from sticky mucus to probing our past: aspects and problems of …€¦ · viking genes in northern...
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From Sticky Mucus to Probing our Past: Aspects and problems of the Biotechnological use of Macromolecules
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DNA – natures most important glycoconjugate
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DNA – natures most important glycoconjugateHigh molecular weightPolyanionicAntiparallel chains of deoxyriboselinked by the 5’ and 3’ residues by phosphate are held together by H-bonds between basesPackaged in chromosomes, in addition some circlular DNA is found in mitochondriaCarries the genetic code
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The use of non-recombining parts of Y-chromosomal and
mitochondrial DNA as a probe into our past
Steve Harding
NCMH LabsUniversity of Nottingham
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The use of non-recombining parts of Y-chromosomal and
mitochondrial DNA as a probe into our past
Steve Harding
NCMH LabsUniversity of Nottingham
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Mark JoblingTuri KingSteve HardingJudith JeschSigurd Aase & Harald Løvvik
Viking Genes of Northern England Project
DNA Anniversary Award 2002 - 2007-
2002 - 2012
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Jones, G. (1968)
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DNA – Messages from our ancestorsDNA is a ‘text’ that changes slowly through time, and varies between individualsAnalyse DNA from skeletons
‘Real’ information about the pastDifficult, small sample sizes, prone to modern DNA contamination; maybe no descendants
Analyse modern peopleEasy to get samplesCan be unrepresentative of past populations, need methods of inference
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Genetics of physical characteristics 1
Blood groupsPoorly discriminating and widespreadPigmentation, stature, facial shapeComplex, poorly understood, wide distribution in N.Europe
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Genetics of physical characteristics 1
Blood groupsPoorly discriminating and widespreadPigmentation, stature, facial shapeComplex, poorly understood, wide distribution in N.Europe
Geipel J (1969) The Europeans: an Ethnohistorical Survey. Longmans, London
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Genetics of physical characteristics 2
for some physical phenotypes – eye colour, hair colour, the genetics are becoming better understood
Beals, R.L. & Hoijer, H. (1965) An Introduction to Anthropology (3rd edition), Macmillan, New York
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Genetics of physical characteristics 2
for some physical phenotypes – eye colour, hair colour, the genetics are becoming better understoodDeCode (Iceland) can make good predictions of hair and eye colour based on genome analysis
Beals, R.L. & Hoijer, H. (1965) An Introduction to Anthropology (3rd edition), Macmillan, New York
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Genetics of physical characteristics 3
Dupuytren’s / digitopalmar contractureInherited - dominantDistribution suggests possible Viking originEvidence from Icelandic sagas: Longer Saga of Magnus of Orkney –tells about a man called Sigurdr who after a pilgrimage to the shrine of Holy Magnus allegedly had a complete recovery – the fingers became supple and flexible and “could be put to any use”
More frequent in regions of Britain influenced by VikingsBut, crops up in other populationsRecent evidence from one family that chromosome 6 is involved
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240 = 1,099,511,627,776 ancestors @ 40 generations ago
Problem: multiple ancestry
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240 = 1,099,511,627,776 ancestors @ 40 generations ago
Problem: multiple ancestry
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Men have a Y chromosome - sex-determining
sexchromosomes
sexchromosomes
autosomes
Both sexes have mitochondrial DNA, but inherited only from mothers to offspring
Genetic markers of inheritance
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parents
grand-parents
great-grandparents
sonUniparentalinheritance
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For men we look for 2 types of variations in Y-DNA
•The SNP’s define a man’s HAPLOGROUP•The STR’s define a man’s HAPLOTYPE
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Results for a man’s Y-chromosome test
• Haplotype gives a much better resolution for individuals, although they can’t be specified for mitochondrial DNA
• For population ancestry Y-chromosomal test can be linked to surnames… this helps to get around the problem of modern population movements
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Individual Viking ancestry?
