from local/regional oer silos towards an oer global dataspace

from local/regional OER Silos towards an OER Global Dataspace

The Open Education Global Conference 2016 Kraków, Poland from the 12th to 14th of April 2016, at the AGH University of Science and Technology. The theme of #oeglobal is Convergence Through

Collaboration.

Nelson Piedra | @nopiedra

Nelson Piedra, Janneth Chicaiza, Jorge López Universidad Técnica particular de Loja, Ecuador

Departamento de Ciencias de la ComputaciónLoja, Ecuador

[email protected], {jachicaiza, jalopez2}@utpl.edu.ec

Edmundo Tovar CaroUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid

Dpto. Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos e Ingeniería [email protected]

Summary: Connect Distributed and Heterogeneous Open Educational Data

And Resources across the Web• The problem: In recent years, distributed and heterogeneous data stores has gaining attention

of many researchers that attempts to logically interoperate and integrate several different independent distributed heterogeneous data stores while allowing the local systems to maintain complete control of their operations. In the OER context, the heterogeneous and distributed repositories/resources connection is only theoretically feasible, but unfeasible in practice because of the extremely heterogeneous and distributed environment. Sometimes the ability to access, re-use, and integrate data sources, providing a wide degree of flexibility and interoperability in a federated environment, even cannot be established.

• Goal: Use Semantic Web approach and Linked data technologies to consolidate and integrate OER repositories and resources to ensure the best discovery, use, and reuse of OER. Linked data is essential to connect the semantic web.

• Approach: Linked Data is about using the Web to connect related data that wasn't previously linked, or using the Web to lower the barriers to linking data currently linked using other methods. More specifically, Wikipedia defines Linked Data as "a term used to describe a recommended best practice for exposing, sharing, and connecting pieces of data, information, and knowledge on the Semantic Web using URIs and RDF.” [Tim Berners-Lee, 2006]. Currently, Linked Data delivers the most scalable and best performing interoperability available for Web data sources.

to remember,

OPEN: "A piece of knowledge is open if you

are free to use, reuse, adapt and redistribute it"

http://www.opendefinition.org/okd

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#OER

#LO

CWD#LinkedD

ata#U

PM#UTPL

CHALLENGESTOADOPTINGOER

• ThebarriersthatfacultyciteimpactingtheadoptionofOERarerelatedtotheeaseoffinding,selectingtheappropriateresourceandevaluationofOER[1].

• Difficultsreportedare:Nocomprehensivecatalog;ToohardtofindwhatIneed;Notenoughresourcesformysubject;NotknowingifIhavepermissiontouseorchange;Notrelevanttomylocalcontext;Nothigh-quality(e.g.see[23]);NotusedbyotherfacultyIknow;Lackofsupportfrommyinstitution;ToodifficulttointegrateintotechnologyIuse;Noteffectiveatimprovingstudentperformance;Toodifficulttochangeoredit;Toodifficulttouse;Notcurrent,up-to-date.

Are OER Really Open? No, there is still much to do.

OER are made available under a Open License. However, legally free not imply

that the OER is easy to discover, use, reuse, adapt, remix, and share.

An open license doesn’t OER make.

Open license is not enough!

Current OER Ecosystem: Distributed Silos

Limited discovering integration, single access,

Current OER Ecosystem: Distributed Silos Limited discovering integration, single access

Business Architecture

Information Architecture

Technological Layer

Presentation Layer

OER Information System A: (autonomous, heterogeneous and distributed)

Repository Storage Layer (Deposits, collections, metadata catalogue)

Silo

Web

Ser

vice

s/A

PI Business Architecture


Technological Layer

Presentation Layer

OER Information System B: (autonomous, heterogeneous and distributed)


Silo

Web

Ser

vice

s/A

PI

Business Architecture


Technological Layer

Presentation Layer

OER Information System C: (autonomous, heterogeneous and distributed)


Silo

Web

Ser

vice

s/A

PI

The Web - HTTP

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CurrentSituaZon:OERSilos

• HeterogeneousOERstructures/technologies/semanZcs.

