AD
IOU
KRO
U
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.R
WA
ND
A K
IGO
YI
Ara
wak
an.A
SH
EN
INK
A
Aust
roas
iatic
.MU
ND
ARI 2
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.A
BU
I
Sino-T
ibetan.CH
EP
AN
G
Austronesian.LALA
Sino-T
ibetan.LO
WA
Tai-K
adai
.TA
I KH
UE
N
Austronesian.BONFIA
Austronesian.M
ADAK
Austronesia
n.NORTH AMBRYM FONAH
Tonkawa.TONKAWA
Mayan.EASTERN QUICHE RABINAL
Austronesia
n.BALUAN P
AM
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
U
Ara
wak
an.P
ALI
KU
R
Kun
ama.
ILIT
Austronesian.TETUN
Atlantic-Congo.BALI NIGERIA
Kakua-Nukak.KAKUA
Indo-European.BHATTIYALI
Atlantic-Congo.SISAALA WESTERN
Atlantic-Congo.SHALL
Mayan.KICHEE SAN ANTONIO ILOTENANGO
Austronesian.ARIBWATSA
Indo-European.DANG
Austronesia
n.SOUTH E
FATE ERAKOR
Indo-European.FAROESE
Austronesia
n.LIKUM
Austronesian.LAMPUNG NYO ABUNG KOTABUMI
Atlantic-C
ongo.MO
DE
LE
Matacoan.MACA
Tup
ian.
SA
TE
RE
MA
WE
Uto-Aztecan.TUBATULABAL
Austronesian.PAIWAN
Yawa.AR
IEPI
Sou
th O
mot
ic.A
RI
Austronesian.CHAM WESTERN
Austronesian.LAU
Indo-European.NORTHERN AZAD KASHMIR GUJARI
Mande.KPELLE GUINEA
Austronesian.TONSAWANG
Nakh-D
aghestanian.M
IKRAKH LEZGI
Atlantic-Congo.AKUNNU
Atlantic-C
ongo.MA
SH
I NIG
ER
IA
Khoe-Kwadi.GWI
Atlantic-Congo.BIAFADA
Atlantic-C
ongo.NC
AN
E
Austronesian.YAKAIKEKE
Indo-European.BALAKOT HINDKO
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
NG
ILI 2
Austro
nesia
n.TUM
LEO 2
Mayan.TZUTUJIL SAN JUAN LA LAGUNA
Salishan.KALISPEL PEND DOREILLE
Algic.ALGONQUIN
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.AUYAN
A
Nuc
lear
Tra
ns N
ew G
uine
a.K
ETE
NG
BA
N B
IME
Turkic.C
HAGATAI
Austronesian.KAIRIRU
Mab
an.M
AB
A C
HA
D
Tup
ian.
WA
YA
MP
I
Kuliak
.IK 2
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
WA
NI
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.TAN
GK
OTup
ian.
EM
ER
ILLO
N
Austronesian.DAWAWA
Pama-Nyungan.ARABANA
Gunwinyguan.GUNWINGGU KUNE
Cochimi-Yuman.TIPAI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.NIG
ERIA
N A
RAB
IC
Austro
nesia
n.PAPUM
A
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.ND
OK
A
Mayan.TZOTZIL SAN ANDRES
Austronesian.WABHULA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
GU
LU
North Halmahera.TIDORE
Afro
-Asi
atic
.IRA
QW
Lakes Plain.K
IRIK
IRI
Sino-T
ibetan.JER
UN
G
Atlantic-C
ongo.EH
O M
BO
Pama-Nyungan.YIDINY
Atlantic-Congo.KAMARA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.MAS
ANA
POG
O
Ijoid
.OP
OR
OM
O
Austronesian.KANAKANABU
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.BIN
AN
DE
RE
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
ED
E 2
Austronesian.PAZEH
Tucanoan.TAN
IMU
CA
Huarp
ean.
ALLENTIA
C
Austronesian.SELAYAR
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.C
EW
A
Mande.JERI KUO
Austro
asia
tic.L
AMPA
NG
LAM
ET
East S
trickland.KU
BO
Afro
-Asi
atic
.CLA
SSIC
AL S
YRIA
C
Gunwinyguan.NGALAKAN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.XA
MTA
NG
A 2
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AM
HAR
ICAtlantic-Congo.SH
AU
Hei
bani
c.S
HIR
UM
BA
Nilo
tic.M
ON
DA
RI
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
AR
GE
NT
INA
Pama-Nyungan.DYANGADI
Anim
.BE
GU
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
MA
NO
RD
SA
IO
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MORESADA
Austronesian.RAWO
Austro
asia
tic.B
RU
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.FO
RM
ON
A
Indo-European.MANSEHRA HINDKO
Abkhaz-Adyge.ADYGHE
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.SA
WU
J
Austronesian.BAJAU WEST COAST
Sino-T
ibetan.JING
PH
O 2
Afro
-Asi
atic
.PEV
E LA
ME
Austronesian.VALPEI H
UKUA
Atlantic-C
ongo.ZA
MB
A
Atlantic-Congo.NDUN
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
AM
AN
G L
ETL
EY
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
40T
EM
BA
Mayan.MAM SANTA BARBARA
Mayan.WESTERN QUICHE TOTONICAPAN
Piawi.PINAI HAGAHAI PINAI 1
Atlantic-C
ongo.KE
AK
A
Austronesian.LAKARAMBA BAJAU
Austronesian.MORO MAGINDANAU
Austronesian.MASIWANG
Austronesian.KUPANG MALAY
Atlantic-C
ongo.KA
NIN
GI
Indo-European.WESTERN PANJABI SHAHPUR
Greater Kwerba.SAM
AROKENA TO
MAYOR
asha
d.O
RIG
Goilalan.FU
YU
G G
AG
AG
RA
Atlantic-Congo.RANG
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SO
MR
AI
Austronesian.DAMBI
Anim
.TAO
SU
AM
ATO
Dravidian.KUVI
Austronesian.IBANAG
Barbacoan.C
OLO
RA
DO
Austronesian.NENGAYA
Mirndi.GUDANJI
Khoe-Kwadi.KWADI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.MV
UB
A
Nuclear Torricelli.YAMPES
Car
iban
.CA
RIJ
ON
A 2
Afro-A
siatic
.MUSG
U B
Austro
nesia
n.AYIW
O
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
SU
MI
Tai-K
adai
.YAY
2
Pan
o-Ta
cana
n.Y
AM
INA
WA
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
AS
A 2
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.T
HE
MB
U
Atlantic-Congo.G
AMO
NIN
GI
Austronesian.SOUTH ISLAND MAORI
Mixe-Zoque.ZOQUE RAYON
Aym
aran
.JA
QA
RU
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
AM
BA
1
Mayan.KICHEE TOTONICAPAN 1
Afro-A
siatic
.TAM
AZIGHT
CENTRAL ATLA
S AYT
IZDEG
Austronesian.CAMPALAGIAN
Indo-European.PAHARI MAHASU
Pae
z.P
AE
Z
Hei
bani
c.U
TOR
O
Sino-T
ibetan.MA
GA
R 2
Tup
ian.
AS
UR
INI X
ING
U
Inan
wat
an.IN
AN
WAT
AN
Indo-European.DARAI
Sino-T
ibetan.CH
HIN
TAN
GE
Cochimi-Yuman.MOHAVE
Atlantic-C
ongo.ETO
N C
AM
ER
OO
N
Sko.RAM
O
Tai-K
adai
.TH
AI
Atlantic-Congo.MBRENakh
-Daghesta
nian.SANZHI D
ARGI
Indo-European.NORTH FRISIAN AMRUM
Afro
-Asi
atic
.WE
RIZ
E
Austronesian.MAGA RUKAI
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
ALA
5
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.X
HO
SA
2
Sino-T
ibetan.KIN
NA
UR
I
Uto-Aztecan.TUBAR
Sino-T
ibetan.KA
MA
N
Tungusic.HEZHE
Indo-European.INDUS KOHISTANI
Austronesian.WARU LALOMERUI
Turkic.J
ONK KHORASANI
Austronesian.IVASAY IVATAN
Austronesian.CENTRAL BONTOC
Ara
wak
an.IS
LAN
D C
AR
IB
Hui
toto
an.H
UIT
OT
O N
IPO
DE
Pama-Nyungan.MBABARAM
Sino-T
ibetan.TH
AN
GM
I
Dravidian.TELUGU 2
Sino-T
ibetan.HE
DIA
NB
AI
Nuclear Torricelli.OLO ERETEI
Indo-European.DOMAAKI
Mixe-Zoque.MARIA CHIMALAPA
Sentanic.TA
BLA
W
Austronesian.WEJEWA
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL CUATLAMAYAN ANTONIO SANTOS
Austro
asia
tic.P
EAR B
Jarrakan.MIRIWUNG
Atlantic-Congo.DAGBANI
Austronesia
n.NAMAKURA M
AKURA
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.SU
EN
A
Songh
ay.D
JENNE C
HIINI
Indo-European.MINGORA PASHTO
Austronesia
n.SURU KAVIAN APMATi
mor
-Alo
r-Pa
ntar
.WES
TER
N P
ANTA
R
Oto
man
guea
n.Z
AP
OT
EC
ZO
OG
OC
HO
Austronesian.BILBIL
Austronesian.SKIKUN ATAYAL
Tai-K
adai
.PH
O B
AN
G G
ELA
O
Austronesian.MANOBO SARANGANI
Teberan.DA
RIB
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.TIE
NE
3
Austronesian.ISKUBUN
Afro-A
siatic
.MW
AGHAV
UL
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
HU
AN
CA
HU
AYC
HA
Atlantic-Congo.ADELE
Tai-K
adai
.ON
G B
E
Atlantic-C
ongo.SO
NG
OLA
KA
SE
NG
A
Sino-T
ibetan.C
HA
NT
YA
L
Eastern Trans-Fly.WIPI G
AMAEW
E
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
OM
FO
LI
Oto
man
guea
n.TE
MAS
CAL
CIN
GO
MAZ
AHU
A
Kre
sh-A
ja.G
BA
YA
Great A
ndamanese.A
KA KEDE
Atlantic-Congo.DIOLA
Austronesian.ADZERA
Cad
doan
.KIT
SA
I
Austronesian.DONDO
Austronesian.PALAUAN
Pama-Nyungan.DJINANG
Afro
-Asi
atic
.YEM
EN S
ANAA
NI A
RAB
IC
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
YA
UY
OS
TA
NA
Pano-Tacanan
.CA
SH
IBO
Indo-European.TANGIR SHINA
Salishan.STOLO
Austronesian.IBALOI
Sino-Tibetan.H
AK
KA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.L
35
SA
NG
A
Afro-A
siat
ic.D
UH
WA
Austronesian.TIANG
Atlantic-Congo.SIWU
Indo-European.KANDAHAR PASHTO
Afro-A
siatic
.ZENAG
A
Chicham.SHUAR
Uto-Aztecan.PIMA BAJO
Austronesian.KAVALAN
Timor-Alor-Pantar.ABUI TAKALELANG
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL CHICONTEPEC
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.SAUSI
Austronesian.PUKAPUKA
Indo-European.AVESTAN
Mayan.KICHEE CUNEN 2
Tup
ian.
