from dictatorship to democracy, khmer version
TRANSCRIPT
7/30/2019 From Dictatorship to Democracy, Khmer Version
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- i -
BI
rbbpþac;kar eTA
RbCaFibetyü tameKalKMni tGhi gSa
CIn sab vi Tüasæ anGal'bW tGaMgsþaj The Albert Einstein Institution
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- ii -
rUbztRkbmux
- xagelI ; elak cn buWK ‘ Jon Bugge’ ©JonBugge - xageRkam ; elak Exm suvNÑara ©ExmsuvNÑara
rUbztRkbeRkay - elak nIk evsþÚv&r ‘ Nick Westover ’ ©NickWestover
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- iii -
CUncMeJHmitþ r¨ ug Qun
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ebskkmµ
viTüasßanGal;bWtGaMgsþaj
ebskkmµ énvi Tüasæ anGal´bW tGaMgsþaj KWCYyeZV IeGaymankarrIkcMerIndlkarsi kSaTUlMTUlay ni gkareRbIR:sGMeBIGhi gSaCayuTÆsaRsþ ~gkaredaH
RsayTMnas´nanaelIEpndIenH .vi Tüasæ anenHebþC\a ÷
• karJrRbCaZi betyü esrIPaB• RbqaMgnw gkarCi HCan GMeBIpþackar karsMlabmnusSrg<al ni g• bnæ ykarBw gEpÁ keTAelIGMeBIhigSa ~gviZankarnana .
ebskkmµ enH sMerc:neTAtamviZankarbIya¨g ÷• karCYyelIkTw kci tþkarRsavRCav karsi kSaGMBIvi ZankarsMrab´
skmµ PaBGhi gSa ni gkareRbIR:svi ZankarenHBImun>~gTMnas RKbEbbyag .
• karEckcaylTÆplénkarRsavRCavenH eTAsaZarNCn tam ry; karpSBVpSay snñ isIT ni gRbB&nÆB&t( man ehIyni g• karBi eRKaH pþl´eyabl´ dlRkumTaMgLayEdlmanTMnas´
GMBIplEdleKTTYl:nBIyuTÆsaRsþénkareRbIGMeBIGhigSa .
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GV I>TaMgGs´enA~ges[vePAenH sæi tenA~gevTi kasaZarN;KWeKGaccMlgeRbIR:s´:n edayBu McaM:c´mankarGnuJ¦atBIelak CIn sab ß
Gñ kbkERb . Rbsi nebIelakGñkcMlgvK<NamYy~ges[vePAenHsUmemtþabJ¢ akRbPBedImeGay:nc|as´las´ . sUmGrKuN .
e:HBum¬elIkTImYy Ex ósPa qñaM 2002e:HBum¬elIkTIBIr Ex mi zuna qñaM 2003
es[vePA ²BIrbbpþac´ kareTARbCaZi betyü³ :nRtUveKecjpSayCaelIkdMbUgbgÁ s enATIRkug:gkk ~gqñaM1993 edayRkumKN;kmµ kar
sMrabksaglTÆ iRbCaZi betyüeLIgvi jenA~gRbeTsPUma~gshkarCamYyTsSnavdþ IjÚveG[ra¨ ‘ The New Era Journal’ ‘ Khit Pyaing’.
taMgBIeBlenaHmk eK:nbkERbes[vePAenHecjCaR:MbIPasay¨agti c ehIyeK:npSBVpSayenA~gRbeTssW eb[ «NÐ ÚensI u ni géz
RBmTaMgbNþaRbeTsmYycMnYneT[t .enHCaelIkTImYy Edles[vePAenHecjpSayCaPasaExµ r e:HBum¬Extula 2005 .
The Albert Einstein Institution
427 Newbury StreetBoston, MA 02115-1801, USA
Tel: USA+617-247-4882
Fax: USA+617-247-4035
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.aeinstein.org
ISBN 1-880813-09-2 (PasaGg´eKøs’ ISBN 1-880813-13-0 (PasaExµ r )
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BIrbbpþac;kar eTARbCaFibetyü
tameKalKMni tGhi gSa
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matikaerOg
kMNt´GñkbkERb xiii
GarmÖkza xvi
CMBUkTI 1RbQmmuxnw grbbpþackar 1
bJØaEdlenAmanbnþ 3esrIPaBtamry;GMeBIhi gSa 5rdðRbhar kare:Heqñat GñkeRsacRsg´BIbreTs 7karTTYls<alkarBit 10
CMBUkTI 2
eRKaHzñakénkarcrca 13KuNsm|tþ i ni gkarxUcxaténki c© crca 14 karcuHj¨mtamkarcrca 15GMNac ni gyutþ i Zm( enA~gki c© crca 17karylRBmrbs´BYkpþackar 18
etIsnþ i PaBEbbNa
20mUlehtusMrabesckþ Isg¹wm 20
CMBUkTI 3eBlNaGMNacnwgmkdl´ 23
er]geRBgni TanGMBIm© assVa 23
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- x -
RbPBcaM:cnanaénGMNacneya:y 25mNÐlTaMgLayénGMNacRbCaZi betyü 29
CMBUkTI
4 rbbpþackarmancMNucexSay 33karsMKalrkemIlEkgeCIgGaKIl 33cMNucexSayrbs´rbbpþackar 34 karvayRbhareTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac´kar 36
CMBUkTI 5kareRbIR:sGMNac 39
dMeNIrénkarts)UGhi gSa 40GavuZni gvi n&yGhi gSa 41karebIkcMh PaBsMgat´ ni g«ri yabzRtw mRtUv 45
karERbRbYlRKwHGMNac 46ynþkarbYny¨agsMrabkarERbRbYl 47«TÆi BlRbCaZibetyüénneya:yerIbRmH 49 PaBsµúKsµajénkarts) UGhi gSa 51
CMBUkTI
6esckþ IRtUvkareGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ 53karer[bcMCaEpnkarCak´Esþg 54 óbsK<~gkarer[bcMEpnkar 55JküeBcn¾ bYnsMxan´>~gkareZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ 59
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CMBUkTI 7karer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ 63
kareRCIserIsneya:y 65
karer[bcMEpnkaredIm|IlTÆ i RbCaZibetyü 66CMnYyBIeRkA 67karer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg 68 karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþsMrab´yuTÆnakar 71karpSBVpSayKMni tmineZV Ishkar 74 karbRg,abnigvi ZankarTb´Tl´ 75
karRbkanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþeGayx¢ab´ 76
CMBUkTI 8 karGnuvtþn¾neya:yerIbRmH 79
karts) UsRmaMg 80
kartTl´Cani mi tþrUb 81karEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUv 83kartMrgeTArkGMNacBYkpþackar 84 karERbRbYlyuTÆsaRsþ 87
CMBUkTI
9 karbMEbkrbbpþackar 89 karBRgIkesrIPaB 91karbMEbkrbbpþac´kar 93karkan´kab´C&yCMnHedaykarTTYlxusRtUv 95
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CMBUkTI 10kic© karCamUldðansMrabRbCaZi betyürwgbu wg 97
karKMramkMEhgBIrbbpþackarzµ I 98
karTbs,at´rdð Rbhar 99 karRJgrdð ZmµnuJ¦ 100neya:ykarJrCati tamRbCaZibetyü 101karTTYlxusRtUvd* lÁ RbesIr 102
óbsm¬ &nÆ - meZüa:yénskmµPaBGhi gSa 105GMBIGñ kni BnÆ 121
GMBIGñkbkERb 123
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kMNt;GñkbkERb
eKalbMNgZMénki c© karbkERbsMrYlenH nw g:nsMercdUcR:zñ a RbsinebIkare:HBum¬pSBVpSayes[vePArbselaksaRsþacarü CIn sab ²BIrbbpþackar eTARbCaZi betyü³CaPasaExµ r GacCYyCMrujelIkTw kci tþ eGaymankarRtw Hri HBi carNaeGay:nmW ugmatGMBIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ni gskmµ PaBGhi gSa EdlGac
CYyTajRbeTsNamYyeGayecjputBIPaBRkIRketakyak ni gkarcuHjm .karEvkEjkRbEkkKñ aza RbeTsNamYymandMeNIrkareTAmux ß zy
eRkayRbEhlCaBu MsUvsMxaneT . karBitenaHKW RbCaBlrdðRbeTsRkIRkRtUv qøgkatkarQW cabEdlmi ncaM:c . karrgTuk¡evTnaEdlRbCaBlrdð :nRTaMRT KYrEtCakarkRnþak´das´sµ artIeGayP\ak´rlw k sMrabRbeTsRkIRkTaMgLay .
