from stargazing to space travel -...
TRANSCRIPT
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From Stargazing to Space TravelOur brief history into space
Science in the NewsElaine Garcia
Angela She
November 4th, 2015
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Why do we care?
Gives us perspective• What did our forefathers think of the Heavens?
• Why did they think that?
• How did theories change throughout time?
Gives us purpose• Mystery drives inquiry and discovery.
Important Lessons were Learned and will Continue to be Discovered!
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Keywords
Astrology – The study and interpretation of the movements and
positions of celestial bodies in relation to Earth and Earthly affairs.
Astronomy – The study of physical objects in space: gas, dust,
stars, planets, moons, comets, and other non-Earthly mass and
phenomena.
• Astrophysics – The study of the physical nature and energy
of cosmic mass.
• Cosmology – A branch of study that theorizes about the
origin and nature of the universe.
l
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Outline
1. Star Gazing• Theories about why, where, and how
2. Star Studying• Technology to study the unknown
3. Star Reaching• Demo on space exploration
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Outline
1. Star Gazing• Theories about why, where, and how
2. Star Studying• Technology to study the unknown
3. Star Reaching• Demo on space exploration
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What are stars’ purpose?
Are they the actions, moods, or warnings of
celestial beings?
Star Worship
Is their existence independent and separated
from Earth’s existence and purpose?
Star Navigation and Measurement
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Millennia of Lessons
1750+ BC
570 BC
427 BC
384 BC
90
O310 BC
276 BC
1700
1600
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Millennia of Lessons
1750+ BC
The earliest records of
astronomical observations
and mathematics.
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Greek Rule
Zeus King of Gods
Hera Queen of Gods
Poseidon God of the Sea
Hades God of the Underworld
Helios The Sun God
Ares God of War
Aphrodite Goddess of Love
Eros God of Love
Athena Goddess of Wisdom
Hephaestus God of Fire/Forge
Wikicommons.com
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What season is it?
Zodiac surrounds the Earth, noting the Seasons
Wikicommons.com
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Millennia of Lessons
1750+ BC
The earliest records of
astronomical observations
and mathematics.
570 BC
Pythagoras was born
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Pythagoras
Pythagoras founded a school
• Reality is Mathematical
• Philosophy can be used for
spiritual purification
• All students of the school
should observe strict
loyalty and secrecy
• MUSIC
MATH
PHILOSOPHY
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Pythagorean Theorem
A
C
B
A2+B2=C2
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Millennia of Lessons
1750+ BC
570 BC
427 BC
Plato was born
• The heavens are
combinations of
geometric shapes
• Geometry is key to
understanding the
universe
• Stars rotate around the
Earth in simple circular
paths
Pixabay.com
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Millennia of Lessons
1750+ BC
570 BC
427 BC
384 BC
Aristotle was born
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Geocentric Theory vs
Heliocentric Theory Where are we?
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Plato Aristotle
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Geocentricism
• If the Earth did move, then one ought to
be able to observe the stars shifting.
• Constellations would change shape and
not repeat year after year.
• In fact, the Earth DOES move, but the
stars are much father away than
imagined thus making their shifting
undetectable.
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Millennia of Lessons
1750+ BC
570 BC
427 BC
384 BC
310 BC
Aristarchus was born
• Known as the first person to
have proposed heliocentricism
• Wrote “On the Dimensions
and Distances of the Sun and
Moon”
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Millennia of Lessons
90
O
Ptolemy was born
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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The Epicycle explains
planetary movements
• Sometimes it was seen
that stars (which were
really planets) did not
move from East to West
• This movement was
attributed to an epicycle
• Even though he was
wrong, he wrote 30
volumes on the
subject!