• Largeamountsofunstructured,andsemi-structureddata.

• AlthoughthecollecteddatafromopeneducaZonalrepositoriesmayhavecertainstructureacceptedbycommunity,butnotallOERdatahaveansimilarorcompa;blestructureandmeaning.

• OpeneducaZonmaterialesaresharedasInformaZonSilosor"WalledGardens”.

The Tower of Babel by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1563) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel

OERecosystem?

Challenge: connect silos of OER data distributed

across the Web

An opportunity for OER Community:

The presence of OER silos impedes the interoperability, discovery, synthesis, and flow of knowledge.

Additionally, It’s difficult to develop tools for consume global OER from multiple OER silos.

Goal:Exploitationand

integrationofheterogeneousanddistributeddatasets.

Tools:Queries,analysis,andvisualizations

datastore

Technologies and methodologies Models Layers, data,

symbology

Metadata

Services

OER Repository B Regional Initiative datastore

Technologies and methodologies

Models Metadata and standards

Services

OER Directory C OER Consorcia

Layers, data, symbology

Datastore

Technologies and methodologies

Models

Layers, data, symbology

Metadata

Services

OER Repository A Local/National Initiative

Challenge: connect silos of OER data distributed across the Web

Scenario: heterogeneous and distribute environment Problem: (a) lack of integration and interoperability facilities (b) overlap of information (c) ambiguity in identification of resources (d) heterogeneity

Other Datasources

OER Silo A

OER Silo B

OER Silo C

OER Silo DData Requirement OER query, explore,

re-use, re.mix

(z) au

tonomy

heterogeneity (x)di

strib

utio

n (y

)

subo

rdina

ting

homogenizingce

ntra

lizin

g

Managers have been told to break down the walls between siloed information systems. A information silo is a system that operates in isolation or separately from others systems.

P1

P2

Current OER Ecosystem:

Distributed Silos

The Solution not is: subordinating, homogenizing, or centralizing OER Information Systems.

An best approach is developing OER Semantically Interoperable Ecosystem.

Challenge: OER Interoperability and Global Integration Approach: Linked data have the potential of create bridges between OER data silos.

Mo;va;on:DiscoveryandRe-useofOpenEduca;onalResources…

The Way: Semantic Web approach and Linked

Data Technologies

The World Wide Web uses relatively simple technologies with sufficient scalability, efficiency and utility that they have resulted in a remarkable information space of interrelated resources, growing across languages, cultures, and media.

The 2001 Scientific American article by Berners-Lee, Hendler, and Lassie described an expected evolution of the existing Web to a Semantic Web.

See: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/262614/1/Semantic_Web_Revisted.pdf

The Semantic WebA new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities

By Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila on May 1, 2001

“The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation”.

“Make the Web understandable for machines”.

The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be processed by machines.

See http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-semantic-web/

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN

May 2001Volume 284, Issue 5

Proposal

UseofLinkedDataonOERDomain

• ThephilosophyofLinkedDataisthatthevalueandusefulnessofdataincreaseinproportiontotheirlinkswithotherdata.

• ThegoalofLinkedDataistoenablehumanbeingstoeasilysharestructureddataviatheWebjustastheysharedocumentsnow.

• Onthisground,LinkedDatausestheWebtocreatedifferenttypesoflinksamongdatafromdifferentsources.

<href> <href>

<href>

<href>

<href>

<href>

<href>

<href>

<href>

from Web of Documents (unstructured information)

to Web of Linked Data (structured information)

RDF Links

<\> HTML

<\> HTML <\> HTML

<\> HTML

<\> HTML

<\> HTML

<\> HTML

<\> HTML

<href>

Towards single OER global dataspace

Using RDF to publish structure data on the Web, ontologies as an explicit specification of a conceptualization, URI for every Web resource, and linking between data resources within different data sources.