RBw tþ i karN¾ nanaEdlmanekIteLIgenA~gRbeTsRkIRk hakdUcCaBu Mmanlk¡N;eKarB eyaKyl´ ßGaNi tGasUrdlRbCaBlrdðeLIy .Rbvtþi saRsþRbeTsRkIRkxøHeJreBjeTAeday ²bdi vtþn¾ ³ EdlTTYl
braC&y . sacer]gdEdl>ecHEtekItmaneLIg manEttYÉkeTEdlpøasbþ Úr .mtiri HKnxøHGaccatTukBYkGñ kdw knaMTaMgenaH zaCaGPi CnmYyRkumEdlrvlEt deNþ ImKñ akaccg, Útk:¨l´TItak´nic ‘ Titanic’ . BYkeKmanci tþrIkrayenAeBl eXIjBYkemdw knaMcasrltrlay ehIyeKxi txMeZV IEbbNa edIm|Iku MeGayKURbECgrbs´eKmanOkaskøayeTACaGñ kTTYlGMNacbnþenAézá mux . Gñ kTaMgenHhak´ dUcCarvlxøaMgNas~gkareZV Iy¨agNa eGayeK:nenAkanGMNacyUrGEgVgCaCageZV I GVIedIm|IrMedaHRbCaBlrdð eGayeKcputBIPaBRkIRketaky¨ak Tuk¡evTna ehIynigBIkardw knaMEdlxVHRbsi TÆPaB .
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eKGaceRb[beZ[bRbCaBlrdð eTAkEg,b~gqñaMgTw kRtCak´ EdleKkMBugEtbg,at´ePø IgdaMBIeRkam . kEg,benHRbEhlCakMBugEtsMrbsMrYlxøÜneTAtam kMedATw k EdlecHEtekIneLIgbnþ i cmþg> . TIbMput karsMrbsMrYledIm|IrsenH
nw geZV IkEg,bqÁi nsøab´
erIxø ÜnelatecjBITwkBuHBu MrYc eTaHbICaeBlenaH
eKcgrs´ EbbNak* eday . Rbsi nebIeKRtUvkaróTahrN¾ CakEsþgsMrabeRKaHzñ ak´enHeKBu McaM:csMLw gemIlÉNaEvgqáayhYsBIRbeTscM:eT . buEnþeKRbEhlCaemIlBu MeXIjeT eRJHRbeTscM:¨:nrlay:t´rUbragrYcyUrNas´eTAehIy .
RbEhlCaeBlevlaEdlRbCaBlrdðRtUveZV IkarrMedaHxø ÜnÉg Qb´Bw gEpÁ kelIGñkÉeT[t:nmkdlehIy . dUcEdlelaksaRsþacarü CIn sab
:nRsgyksMdIeTAdak´~ges[vePAenHza ²esrIPaBminEmn:nedayesrI gayRsYl³ . elak:nesñICaTUeTAza ²RbCaBlrdð nw gRtUvEter[nGMBIreb[b qk'ykesrIPaBenH edayxøÜnÉg³ ‘TMB&rTI 103’ .
eKeXIjmanktþaelIkTw kcitþ sMrabeGayRbCaBlrdð RkIRkeZV Iy¨agenHni grgVanCaeRcInrg´caM Rbsi nebIRbCaCati enHmaneCaKC&y . RbeTsRkIRkxøH
mandIZø IEdlmanCIrCati Tw kbw g TenøJseBj nigcMnYnBlrdðti c~gmYyKILÚEmRtkaer¨ . TaMgenHCaZnZanZmµ Cati ni gekrþ¥ mrtk EdlrgcaMEtkarRKb´RKgd*lÁ mYy . Gñkesdð saRsþEdlmanÉkeTsxagkat´bnæ yPaBRkIRk elak saRsþcarü eCvRhV I sas´ ‘ Jeffrey Sachs’ :neC]Cakza RbeTsRkIRkxøHmanKuNsm|tþ i CaeRcIn EdlGaceZV IeGayRbCaBlrdð TaMgGs´ manCIvPaBrs
enACamnusS~gPaBézøzñ Úr
.
~gEpñ kGnuvtþn¾ vi j
es[vePAenH:npþlnUvKMni tCaeRcInGMBIreb[bts)UykesrIPaB EdlRbCaBlrdðRtUvkary¨agxøaMgkøa edIm|IcUl rYm~gki c©karTaMgLay Edlman«TÆ iBleTAelICIvPaBrsenA Caer[gral'ézá rbseK ni gRbeyaCn¾ Cati . es[vePAenHGacCYyeZV IeGaykarGssg¹w mkøay eTACamansg¹w m ni geZV IeGayesckþ Isg¹w mkøayCakarBi t .