MA
KU
RA
P
Car
iban
.KU
IKU
RO
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AR
GO
BBA
Atlantic-Congo.R
INZE
Atlantic-Congo.SERER SINE
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BEPOUR
Austronesian.PAKU
Chocoan.E
MB
ER
A NO
RTH
ER
N
Austronesia
n.PAK T
ONG
Nakh-D
aghestanian.IN
GUSH
Pama-Nyungan.DYIRBAL
Chukotko-Kamchatkan.KORYAK
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.G
IRAWA
Atlantic-C
ongo.NN
INO
NG
Austronesia
n.BAETORA
Austro
asia
tic.X
IYU
N W
A
Papi.PAUPE
Jodi-Saliban.Y
UW
AN
A
Afro-A
siatic
.TAM
AZIGHT
CENTRAL ATLA
S AYT
NDHIR
Sko.TUMAW
O
Nilo
tic.L
UO
Austronesian.MURUNG SIANG
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BO
NGU
Tai-K
adai
.XIA
NA
N M
AO
NA
N
Atlantic-C
ongo.AM
BE
LE 2
Matacoan.WICHI LHAMTES GUISNAY
Angan.ANGAATAHA
Tup
ian.
MO
ND
E
Austronesian.POLEO TALISE
Que
chua
n.Q
UIC
HU
A C
OTO
PAX
I PA
PAU
RC
O
Uto-Aztecan.UPPER PIMA
Yawa.KO
NTI U
NAI
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.GAD
SUP
Oto
man
guea
n.C
HIN
AN
TE
C S
AN
FE
LIP
E U
SIL
A
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.LE
ND
U D
DR
AD
HA
Atlantic-Congo.NGBAKA GILIMA
Indo-European.CHITWAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
NE
KA
Tucanoan.CU
BE
OC
hibchan.TUN
EB
O
Austronesian.TARA
Sino-T
ibetan.DE
UR
I
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SO
QO
TRI 2
Austronesian.MONGONDOW
Austronesian.TOLO
Yeli Dnye.Y
ELE
TNY
E
Atlantic-Congo.ETEBI
Kat
la-T
ima.
TIM
A
Hm
ong-Mien.D
AH
UA
BU
NU
Austronesian.MAMANWA
Uralic.KOMI ZYRIAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.B871 M
PIIN
2
Nuclear Torricelli.ABU ARAPESH
Yawa.SAR
AWAN
DO
RI
Austronesian.LASALIMU
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KOGUMAN
Austronesian.MANDAYAN CARAGA
Afro-A
siatic
.PERO
Oto
man
guea
n.TA
MAS
OPO
PAM
E
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.SAEP
Atlantic-C
ongo.GIS
IRA
Austro
nesia
n.AM
BAI
Wes
t Bom
bera
i.MB
AH
AM
Atlantic-Congo.LONGUDA
Atlantic-Congo.NUPE
East S
trickland.HO
NIB
O
Austronesian.PONDOK
Nuclear Torricelli.WAM
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
EN
GA
CH
AM
A
Pauwasi.TO
WEI
Pama-Nyungan.KERAMIN
Tai-K
adai
.JIA
MA
O
Atlantic-C
ongo.L21 KE
TE
IPILA
North Halmahera.SABALE
Austro
asia
tic.P
EAR
Sino-T
ibetan.KA
RE
N P
AO
Sino-T
ibetan.QIA
NG
PU
XI
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
LIA N
SA
O
Atlantic-C
ongo.RO
R
Southern Daly.MURRINH PATHA 1
Chibchan.C
HIB
CH
A
Atlantic-Congo.KO
Totonacan.TOTONAC HIGHLAND
Austronesian.TAGBANUA ABORLAN
Austronesian.TUKANG BESI NORTHERN
Salishan.TILLAMOOK
Pano-Tacanan
.TAC
AN
A
Ara
wak
an.P
AR
ES
I
Tup
ian.
GA
VIA
O D
O R
ON
DO
NIA
Sko.ISAKA
Austronesian.TUNGHO SAISIYAT
Great A
ndamanese.A
KA BEA
Indo-European.KASHMIRI
Chibchan.V
EN
EZU
ELA
N B
AR
I
Austronesian.GEDAGED 2
Indo-European.MOHMAND PASHTO
Aust
roas
iatic
.PAL
IU
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
MA
RA
M
Afro-A
siatic
.BO
LE
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.SA
RC
EE
Atlantic-Congo.PEERE
Mai
rasi
.ME
R
Afro
-Asi
atic
.GAW
WA
DA
2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MUGILAus
trone
sian.
MEOSW
AR
Sino-T
ibetan.JIND
UN
BA
I
Japonic.SHURI
Ara
wak
an.M
EH
INA
KU
Kayagaric.TAMAG
ARIO
Atlantic-Congo.U
SAKADE
Afro-A
siatic
.MUSG
U O
Mongolic.KHAMNIGAN MONGOL
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BIL
IN 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.BU
SH
ON
G 2
Indo-European.FRIULIAN
Pan
o-Ta
cana
n.Y
AW
AN
AW
A
Austronesian.AS
Ara
wak
an.W
AY
UU
Tai-K
adai
.NA
KH
E G
ELA
O
Austronesia
n.BIE
REBO BURUPIK
A
Sino-T
ibetan.LH
AS
A T
IBE
TAN
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.GO
LIN
Aust
roas
iatic
.PAC
HO
ND
OR
MAH
ALI
Indo-European.ROMAGNOL RAVENNATE
Kw
alean.MU
LAH
A MU
LAH
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
UM
I
Atlantic-Congo.NDOGO
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.Y
AO
1
Mande.SIAKAKAN
Austro
asia
tic.K
HMER
Atlantic-Congo.GBI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.ETH
IOPI
C
Atlantic-Congo.G
BUG
YAR
Austronesian.MALAGASY SAKALAVA VEZO TOLIARA
Atlantic-Congo.ALI
Austronesian.ARE
Austronesian.BUGAWAC
Indo-European.BERNESE GERMAN
Atlantic-Congo.LO
PA
Indo-European.TORWALI
Chibchan.B
AR
I CO
LUM
BIA
Pama-Nyungan.YANANGO
Austronesian.KAIDIPANG
Sino-T
ibetan.LAS
HI 2
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BO
RA
NA
OR
OM
O
Atlantic-C
ongo.KW
AN
GA
LI
Afro-A
siatic
.TERA P
IDLI
MDI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.LU
GB
AR
A
Dogon.DOGON BONDUM DOM
Austronesian.MALAGASY NORTHERN BETSIMISARAKA FENOARIVO EAST
Maningrida.DJEEBBANA
Mande.SAMO MATYA
Tai-K
adai
.LA
O
Oto
man
guea
n.LE
ALA
O C
HIN
AN
TE
C
Indo-European.SARDINIAN CAMPIDANESE
Austro
asia
tic.C
HENG
Oto
man
guea
n.O
TOM
I TO
LUC
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.ED
ZA
MA
DIB
OLE
Atlantic-C
ongo.DZ
ING
KA
AN
TS
A
Indo-European.SCOTS
Ain
u.A
INU
SA
RU
Tucanoan.WA
IMA
HA
2
Atlantic-C
ongo.MA
ZO
O
Mos
eten
-Chi
man
e.M
OS
ET
EN
Nar
row
Tal
odi.T
OC
HO
Tai-K
adai
.WU
MIN
G
Afro
-Asi
atic
.HAR
ARI 2
Wes
t Bom
bera
i.KA
RA
S
Aust
roas
iatic
.PAT
ICH
OR
A SA
NTA
LI
Indo-European.LITHUANIAN ROMANI
Sino-T
ibetan.LALO
Nuclear-M
acro-Je.APA
NIE
KR
A
Sino-T
ibetan.BU
GU
N
Left May.OWINIGA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.SINSAURU
Austronesian.POLONOMBAUK
Atlantic-Congo.IG
UTA
Pama-Nyungan.GURINDJI
Sino-T
ibetan.JINO
Nakh-D
aghestanian.A
RCHI 2
Chocoan.N
OR
THE
RN
EM
BE
RA
Austro
asia
tic.T
EMO
Q
Sino-T
ibetan.CA
IYU
AN
BIY
O
Atlantic-C
ongo.BATU
AN
WE
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.KO
YU
KO
N
Pauwasi.JAFI
Atlantic-C
ongo.B86 D
ZIN
G B
ISE
Y
Japonic.HATERUMA YAEYAMA
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
AYA
CU
CH
O
Nuc
lear
-Mac
ro-J
e.K
RE
NA
K
Nilo
tic.M
AB
AA
N
Austronesian.MARAU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.L
OM
WE
Burushaski.CENTRAL YASIN BURUSHASKI
Atlantic-C
ongo.HA
UT K
EN
YAN
G
Haida.HAIDA
Indo-European.KUMAUNI
Atlantic-Congo.MBANZA
Afr
o-A
siat
ic.M
OG
OG
OD
O
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.LO
MB
I
Eastern Trans-Fly.WIPI ABAM
Austronesian.QUEZON PALAWAN
Afro-A
siatic
.YIW
OM
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.OSUM
Atlantic-Congo.IKO
Atlantic-C
ongo.LING
OM
BE
Atlantic-Congo.ZAAM
BO
Diz
oid.