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Linked Data is Data Interoperability The need for communication and interoperation between autonomous and distributed information systems is increasing with the increasing usage of the Web.

e.g. interoperability between heterogeneous and distributed environments

TED2009 Tim Berners-Lee on the next Web

Breaking down the walls. Understanding an greater empathy.

(z) au

tonomy

heterogeneity (x)di

strib

utio

n (y

)

Working

toge

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nd

conn

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Con

nect

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Autonomy, heterogeneity and distribution are not the bigger problem. The key problem is the presence of silos and poor collaboration to establish agreements towards global interoperability.

The LOD4OER initiative is a effort fostering global collaboration to address interoperability and integration challenges in OER ecosystem and open education. Silos and isolation must stop. The way is breaking down the silos and facilitating collaboration.

Grade of Interoperability P(x,y,z)

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OER Interoperability, the ability of OER information systems to exchange and make use of information.

OER Ecosystem Semantically Interoperable

• BecauseLinkedDataholdsthepotentialtomoveourOERcollectionsoutoftheirsilos

• Openthedataandcontentsilos,toleveragetheknowledgecapitalrepresentedbyourOERrepositories

• Toenrichourinformationlandscape,toimprovevisibility

• Toimproveeaseofdiscoveryopenacademicresources

• ToimproveeaseofconsumptionandreuseofOER• ToreduceredundancyinsearchedofOER• PromotinginnovationandAddedValuetoOpen

EducationalContent

WhypublishLinkedOERData?

EXAMPLE: raw data within UPM opencourseware web page

Title

OCW University

Author(s)

year

description

knowledge area

bibliography

ects credits

time autoself

Department

syllabus

LinkedDataforOERPrinciplesLOD4OERapproachisbasedonTheLinkedDataDesignIssues,inOERcontext,are:

1. UseURIsasnamesforthings,whichcanbeunambiguouslyidentified(e.g.OERs,coursewares,OERcreators,OERproviders,knowledgeareas,)

2. UseHTTPURIssothatpeoplecanlookupthosenames.WiththeaidofURIs,thecorrespondingOERdataandrelevantinterlinkeddatacanbedereferenced.

3. RDFtodescribeandSPARQLtoqueries.WhensomeonelooksupaURI,provideusefulinformation,usingthestandards(RDF*,SPARQL)todescribelinkedOERdata,whicharemachine-readableandrepurposedtoservetheproposedarchitecturetoenhanceintegrationwithreusedandinteroperatedOERdata.

4. IncludelinkstootherURIs,sothattheycandiscovermoreentities.LinkedData—particularlydataavailableusingopenlicenses—hasanimportantroletoplayoninformationsystemsandcouldbeakeyfeatureforOpenEducationbasedonOERdataontheWebofData.

HTTP URI

RDF

SPARQL

HTTP-URIs to denote/identifies anything at all through the Web. URIs, in the web architecture, have been used

to"information resources” or web-pages, leaving a consistent architecture.

RDF enables you to open your data to applications through the Web. RDF is very flexible and extensible.

RDF is a way of recording and sharing semantic information about resources.

RDF Triples Resource Description Framework"

subject <uri>

traits or aspects of the resource

predicate typed-link


object <uri> or “literal”


oerLOD4powered by

linked open data for open educational resources

OER Community OER Interoperability Framework Goal: Define and promoting semantic interoperability between OER repositories

thegoalisenhancethediscoverability,reuseandintegrationofOERintoclassroominstruction.Fromageneralperspective,theframeworkisthesynergybetweenLinkedOERDataandhumanexpertise.

Proposed

framework

Synergy Human Expert and Linked OER Data System

Theproposedframeworkcombinesthetraditionsofknowledgesharingandcreation(humanpower)withemergenttechnology

tocreateavastecosystemofopenlysharededucationalresources,whileharnessingtoday’scollaborativespiritto

developeducationalapproachesthataremoreresponsivetolearner’sneeds.