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karpSBVpSayes[vePAenHCaPasaExµ r:necjrYc edaysarEtmnusS mYycMnYn . elaksaRsþacarü CIn sab :nktRtaKMni tCaeRcInTuk~ges[vePA EdlGacCYyeGayRbCaBlrdð Bi PBelakkankabvasnaxø ÜnÉgvi jmþg . elak
GaZ&r GI uEdlsþaj‘ Arthur Edelstein
’ énsklvi Tüal&ykalIhV &rja¨ enA bW rKø I ‘ Berkeley’ :nTakTg ehIypþleGay` nUvOkasmYyEdl`Bu MGac bdiesZ:n edIm|ICYypSBVpSayKMni t elak CIn sab CaPasaExµ r . karbk ERbCaPasaExµ renH:nTTYlplRbeyaCn¾ CaeRcIn BIcMeNHGkSrsaRsþd* eRCA RCH rbsRBHPi k¡ úmYyGg< elak lI skþa elak mYg Naert ni g shkarImYycMnYneT[t Edl:nCYyeZV IkarBi nitüJküeBcn¾ XøaeXøagy¨aghµ t´ct´ .
Gñ kCMnYykar`:nTTYlra¨brgxagkarvayGtæ bT ni ger[bcMeGayecjCarUbPaBes[vePA . mi tþP&RkþmYycMnYnenA~gRsukni gbreTs :nCYyelIkTwkci tþ ni gpþl'CaZnZansMrab´e:HBum¬es[vePAenH . Gñ kCMnYyTaMgenaH suTÆEtCaGñ kEdl bþ ÚrpþaceTAelIlTÆ i RbCaZi betyü ni gsiTÆimnusStamskmµ PaBGhigSa . `sUm GrKuNyagRCaleRCA cMeJHRBHetCKuN nigGs´elakGñkxagelITaMgGs´
Edl:nCYyeRCamERCgRKbRCugeRCay edIm|IeGayes[vePAenHecjCarUbrag . eTaHbICayagNak* eday kMhusTaMgLayEdlmanenA~ges[vePAenH sæi tenA ~gkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs´ EtmñakÉgTaMgRsug .
`sUmcat'Tuksñ aédbkERbenHCakarEzøgGMNrKuNd* sþ Ücesþ IgmYy cMeJHPri ya ni gkUn`TaMgBIr Edl:nKaMRTKMni tni gskmµPaB`Cani c© edayKµ an
lk¡xNÐ .
smaCi kRBw TÆsPa Gw ug b)unGag GñkbkERb raCZanIPñMeBj ézáTI 11 Ex kJ¦a qñ aM 2005
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kan´EtxøaMgeLIg . BIGñkRsukTIebEdl:nRbyuTÆRbqaMgnw gkarQøanJnrbs´ BYkci nkumµ úynIsþ ni g BYkrusSI úEdl:neCaKC&yeTAelIrdð Rbharrbs´RkumRCul ni ym~gExsIhaqñaM1991 ehIynigBYkézEdl:nraraMg edaysnþ i vi ZI mi n
eGayrbbeyaZavi lRtLbmkvi j `:ner[nsURtbEnæ mGMBIkarecjlk¡N;sahavsnSwm>énrbbpþac´kar .smanci tþGaNitGasUr ni gkMhw gBuHeJrcMeJHGMeBI IsahaveXareXA
CamYyni gkaresá IcsresIrdlvIrPaBd*nw ghñ énbursRsþId* køahanEdlmi nKYr eGayeC]:n kan´EtmankMri txøaMgeLIg enAeBleKeZVIdMeNIreTAdl´TIkEnøgekIt ehtu . KW CaTIkEnøgEdlenAEtmaneRKaHzñ ak´ buEnþGñkkøahanTaMgenaHenAEt
Rkajts) UteTAeT[t . TIkEnøgTaMgenaHmanCaGaT¥ RbeTs:Nama¨ enAeRkam karRKbRKgrbseQµ aH NUrIGI uh<a ( Noriega) , dMbnvI ulnIGI us (Vilnius) lIZUGaen[(Lithuania) eRkamkarCi HCanrbssUev[t , TIZøaeZ[nNami n (Tiananmen Square) énTIRkugebkaMg (Beijing) EdleK:neXIjmha:tukmµ d* Gs© arü edIm|IesrIPaBni gkareTAdl´énkgrzeRkaH Edl:nbJ© b´raRtIenaHy¨ageXareXAÇ TIsñ ak´kar
~géRBénRkumRbCaZi betyü enAmaN&rpø &r (Manerplaw) ~gtMbn²rMedaHPUma³ .CYnkal `:neTAdlTIkEnøgEdlGñ kTaMgenaH:nbUCaCIvi t dUcCadgeKamTUrTsSn¾ ni gTIkEnøgkb´exµ acenAvi lnIGI usÇ sYnsaZarN;enATIRkugrIh<a (Riga) CaTIkEnøgEdleK:jsMlabmnusSmYycMnYnÇ mNÐlEhVra¨ra (Ferrara) enAEpñ kxageCIgRbeTsGI utalI CaTIkEnøgEdlBYkhVasI us tMer[b
BYkGñ kRbqaMgCaCYr munnwg:jrHsMlabecal ehIynigTIkbexµ acd* samJ¦ mYy enAmaN&rpø&r EdleJreBjeTAedaysBGñkts) Uekµ g> . karBi td* GaeNacGaZ&mmYyenaHKW rbbpþac´karnImYy>EtgEtbnSl´TuknUvkar:tbg´ CIvi t ni gkarxUcxatEbbenH .
karkgVl´ nigbTBiesaZn¾TaMgenaH :nnaMeGaymanesckþIsg¹wm d* mW ugma¨tza karbeJ¢{srbbpþackarenHRbEhlCaGaceZV IeTA:nÇ ni gkarts) U
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d* eCaKC&yRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar GacsMerc:nedayBu McaM:csMlabKñ aeday rg<aleTAvi jeTAmkÇ ehIyza eKGacrMlMrbbpþackar ehIyraraMgmineGay rbbpþackarzµ ImYyeT[t elcecjBIKMnrepHTaMgenaH:n .
`:nl|geZV Ivi PaKyaghµ tct
GMBIvi Zankard* manRbsi TÆPaBbMput
edIm|I ruHerIrbbpþac´kar eGay:neCaKC&y edayBu McaM:c´bg,eGaymankarxUcxat xøaMg tamry;kareZV IeGaymankar:t´bg´CIvitnigkarQW cab´ . ~gkareZVIEbb enH `:nBw gEpÁ keTAelIkarsi kSarab´qñ aMrbs´ GMBIrbbpþackarnana clnaRbqaMg bdivtþn¾ KMnitneya:y RbB&nÆRKbRKgrdð nigCaBi ess GMBIkarRbyuTÆts) UGhigSad* Cak´Esþg .
es[vePAenH KW CalTÆplénkarsi kSarbs´ . `dw gc|asza sñ aédenHBuMTan´:nlÁ suRki t «tex© aHenaHeLIy . buEnþlTÆplenH RbEhlCaGac pþlnUvkarENnaMxøH> edIm|ICaCMnYydlkarKi tni gkarer[bcMEpnkar ~gkarbeg, It eGayecjCaclnarMedaHmYy EdlmanzamBlni gRbsi TÆPaBxøaMgkøa .