SH
EK
O
Austro
asia
tic.W
A
Atlantic-Congo.BWAMU
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
ELO
N P
RO
BU
R
Austronesia
n.WEST AMBAE
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL CUAMELC0 TIANGUISTENGO
Austro
nesian
.FA TIE
TA
Afro-A
siatic
.DGHW
EDE
Austronesia
n.RANO
Austronesian.BOLONGAN
Tor-Orya.BERIK 2
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL REYES DE VALLARTA TUZAMAPAN
Indo-European.JAMRUD AFRIDI PASHTO
Sino-T
ibetan.LAK
HE
R M
AR
A
Atlantic-Congo.SISAALA TUMULUNG
Austronesian.SUNGKAI LAMPUNG API
Saharan.KANURI
Totonacan.XICOTEPEC TOTONAC
Atlantic-C
ongo.TIBE
A
Pano-Tacanan
.KA
SH
IBO
ALT
O A
GU
AY
TIA
Atlantic-C
ongo.PO
NG
U
Indo-European.URDU
Austronesian.MATBAT
Japonic.KAMIKATETSU KIKAI
Atlantic-C
ongo.MA
HO
NG
WE
SA
MA
Bus
a.B
US
AN
Sino-T
ibetan.KA
RE
N Y
INB
AW
Mande.BOZO HAINYAHO
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
AM
BA
2
Atlantic-Congo.BIALI
Atlantic-Congo.FYEM
Nilo
tic.A
CH
OLI
2
Nuclear Torricelli.YIL
Austronesian.ITAWIT
Austronesian.LAMETIN
Austronesian.ANAKALANG
Sino-T
ibetan.KA
YA
H W
ES
TE
RN
Turkic.A
ZERBAIJANI S
OUTHERN
Austronesian.SIOTucanoan.O
RE
JON
2
Atlantic-C
ongo.BU
RU
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL AXOCHIAPAN
Car
iban
.WA
YA
NA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.GE
DE
O 2
Afro-A
siatic
.KABYLE
Austronesian.ISAMORONG IVATAN
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
YA
UY
OS
CA
CR
A
Burushaski.HAIDERABAD HUNZA BURUSHASKI
Austronesia
n.JAW
E
Austronesian.LOREDIAKARKAR
Pama-Nyungan.AWABAKAL
Austronesian.LAMASONG
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.A
BU
I MA
KA
DA
I
Sino-Tibetan.LU
OB
EN
ZH
UO
BA
I
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL HUITZILTEPEC ZUMPANGO DEL RIO
Indo-European.ZUGUNUK KALASHA
Atlantic-C
ongo.YA
NZ
KIB
ON
GO
Sino-T
ibetan.DH
IMA
L
Afro-A
siatic
.BURA
Dogon.DOGON JAMSAY
Sur
mic
.ME
EN
Zam
ucoan.A
YO
RE
O 2
Dravidian.IRULA
Austronesian.DARAGA
Nakh-D
aghestanian.K
HINALUG
Dravidian.SOUTHERN GONDI
Austronesia
n.BIE
REBO TAVIO
Blu
e N
ile M
ao.G
AN
ZA
Atlantic-Congo.MOBA
Tai-K
adai
.LO
NG
AN
CE
NTR
AL
HO
NG
SH
UIH
E Z
HU
AN
G
Tai-K
adai
.SIA
ME
SE
Atlantic-Congo.BUEM LELEM
I
Indo-European.SPANISH
Austronesian.MALAGASY TANDROY MAHAFALY AMPANIHY
Afro-A
siatic
.GERA
Atlantic-Congo.YOM
Angan.LOHIKI
Candoshi-Shapra.CANDOSHI
Atlantic-C
ongo.BE
MB
E 2
Cad
doan
.WIC
HIT
A 2
Austro
asia
tic.N
YAKUR
2
Austro
nesia
n.KAULO
NG
Dogon.AMPARI PA
Japonic.KOMI YAEYAMA
Austronesian.TALUTI TAMILOUW
Aust
roas
iatic
.KSI
NM
UL
Tucanoan.SIO
NA
North Halmahera.TAFASOHO
Austronesian.DORIO
Turkic.K
ARACHAY BALKAR
Atlantic-Congo.BELANDA VIRI
Austronesian.WARAY WARAY
Kiwaian.G
IBAIO
Oto
man
guea
n.Z
AP
OT
EC
YA
TZ
AC
HI
Sino-T
ibetan.K
AIK
E
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
BO
LE IM
PF
ON
DO
Austronesia
n.LELEPA
Car
iban
.YU
KP
A 2
Oto
man
guea
n.S
AN
PE
DR
O Q
UIA
TO
NI Z
AP
OT
EC
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
ILO
ZI
Atlantic-Congo.SELE
Austronesian.SOPPENG BUGINESE
Mande.KARANJANKAN
Uto-Aztecan.CUPENO
Ara
wak
an.C
UR
RIP
AC
O
Wakashan.DITIDAHT
Uto-Aztecan.KITANEMUK
Atlantic-Congo.C
ISHIN
GIN
I
Kakua-Nukak.NUKAK
Ain
u.A
INU
HO
RO
BE
TS
U
Afro
-Asi
atic
.BU
RJI
2
Elem
an.AH
EAV
E
Algic.DELAWARE MUNSEE
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.NUNGON
Indo-European.KESU KHOWAR
Atlantic-C
ongo.L221 LWA
LWA
2
Austronesian.TRUKESE
Atlantic-C
ongo.AM
AS
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.LOM
ON
GO
Iroquoian.MOHAWK
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.T
SO
NG
A
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
YA
KY
US
A 1
Sino-T
ibetan.K
HA
RM
AN
G B
ALT
I
Nivkh.GILYAK AMUR
Tiwi.TIWI
Indo-European.PUNIAL SHINA
Nuclear Torricelli.AGI AGEI
Nuclear T
rans N
ew Guinea.K
EWA
Mayan.SACAPULTECO SACAPULAS CENTRO
Atlantic-C
ongo.BU
M B
CA
ME
RO
ON
Atlantic-C
ongo.TE
KE
NT
YO
1T
upia
n.T
UP
INA
MB
A
Austronesian.LANGUE DE ISLES MARQUISES
Uralic.INGRIAN
Tai-K
adai
.MU
LAO
Muskogean.CHOCTAW
Nakh-D
aghestanian.TIN
DI
Ara
wak
an.T
AR
IAN
O
Austronesian.KERINCI 2
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.G
44a
NG
AZ
IDJA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.DEL
LYS
Atlantic-Congo.KEJA
Ndu.WOSERA
Austronesian.WESTERN PENAN
Austronesian.ROTUMAN
Atlantic-Congo.MANJACA COSTA DE BAIXO
Koi
aria
n.K
OIT
A
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.GWAHATIKE
Mande.SAGAKAKAN
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.M
OC
HA
2
Mongolic.KANGJIA
Austro
asia
tic.V
IETN
AMESE 3
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.K
IRU
ND
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.SH
AM
A
Nakh-D
aghestanian.S
OUTHERN AKHVAKH
Austro
nesian
.XARACUU
Elseng.SAWA
Greater Kwerba.KW
ERBA NAIDJBEDJ
Tai-K
adai
.WU
MIN
G Z
HU
AN
G
Atlantic-C
ongo.NG
OM
BA
LE
Afro
-Asi
atic
.KAN
O
Afro
-Asi
atic
.RO
N B
OKKO
S
Indo-European.CORNISH
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.R
AB
AI 2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.CASUARINA
COAST ASM
AT
Car
iban
.TA
UR
EP
AN
G
Nuclear Torricelli.WALMAN CHINAPELI
Ain
u.A
INU
KU
SH
IRO
Zaparoan.ARABELA
Tim
or-A
lor-P
anta
r.NED
EBAN
G
Atlantic-Congo.LUA NIELLIM
Bogia.MO
NU
MBO
Aust
roas
iatic
.KH
ANG
Atlantic-Congo.IGEDE
Tai-K
adai
.YE
RO
NG
Austro
nesia
n.SENGSENG
Indo-European.BALEAR CATALAN
Timucua.TIMUCUA
Austronesian.KALLAHAN KELEYQIQ IFUGAO
Nuclear Torricelli.TORRICELLI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.GID
OLE
Austro
asia
tic.K
INTA
Q
Tuu.NU
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AW
NG
I
Nakh-D
aghestanian.H
UNZIB
Chibchan.B
UG
LER
E M
UR
IRE
Austronesian.MORTLOCKESE
Sino-T
ibetan.TAR
AO
N
Tucanoan.DE
SA
NO
2
Iroquoian.SENECA
Afro-A
siatic
.DASS D
WAT
Afro-A
siatic
.BANA
Indo-European.AFRIKAANS
Aust
roas
iatic
.DAN
AU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.D
IGO
Atlantic-Congo.NAFAARA
Barbacoan.A
WA
PIT
Austronesian.PASARWAJO
Indo-European.KIRMANJKI
Indo-European.WAD PAGGA HINDKO
Afro-A
siatic
.WARG
LA
Ara
wak
an.S
AR
AV
EK
A
Mande.KOROKAN
Uto-Aztecan.TETELCINGO NAHUATL
Atlantic-Congo.MAMPRULI
Austronesian.MALAGASY SAKALAVA 1
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
WA
HIL
I PA
TE
Indo-European.CRIMEAN ROMANI
Ijoid
.IBA
NI
Tup
ian.