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OER Ecosystem (Global OER Dataspace

Semantically Interoperable)

OER ecosystem composed of silos of information — heterogeneous, autonomous and distributed.

OER Silo B

OER Silo A

Models: OWL, RDFS, SKOS

OER Silo C

Information exchange and Queries: RDF and SPARQL

Global names for OER entities: HTTP-URIs enables data from different sources to be connected and queried.

The Web as Platform

Federated Queries

OER services/applications based on LOD4OER

OER Ecosystem Semantically Interoperable Global OER Dataspace — Efficient and

effective cross-border and cross-knowledge interaction/integration

between information systems.

Linked Data is used to publishing structured data so that it can be interlinked and become more useful.

LOD4OER Framework

Open Educational Resources Ecosystem Goal: Define and promoting semantic interoperability between OER information systems (autonomous, heterogeneous and distribute).

OER Interoperability Considerations

OER Interoperability Ecosystem Efficient and effective cross-border and cross-knowledge interaction/integration between OER information systems

(autonomous, heterogeneous and distributed)

Organizational Considerations

Technological Considerations

Legal Considerations (open licensing)

Agreements

Strategy vision & Support Setting strategic goals, requirements,

priorities and support common agreements of collaboration (LOD4OER work force).

Web of LD

OER Data Provider

SPAR

QL

endp

oint

OER Data Provider

SPAR

QL

endp

oint

SPAR

QL

endp

oint

OER Data integrator

OER OER

OER

OER metadata/data as Linked Open Data

Continuous improvement

Context: Open Education, EFA and OER Declarations; International effort in production of OER, development

of OER Practices, agreements about interoperability, sharing and reuse;

LD best practices and tools.

Actors: OER providers, OER consumers, OER consortia,

researchers, and developers.

OER Community

OER4LOD Life-cycle Semantic Resources

Best PracticesUser interface and OER Applications based on LOD4OER

OER APPs and Mashups

OER Search and Discovery

Productivity and data integration

Information and Semantics Considerations

⚙ OER Apps based on LOD4OER

LOD4OER Life-Cycle

Data source analysis: identify OER providers

& select content/resources offered with a free and open license.

i. Select sources of data (information sources)

• Specification: scope and explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by LOD4OER.

• Describe the main technical features of the data selected.

Concept mapping

base URI: http://purl.org/locwd/ RDFS: http://purl.org/locwd/schema# Resources: http://purl.org/locwd/resources/

URI design

Vocabulary development (search/reuse ontologies)

ii. Ontology modelling

LOD4OER Common and consensuated

ontology

2

3

4

iii. Generation of RDF resources

Define data patterns for

RDF conversion

Data cleansing (detecting and

correcting corrupt or inaccurate data),

disambiguation & data reconciliation

Content extraction from selected datasources

(APIs, sql, csv, JSON, WS, or scraping for

non-structured content)

iv. Data publication (storage level)

Data enrichment

Extractor of data patterns

(entity recognition, classification &

clustering)

• Generation of URI Cools • Create RDF links to

resources in the LOD-Cloud)

Publish extracted data as LinkedData

5

6

7

8

9

10

1

Sparql EndPoint

Repositories of Open Educational Resources

OER mobile

data visualization

recommender systems (for use, reuse and adaptation of OER)

OER discovery tools

Faceted semantic search

OER Apps based on Linked Data

Learning assistant based on OER

LOD4OER Triple-store

Linked OER Data

• URIs for OER things • RDF for describe Entities • Links to other LOD-things

v. Application Layer

11

12

raw content

raw data

Facilitate finding, retrieving, sharing and adaptation of OER

linked data design issues and data quality assurance

OCW-S Builder (MOOCs based on OER)

