From From Therapy with Music Therapy with Music To To Music TherapyMusic Therapy

A Brief Historical ReviewA Brief Historical Review

Music TherapyMusic Therapy

Music and music experiences as Music and music experiences as tools for healing, growth, & tools for healing, growth, & developmentdevelopment

Primary Elements:Primary Elements:– ClientClient– TherapistTherapist– MusicMusic– A ProcessA Process

Why Music Therapy?Why Music Therapy?

Ancient physicians recognized that music Ancient physicians recognized that music affected human beings’ moods, energy affected human beings’ moods, energy levels, emotions…levels, emotions…

Aristotle (catharsis), Plato (tx for the Aristotle (catharsis), Plato (tx for the soul), etc. prescribed music for patients soul), etc. prescribed music for patients with physical & mental illnesseswith physical & mental illnesses

Moral view: some types of music were Moral view: some types of music were considered better than others for treating considered better than others for treating “Melancholy” and for “building character”“Melancholy” and for “building character”

Very Early EuropeansVery Early Europeans& Non-Europeans& Non-Europeans Spiritual/Religious HealingSpiritual/Religious Healing

– Placate gods & exorcize demonsPlacate gods & exorcize demons– Trance states (Shamanic approaches)Trance states (Shamanic approaches)– Sick person did not play- others Sick person did not play- others

provided musical stimulus for the provided musical stimulus for the Shaman- Shaman communicates with Shaman- Shaman communicates with a god or gods to learn how to best a god or gods to learn how to best treat the patienttreat the patient

– Drumming and chantingDrumming and chanting

Greeks: Rational Greeks: Rational MedicineMedicine 4 Humours: Balance 4 Humours: Balance

– BloodBlood– PhlegmPhlegm– Yellow BileYellow Bile– Black BileBlack Bile

This theoretical view lasted 2000 This theoretical view lasted 2000 years!; into the 1600syears!; into the 1600s

The Rise of The Rise of CatholicismCatholicism Dichotomy: Power! And (vs.) compassionDichotomy: Power! And (vs.) compassion Power dictated what was good & rightPower dictated what was good & right Compassion dictated that ill persons Compassion dictated that ill persons

should be offered some form of txshould be offered some form of tx EXCEPT mental illness! EXCEPT mental illness!

– Devil/demon possessionDevil/demon possession– Shunned, ridiculed, tortured, killedShunned, ridiculed, tortured, killed

• Music for prayer and worship- to “heal the Music for prayer and worship- to “heal the sick”sick”

• Church controlled quality of “good” music- Church controlled quality of “good” music- down to the specific use of musical elements down to the specific use of musical elements (e.g., tri-tone)(e.g., tri-tone)

Medicine & Music- Medicine & Music- 1600s-early 1900s1600s-early 1900s

Advanced Societies: Advanced Advanced Societies: Advanced medicinemedicine

Music & Medicine linkedMusic & Medicine linked– Microscope invented: cells Microscope invented: cells

discovered and studieddiscovered and studied– Physicians were upper class- studied Physicians were upper class- studied

music- valued music for altering music- valued music for altering moods, bringing joy, positive moods, bringing joy, positive pastime endeavor, etc.pastime endeavor, etc.

Science: Science: Music & Medicine Part Music & Medicine Part WaysWays 1800s forward1800s forward Mind & Body are viewed as Mind & Body are viewed as

separate separate Likewise, Likewise,

– Musicians were musicians Musicians were musicians – Physicians were physiciansPhysicians were physicians

Enlightenment regarding Enlightenment regarding treatment for Atypical personstreatment for Atypical persons

Education reforms- (Industrial Education reforms- (Industrial Revolution)Revolution)

1832 Perkin School for the Blind1832 Perkin School for the Blind– Music programmingMusic programming

Early 1900s- attempts to bring music Early 1900s- attempts to bring music programming into medical hospitalsprogramming into medical hospitals

WWII: Shell Shock WWII: Shell Shock (PTSD)(PTSD)