PA
RA
KA
NA
Austronesian.KORONI
Atlantic-C
ongo.XE
TS
OX
O
Eastern Trans-Fly.WIPI IAM
EGA
Austro
nesia
n.SOBEI
Atlantic-Congo.KO
NJA N
DU
NG
Sino-T
ibetan.QIA
NG
MIA
NC
HI
Nilo
tic.P
OK
OT
Tai-K
adai
.SH
AN
2
Kiwaian.W
ABUD
A
Afro-A
siat
ic.R
ON
MAN
GAR
Austronesian.OGAN
Mayan.CHORTI
Arauca
nian.M
APUDUNGUN
Atlantic-Congo.ED
O
Austronesia
n.URA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AR
AMAI
C
Atlantic-C
ongo.CIN
DA 2
Salishan.NOOKSACK
Mayan.MAYA YUCATECA
Que
chua
n.Q
UIC
HU
A C
OTO
PAX
I TIG
UA
Nam
la-Tofanma.TO
FAMN
A
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
MA
NI
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.NEK
Austronesian.INDONESIAN JAKARTA
Indo-European.ALBANIAN GHEG
Indo-European.BALOCHI WESTERN
Ijoid
.OP
ER
EM
O
Cui
tlate
c.C
UIT
LAT
EC
Afro
-Asi
atic
.KE
MA
NT
2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.G
ARUS
Afro-A
siatic
.TAM
AZIGHT
CENTRAL ATLA
S NTIF
A
Austronesia
n.LABO WIN
DUA
Indo-European.LATVIAN
Austronesian.LAU NORTH
Tai-K
adai
.LU
NG
MIN
G
Austronesian.SANTA ANA OWA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.NUKNA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.Z
IMB
AB
WE
ND
EB
ELE
Sino-T
ibetan.P
UR
IK
Indo-European.SANSKRIT
Western Daly.MARRIAMMU
Chibchan.C
HIM
ILA
Yuat.KYAIMBARANG
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.HITIGIMA DANI
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.DIG
OE
LEE
SC
H
Pama-Nyungan.MARARBA
Nuclear T
rans N
ew Guinea.IN
IAI
Austronesian.TONTEMBOAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.LAN
GA
MB
OLE
BA
MB
ULI
Turkic.U
YGHUR
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SAN
AN
DR
ES A
RAB
IC 3
Indo-European.TOCHARIAN A
Atlantic-C
ongo.EW
ON
DO
Peba-Yagua.YAGUA
Austro
nesia
n.KAM
BRAM
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.F
21 S
UK
UM
A
Atlantic-Congo.MAM
ARA SENOUFO
Austronesian.M
OSINA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.G
IKU
YU
2
Hui
toto
an.H
UIT
OT
O N
UP
OD
E
Kuliak.T
EPES
Kom
an.N
OR
THE
RN
KO
MA
Austro
asia
tic.S
AOCH
Indo-European.OLD IRISH
Aym
aran
.CE
NT
RA
L A
YM
AR
A 2
Mande.YAURE
Atlantic-C
ongo.OY
UO
MI M
BA
MA
Nakh-D
aghestanian.M
OKOK TSEZ
Uto-Aztecan.HIGHLAND PUEBLA NAHUATL
Austronesian.WAIAHAA AREARE Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL CHICHIQUILA
Indo-European.RAJBANSHI
Gunwinyguan.INGURA
Atlantic-Congo.KULU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.B
EN
DE
Afro
-Asi
atic
.CH
AHA
Great A
ndamanese.A
KA BO
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.CH
IRIC
AH
UA
Sino-Tibetan.C
HA
OY
AN
G C
HIN
ES
E
Border.AMANAB
Austronesian.SAMOAN
Indo-European.SHINWARI PASHTO
Pama-Nyungan.GURENG GURENG
Afro-A
siatic
.NG
IZIM
Austronesia
n.LEWO N
IKAURA
Nihali.N
AHALI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.B
UU
Austronesian.RANTEPALADO
Indo-European.PURIGAL PHALURA
Atlantic-C
ongo.IWU
M W
UU
MB
U 1
Austronesian.BOBOT
Pama-Nyungan.THURAWAL
Algic.CHIPPEWA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
AM
BA
LIWE
ME
Atlantic-C
ongo.LEFA
Austronesian.TANAN RUKAI
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.MIA
N
Miwok-Costanoan.MIWOK BODEGA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.J
15 G
AN
DA
Austronesian.SUKAU LAMPUNG API
Indo-European.FRENCH
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.M
ALE PAPUANG
Atlantic-Congo.KRACHI
Ijoid
.BU
MO
Austronesian.LAMPUNG
Indo-European.ROMANIAN 2
Atlantic-Congo.DONGO
Atlantic-Congo.DITAMMARI
Austro
nesia
n.ORM
U
Atlantic-Congo.SAMBE
Hei
bani
c.T
IRO
Austronesian.WAMPAR 2
Sino-T
ibetan.KA
BU
I RO
NG
ME
I
Austro
nesia
n.KOW
IAI
Indo-European.OLD NORSE
Mande.DUUNGOMA
Burushaski.NAZIMABAD HUNZA BURUSHASKI
Mayan.CHUJ
Austronesia
n.WHIT
ESANDS LONIEL
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.Z
ER
GU
LLA
Austronesian.IMROING
Eskimo-Aleut.KANGIRYUARMIUTUN
Atlantic-Congo.NZEMA
Indo-European.DALMATIAN
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.R
UT
OO
RO
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.TIFA
L
Atlantic-C
ongo.B44 LU
MB
U Y
I BA
ND
A
Austronesian.BWAIDOKA
Chocoan.E
MB
ER
ATA
DO
Tai-K
adai
.SH
AN
GS
I YO
NG
NA
N Z
HU
AN
G
Austronesian.BUOL
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
AB
OLA
Austro
nesia
n.KAYUPULA
U
Uralic.MANSI
Salishan.SAANICH
Indo-European.SARDINIAN LOGUDARESE
Afro
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atic
.MA
AY
Hm
ong-Mien.S
HU
AN
GLO
NG
MIE
N
Austronesia
n.SIV
ISA T
ITAN
Austronesian.FATALEKA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ISEBE
Sino-T
ibetan.WA
NA
NG
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.L
AM
BA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.J
52 H
AV
U 2
Daj
uic.
SH
AT
T
Hm
ong-Mien.JIW
EI H
MO
NG
Austronesian.NORTHERN CATANDUANES
Cochimi-Yuman.HAVASUPAI
Atlantic-Congo.NEYO
Atlantic-Congo.PAM
Austronesian.PUBIAN LAMPUNG API
Indo-European.PIEMONTESE LANZO TORINESE
Lakes Plain.S
AP
ON
I
Nuclear Torricelli.KAM
ASAU
Austronesian.KWAIO
Totonacan.TOTONAC COYUTLA
Mayan.KICHEE SANTA MARIA CHIQUIMULA 2
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.B
WIL
E
Austronesian.STIMUL PAIWAN
Austro
nesia
n.NEA N
OOLI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.B
ON
DE
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.LUY
AN
A 1
Austronesia
n.PAAMA LIRONESA
Tup
ian.
AR
AW
ET
E
Mande.LIBERIAN KPELLE
Austronesian.TOPOIYO
Austronesian.NGAIBOR
Austro
asia
tic.Z
HONG
KE WA
Indo-European.OLD LOW FRANCONIAN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.SUROI
Austronesian.SONSOROLESE
Austronesian.EMBALOH
Atlantic-Congo.BEGBERE EJAR
Atlantic-C
ongo.NG
ON
GO
1
Indo-European.CIMBRIAN
Atlantic-Congo.YO
RU
BA
Atlantic-C
ongo.NS
AR
I
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.YU
LU
Ara
wan
.KU
LIN
A A
RA
UA
Atlantic-C
ongo.A62 K
ALO
NG
E
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
WA
MA
Nilo
tic.T
UR
KA
NA
Austronesian.KMAGHA MARINGE CHEKE HOLO
Uto-Aztecan.UTE 1
Atlantic-C
ongo.LAA
LI TE
KE
2
Austronesian.PATPATAR
Tai-K
adai
.LA
MPA
NG
TH
AI
Pano-Tacanan
.CA
PA
NA
HU
A
Austro
asia
tic.S
URIN
Afro
-Asi
atic
.KA
MB
AAT
A 2
Austronesian.BROOKES POINT PALAWAN
Austronesian.NANWANG PUYUMA
Nucle
ar-M
acro
-Je.
MAXAKALI
Great A
ndamanese.O
KO JUW
OI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
EG
EJU
Ara
wak
an.C
AM
PA
DE
PE
RE
NE
Austronesia
n.HIW
Afro-A
siatic
.HIL
DI
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.DUDUELA
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.MA
AD
I
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ONO
Tungusic.OROQEN
Nakh-D
aghestanian.AVAR ANTSUKH
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.S
AWIL
A 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
LEP
Austronesian.DANGAL
Atlantic-C
ongo.PU
NU
2
Afro
-Asi
atic
.GAF
AT
Ara
wak
an.Y
UC
UN
A 2
Dravidian.TULU
Sur
mic
.ME
SE
NG
O
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
CH
ER
ING
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.LE
ND
U D
JAD
HA
Tai-K
adai
.TE
N 2
Atlantic-C
ongo.B70 T
EK
E O
MV
ULA
Austronesian.KALEROANG BAJAU
Austronesia
n.LENAKEL LONASILIA
N
Austronesian.TASMATE
Mayan.KICHEE SAMAYAC 1
Sino-T
ibetan.AN
ON
G
Aym
aran
.PU
KI
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.TAIRO
RA BIN
UM
ARIEN
Border.MANEM
Que
chua
n.Q
UIC
HU
A P
ICH
AN
CH
A
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.B
LAG
AR
RE
TTA
TER
NAT
E
Austronesian.BANTIK
Austronesia
n.SOUTH E
FATE PANGO
Sino-T
ibetan.CA
MLIN
G
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.T
AA
BW
A Z
AM
BIE
Austronesian.TONGAN 2
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.GAW
IL
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.AG
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.NK
OY
A
Austronesian.KIPUT
Japonic.FUKUSATO MIYAKO
Nakh-D
aghestanian.K
RYZ
Nyi
man
g.A
MA
AF
RIC
A
Afro-A
siatic
.BATA
ZUM
U
Tai-K
adai
.GE
LAO
LA
OZ
HA
I
Kolopom.KALAD
DAR
SCH
Kad
ugli-
Kro
ngo.
KU
RO
ND
I
Indo-European.CATALAN
Atlantic-Congo.DIDA LAKOTA
Austronesia
n.NAUNA
Aust
roas
iatic
.PN
AR J
OW
AI
Afro-A
siatic
.GUDE
Tai-K
adai
.SH
AN
GLI
N C
EN
TRA
L H
ON
GS
HU
IHE
ZH
UA
NG
Atlantic-C
ongo.NK
OM
O O
LOLI
Tup
ian.
GU
AJA
Atlantic-Congo.NKAMI
Austronesian.DAMI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.KAR
SHI
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL BUENOS AIRES ALAMO
Bilu
a.N
DO
VE
LE B
ILU
A
Austronesian.SELARU
Austronesian.LONG ANAP KENYAH
Pama-Nyungan.KALA LAGGAW
YA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.D
IGO
2
Austronesian.GUMAWANA
Atlantic-C
ongo.LAA
LI TE
KE
1
Peba-Yagua.YAMEO
Austronesian.TAGABAWA
Tup
ian.
PA
US
ER
NA
Tai-K
adai
.YA
NG
Mayan.KICHEE ALDEA ARGUETA SOLOLA
Austronesian.JARAI
Austronesian.WAUYAI
Jodi-Saliban.S
ALIB
A CO
LUM
BIA
Nuclear Torricelli.OLO YEBIL
Mayan.USPANTEKO
Atlantic-C
ongo.NG
ON
GO
2
Austronesian.ELAT KEI BESAR
Austronesian.BATAK MANDAILING
Worrorran.NGARINYIN
Austronesian.KAPONTORI
Nuclear Torricelli.KAKAR
A BUN
A
Afro-A
siat
ic.K
ULE
RE
Puinave.PUINABE
Goi
lala
n.K
UN
IMA
IPA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.R
WA
ND
A R
ER
A
Tup
ian.
AR
IKE
M
Angan.MENYA
Nuclear-M
acro-Je.XE
RE
NTE
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.OK
SA
PM
IN
Austronesia
n.TAUTU
Austronesian.AMBEL
Atlantic-Congo.AR
IGID
I
Atlantic-Congo.JOLA
Austronesian.TUNGAK
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MUSAR
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
AR
EQ
UIP
A U
NIO
N
Austronesian.KEI
Afro
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atic
.TIG
RE
Austronesian.BURU MASARETE
Misumalpan.ULWA
Tai-K
adai
.GE
LAO
QIA
OS
HA
NG
Indo-European.NORWEGIAN NYNORSK TOTEN
Austronesian.RIRIO
Tup
ian.