OER-nuggets

@nopiedra#OCW#OER#LOCWD#LinkedData#UPM#UTPL

LOERD: Linked OpenEducationalResources Data

Public DomainAPI

Open Educational Resources Providers

OER Interoperability Ecosystem Efficient and effective cross-border and cross-knowledge interaction/integration between OER repositories

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D4OER




User interface and OER Applications

Information interchange: RDF RDF (& RDF Schema relationships

semantics are accessible and comprehensible to humans and

machines=

Linked OER Data storage and publishing Query: SPARQL

Identifiers: URI/IRI UNICODE

Representational Vocabularies: RDFS, SKOS

Ontologies: OWL

The Web as Platform: HTTP (as Transport layer)

Semantic Web Infraestructure: LOD4OER

OER’s Silos An information or data silo is an isolated management system incapable of reciprocal operation with other, related information systems.

OER Information silo occurs whenever a OER system is incompatible or not interoperable with other OER systems. Hyperlinks (<href>) are not sufficient to achieve semantic interoperability between OER repositories.

<\> HTML

<href>

<href>

<\> HTML

<\> HTML

Interoperability Framework Goal: Define and promoting semantic interoperability between OER repositories

Methodology

from OER Silos (Web of Documents - Unstructured information) to OER Interoperability (Web of Linked Data - structured information)

OER Community

EFA and OER Vision; agreements about

interoperability; LD work force, promotes

collaboration, sharing and reuse de best practices

and tools

(Current OER publication)

Actions from/to

Extraction, Transformation and Loading

Continuous improvement

Propose future actions. Analyze & Validate.

Action

Construction and Operation of Semantic Interoperability

OER datastores.

Guidelines to Implementation

Semantic Interoperability Guidelines to contribute to the convergence of interoperable

OER services.

Design

Interoperability approach based in SemWeb and

LD technologies

Openness: publication,

discovery, use, reuse, adaption, add

value, remix, and redistribute of OER

repositories

Sem

antic

Web

App

roac

h an

d Li

nked

Dat

a D

esig

n Is

sues

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pen

Lice

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ualit

y A

ssur

ance

| D

ata

Pro

vena

nce

| R

euse

Res

ourc

es, L

D B

est P

ract

ices

and

Too

ls

Definitions and Initial

Setting strategic priorities and objectives. Common agreements.

OER Actors: providers, consumers, consortia, researchers, developers

Strategy and Support

OER Interoperability Ecosystem Efficient and effective cross-border and cross-knowledge interaction/integration between OER repositories

OER Community

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User interface and OER Applications

Information interchange: RDF RDF (Resource Description Framework ) is a model for representing data as triples.

Linked OER Data storage and publishing

Query: SPARQL SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language provides a way to run Structured Queries over LD datasets

Identifiers: URI/IRI UNICODE A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) provides a simple and extensible means for identifying a resource.

Representational Vocabularies: RDFS, SKOS Vocabularies provide lists (and definitions) of common terms that can be used to describe the contents of a dataset -definitions of classes, properties, relations, and other objects.

Ontologies: OWL “An explicit specification of a conceptualization” (Gruber ontology definition). The ontology defines (specifies) the concepts, relationships, constraints and other distinctions that are relevant for modeling a domain (i.e. OER).

The Web as Platform: HTTP (as Transport layer) OER data is hosted on servers that can talk Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to each other and to browsers in order to exchange data across the Internet.

Semantic Web Infraestructure: LOD4OER

OER Users: teachers, students, self-learners, researchers

OER Providers, Universities, OER Consortia, OA Initiatives/Repositories.

International declarations and common agreements to support OER vision about OER and EFA (Education for ALL).

Impulse, development and maintenance of Interoperable Open Educational Resources ecosystem. EFA and OER Vision; agreements about interoperability;

LD work force, promotes collaboration, sharing and reuse de best practices and tools

Elements of a Linked Open Data Stack. Adapted from Tim Berners-Lee LD Stack, and draft sketch by Tim Davis for IKM Working Paper on Linked Open Data for Development.