CakarcaM:c´ nigeyageTAtamkareRCIserIsd*hµt´ct´ xøwmsarén
karsi kSavi PaK~ges[vePAenH nwgepþateTAelIbJØaCaTUeTA EdlJk'B&nÆnw gkareZV IyagNa edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar ehIyni gbeJ¢{skuMeGayrbbpþackarzµI mYyeT[tmkCMnYs:n . `Bu MmansmtæPaBRKbRKan´sMrabeZV IkarviPaK ni geZV I sMeNIeGay:nBisþar sMrabRbeTsNamYyCakEsþgenaHeLIy . buEnþesckþ I sg¹w mrbs`enaHKW karvi PaKsi kSaCaTUeTAEbbenH RbEhlCaGacmanRbeyaCn¾
dlmnusS~gRbeTsCaeRcIn
EdlkMBugEtRbQmmuxtTl´nw grbbpþackarCak Esþg . Gñ kTaMgenaHRtUvBi nitüzø w gEzøgxø w msar énkarvi PaK~ges[vePAenH sMrab krNIBi essrbs´eK ehIysMercza etIeKGacelIkyk ßk*Ekécñ sMeNIsMxan´>NamYy~ges[vePAenHdl´kMritNaEdr sMrabkarts) UrMedaHrbseK .
`mankarCab´CMJkKuNCaeRcIn~gkarsresres[vePAenH . elak RbUs EcgXIn (Bruce Jenkins) Gñ kCMnYykar`:nCYy`CaeRcIn elIsBI
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karsµ an ~gkarrkeXIjkMhusnana ~ges[vePAenH ni gkareGayeyabl´ ~gkarBnül'KMnitBi :k>eGaygayRsYlyl' CaBiess KMni tEdlJk'B&nÆ nw gyuTÆsaRsþ .
`k* sUmGrKuNpgEdr
cMeJHelak
esÞhV i n
kUDI(Stephen Coady)
Edl:nCYyEksMrYlJküeBcn¾ nigGk¡raviruTÆ . bNÐit RKwsþÚhV&r RKUl&r (Christopher Kruegler ) ni gelak rUbW t ehlvI (Robert Helvey) :npþl nUvkarri HKnni geyabl´sMxan´>CaeRcIn . elakRsIbNÐ it ehsi l mahV W sun(Hazel McFerson) ni gelakRsIbNÐ it:RTIsu Iya pakmi n(Patricia Parkman)
:npþl´eGay` nUvB&t(manGMBIkarts) U~gTIVbGaRhVi k ni gGaemri kxagt|Úg .
zV IebIkarsi kSarbs´`enH:nTTYlplRbeyaCn¾CaeRcInBIkarKaMRTd* RbesIrTaMgenHkþ I karvi PaK ni gesckþ Isnñi dð anTaMgLay~ges[vePAenH KW CakarTTYlxus RtUvrbs´ TaMgRsug .
enA~gkarvi PaKrbs`enH Bu MmancMNucNamYy Edl`snµ tza kartTl RbqaMgempþac´karTaMgLayCakargayRsYl nigKµankarxUcxatenaHeLIy .
karts) URKb´RbePTEtgEtmanbJØasµ úKsµ aj nigxUcxatxøHCani c© . karRbyuTÆ RbqaMgnw gBYkpþackar nw gnaMmknUvkarxUcxatBM uxan . b¨ uEnþesckþ Isg¹w mrbs `enaHKW karvi PaK~ges[vePAenH nw gCMrujeGayGñ kdwknaMkarRbqaMgTaMgLay Ki tKUrGMBIyuTÆsaRsþ EdlGacCYyeGaykMlaMgrbseKkan´EtmanRbsi TÆPaBCamYyKñanw gkarbnæykarxUcxat .
eKmi nKYrbkRsaykarvi PaK~ges[vePAenHza enAeBlEdlrbbpþackar mYy:ndYlrlM bJØaÉeT[tnw gRtUvcbEdrenaHeT . karrlMdYlénrbbmYy mi nEmnnaMmknUvrbbzµ ImYyd* lÁ enaHeLIy . karenHRKanEtebIkpøÚveTArkkic© kar d* lM:k ni gkarxñHExñgd*yUrGEgVgeT[t edIm|Isæ abnaeGaymanTMnak´TMngsg<m ki c© esdðkic© ni gneya:y d* Rtw mRtUv ehIyni gbM:tecalnUvPaBGyutþ i Zm( ni gkarCi HCanÉeT[t . `sg¹w mza karvi PaKd* xø I~ges[vePAenH GMBIreb[bkMcat
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- xxi -
rbbpþackar nw gGacmanplRbeyaCn¾ ~gkrNITaMgLayNa EdlmnusS rsenAeRkamkarCi HCan´ ehIyEdlGñ kTaMgenaHmanbMNgcg:nesrIPaB .