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Enter a man’s Y-data into a database – YHRD, and look for matches
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Matches for Peter Forshaw
Population Count Frequency %
Norway Central 3 of 48 6 Norway East 5 of 85 6 Norway Oslo 2 of 33 6 Denmark 4 of 63 6 Norway North 2 of 45 4 Sweden 22 of 510 4 Zeeland 2 of 46 4 Budapest 3 of 117 3 Freiburg 12 of 433 3 Hamburg 3 of 114 3 Latium 6 of 222 3 Norway W est 2 of 64 3
166 matches/13003
Red dot – matches
Blue dot – no matches
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Population Viking ancestry: admixture approaches
More secure at population level (≥20 people)Volunteer selection and the problem of modern population movements2 generation and old surname based selection criteriaCompare distributions of Y-chromosome types –“Admixture analysis”Resolution of the method is improving all the time
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The major haplogroups – continents show major differences
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In Europe we also see different distributions using sub-haplogroups or subclades
… & there is further resolution at the haplotype level
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Norse Viking ancestry: admixture approaches
Admixture: parental and hybrid populationsAlgorithms available to estimate proportions
‘Norse Viking’parental - modern
Norwegians
‘Celtic substrate’ -modern C.Irish +
C.Scots
E.g. Orkney -hybrid of two
parentals
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Danish difficultiesSame approach?Putative sources for earlier migrations indistinguishable from Danese.g. Anglo-Saxons (Frisia); Jutes (Jutland)
‘Danish Viking’parental -
modern DanesEarlier sources - Frisians, Jutes
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Goodacre, Helgasonet al. 2005
Analysed mtDNA and Y markers, and used admixture approachClose to home, male and female proportions similar, so family-based settlementFurther afield, male-biased settlementMost biased in Iceland
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Viking Genes in Northern England Project: 1. Wirral & West Lancashire
Bowden et al. (2008) Excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the Vikings in northwest England. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 301-309
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Viking Genes in Northern England Project: 1. Wirral & West Lancashire
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Viking Genes in Northern England Project: 1. Wirral & West Lancashire
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Viking Genes in Northern England Project: 1. Wirral & West Lancashire
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Viking Genes in Northern England Project: 1. Wirral & West Lancashire
Bowden et al. (2008) Excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the Vikings in northwest England. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 301-309
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Problem of large population movement following the “Industrial Revolution”So, we tested 2 population sets tested for Wirral and West Lancashire
•“Modern” – men whose parental grandparents from that area
• “Medieval” – men whose parental grandparents fromthat area AND possessing a surname present in the areaprior to 1600 (Medieval tax records, criminal proceedings, lists of people paying towards salaries of priests etc.)
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‘Medieval’ samples differ from ‘moderns’
p=0.006 p=0.026
‘Modern’ samples
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Viking admixture results
Increases in ‘medieval’ samples ~50% Norse ancestry
p>0.05 p<0.05
‘Modern’ samples
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Effect of surname frequencyBrown
Hesketh
Admixture level increases further when common surnames are excluded – significant differences between modern and rarer names
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Part 2: N. Lancashire, Cumbria and N. Yorks
… currently underway
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… and seeking improved control data from Scandinavia
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• The results confirm the belief that the coastal regions of North-West England were once heavily settled by Norse Vikings
• Sampling strategy important in linking old genes with modern geography; surname method is very useful but only for male history
• Surname strategy could be useful in other areas of Europe and the world where population movements have been large – we can now use surname CORES rather than having to resort to lists.
Perspectives
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References
• Bowden, G.R., Balaresque, P., King, T.E., Hansen, Z., Lee, A.C., Pergl-Wilson, G., Hurley, E., Roberts, S.J., Waite, P., Jesch, J., Jones, A.L., Thomas, M.G., Harding, S.E. and Jobling, M.A. (2008) Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname-based Sampling: the Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 301-309
• Harding, S.E., Jobling, M.A. and King, T.E. (2010) The Wirral and West Lancashire Viking DNA Project, Countyvise, Birkenhead, U.K.
• Jobling, M.A., Hurles, M.E. and Tyler-Smith, C. (2003) Human Evolutionary Genetics. Garland Science, New York
• King, T.E., Ballereau S.J., Schurer, K., Jobling, M.A. (2006) Genetic signatures of coancestry within surnames. Current Biology 16, 247-260