KA
RO
BR
AZ
IL
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.B
LAG
AR
LIM
AR
AH
ING
Atlantic-C
ongo.NLE
MB
O
Austronesian.SURIGAONON
Que
chua
n.Q
UE
CH
UA
DE
AM
BO
HU
AN
UC
O P
AS
CO
PA
SC
O
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.P
AN
GW
A
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SAB
A
Que
chua
n.TA
QU
ILE
Hm
ong-Mien.Z
HE
NF
EN
G H
MO
NG
Atlantic-C
ongo.KU
KI
Kehu.KEHU
Tai-K
adai
.NU
NG
Austro
asia
tic.N
HAHEUN
Austronesian.TODA TAROKO
Austronesian.UKI NI MASI SAA
Chibchan.C
AB
EC
AR
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL POMARO AQUILA
Austro
asia
tic.M
ENG
GO
NG
WA
Tsimshian.COAST TSIMSHIAN
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
AO
RE
Atlantic-C
ongo.NT
ELE
REAtlantic-C
ongo.ND
E Y
ULA
NA
Austronesian.KAMBOA
Cochimi-Yuman.PAIPAI
Atlantic-C
ongo.NT
OM
BA
INO
NG
O
Austronesian.SHARK BAY 1
Oto
man
guea
n.M
AZ
AT
LAN
DE
FLO
RE
S
Kiwaian.KER
EWO
Atlantic-C
ongo.NG
ON
DI
Tai-K
adai
.SU
I LI N
GA
MAus
trone
sian.
YERETUAR
Sepik.SANIO
Atlantic-C
ongo.MU
LON
GA
1
Left May.AMA 2
Indo-European.GJESTAL NORWEGIAN
Sav
osav
o.S
AV
OS
AV
O
Yawa.AM
BADAIR
U
Sino-T
ibetan.LUS
HA
I
Ndu.MANAMBU
Sino-Tibetan.M
AN
DA
RIN
2
Austronesian.C AMIS
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.L
UG
UR
U
Pama-Nyungan.AKARA
Algic.CHEYENNE
Austronesian.WUVULU
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.AWA 2
Nuclear Torricelli.NABI
Uralic.UDMURT
Mayan.NORTHERN CAKCHIQUEL TECPAN
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.LE
ND
U
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KATE
Indo-European.DIR PASHTO
Austronesian.KANKANAEY
Atlantic-C
ongo.LOK
ELE
ISA
NG
I
Oto
man
guea
n.A
MU
ZG
OA
tlantic-Congo.V
AR
AM
A
Tangkic.GANGGALIDA
Austronesian.TOTOLI
Nuclear Torricelli.M
UN
IWAR
A
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.W
OLO
F G
AM
BIA
N
Austronesian.MALAGASY SAKALAVA MAINTIRANO
Ain
u.A
INU
OC
HIH
O
Austronesian.MALAGASY PLATEAU BETSILEO FIANARANTSOA
Ara
wak
an.Y
AV
ITE
RO H
mong-M
ien.LON
GH
UA
BU
NU
Sino-T
ibetan.PH
UN
OI
Gunwinyguan.NGANDI
Indo-European.SINHALA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MIT
UK
U
Afro-A
siatic
.ZIZ
ILIV
AKAN
Japonic.AZA IRABU MIYAKO
Bororoan.B
OR
OR
O
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.UP
PE
R IN
LET
TA
NA
INA
Mix
edLa
ngua
ge.IN
NE
R M
BU
GU
BU
MB
ULI
Austronesian.M
OTU
Indo-European.NASHTA
Tungusic.EVENKI POLIGUS LITERARY
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.KA
ET
I DU
MU
T
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
AG
HA
LA
Austronesia
n.PORT VATO
Afro-A
siatic
.SHARW
A
Austronesian.RATAHAN
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.D
OR
ZE
Indo-European.EAST SLOVAK ROMANI
Dibiyaso.D
IBIYA
SO
Atlantic-C
ongo.EK
AJU
K
Sepik.KWANGA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
AN
DE
SH
U
Elamite.E
LAMITE
Nuclear Torricelli.TR
ING
PNG
Atlantic-C
ongo.OB
ELI
Ara
wak
an.IN
AP
AR
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.TUK
I 2
Atlantic-Congo.LER
E GAN
A
Austronesia
n.MAII
Austronesian.MATANANGNGA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.YO
IDIK
Songh
ay.Z
ARMA
Siouan.M
AN
DA
N
Car
iban
.WA
IWA
I 2
Eskimo-Aleut.YUPIK CENTRAL SIBERIAN CHAPLINO
Atlantic-C
ongo.NU
GU
NU
Atlantic-C
ongo.SE
KIYA
NI
Ath
apas
kan-
Eya
k-T
lingi
t.C C
AR
RIE
R
Cochimi-Yuman.COCHIMI
Hei
bani
c.LA
RU
SU
DA
N
Atlantic-Congo.G
HO
TUO
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.SA
R C
HA
D
Pama-Nyungan.WANGGANGURU
Austronesia
n.CENTRAL M
AEWO
Tucanoan.KO
RE
GU
AYE
Atlantic-C
ongo.BATA
NG
A BA
LUN
DU
Oto
man
guea
n.S
AN
JE
RO
NIM
O T
EC
OA
TL
Atlantic-C
ongo.NG
OM
BE
LIKU
LA
Sha
stan
.SH
AS
TA
Sino-T
ibetan.KU
LUN
G
Sino-T
ibetan.DO
LAK
HA
NE
WA
R
Mixe-Zoque.CHIAPAS ZOQUE
Afro
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atic
.GAW
WA
DA
Indo-European.SWABI PASHTO
Atlantic-C
ongo.K15 M
BU
ND
A 1
Austronesian.JABUNG LAMPUNG API
Sino-Tibetan.Y
ON
GA
N C
HIN
ES
E
Austronesian.MANTAURAN
Indo-European.BURGENLAND ROMANI
Uralic.ERZYA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.STA
ND
ARD
AR
ABIC
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.E
LWA
NA
Austronesian.TAHITIAN 2
Pama-Nyungan.WEMBAWEMBA
Nakh-D
aghestanian.X
AJDAK D
ARGI
Atlantic-C
ongo.FEFE
2
Oto
man
guea
n.JA
LAP
A D
E D
IAZ
Mayan.MAM TACANA 1
Indo-European.BIORI PHALURA
Sino-T
ibetan.KH
ALIN
G
Pama-Nyungan.KAYTETYE
Lakes Plain.O
BO
KU
ITAI
Chibchan.K
UN
A YALA S
AN
BLA
S
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YU
Afro
-Asi
atic
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UKH
NE
SYR
IAN
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ABIC
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Atlantic-C
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M A C
AM
ER
OO
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Barbacoan.T
OT
OR
O
Uto-Aztecan.SOUTHERN PAIUTE
Walio.WALIO
Indo-European.BUNJI SHINA
Pama-Nyungan.GOMAIDJ
Oto
man
guea
n.M
AZAH
UA
Afro-A
siatic
.JIN
A
Indo-European.NORTHERN LOW SAXON
Indo-European.YIDDISH EASTERN
Que
chua
n.M
AR
AG
UA
Kiwaian.BAM
U 2
Ndu.YENGORU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.R
WA
ND
A
Tungusic.MANCHU 2
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AR
Saharan.TEDAGA
Atlantic-C
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YO
EH
AM
BE
MA
KU
A
Yanomamic.YANOMAME
Austronesian.TAKBANUAZ BUNUN
Atlantic-Congo.MA
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.GE
ND
E
Austronesian.NARANGO
Nuclear Trans NewGuinea.MAPE
Austronesia
n.LETEMBOI
Atla
ntic
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52 L
ALA
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OUGHAI KHORASANI
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k-T
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.OJI
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Afro-A
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.TASHELH
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aghestanian.S
AGADIN TSEZ
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Siouan.B
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I
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-Asi
atic
.EA
STE
RN
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OM
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.TAM
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Atlantic-Congo.CORI
Austro
asia
tic.V
IETN
AMESE
Indo-European.BELARUSIAN
Mande.JULA DE KONG
Austronesian.BUHUTU
Atlantic-Congo.WAPHA
Japonic.YAEYAMA
Sino-T
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NG
PO
Atla
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-Con
go.R
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YA
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E
Mayan.NORTHERN MAM SAN ILDEFONSO IXTAHUACAN
Atlantic-Congo.UKAWANI ABOH NDONI
Atlantic-Congo.BANDA YANGERE
Austronesian.TAGALOG
Bosavi.S
UN
IA
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ALI
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I
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Atla
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Nuclear Torricelli.SETI
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Austronesian.MASIRI
Turkic.C
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Indo-European.BENGALI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.N
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AG
A
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.LA
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MA
DI
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL XOXOCOTLA PUENTE DE IXTLA
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Austronesian.LONGGU
Indo-European.GAELIC SCOTTISH
Austronesian.URAK LAWOI
Austronesia
n.NAMAKURA M
ATASO
Que
chua
n.Q
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Nuclear Torricelli.YERI
Sino-T
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AS
TE
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BA
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Pama-Nyungan.MPAKWITHI ANGUTHIMRI
Mpu
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Atla
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I
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man
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I ZA
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AA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ANGAUA
Algic.YUROK
Austro
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n.M
OR
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Atlantic-Congo.AVIKAM
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SANTA MARIA TEOPOXCO
Mol
of.M
OLO
F
Atlantic-Congo.NGBAKA
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SAN JOSE MIAHUATLAN
Mayan.KICHEE SAMAYAC 2
Mande.BOLON
Atlantic-Congo.GW
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ong-Mien.S
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Atlantic-C
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Atla
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HO
NA
ND
AU
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O
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.M
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.AR
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ATO
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CT
6
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RO
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Austronesian.FAGANI
Tungusic.NAYKHIN NANAI
Ath
apas
kan-
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k-T
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IB
Indo-European.CHALT SHINA
Pama-Nyungan.WAALUBAL
Tai-K
adai
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N
Sepik.ABAU 2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.WANTOAT
Sulka.S
ULK
A
Afro
-Asi
atic
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ND
ILLE
2
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Austronesian.WATUBELA
Tungusic.SIBE MANCHU
Ara
wak
an.B
AN
IWA
Ijoid
.AP
OI
Tai-K
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.SIA
ME
SE
2
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ic.T
AMBAS
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.LEMIO
Austro
nesia
n.BANUA
Austronesian.EASTERN MARSHALLESE
Left May.AMA
Salishan.CHEHALIS UPPER
Atlantic-C
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O
Atlantic-C
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INU
KIF
ULU
NG
A
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Mayan.MAM SANTIAGO CHIMALTENANGO
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ntic
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go.C
IYA
WO
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BA
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G
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Pama-Nyungan.WAJARRI
Austronesia
n.SKE
Oto
man
guea
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TRAL
Kakua-Nukak.NUKAK MAKU
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Western Daly.MARENGAR
Atlantic-Congo.MONO CONGO
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asia
tic.P
REH
Austronesian.MALAGASY SAKALAVA AMBANJA
Atla
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I
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I
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Nilo
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Mayan.POCOMAM SAN LUIS JILOTEPEQUE
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NE
1
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HU
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wak
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INE
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Austronesia
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.SA
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Indo-European.LIGURIAN RAPALLO
Man
ubar
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ARANOM
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IRO
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.BA
OD
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I
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.NGGW
AHYI
Afro
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Elem
an.KE
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Austronesian.BIMA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.IKUNDUN