CI n sab
ézá TI6 Extula qñaM1993vi Tüasæ anGalbW tGaMgsþajGKarelx 427 pøÚvjÚvb&rrI RkugbUsþ ún rdðma¨saCUsi t 02115-1801
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- 1 -1
CMBUkTI1
karRbQmmuxnwgrbbpþac;kar
Gsry;eBleRcInqñ aMknøgeTAzµ I>enH rbbpþackarmYycMnYn EdlmanRbPB~gRsuk ni geRkARsuk :ndYlrlM enAeBlEdlCYbRbQmmuxCamYy nw gRbCaBlrdð Edlmansµ artIrw gbu w g ni gkarRbmUlKñaCaRkum . rbbpþackar xøHTaMgenaHhakdUcCamanPaBmaMmYn EdlKµ annrNaGacb¨HJl:n buEnþTI bMputBu MmanlTÆPaBRbQmmuxtTl´nw gRbCaBlrdð EdlshkarKña erIbRmH
bdiesZmi neZV ItambJ¢ a xagEpñkneya:y esdðki c© nigxagsg<mki c© .taMgBIqñaM1980 rbbpþackarmYycMnYn:ndYlrlM enAcMeJHmuxkarerI
bRmHGhi gSa rbsRbCaBlrdð enARbeTseGsþ Úen[‘ Estonia’ Latev[‘ Latvia’lIZUGaen[‘ Lithuania’ bULÚj‘ Poland’ GaLW mg´xagekIt‘ East Germany’eqkUsø ÚvaKI‘ Czechoslovakia’ søÚeven[‘ Slovenia’ ma¨dah<as,a‘ Madagascar ’
malI‘ Mali’ bUlIev[‘ Bolivia’ ni ghV IlIB¬ In‘ Philippines’ . karRbqaMgGhi gSa:nCMrujeGaymanclnaeTArklTÆi RbCaZi betyüeTAmux enA~gRbeTs en:l ‘ Nepal’ sMeb[‘ Zambia’ kUerxagt|Úg‘ South Korea’ QIlI‘ Chile’ GahSgTIn‘ Argentina’ éhTI‘ Haiti’ eRbsI ul‘ Brazil’ GU )rUh<ay ‘ Uruguay’ maLavI ‘ Malawi’ b) ulh<arI‘ Bulgaria’ hugRKI‘ Hungary’ esSer¨‘ Zaire’ nIehSrI
‘ Nigeria
’ ni gtMbn´epSg>énGtItshPaBsUev[t
‘edIrtYyagsMxan´
~gkareZV I
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- 2 -2
eGayBYkRCulni ymbraC&y~gkarb unbgeZV Irdð Rbhar ~gExsIha qñ aM1991’ .elIsBIenHeTAeT[t neya:yerIbRmH1 BIsMNakBlrdð k* :nekIt
eLIg~gRbeTsci n PUma TIeb ~gry;eBlb¨ unµ anqñ aMzµ I>enHEdr . zV IebIkarts) U
TaMgenaHBu M:nnaMmknUvkarbJ© b´rbbpþackarßk* karkankab´k*eday k* karts) UTaMgenaH:nbgØajeGayshKmn¾ GnþrCati eXIj PaBsahavénrbbCi HCan´ ehIy:npþleGayBlrdð TaMgenaH nUvbTBiesaZn¾ d*mantMél sMrabkarts) U EbbenH .
kardYlrlMénrbbpþackarénRbeTsTaMgb¨ unµ anxagelIenH c|asCaBu M :nlubbM:tnUvbJØaTaMgLayEdlmanenA~gsg<mTaMgenaHeLIy ÷ PaBRkIRk
óRki dð kmµ ki c© karrdð :lEdlBu MmanRbsi TÆPaB ni gkarbMpø i cbMpøajZmµ Cati Edl Caer]y> CasñaédénrbbeXareXATaMgenaH . buEnþkardYlrlMénrbbTaMgenaH:neZV IeGayGñkrgeRKaHrYcBIkarCi HCan´ mankarZUres|Iy ehIyebIkpø ÚveGay mankarksagsg<mTaMgenaHeLIgvi j CamYynw gneya:yRbCaZi betyü esrIPaBbuK<l ni gyutþ i Zm( sg<m .
1 elak rUbW t EhlvI ‘ Robert Helvey’ :neRbIJküenHCaelIkdMbUg . ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨ KW Cakarts)UGhi gSa ‘:tukmµ karmi neZVIshkar nigkareZV IGnþraKmn¾’ EdleK Gnuvtþn¾yagskmµ y¨agman; sMrabeKalbMNgneya:y . JküenHeK:neRbICadMbUg edIm|IbM:t´karyl´RcLM ni gkaryl´xusEdlekIteLIgBIkarcat´Tukkarts) U Ghi gSaCamYynw g ²GMeBIGhi gSa ~gn&ysasna sIlZm( ni gkarni ymsnþ i PaB . ² karerIbRmH ¨ mann&yza KWCakartTlnw gGaC\aZreday eRKagTuk tamry;karmineKarB edaymi ncuHjm . ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨ er[brab´GMBIsPaBkar EdleKeZV Iskmµ PaB ‘neya:y’ CamYynw geKalbMNg ‘GMNacneya:y’. eKeRbIJküenH CaGaT¥ sMraber[brabGMBIskmµ PaBrbsRbCaBlrdð edIm|IdeNþ ImykBIrbbpþackar nUvkarRKbRKgsæ ab&nrdð :l tamry;karvayRbhareday«tQbQreTAelIRbPBGMNac ehIy ni geRbIR:s´karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ni gkardak´Gnuvtþn¾ . enA~ges[vePAenH Jkü ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨ ²karRbqaMgGhigSa ¨ ni g ²karts) UGhigSa ¨ mann&ydUcKña zV IebIJküTaMgBIrcugeRkay CaTUeTA
ni yayGMBIkarts) U edIm|IeKalbMNgTUlMTUlay
‘bJØasg<m esdðkic©
ci tþsaRsþ
CaedIm’
.
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- 3 -3
bBaðaEdlenAmanbnþCakarBi t eK:nseg,teXIjmancrnþeTArklTÆ i RbCaZibetyü ni g
esrIPaBenA~gBi PBelak ~gb unµ anTsvtSknøgeTAenH . eyageTAtamGg<kar RhV Idumehas (Freedom House) Edl:ncgRkgCaer[gralqñaM nUvkarsi kSaGnþrCatimYy GMBIRbePTénsiTÆ i neya:yni gesrIPaBsI uvi l cMnYnRbeTsTUeTA ~gelak EdleKGaccatTukzaman ²esrIPaB ¨ :nekIneLIgCaeRcIn ~gry;eBl 30qñ aMknøgeTAenH2 ÷
esrPaBeBjelj esrPaBxøH KµanesrIPaB1974 41 48 632004 89 54 49
buEnþ crnþd*lÁ enH :nCYbRbTHnwgkarraMgsÞHxøH edaysarenAman
Blrdð mYycMnYnZMeT[t
EdlkMBugrsenAeRkamGMNacpþackar
.
mkTlnw gExmkraqñaM1993 31PaKryénRbCaBlrdð Bi PBelakEdlmanTaMgGs 5ç450lannak´ :nrsenA~gRbeTsni gEdndI EdleKkMNt´za ²Kµ anesrIPaB³3 KW CaTI kEnøgEdleKraraMgyagtw gEtgmi neGaymansi TÆ i neya:y ni gesrIPaB sI uvi l .~gqñaM2004 RbeTs EdndIcMnYn 49kEnøgenA~gRbePT ²Kµ anesrIPaB³ :nsæ i tenAeRkamGMNacpþackareyaZa ‘dUcCaenARbeTsPUma ni gs) Udan [Sudan]’rbbraCani ympþackar ‘dUcCa RbeTssUDIGaerbI uy¨a [Saudi Arabia] en:l
2 RhV Idumehas (Freedom House) esrI PaB~gBiPBelak ; karRsg'sæ iti RbcaMqñaM GM BI si TÆ i neya:y nigesrI PaBsIuvi l ‘jÚvy"k [New York ] RhV Idumehas qñ aM2004’ .