OER APPs and MashupsMashups combine multiple OER and OA datasets to create a new

OER service, data visualization, recommender systems, mobile apps.

Search/DiscoveryLinked Data search engines allow search across the Web of Data. Conventional search may present information derived from linked

data (e.g. WS and JSON-LD).

ProductivityLinked data facilitates data integration for business intelligence or research.

Strategy and

Support

Interoperability Framework Goal: Define and promoting semantic interoperability between OER repositories

MethodologyContinuous improvement

Propose future actions. Analyze & Validate.

Action

Construction and Operation of Semantic Interoperability

OER datastores.

Guidelines to Implementation

Semantic Interoperability Guidelines to contribute to the convergence of interoperable

OER services.

Design

Interoperability approach based in SemWeb and

LD technologies

Openness: publication,

discovery, use, reuse, adaption, add

value, remix, and redistribute of OER

repositories

Sem

antic

Web

App

roac

h an

d Li

nked

Dat

a D

esig

n Is

sues

| O

pen

Lice

nsin

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ualit

y A

ssur

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| D

ata

Pro

vena

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| R

euse

Res

ourc

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D B

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ract

ices

and

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Definitions and Initial

Setting strategic priorities and objectives. Common agreements.

The notion of Class in RDFS

rdfs:Class

🏫 ⚙ ⛏ 📊

⚖ 💎 👪 🌎

🔬 🏖 🎻 🏢

🐞 🐄🐛 🎭

Una clase es un conjunto de recursos que tienen características y representaciones comunes en un

universo de discurso.

rdf:type

The notion of instance

👪:Persona rdf:type rdfs:Class .

A particular issue of class is named an instance of class

rdf:type

rdf:type

rdf:type

rdf:type

rdf:type

rdf:type

SPARQL can be used to express queries across diverse data sources, whether the data is stored natively as RDF or viewed as RDF via middleware.

A SPARQL query example that models the question "What are all the country capitals in Africa?":

PREFIX ex: <http://example.com/exampleOntology#>SELECT ?capital ?countryWHERE { ?x ex:cityname ?capital ; ex:isCapitalOf ?y . ?y ex:countryname ?country ; ex:isInContinent ex:Africa .}

Linking OER data to other linked open data.

The State of the LOD Cloud 2014 document provides statistics about the structure and content of the crawlable subset of the LOD cloud in April 2014.

LInked OER Data & LOD-CLOUD

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Extracción Mapeo Transformación Publicación

Photo: iStock

Información no estructurada

Datos estructurados

from WIKIPEDIA to DBPEDIA

Webpage: Cordillera de Los Andeshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_de_los_Andes

Resource: Cordillera de Los Andeshttp://es-la.dbpedia.org/resource/Cordillera_de_los_Andes

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SPARQL endpoint: http://es-la.dbpedia.org/sparql graph:http://es-la.dbpedia.org/graph/data

Case of Use 1. Interoperability of Open

Access Repositories

Open Educational Resources Ecosystem

OER Repository

OER metadata/data as Linked Open Data

Extraction, Data Preprocessing, Vocabulary Modeling, RDF Transformation, Data Linking, Publication and Maintenance




Access Interface Federated

SPARQL endpoint

Ad hoc queries

User Interface & OER App

MethodologyIn

put

LOD4OER Transformation ⚙ LD Consume

Out

put

Semantic Interoperability Guidelines to contribute to the convergence of interoperable OER services.

OAI-PMH vs Linked Data

Data Provider

Data Provider

Data Provider

Harvester

Requests (OAI “verbs”): Identify, ListMetadataFormats; ListSets; ListRecords; ListIdentifiersResponses: General Information; Metadata formats; Set structure; Record identifier; Metadata

Web

OAI

-PM

HO

AI-P

MH

OAI

-PM

H

Data Provider

Data Provider

Data Provider

Federated SPARQL endpoint

Web

SPAR

QL

endp

oint

SPAR

QL

endp

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SPAR

QL

endp

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a. Approach Using OAI-PMH. The Web is an transport infrastructure of data and metadata.

b. Approach based on Linked Open Data The data and metadata are part of the same web.