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Millennia of Lessons
1700
1600
1400
Nicolaus Copernicus
• Published his book
“On the
Revolutions of
Celestial Spheres”
• Triggered the
Copernican
Revolution, making
an important
contribution to the
Scientific
Revolution
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Millennia of Lessons
1700
1600
Galilei Kepler Newton
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Heliocentricism is SupportedG
alil
eo
Ga
lile
i • Supported Heliocentric Theory
• Supported Circular Orbits
• Made significant discoveries in fundamental science (motion) and applied science (strength of material, optimizing the telescope
• Died under house arrest
Jo
ha
nn
es K
ep
ler • Incorporated religious
reasoning into his work
• Elliptical orbit calculations are more elegant than circular orbit calculations
• He published a 3 part work “Epitome of Copernican Astronomy” which described planetary motion
Issa
cN
ew
ton • Formulated the
laws of motion and universal gravitation
• Used these laws to support elliptical planetary orbits and other things, thus removing doubts to heliocentricism
• Built the first practical reflecting telescope
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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QUESTIONS?
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Outline
1. Stargazing:• Theories about why and where
2. Star Studying• Technologies to study the unknown
3. Star Dreaming:• Demo on space exploration
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Outline
1. Stargazing:• Theories about why and where
2. Star Studying:• Technologies to study the unknown
3. Star Dreaming:• Demo on space exploration
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Studying the Stars
A) Telescopes: Seeing the Sky
B) Rocket Science: Reaching for the Moon and
Beyond
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What do we use telescopes for?
https://pixabay.com
To make things easier to see; to make the invisible, visible.
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How do telescopes work?
https://pixabay.com
Telescopes work by collecting much more light than our eyes can
and focusing it.
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Resolving images that are far away
Flickr: stewartde, August 2, 2008
http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1118a/
Jupiter
Europa
Io
Ganymede
Callisto
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Two types of telescopes
refracting telescopestelescopes that use lenses
to focus light
reflecting telescopestelescopes that use mirrors
to focus light
Encyclopedia Britannica Kids
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A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
He who patents first gets the credit.
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A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
He who speaks the loudest gets the
most recognition.
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What did Galileo see?
Flickr: stewartde, August 2, 2008
Galilean moons
Jupiter
Europa
Io
Ganymede
Callisto
Photo Credit: NASA
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A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
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Some Discoveries made by Early Refracting
Telescopes
Saturn’s rings and Titan
Christiaan Huygens (1655-1659)
Photo Credit: NASA
Sunspots
Christoph Scheiner (1612)Orion nebula
Nicolas-claude Fabri de Peiresc (1610)
Christiaan Huygens (1659)
Photo: Andrew Common (1883)
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Chromatic aberration
Photo Credit: Public DomainFlikr: DopefishJustin, Sept. 7, 2012
a phenomenon that occurs when a lens in unable to focus all colors of light to
the same convergence point, resulting in "fringes" of color along boundaries
that separate bright and dark parts of an image
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The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See
Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration
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The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See
Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration
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The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See
Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration
Is the lens big enough?
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A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
1668Isaac Newton builds
telescope with mirrors
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Some Discoveries made by Early Reflecting
Telescopes
Spiral Galaxies
William Parsons, Earl of Rosse (1845)
Uranus
William Herschel (1781)
Measurement of distances to nearby stars
Hale Telescope, Mt.Wilson (1909)Expansion of the Universe
Hubble and Humason (1929)
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Improvement: mirror making technology and coating the mirrors with silver
60 in. 100 in.