3
RhVIdumehas esrI PaB~gBiPBelak 1993 TMB&rTI
4 .
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- 4 -4
[ Nepal] ni gb) Uzan [Bhutan]’ KNbkSneya:ypþackar ‘dUcCaRbeTscinni gkUerxageCIg’ BYkQøanJnbreTs ‘dUcCaenATIeb’ ßk* sæ i tenA~gsæanPaBGnþrkal .
~geBlbc© úb|nñ enH RbeTsCaeRcInsæ i tenA~gdMNak'karEdlmankarERbRbYlyagxøaMg xagesdð kic© neya:y ni gsg<m . zVIebIcMnYnRbeTs EdlmanesrIPaBeBjelj :nekIneLIg~gry;eBl30qñ aMknøgeTAenHkþ I k* enAmaneRKaHzñ akeRcIneT[t edaysarRbCaCati CaeRcIn ~gdMNak'karEdl mankarERbRbYlxøaMgenH nw gvi vtþn¾zyeRkayeTArkrbbpþackarEdlmanrUbPaBzµ I . RkumeyaZa BYkbuK<lEdlmanmhi cäta Gñ kCabeqñ at ni gKNbkS
neya:y nw gxMxñ HExñ gdak´bg¡ MeGayeKÉeT[teZV ItambMNgrbs´xøÜn . kareZV I rdð Rbhar CaRBw tþ i karN¾ Edlnw gekItmaneLIgCaZmµ ta . eKnw genAEtrMelaP si TÆ i mnusS ni gsi TÆ i neya:yrbsRbCaBlrdð mYycMnYnZMteTAeT[t .
KW CasMNagGaRkk EdlGtItkalenAEttamCab´CamYyeyIg . bJØarbbpþackarmankMri teRCANas´ . RbCaBlrdð ~gRbeTsCaeRcIn:nqøgkat´
bTBiesaZn¾ rab´TsvtS ßk* stvtSénkarCi HCan´ EdlmanRbPB~gRsukßk* BIbreTs . Caer]y> PaBcuHj¨medaymintva¨eTAGñ kkan´GMNac :nkøay eTACakarZmµ ta . enA~gkrNIRCulhYsehtu sæ ab&nsg<m neya:y esdð ki c© ßk*sasna Edlsæi tenAeRkAkarRKb´RKgrbsrdð :nRtUveKeZV IeGaycuHexSay dakCacMNuH ßk* CMnYsedaysæ ab&nzµ I Edlrdð ni gKNbkSkan´GMNaceRbIR:s
edIm|IRKbRKgsg<mTaMgmUl
.
RbCaBlrdð:nRtUveKbMEbkeGayeTACaGg<PaBtUc> ‘køayeTACamnusSÉekamYyRkumd* ZM’ EdlBuMGaceZV IkarCamYyKñ a edIm|I eGay:nesrIPaB nigeGaymanTMnukTukci tþKñ aeTAvijeTAmk ßk* eZVIkarGV ImYy ekItedaymhaCnxøÜnÉg .
eKGacTsSn¾ Tayplvi:kénkarbMEbkenH:ny¨agc|as´las´ .RbCaBlrdð RtUvcuHexSay xVHkarTukci tþxøÜnÉg ehIyKµ ansmtæ PaBnw gts) U
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- 5 -5
RbqaMg . Caer]y> RbCaBlrdð mankarP&yxøac mi nh)anni yay sUm|ICamYy RKYsarni gmi tþPkþ i GMBIkarEdleKsÁ b´rbbpþackar ni gkarEdleKeRskXøancg:nesrIPaB . Caee]y> Gñ kTaMgenaHmi nh)anKi tKUreGayEmnETn GMBI
karRbqaMgCasaZarN;eLIy
. eKnaMKñaecaTsYrza etIKMni tRbqaMgenHnw gmanRbeyaCn¾ GI V / emø ¨aHehIy eKnw gTTYlyk karrgTuk¡evTnaEdlKµ ann&y ni gGnaKtmYyEdlKµansg¹w m .
sPaBkarN¾~grbbpþac´karbc© úb|nñ RbEhlCayabyW unCagBIeBl mun . ~gGtItkal Gñ kxøHRbEhlCa:nsakl|geZVIkarRbqaMg . karRbqaMgrbs´mhaCn nig:tukmµ Edlmanry;eBlxø I :nekItmaneLIg . Tw kcitþ
RbEhlCaBuHkeRJ¢alekø{vkøamYyry;eBl . eBlxøHeT[t buK<lmñ ak>nigRkumtUc>GaceZVIskmµ PaBd*køahan b¨uEnþBuM:npþl´CaplZMduM eRkABIbgØajeKalkarN¾ ßk* RKanEtCakarerIbRmH . eTaHbICabuBVehtuTaMgLayézøzøaEbb Nak*eday skmµPaBRbqaMgTaMgenaH Caer]y> mi nRKbRKan´ edIm|IbM:t karP&yxøacrbsBlrdð nigbM:tTMlab´eKarBtambJ¢ aeK EdlCaktþacaM:c
edIm|IrMlMrbbpþackar . KYreGayGaNitGasUr skmµ PaBTaMgenaH RbEhlCa:nRtw mEtbeg, InkarQW cab ni gkar:tbgCIvi t mi nEmnCakarnaMeTArkC&yCMnHßk*esckþ Isg¹w mTalEtesaH .
esrIPaBtamry³GMeBIhigSaetIeKRtUveZV IyagNa ~gkal;eTs;EbbenH / meZüa:yCak´Esþg
nana hak´dUcCaBu M:nkar . óbsK<xagrdðZmµ nuJ¦nigc|ab´ karvi ni cä&yrbs´tulakar ni gmti saZarNCn CaZmµtaRtUv:nBYkpþackarbMePøcecal . eK Gacyl:nGMBIkarsnñ i dð anEdlmanCaer]y>za ~gkartbteTAnw gGMeBIeXar eXA kareZV ITaruNkmµ kar:txø ÜnmnusS ni gXatkmµ nana manEtGMeBIhi gSa
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- 6 -6
eT EdlGacbJ© b´rbbpþackar:n . CYnkal GñkrgeRKaHEdlekþARkhay :ner[bcMeZV IkarRbyuTÆRbqaMgBYkpþackareXareXA edayeRbImeZüa:yeyaZani ghi gSaEdleKGacRbmUl:n eTaHbIC&yCMnHmankMri tti ctYcEbbNak* eday .