Atlantic-C
ongo.C84 LE
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HILE
EL 4
Indo-European.JALKOT SHINA
Austronesian.VUNAPU
Nuclear T
rans N
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Pama-Nyungan.NYANGUMARTA
Chonan.O
NA
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Indo-European.TAJIK
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.YU
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A3
Pama-Nyungan.PITJANTJATJARA YANKUNTJATJARA
Giimbiyu.MANGERR
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BARGAM
Ijoid
.EA
ST
OLO
DIA
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Austronesian.MAASUPA AREARE
Aust
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.BO
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BELG
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SAN
TALI
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ongo.C301 B
OD
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.MOLO
KO
Austronesian.LEWA KAMBERA
Austro
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AT
ITI T
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Atlantic-C
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GE
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Nuclear Trans New Guinea.G
UMALU
Koi
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n.M
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Dravidian.BETTA KURUMBA
Indo-European.CORSICAN
Oto
man
guea
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A S
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2
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Austronesian.IRIGA
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DU
O
Atlantic-Congo.KU
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CAM
O
Austronesian.BELALAU LAMPUNG API
Indo-European.MUNJANI
Indo-European.UPPER SORBIAN
Mayan.MAM CAJOLA
Afro-A
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.HDI
Austronesian.BARIM
Que
chua
n.Q
UIC
HU
A T
UN
GU
RA
HU
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ALA
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Austronesian.DOBU
Sino-T
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OT
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wan
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RA
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RA
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RO
WA
I
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Atla
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Tai-K
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South Bougainville.MO
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Atla
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IA
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Afro
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Z 3
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Atlantic-C
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BU
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Japonic.TOKUWASE
Austronesian.SHARK BAY 2
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Que
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n.Q
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A
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NA
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HWARSHI
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A
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Mayan.SOUTHERN CAKCHIQUEL SAN ANDRES ITZAPA
Que
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EL
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Pama-Nyungan.MAYI THAKURTI
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.CH
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Nuclear Torricelli.AIKU
Afro
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EDYA
AR
AMAI
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Mayan.KICHEE NAHUALA 1
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Austronesian.ATTA PAMPLONA
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.MA
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A
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I
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Pama-Nyungan.PARIMANKUTINMA
Austronesian.AMAHAI
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A
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A
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Atlantic-C
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1
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Atla
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I
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.FALI
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Japonic.SANI AMAMI
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Afro
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Austronesian.NILA
Austronesian.IMOROD
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AYLE
Austro
nesia
n.FA
TAKAI N
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Austronesian.KAMARU
Austronesian.MANOBO KALAMANSIG COTABATO
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man
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or-A
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Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SAN BERNARDINO TEOTITLAN DEL CAMINO
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Pama-Nyungan.WIRADHURI
Otom
angu
ean.
TEOCUITLA
PA MEPHAA
Austronesian.YAMAP
Austronesian.AVASO BABATANA
Uto-Aztecan.MAYO
Austronesian.MUNA
Atlantic-Congo.NGBAKA KPALA
Austronesian.WAY KANAN LAMPUNG API
Atlantic-C
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NZ
2
Uto-Aztecan.HUICHOL
Atlantic-Congo.NDOK M
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Blu
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Atlantic-C
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O M
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Abkhaz-Adyge.ABKHAZ
Atla
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Afro-A
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.NG
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Atlantic-C
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ATE
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Austronesian.SIMALUR
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.CIW
OG
AI
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Atlantic-C
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nesia
n.W
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Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL IXHUATLAN DE MADERO
Aust
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.MAL
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Atla
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24 K
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ian.
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NU
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Austronesia
n.BURMBAR VARTAVO
Cen
tral
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anic
.AN
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Muskogean.ALABAMA
Atlantic-C
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NYA TA
KA
MA
ND
A
Indo-European.SAVI
Austronesian.SUKURUM
Afro
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atic
.AR
BO
RE
2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.TIMBE
Atlantic-Congo.BURAK
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BO
M
Atlantic-Congo.GADE
Pauwasi.EM
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Austronesia
n.LONIU
Austronesian.LATEP
Austronesia
n.URI
Austronesian.BISAYA BRUNEI
Sko.DU
SUR
Afro-A
siat
ic.S
HA
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL COATEPEC COSTALES
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.ASM
AT CENTRAL
Indo-European.NAWAR ZUTT
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Austronesian.NGOFAGITA
Atlantic-C
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go.J
531
TE
MB
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I
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Austronesian.BOEPINANG BAJAU
Uralic.TSCHEREMISSISCH URZUM
Austro
asia
tic.R
UC 2
Austronesian.NIAS NORTHERN
Atlantic-Congo.LER
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Indo-European.EASTERN ARMENIAN
Cayuvava.C
AYU
BA
BA
Tai-K
adai
.SH
AN
Mayan.MAM SAN JUAN ATITLAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.LING
ALA
2
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L KILO
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Austronesian.TUKUDEDE
Nuclear Trans N
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Ijoid
.BA
SA
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Austronesian.KAYUADI BAJAU
Atlantic-C
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Austronesian.MALAGASY PLATEAU SIHANAKA AMBATONDRAZAKA
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man
guea
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AME
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AW
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Austronesian.TRUKU TAROKO
Indo-European.QUETTA PASHTO
Siouan.W
INN
EB
AG
O
Indo-European.NONES GARDENESE
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.NG
ITI
Coosan.H
ANIS C
OOS
Warao.W
ARAO
Ain
u.A
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NIIK
AP
PU
Austronesian.RAROTONGAN
Atlantic-Congo.ANUFO
Austronesia
n.MARAGUS
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.EMERUM
Oto
man
guea
n.C
UIC
AT
EC
Austronesian.MAPOS
Que
chua
n.Q
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YA
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HU
AN
GA
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aran
.SO
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MA
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Sino-T
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HA
UD
AN
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I
Indo-European.SAZIN SHINA
Austronesian.NAVUT
Austronesian.BUHINON ALBAY BICOLANO
Tai-K
adai
.ZH
UA
NG
SO
UTH
ER
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ong-Mien.D
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G M
IEN
Pama-Nyungan.ARRERNTE EASTERN 2
Austronesian.MADURESE
Great A
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Kartvelia
n.LAZ
Tai-K
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I CE
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Mayan.MAM TODOS SANTOS CUCHUMATAN 1
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SH
I ZA
MB
IA
Lengua-Mascoy.LENGUA 2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.URIGINA
Mayan.JACALTEC
Atlantic-C
ongo.L21 KE
TE
KA
TAM
B
Sino-T
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UR
UN
G W
ES
TE
RN
Austronesian.TAUT BATU
Nuclear Torricelli.KOMBIO
Austronesian.TEOP
Austronesian.KAPUAS KAHAYAN
Austronesian.SANGIR
Yanomamic.SANUMA
Sino-Tibetan.X
IAN
G
Austro
nesia
n.W
ABO
Ath
apas
kan-
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k-T
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NA
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OS
S
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rani
.WA
OR
AN
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Sou
th O
mot
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NA
Atla
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INZ
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Tai-K
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G Y
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GB
EI Z
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Oto
man
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n.A
MA
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OT
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YA
Atlantic-C
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UU
N
Austronesian.TALOKI
Atla
ntic
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go.M
BA
LAN
GW
E
Atlantic-C
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MA
NO
RD
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EM
WA
Bosavi.E
DO
LO
Atlantic-Congo.IKAKUMO
Austronesian.TAMI
Austronesian.REJANG KAYAN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.SIHAN
Austronesia
n.LAKONA
Lavu
kale
ve.L
AV
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VE
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Tup
ian.