Fedora, DSpace, and EPrints implement the OAI-PMH protocol by default.

Service Provider

SPAR

QL

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Data integrator

OER about a specific subject

SPARQL endpoint: http://data.utpl.edu.ec/serendipity/oar/sparql Graph: http://data.utpl.edu.ec/serendipity/oar

SELECT DISTINCT ?bibresource ?title WHERE { ?bibresource a <http://purl.org/dc/terms/BibliographicResource> . ?bibresource <http://purl.org/dc/terms/title> ?title . ?bibresource <http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject> ?subject . ?bibresource <http://purl.org/dc/terms/description> ?desc . FILTER ( REGEX(?title, "Accesibilidad", "i") || REGEX(?desc, "Accesibilidad ", "i") || REGEX(?subject, "Accesibilidad", "i")) }

bibresource title

http://data.utpl.edu.ec/serendipity/oar/resource/41219a41e42cec29b7ff332ff2dd6cea

"Análisis de la atención a las personas con discapacidad a través de los programas y servicios de accesibilidad y recreación, para grupos de atención prioritaria en la Provincia de Cotopaxi en el año 2012"http://data.utpl.edu.ec/serendipity/oar/resource/

0fc11a4209b97e27186c9b70aaf0a12b"Medios de comunicación y el trabajo en la red con herramientas web 2.0"

Case of Use 2. Global Discovery and Reuse of

OER for MOOC/courseware design

Prototype: • Theframeworkprovidesanapproachthatallowsto

CoursewareDesignerstodiscoverandaccessopeneducationalresourcesthatareextractedfromopenrepositoriesdistributed.

• Therefore,achallengeforthecommunityispromotingOERinitiativeswithchannelsthatfacilitatethediscovery,useandreuseforteachers,studentsandself-learnersincorporatethemintheeducativepractice.

• Fromatechnicalpointofview,theopennessofOERscoversissuessuchasinteroperabilityanddiscovery.InpreviousworkwehavepresentedhowthesefeaturescanbeenhancedbyapplyingSemanticWebtechnologiesandLinkedData.

Theeducationisseenasanessential,shared,re-used,adapted,andcollaborativesocialgood.OERmovementenvisionsaworldwhereeveryone,everywhere,anytimehasaccesstothehighqualityeducationandtrainingtheydesire

Conceptual View

Technical View

Conclusions

• LinkedDatatechnologiescanalsohelptointegratetheworkofdisperseinstitutionsproducingdiverselinkeddata.

• LinkedOpenData(LOD)iswellknownforprovidingaextensiveamountofdetailedandstructuredinformation.

• LinkedDatavisionenablesanewgenerationofopeneducationalresourcesthatcanbesemanticallydescribedandconnectedwithotherdataanddiscoverablesources.

gracias!@nopiedra

[email protected]

The Open Education Global Conference 2016 Kraków, Poland from the 12th to 14th of April 2016, at the

AGH University of Science and Technology. The theme of #oeglobal is Convergence Through

Collaboration.

from local/regional OER Silostowards an OER Global Dataspace

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• Good practice: Identify with URIs. To benefit from and increase the value of the World Wide Web, agents should provide URIs as identifiers for resources.

• Constraint: URIs Identify a Single Resource. Assign distinct URIs to distinct resources.

• Good practice: Avoiding URI aliases. A URI owner SHOULD NOT associate arbitrarily different URIs with the same resource.

• Good practice: Reuse URI schemes. A specification SHOULD reuse an existing URI scheme (rather than create a new one) when it provides the desired properties of identifiers and their relation to resources.