Gñ kTaMgenH
Caer]y>
cUlRbyuTÆyagkøahan
suxci tþrgeRKaH
ni glHbg´CIvit
.CYnkal eKTTYl:neCaKC&yEdlKYreGayktsMKal´ b¨ uEnþeKkRmnw gQñ H:nesrIPaBNas . karbHe:rtamGMeBIhigSa Gacnw gnaMeGaymankarsg,t sg, i nd* eXareXAkanEtxøaMg EdlCaehtueZV IeGayRbCaBlrdð Gssg¹w mCagmuneTAeT[t .
buEnþeTaHbICameZüa:yhi gSamanlk¡N;lÁ RbesIrEbbNak*eday eK
dw gGMBIcMNucmYyy¨agc|aslas´ . tamry;kardak´ CM en]eTAelImeZüa:y higSa eK:neRCIserI sykkarts) UmYyRbePT EdlBYkCi HCan´ maneRb[besÞ I r RKb´ eBlevla . BYkpþackarmanmeZüa:yRKbRKan´ edIm|IGnuvtþGMeBIhi gSaeGay:nxøaMgkøa . eTaHbICaBYkRbCaZi betyüGacbnþmeZüa:yEbbenH ~gry;eBlxø IßyUryagNak*eday TIbMput eKBu MGaceC[sputBIkarBi td* CUrctGMBI
kareRbIkMlaMgeyaZaenaHeT . BYkpþackarmaneRb[bxageRK]gGavuZeyaZaRKabrMesv kardw kCJ¢ Ún ni gkMlaMgT&B esÞ IrRKbkal;eTs; . eTaHCamanesckþ IkøahanEbbNak* eday BYkRbCaZi betyüBu MGacRbkYt ‘esÞ IrRKbkrNI’tamEbbenH:neLIy .
enAeBlEdleKTTYls<alza karbHe:rtamkMlaMgeyaZaZmµ taBu M
manPaBCakEsþg GñkRbqaMgxøHEbreTAKaMRTsRg<amqµkéRB . buEnþsRg<amqµ k´ éRBkRmpþl´plRbeyaCn¾ dlRbCaBlrdð EdleKCiHCan´ ßk* Gñ kKaMRTlTÆ i RbCaZi betyü . sRg<améRBBu MGacpþl´nUvkaredaHRsayeGayc|aslas´eTCaBi ess enAeBlEdlkarxUcxat~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdð GacmankMritZá nZá r .meZüa:yenHKµankarZanamineGaybraC¥aHeLIy zV IebIeKmanRTw sþ IKaMRTni gkarEvkEjkyuTÆsaRsþ ehIyCYnkalmanTaMgkarKaMRTBIsMNakGnþrCati
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- 7 -7
eT[tpgk*eday . Caer]y> karts) UtaméRBenH RtUvkareBlevlayUrGEgVg .RbCaBlrdðeRcInEtRtUvxÞatecjBITIlMenA CamYynw gkarrgeRKaHQW cab«t óbma edaysarEtBYkkan´GMNacpþac´kar .
eTaHbI:neCaKC&yk* eday karts) UsRg<améRB Caer]y> naMmknUv plvi:k~gry;eBlEvgqáay . Pøam>enaH rbbEdleKvayRbhar nw gkan EtpþackareLIg ~gkartbtrbs´eK . Rbsi nebIBYkT&BéRB:nTTYleCaKC&y enATIbMput rbbzµ IEdlelcecjeLIg eRcInEtpþackarCagrbbmun edaysar buBVehtuBIr . TImYy KW kMlaMgT&Bmankan´EteRcIn tamkarrYmbJ© ÚlKñ a rvagBYkeyaZaéRBnigBYkeyaZacas´ . TIBIr enAeBlts) U ÉkraCPaBénsæab&n
sg<mnana:nRtUvcuHexSay ßk*xUcxat . Gg<karTaMgenH mantYnaTIy¨agsMxan~gkarer[bcM ni gBRgw gsg<mRbCaZi betyü emø ¨aHehIy eKmi nRtUveGay cuHexSayeT . BYkGñ kRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar KYrEtriHrkmeZüa:yepSgeT[t .
rdæRbhar kare)aHeqñat GñkeRsacRsg;BIbreTs rdð RbhareyaZaRbqaMgnw grbbpþackarhakdUcCameZüa:ymYy Edl gayRsYl ni gqab´bMput sMrab´rMlMrbbeXareXA . buEnþmeZüa:yenH manbJØaZM>mYycMnYn . sMxanCagenHeTAeT[t rdðRbharrkSaTukdEdl nUvkarEck GMNacmi nRtwmRtUvbc© úb|nñ rvagRbCaBlrdð ni gBYkzµ IEdlRKb´RKgrdð :l ni gkgkMlaMgeyaZarbs´eK . kardkykbuK<lNamñak´ ßmnusSmYyRkumecjBItMENgRKbRKg RbEhlRKanEtCakarGnuJ¦ateGayRkummYyeT[t mkcUl CMnYsEtb¨ ueNÑaH . CaRTw sþ I Rkumzµ IenHhak´dUcCaman«riyabz ‘Gakb|ki ri ya’ZUrCagBYkmun ni gRbEhlCaGnuJ¦ateGaymankMENTMrgtamlTÆ i RbCaZi betyü mYykMrit . buEnþ karBi tRbEhlCapÞ úyBIenHeTAvij .
eRkayBI:nBRgw gCMhreKehIy Rkumzµ IGackøayeTACaeXareXA ehIy
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- 9 -9
mi ncg´ ehIyk* Bu MGacts) U ~gry;eBlxø I BIeRJHGñkTaMgenaHKµ anCMen]eTAelI smtæ PaBrbsxø ÜnÉg ~gkarRbQmmuxtTl´nw grbbpþackard* eXareXA ehIy eKmindwgeZV IyagNa edIm|ICYyxø ÜnÉgekIt .
dUecñ H eKGacyl:nza mnusSCaeRcIn:ndakesckþ Isg¹w meTAelI Gñ kdéT ~gkarrMedaHenH . kMlaMgBIeRkAenH manCaGaT¥ GacCa²mti saZarN Cn³ Gg<karshRbCaCati RbeTsNamYy ßk* kardakTNÐkmµ xagesdð ki c© ni gneya:yBIsMNakGnþrCati .
rUbPaBEbbenHhak´dUcCaeZV IeGayeKRsYlGarmµ N¾ buEnþkarrMBw gelI Gñ kCYyBIeRkAenH manbJØaeRcIn . karTukci tþEbbenHGacxusRsLH . Ca
Zmµ ta Kµ anbreTsNamkeRsacRsg´eT ehIyRbsi nebImanbreTsNamYy cUlmkeZV IGnþraKmn¾ Emn eKBu MGacTukci tþelIbreTsenaH:neLIy .
eKRtUvbJ¢ akGMBIkarBi tCak´Esþg EdleKmincgdw g» Jk'B&nÆeTAnw gkarBw gEpÁ kelIGnþraKmn¾ breTs dUcxageRkamenH ÷
• Caer]y> BYkbreTsnw gGt´eGan ßk* CYyrbbpþac´kar edIm|I
eGay:nplRbeyaCn¾ eKxagesdðki c© ßneya:y .• BYkbreTsk* Gace:HbgecalBYkGñ kEdleKCiHCan´ edIm|I
plRbeyaCn¾ Gaz( kM:MgmYyepSgeT[t CaCagrkSaJküsnüaza CYyeZV IkarrMedaH .