AC
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Atlantic-Congo.BON GULA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
PO
TO
Austro
asia
tic.K
ATU E
ASTERN
Mom
bum.KO
NER
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Mayan.ACATECO SAN MIGUEL ACATAN
Sino-T
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PE
RA
TO
NG
PA
I
Nilo
tic.L
OK
OYA
Ijoid
.IKIB
IRI
Austronesian.ZABANA
Afro-A
siatic
.HUBA
Geelvink B
ay.DEMIS
AAtlantic-Congo.NGANGAM
Atlantic-C
ongo.NT
OM
BA
Austronesian.CENTRAL DUSUN
Ath
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k-T
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t.OU
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R IN
LET
TA
NA
INA
Southern Daly.MURRINH PATHA 2
Atlantic-C
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BIA
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SAN AGUSTIN DE BUENAVENTURA
Austronesian.ULITHIAN
Atla
ntic
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go.F
ULI
RU
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.SILO
PI
Austronesian.KOMERING
Salishan.COWICHAN
Afro
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atic
.SO
MA
LI 2
Eastern Trans-Fly.WIPI W
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Ta-N
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mot
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Atlantic-C
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UN
GA
NA
4 Atla
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go.K
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BA
Cen
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Sud
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.KE
DIR
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Ta-N
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EN
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Songh
ay.D
ENDI
Harakm
but.AM
AR
AK
AE
RI
Mayan.MAM SAN GASPAR IXCHIL
Otom
aco.TAPARITA
Indo-European.ASTURIAN
Tai-K
adai
.TA
I LU
NG
CH
OW Yareban.YA
RE
BA
Turkic.T
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Nuclear Trans N
ew G
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Atlantic-C
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BA
NG
I
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.SH
IPIB
O
Guaicuruan.KADIWEU
Austronesian.TOLAKI ASERA
Afro
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atic
.MAB
IRE
Uto-Aztecan.GABRIELINO
Atlantic-Congo.IZO
RA
Turkic.M
IDDLE C
HULYM
Indo-European.MACEDONIAN ARLI ROMANI
Pama-Nyungan.ARRERNTE EASTERN
Austronesian.BANTON BANTOANON
Austronesian.MOKEN
Atlantic-C
ongo.ELU
NG
Austronesian.MOLIMA
Atlantic-Congo.EN
GEN
NI
Pan
o-Ta
cana
n.K
AX
AR
AR
I
Chibchan.M
ELE
KU
JAIK
A
Dravidian.BRAHUI
Mayan.AGUACATEC
Sino-T
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AR
PH
ATA
N T
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KA
LI
Ara
wan
.JA
MA
MA
DI
Tim
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tar.K
AB
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HA
MA
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Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.MO
DO
Nilo
tic.N
GY
EP
U
Austronesian.MANIHIKI
Indo-European.LOMBARD PLESIO
Miwok-Costanoan.RUMSEN
Indo-European.PARACHINAR PASHTO
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.S
AWIL
A
Que
chua
n.Q
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CH
UA
HU
AN
CA
HU
AYLL
A
Ijoid
.AR
OG
BO
Nuclear Trans N
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uinea.BIM
IN
Atlantic-C
ongo.OM
BO
Palaihnihan.ACHUMAWI
Aust
roas
iatic
.RAS
HID
PUR
SAN
TALI
Austronesian.SIMBO
Nilo
tic.D
INK
A N
OR
THE
AS
TER
N
Austronesian.FIJIAN
Austronesian.SOUTHERN CATANDUANES
Atlantic-C
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EN
A B
OM
ITAB
A
Atlantic-Congo.TWI FANTE
Southern Daly.NGANGIKURRUNGGURR
Austronesian.KIS
Austronesian.MAGUINDANAO
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
AM
AN
G K
OLO
MA
NE
Tangkic.KAYARDILD
Wintuan.WINTU
Turkic.M
ISHER TATAR
Tai-K
adai
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AN
4
Hm
ong-Mien.LA
YIP
ING
HM
ON
G
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aghestanian.AVAR K
ARAKH
Aust
roas
iatic
.HO
Pama-Nyungan.DJAMBARRPUYNGU
Gua
hibo
an.G
UA
YA
BE
RO
Austronesian.MALEU
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.G
AL
Atlantic-Congo.BUA
Austro
nesia
n.FA
VORLANG
Indo-European.CHURAHI
Atlantic-C
ongo.SA
KE
2
Sino-T
ibetan.HP
ON
Sino-T
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GA
CH
AN
G
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
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FUK
U
Indo-European.MIRAN SHAH PASHTO
Atla
ntic
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go.S
OG
A 2
Ara
wak
an.C
HA
MIC
UR
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Austronesian.SOUTH M
ALO
Indo-European.KUNAR GUJARI
Austronesian.KADORIH
Atlantic-Congo.GBEYA
Austronesian.KINARAY A
Nuclear Torricelli.KEN
YARI
Atlantic-C
ongo.MU
NG
ON
G
Pama-Nyungan.KAURNA
Tai-K
adai
.SH
IDO
NG
BIA
O
Atlantic-C
ongo.NY
OK
ON
Atlantic-C
ongo.TE
GE
EW
O
Atlantic-Congo.U
RH
OBO
2
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.NABAK
Ndu.MAPRIK
Pama-Nyungan.ARANDAAus
troas
iatic
.SRE
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
FUT
Austronesian.BATAK
Totonacan.TOTONAC MISANTLA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MF
INU
Atlantic-C
ongo.BO
GO
NG
O
Austronesian.KAPAMPANGAN
Sur
mic
.MU
RS
I
Austronesian.PENRHYN
Austronesian.LUN BAWANG
Indo-European.OLD HIGH GERMAN
Indo-European.SERAIKI
Sahaptian.UMATILLA SAHAPTIN
Indo-European.LOWER SORBIAN
Yeniseian.KOTT
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.WANO
Atla
ntic
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go.K
ITA
BW
A
Austronesian.KAIWA
Guaicuruan.PILAGA
Sino-T
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KA
RD
U B
ALT
I
Ara
wak
an.T
RIN
ITA
RIO
Pama-Nyungan.GUNYA
Koi
aria
n.K
OIA
RI 2
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SIERRA DE ZACAPOAXTLA
Austronesian.WARU SERAM
Nilo
tic.D
ATO
OG
A D
IALE
CT
2
Austronesian.BUANG
Dagan.U
MA
NA
KA
INA G
IGA
RE
BI
Austronesian.KAYU AGUNG PENDATANG KOMERING
Austronesian.TANDAI GHARI
Mande.SONINKE
Uto-Aztecan.TABASCO NAHUATL CUPILCO
Austronesia
n.KW
AMERA PORT R
ESOLUTION Nuclear Trans New Guinea.DEGENAN
Ara
wak
an.B
AN
IWA
2
Atla
ntic
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go.G
65 K
ING
A
Indo-European.JUDEO TAT 2
Muskogean.CHICKASAW
North Halmahera.BOBAWA
Pama-Nyungan.SYDNEY
Dravidian.KUMARBHAG PAHARIA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
OW
E
Nambiquaran.MAMAINDE
Western Daly.MARAMANADJI
Tai-K
adai
.CU
N
Sino-T
ibetan.S
HE
RP
A
Afro
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atic
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IYA
Tai-K
adai
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ITE
TH
AI 3
Atla
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go.M
AK
WA
ILE
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Afro-A
siat
ic.F
YER
Atla
ntic
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go.N
YA
NJA
2
Sepik.IWAM
Indo-European.PERSIAN
Indo-European.GALICIAN
Kom
an.S
OU
THE
RN
KO
MA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.NUMANGGANG
Mongolic.MONGUOR
Indo-European.TALYSH
Austronesian.LUBU
Atlantic-Congo.NAWDM
Austro
nesia
n.LA
MOGAI
Uto-Aztecan.POCHUTLA NAHUATL
Mande.BENG
Austronesian.KOKOTA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.SUM
AU
Tucanoan.CA
RA
PAN
A
Mangarrayi-Maran.MANGARAYI
Atlantic-C
ongo.D2
8 HO
LOH
OLO
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ugli-
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ngo.
KA
NG
A
Austronesia
n.MAE O
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Indo-European.PESHAWAR PASHTO
Ain
u.A
INU
YA
KU
MO
Austronesian.IFUGAO BATAD
Tungusic.UDEHE
Dogon.NYAMBEENGGE 2
Austronesian.LAWANGAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.B312 H
IMB
A
Mayan.CHOL TUMBALA
Indo-European.MARATHI
Tai-K
adai
.LA
NG
JIA
BU
YAN
G
Turkic.G
UJGI K
HORASANI
Atlantic-C
ongo.LIMB
UM
Tuu.KAM KA KE
Austronesian.IVATAN BATANES ISLANDS
Austronesian.LABU
Austronesian.BANONI
Austronesian.GUWOT
Austronesian.MALAGASY TANDROY 1
Nilo
tic.K
AR
IMO
JON
G
Austronesian.WARU
Mixe-Zoque.LOWLAND MIXE
Austronesian.PANGUTARAN SAMA
Atlantic-C
ongo.DC
IRIK
U
Atla
ntic
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go.B
AG
A M
AD
UR
I
Indo-European.MAITHILI
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AFU
LU
Mande.WAN
Salishan.QUINAULT
Siouan.O
MA
HA
PO
NC
A
Atlantic-C
ongo.MO
NG
O O
PALA
Austronesian.KAVALAN 2
Sino-Tibetan.G
ON
GX
ING
BA
I
Austronesian.MALANG
Timote-Cuica.CUICA
Dravidian.MALAYALAM
Oto
man
guea
n.S
AN
MIG
UE
L S
OY
OLT
EP
EC
Atla
ntic
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go.Z
INZ
A 2
Mayan.TECO TECTITAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.RO
GO
Yeniseian.YUGH RECENT
Que
chua
n.T
RO
JE
Nuclear-M
acro-Je.XAVA
NTE
Austronesian.VITU
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.WO
LAN
I
Austronesian.WAWONII MENUI
Uto-Aztecan.HUARIJIO
Atlantic-Congo.D
ON
G
Atla
ntic
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go.J
ITA
2
Tucanoan.WA
IMA
HA
Austronesian.MORI BAWAH
Austronesian.KAIMBULAWA
Austronesian.SOBOYONuclear Trans New G
uinea.GARUH
Austronesian.BONTOC GUINAANG
Atlantic-C
ongo.KW
EZ
O
Afro
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atic
.GO
BE
ZE
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
TA M
AN
DU
NG
WE
Atlantic-C
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GI
Austronesian.MORONENE
Nuclear-Macro-Je.KAING
ANG
Siouan.O
FO
Chapacuran.P
AK
AA
NO
VA
Atlantic-C
ongo.ZA
MB
A B
AM
ON
GO
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toto
an.O
CA
INA
Mayan.MAM CABRICAN
Atla
ntic
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go.K
ULA
NG
O B
OU
NA
Austronesian.ASILULU LIMA WARAKA
Atlantic-C
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BE
TA
Indo-European.KURDISH KURMANJI
Afro
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atic
.KO
MS
O 2
Austro
asia
tic.K
UI THAIL
AND 2
Ara
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an.A
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EN
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LI Y
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Elem
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RU
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I
Austro
nesia
n.KAPTIA
U
Atlantic-C
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NG
O
Elem
an.UA
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I
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sa.DO
SO
Afro-A
siatic
.AYT
SEGHRO
UCHEN
Aym
aran
.CE
NT
RA
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A
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asia
tic.S
TIENG
2
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an.LULU
ITE
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UA
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Afro
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atic
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CH
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Nilo
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ATO
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CT
4
Atlantic-Congo.BOKOTO
Atla
ntic
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go.V
ALA
NG
I
Sko.POKO
RAW
O
Austronesian.KODEOHA
Austro
asia
tic.T
AMPUAN
Mande.KURANKO
Atla
ntic
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go.L
HU
KO
NZ
O
Austronesian.MAROVO
Austronesia
n.SOUTH W
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Indo-European.DIGOR OSSETIAN
Chibchan.D
AM
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-Asi
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53 S
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n.W
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T LI
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321
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AILE
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13 N
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.KA
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A
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1
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ATA
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AT T
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N
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.PU
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Austronesian.OLD JAVANESE
Nilo
tic.O
NG
AM
O
Dravidian.SOUTH EASTERN GONDI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.TIG
RIG
NA
Hm
ong-Mien.TA
IPA
N M
IEN
Austronesian.NGGELA
Nilo
tic.K
UK
U
Kxa.KAUEN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.IYO
Atlantic-Congo.EWE ADANGBE
Afro-A
siatic
.MUSG
U K
Austronesian.EAST DAMAR
Indo-European.JAMTLANDIC
Atlantic-C
ongo.MY
EN
E
Austronesian.TBOLI TAGABILI
Austronesian.KAGAYANEN
Eastern Trans-Fly.WIPI PO
DAR
I
Austronesian.HUKUMINA
Sino-T
ibetan.PH
OM
Atlantic-C
ongo.B77a K
UK
UY
A 2
Austro
asia
tic.T
ONG
A
Sou
th B
ird's
Hea
d Fa
mily
.KE
MB
ER
AN
O B
AR
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Afro-A
siatic
.BENI S
NOUS W
ESTERN ALG
ERIAN B
ERBER
Indo-European.NEPALI
Mande.SIENKOKAKAN
Atlantic-C
ongo.MP
E
Lakes Plain.TA
US
E W
EIR
ATEA
raw
akan
.TE
RE
NA
Tai-K
adai
.DE
HO
NG
Sino-T
ibetan.SU
NW
AR
Austronesian.WAMPAR
Austronesian.SOUTHERN KALINGA
Atlantic-Congo.IBIBIO
1
Chi
quita
no.C
HIQ
UIT
AN
O
Ata
cam
eno.