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Reflecting Telescopes Today (Adaptive Optics)
Keck Telescopes
Mauna Kea, Hawaii
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Photo Credit: Paul Hirst, 2006
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Reflecting Telescopes Today (Adaptive Optics)
Keck Telescopes
Mauna Kea, Hawaii
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Black hole at the
center of the Milky
Way
Formation of planets
Demotion of Pluto
Dark energy
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A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
1668Isaac Newton builds
telescope with mirrors
1839John William Draper takes
first successful picture of the moon
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Astrophotography
Henry Draper
1880
Andrew Ainslie Common
1883
Hubble Space Telescope
2006
Orion Nebula
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
1668Isaac Newton builds
telescope with mirrors
1839John William Draper takes
first successful picture of the moon
1932Karl Guthe Jansky
builds the first radio telescope
at Bell Laboratories
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Bell Laboratories, 1964
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Arno Penzias
and
Robert Woodrow Wilson
Holmdel Horn Antenna
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Bell Laboratories, 1964
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Arno Penzias
and
Robert Woodrow Wilson
Echo 2 Balloon Satellite
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Bell Laboratories, 1964
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Arno Penzias
and
Robert Woodrow Wilson
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Cosmic Microwave Background
Photo Credit: Public Domain
The oldest light in the universe
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Telescopes around the worldMore than 400 research telescopes around the world
BICEP2 telescope +
South Pole Telescope
(studies of early universe)
Photo Credit: David Walker
Cerro Tololo Inter-American
Observatory (CTIO)
(discovery of new southern star systems)
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A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
1668Isaac Newton builds
telescope with mirrors
1839John William Draper takes
first successful picture of the moon
1932Karl Guthe Jansky
builds the first radio telescope
at Bell Laboratories
1971USSR launches first
space observatory,
Orion 1, into space
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Telescopes in space: Hubble
Photo Credit: NASA
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Telescopes in Space: Chandra (X-ray)
We have a lot left to learn.
Photo Credit: NASA
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Summary
Photo Credit: Public Domain
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608
Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
1609
Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611
Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
1668
Isaac Newton builds
telescope with mirrors
1839
John William Draper
Takes first successful
picture of the moon
1932
Karl Guthe Jansky
builds the first radio telescope
at Bell Laboratories
1971
USSR launches first
space observatory,
Orion 1, into space
Questions?
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Studying the Stars
A) Telescopes: Seeing the Sky
B) Rocket Science: Reaching for the Moon and
Beyond
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Photo Credit: NASA
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“Interplanetary Rocketry”
1865 1898
The Exploration of Cosmic
Space by Means of
Reaction Devices
-Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
(1903)
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Lift Off!!
Robert H. Goddard: Father of Rocket Science
Rocket fuel: 1914
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1940s: World War II and Rocket Engineering
V2 RocketPhoto Credit: Public Domain
First animals in space:
fruit flies (1947)
V2 Rocket carrying Albert
II, first monkey in space
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Rocket Science + Engineering
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Photo Credit: Costyn, Wikicommons
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Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Supremacy in spaceflight capability
necessary for national security
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Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958USA launches
Explorer 1
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
1959USSR
Luna 1
Orbited the sun
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
1959USSR
Luna 2
Impacted the moon
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
1960USA launches
Tiros-1 (Weather satellite)
Discoverer XIV (Recognizance satellite)
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
1961Yuri Gagarin
First man in space
1961Alan Shepard
First American in Space
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon Cooper
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon
Cooper
Mariner 2
(Venus)
Ranger 7
(Moon)
Mariner 4
(Mars)
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon
Cooper
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon
Cooper
1969Moon Landing
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon
Cooper
1969Moon Landing
Photo Credit: Public Domain
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The Planets
Pluto, as seen by New Horizons
2015Photo Credit: NASA
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Deep Space Exploration
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Space Travel:
It’s not just rocket science
Sustenance Energy Health
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Summary
1939-1945
World War II
1947
Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958
NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon
Cooper
1969
Moon Landing
Questions?
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Outline
1. Stargazing:• Theories about why and where
2. Star Studying• Technologies to study the unknown
3. Star Dreaming:• Demo on space exploration
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Outline
1. Stargazing:• Theories about why and where
2. Star Studying:• Technologies to study the unknown
3. Star Dreaming:• Demo on Space Exploration
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Thank you!
SITN would like to acknowledge the following organizations for their generous support.
Harvard Medical SchoolOffice of Communications and External Relations
Division of Medical Sciences
The Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS)
The Harvard Graduate Student Council (GSC)
The Harvard/MIT COOP