Musicians working in VA hospitalsMusicians working in VA hospitals Menninger Clinic: KansasMenninger Clinic: Kansas E. Thayer Gaston (music E. Thayer Gaston (music

educator)educator) 1944 Michigan State- 11944 Michigan State- 1stst Music Music

Therapy degree programTherapy degree program 1946 U. of Kansas- 11946 U. of Kansas- 1stst internship internship

Music Tx as an Music Tx as an Organized ProfessionOrganized Profession

1950 MENC meeting1950 MENC meeting Birth of the National Association Birth of the National Association

for Music Therapy (NAMT) for Music Therapy (NAMT)

Behavioral medicine philosophical Behavioral medicine philosophical stance- to seek acceptance from stance- to seek acceptance from the medical communitythe medical community– Pendulum swing…….Pendulum swing…….

Important Acronyms to Important Acronyms to MEMORIZE!MEMORIZE!

1950: NAMT (National Association for Music 1950: NAMT (National Association for Music Therapy)Therapy)– Curriculum-based trainingCurriculum-based training– 1956 RMT (Registered Music Therapist)1956 RMT (Registered Music Therapist)

A professional designation- NOT a credentialA professional designation- NOT a credential 1971: AAMT (American Association for Music 1971: AAMT (American Association for Music

Therapy)Therapy)– Competency-based trainingCompetency-based training– CMT (Certified Music Therapist)CMT (Certified Music Therapist)

Professional DesignationProfessional Designation

Reunification: 1998Reunification: 1998(NAMT+AAMT) = AMTA(NAMT+AAMT) = AMTA

AMTA AMTA – ““Your” American Music Therapy Your” American Music Therapy

AssociationAssociation– Competency-Based TrainingCompetency-Based Training

The MT-BC CredentialThe MT-BC Credential

1986: CBMT (Certification Board for Music 1986: CBMT (Certification Board for Music Therapists)Therapists)

MT-BC (Music Therapist-Board Certified)MT-BC (Music Therapist-Board Certified)– Board Certification Exam Board Certification Exam – CMTE (Continuing Music Therapy Education) CMTE (Continuing Music Therapy Education)

100 hours/5 year cycle- or retake the 100 hours/5 year cycle- or retake the ExamExam

Music Therapy Journals: Tools Music Therapy Journals: Tools for Research and Practicefor Research and Practice

1964- JMT (Journal of Music Therapy) 1964- JMT (Journal of Music Therapy) – NAMT/AMTA publicationNAMT/AMTA publication– Juried Juried – Empirical ResearchEmpirical Research

1980- Music Therapy 1980- Music Therapy 1984- Music Therapy Perspectives 1984- Music Therapy Perspectives

(MTP)(MTP)– NAMT/AMTA publicationNAMT/AMTA publication– JuriedJuried– ““Information Sharing”Information Sharing”

Journals continued…Journals continued…

Nordic Journal of Music TherapyNordic Journal of Music Therapy British Journal of Music TherapyBritish Journal of Music Therapy Canadian Journal of Music TherapyCanadian Journal of Music Therapy Australian Journal of Music TherapyAustralian Journal of Music Therapy New Zealand Journal of Music TherapyNew Zealand Journal of Music Therapy The Arts in PsychotherapyThe Arts in Psychotherapy Voices- Online International JournalVoices- Online International Journal Musictherapy.org- online resourcesMusictherapy.org- online resources Etc…Etc…

Currently…Currently…

Established Models: Established Models: – CMT (Creative Music Therapy: aka Nordoff-CMT (Creative Music Therapy: aka Nordoff-

Robbins Music Therapy)Robbins Music Therapy)– AMT (Analytic Music Therapy)AMT (Analytic Music Therapy)– GIM (Guided Imagery and Music)GIM (Guided Imagery and Music)

Rise of Medical Music TherapyRise of Medical Music Therapy Private Practice evolves…Private Practice evolves… 2000: Temple University- 2000: Temple University-

– 11stst “pure” PhD in Music Therapy in U.S. “pure” PhD in Music Therapy in U.S. Advanced Competencies…Advanced Competencies…