KU
NZ
A
Aust
roas
iatic
.SAN
TALI
Lakes Plain.A
WE
RA
Atlantic-C
ongo.MM
ALA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.MAR
BA
Afro-A
siatic
.KAM
ALE
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.K
AB
OLA
PIT
UM
BA
NG
Atlantic-C
ongo.BU
JA B
UM
BA
YA
MO
LOT
O
Nuclear T
rans N
ew Guinea.H
ULI
Sino-T
ibetan.DR
UN
G
Sino-Tibetan.JIA
NC
HU
AN
BA
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.MP
UT
1
Mochica.MOCHICA
Indo-European.ROMANIAN
Austronesian.GORONTALO
Indo-European.BHOIPURI
Eastern Trans-Fly.UM
E
Atlantic-C
ongo.AB
AR
Indo-European.CHAKMA UnnamedInSource
Austronesian.LOTE
Austronesia
n.NORTH E
FATE PW
ELE
Tai-K
adai
.SA
ND
ON
G S
UI
Gunwinyguan.RAINBARNGOS
ino-Tibetan.EG
A B
AI
Afro
-Asi
atic
.AR
ABIS
HI
Atlantic-C
ongo.KW
AN
GA
LI 2
Ain
u.A
INU
AS
AH
IKA
WA
Austronesian.MUSOM
Atlantic-C
ongo.CH
OK
WE
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL CHILACACHAPA CUETZALA DEL PROGRESO
Yukaghir.K
OLYMA YUKAGIR
Suki-G
ogodala.GO
GO
DA
LA GO
GO
DA
RA
Afro
-Asi
atic
.CLA
SSIC
AL A
RAB
IC
Austronesian.SEKOLA LONTHOIR BANDA
Salishan.BELLA COOLA
Tai-K
adai
.NO
RTH
ER
N S
HA
N
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BAG
UPI
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.S
OT
HO
NO
RT
HE
RN
Turkic.D
ARA GAZ KHORASANI 1
Tup
ian.
PU
RU
BO
RA
Austronesian.ROTUMAN 2
Austronesian.TOALA
Atlantic-C
ongo.ES
O YA
LEM
BA
Atlantic-Congo.EG
ENE
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
KO
NY
AK
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
OM
PIY
A
Austronesia
n.WHIT
ESANDS IARKEI
Pama-Nyungan.WARUMUNGU
Atlantic-C
ongo.SO
ND
E G
ISO
ON
DI
Austronesian.LUSI
Matacoan.CHOROTE
Afro-A
siatic
.GAANDA G
ABIN
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.A
US
HI
Indo-European.OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC
Austronesia
n.BAETORA TAM
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
OU
A B
OM
ITAB
A
Austronesian.ABUNG SUKADANA LAMPUNG NYO
Sko.BARU
PU
Tuu.BATWA
Dagan.M
AIW
A PU
E
Austro
asia
tic.S
EDANG
Atlantic-C
ongo.BA
KU
ER
I
Sino-T
ibetan.TH
ULU
NG
Austronesian.BUNUN
Austronesian.MELEAustronesian.WAYAN FIJIAN
Indo-European.KRAKAL KALASHA
Tai-K
adai
.YO
NG
NA
N C
EN
TRA
L H
ON
GS
HU
IHE
ZH
UA
NG
Nucle
ar-M
acro
-Je.
PATA
XO
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.P
AR
E T
AN
ZA
NIA
Nakh-D
aghestanian.TABASARAN
Ijoid
.KA
BO
U
Ta-N
e-O
mot
ic.W
ELA
MO
Kalapuyan.KALAPUYA
Atlantic-Congo.KARA BODOE
Atlantic-Congo.KWANKA
Tim
or-A
lor-
Pan
tar.B
LAG
AR
Atlantic-C
ongo.VU
NG
U
Ijoid
.OG
BO
IN
Totonacan.TOTONAC UPPER NEXACA
Austronesian.TAKUU MORTLOCK
Austronesian.DUNGUNTUNG
Atlantic-C
ongo.NO
NI
Atlantic-Congo.FULA
Austronesian.ARALLE
Nuclear Trans N
ew G
uinea.GAD
SUP AG
ARABI
Indo-European.ZAKHA KHEL AFRIDI PASHTO
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.G
WE
RE
Austro
nesia
n.M
OUK 1
Indo-European.CHAMBEALI
Atlantic-C
ongo.MB
ULE
Sino-T
ibetan.K
HA
PA
LU B
ALT
I
Sino-Tibetan.LA
NP
ING
BA
I
Indo-European.TRANSHUMANT SWAT GUJARI
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.PARAWEN
Japonic.AKAJIMA OKINAWAN
Austro
nesia
n.ULA
U
Austronesian.BAREE
Tucanoan.SIR
IAN
O
Nilo
tic.N
OR
TH T
UG
EN
Ara
wan
.PA
UM
AR
I
Austronesia
n.BIG
NAMBAS U
NMET
Indo-European.ARAGONESE
Atlantic-C
ongo.BAINOUK GUNYAAMOLO
Austronesian.WALADE LAU
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.M
AK
WA
MA
LEM
A
Austronesian.TAKIA
Tai-K
adai
.DIO
I
Austronesian.MALAGASY AMBOSITRA
Daj
uic.
SIL
A
Aust
roas
iatic
.JAB
RI S
ANTA
LI
Dogon.ANA TINGA
Uralic.KARAGASSISCH
Atlantic-C
ongo.MU
NG
AK
A
Yuchi.YUCHI
Austronesia
n.LONWOLW
OL
Atlantic-Congo.IKAAN
Austronesian.TONA RUKAI
Anson Bay.PUNGUPUNGU
Itonama.ITO
NAMA
Nilo
tic.D
INK
A S
OU
TH C
EN
TRA
L
Austronesian.UAB METO
Austronesian.PALAWANO BATAK
Algic.SHAWNEE
Austronesian.GITUA
Atlantic-C
ongo.KO
SH
IN
Pano-Tacanan
.KA
SH
IBO
SA
N A
LEJA
ND
RO
Suki-G
ogodala.WA
RU
NA
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.BEM
AL
Payagua.PAYAGUA
Chicham.HUAMBISA
Austronesian.HAWAIIAN 2
Sur
mic
.TE
NN
ET
Great A
ndamanese.A
KA CARI
Gua
hibo
an.C
UIB
A
Austro
nesia
n.TOBATI
Turkic.S
AKHA
Tup
ian.
AV
A C
AN
OE
IRO
Kuot.KUOT
Austronesian.SIRAK
Mayan.JACALTECO WESTERN
Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KOLOM
Afro
-Asi
atic
.SAN
AN
DR
ES A
RAB
IC 2
Austronesian.W
USI VALUI
Atlantic-Congo.GENYANGA
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.MA
MV
U
Tai-K
adai
.SO
NG
KH
LA T
HA
I
Oto
man
guea
n.S
AN
TA M
AR
IA Q
UIE
GO
LAN
I ZA
PO
TE
C
Tai-K
adai
.LV
CH
UN
TA
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.KE
TE
Ijoid
.AK
ITA
Nuclear Torricelli.URAT
Aw
in-Pa.PA
RE
PN
G
Burushaski.HOPER NAGAR BURUSHASKI
Sino-T
ibetan.NU
OS
U Y
I
Atlantic-C
ongo.NZ
EB
I 2
Salishan.CLALLAM
Indo-European.CZECH
Austronesian.BESEMAH
Uralic.MEADOW M
ARI
Lower Sepik-Ramu.ANOR
Austronesian.ROINJI
Pama-Nyungan.BADJIRRI
Cen
tral
Sud
anic
.BE
JON
D
Atlantic-Congo.GOURMANCHEMA
Atla
ntic
-Con
go.L
33
LUB
A S
HA
BA
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL STA MA COAPAN
Austronesian.WOSI
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL ZAHUASTIPAN SAN AUGUSTIN METZQUITITLAN
Austronesian.INDONESIAN
Austronesian.LENGO
Atlantic-C
ongo.MP
YE
MO
2
Sah
aran
.BE
RIA
Austronesian.WEST DAMAR
Mixe-Zoque.TEXISTEPEC ZOQUE
Turkic.KYRGYZ
Afro
-Asi
atic
.GAR
AKU
Austronesia
n.EAST AMBAE WAILENGI
Atlantic-C
ongo.ND
EM
LI
Atlantic-C
ongo.LOB
ALA
LILOK
A
Pano-Tacanan
.CA
VIN
EN
A 1
Que
chua
n.Q
UIC
HU
A B
OLI
VAR
CA
CH
ISA
GU
A
Austronesian.BUKAT
Afro
-Asi
atic
.DAN
GAL
EAT
Austronesian.RAMPI
Atlantic-Congo.PAMBIA
Austronesian.SALAWATI MAAYA
Austronesian.GAYO
Atlantic-C
ongo.BU
LU
Car
iban
.AK
AW
AIO
2
Austronesian.SANGIR 2
Tup
ian.
TE
NH
AR
IM
Cochimi-Yuman.MARICOPA
Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL QUETZALAPA AZOYU
Afro-A
siat
ic.P
OLC
I BU
LI
Pama-Nyungan.ARRARNTA WESTERN
Sino-T
ibetan.NA
GA
PH
OM
Glottolog family
Atlantic-Congo
Mande
Afro-Asiatic
Nuclear_Trans_New_Guinea
Pama-Nyungan
Timor-Alor-Pantar
Otomanguean
Indo-European
Uto-Aztecan
Tai-Kadai
Mayan
Austronesian
Austroasiatic
Sino-Tibetan
Quechuan
Macro-Area
Africa
Papunesia
Eurasia
South America
North America
Australia
Applications
Applications
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 42 / 45
Applications
Estimating Markov processes
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 43 / 45
Applications
Estimating Markov processes
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 43 / 45
Applications
Equilibrium probabilities
Empirical vs. estimated percentages Posterior distribution
Stochastically stable
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 44 / 45
Applications
Correlation between linguistic and phenotypic distances
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0.0
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0 10 20 30 40neurocranium distance
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Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 45 / 45
Applications
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