• BYkbreTsxøHnw gRbqaMgtTl´rbbpþackar ~gkrNIEdleK
cgRtYtRtaRbeTsxagEpñkesdð ki c© neya:y ßk* kMlaMgeyaZa .• BYkbreTsGaccUlrYmyagskmµ edIm|IeKalbMNglÁRtw m
RtUv Et~gkrNINaEdlclnats) U~gRsuk :neZV IeGay rbbpþackarepþ Imreg<aHregI <rYceTAehIy tamry;kareZV IeGay GnþrCati cab´Garmµ N¾ eTAelIPaBeXareXArbsrbbenaH .
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- 10 -10
CaZmµ ta rbbpþackarekItmaneLIg edaysarkarEbgEckGMNacépÞ ~genA~gRsuk . RbCaBlrdð ni gsg<mmanlk¡N;Tn´exSay EdlBu MGac bg,beg, ItCabJØadlrbbpþackar:n . zVIebIrbbpþac´karGac:ncMeNjßk*
cuHTn´exSay
edaysarGMeBIrbs´GnþrCati
CIvi trbs´eKsæ itelIktþa~gRsukesÞ Ir EtTaMgRsug . buEnþkardaksMJZGnþrCati Gac:nplRbeyaCn¾eRcIn enA eBlEdleKKaMRTclnats)U~gRsuk EdlmankMlaMgxøaMg . óTahrN¾ kareZV I Bhi karesdð ki c© GnþrCati karpþacskmµ PaBGnþrCati GV ImYy kardkTUt karbeNþjecjBIGg<karGnþrCati nana karez,aleTasBIRkumnanaénGg<karshRbCaCati ßk* GMeBINamYyEbbenH GacCaCMnYyy¨agxøaMg . b¨ uEnþ Rbsi nebIKµ anclna
ts) UépÞ~geGay:nxøaMgkøaeTenaH GMeBIbreTsEbbenH k* RbEhlCaKµ anEdr .
karTTYlsÁal;karBit kareZV Iesckþ Isnñi dð anKW CakarlM:k . enAeBlEdleKcgrMlMrbb
pþackar
eGay:nsMercdUcR:zña
CamYynw gkarxUcxaty¨agti cbMputenaH eK mankatBVkic©bYn EdlRtUveZVIPøam> ÷• eKRtUvBRgw gclnaRbCaBlrdð Edlsæ i tenAeRkamkarCi HCan´
eGaymanTw kci tþmW ugmat karTukci tþelIxø ÜnÉg ni geTBekaslü xagkarts) U .
• eKRtUvBRgw gÉkraCPaBénsæ ab&nnanarbs´RbCaBlrdð Edl sæ itenAeRkamkarCi HCan´ .
• eKRtUvbeg, IteGaymanRkumRbqaMgépÞ~gEdlxøaMgkøa .• eKRtUver[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgsMrabkarrMedaH
nigGnuvtþEpnkarenHy¨agbu inRbsb´ .
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- 11 -11
karts) UrMedaHKW CaeBlsMrabkarBw gJkelIxø ÜnÉg ehIyni gkarBRgw gépÞ~grbs´Rkumts) U . dUcEdlelak qal sÞ ÜtpaeNl ‘ Charles Steward
Parnell’ :nERskRbkas enAeBleKeZVIyuTÆnakarkUdkmµ RbqaMgnw gézøQñ Ül
pÞH enARbeTsGayLi n ‘ Ireland
’ ~gqñ aM1879 ni g1880 ÷²karBw gJkelIrdðaPi:lCakar«tRbeyaCn¾ çççGs´elakGñkRtUvrMBwgEteTAelIkartaMgcitþrbsGselakGñkçççsUmCYyxøÜnÉg edayQrCamYyKñaçççBRgw gKñ aÉgEdlTnexSayçççRbmUlpþ ú MKña er[bcMxø Ünççç ehIyGselakGñ k RtUvQñ HçççenAeBlEdlGselakGñ ktMrUveGayeKedaHRsaybJØaenH eBlenaHeTIbbJØaenHRtUveKedaHRsay:n³ .
enAcMeJHmuxkgkMlaMgEdlBwgEpÁ kelIxøÜnÉg EdlmanyuTÆnakarlÁ skmµ PaBEdleJreBjeTAedayesckþ Ikøahanni gvi n&y rbbpþackarnw gRtUv dYlrlMenATIbMput . buEnþlk¡xNÐTaMgbYnxagelI KW Cakargarti cbMputEdl eKRtUvbMeBj .4
karBi eRKaHxagelIenHbJ¢ akza karrMedaHBIrbbpþackarenATIbMput sæ i t
enAelIsmtæ PaBRbCaBlrdð~gkarrMedaHxø ÜnÉg . krNIeCaKC&yénneya:y erIbRmH ßk*karts)UGhi gSaedIm|IplRbeyaCn¾neya:yxagelIenH mann&y za eKmanmeZüa:ysMrabeGayRbCaBlrdð rMedaHxø ÜnÉg b¨ uEnþeKBu MTan:nyk meZüa:yenaHeTABRgIkeRbIR:s´ . eyIgnw gBi ni tüemIlmeZüa:yenH eGay :nBisþar ~gCMBUkxageRkay . b uEnþCadMbUg eyIgKYrviPaKGMBIviZIcrca Edl
eKzaGacCameZüa:ymYysMrabruHerIrbbpþackar .
4 :"RTIk sasShV Il GUehKh<aZI (Patrick Sarsfield O'Hegarty)Ç Rbvtþi saRsþénRbeTs GayLi n ( Ireland ) eRkamshB& nÆÇ 1880-1922 Ç Lúndun (London) ; emZUn (Methuen)
TMB&rTI
490-491
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- 12 -12
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- 13 -13
CMBUkTI2
eRKaHfñak;énkarcrca
enAeBleKRbQmmuxnw gbJØa ~gkartTl´CamYyrbbpþackar ‘dUcCa~gCMBUkTI 1’ Gñ kxøHGacvi lRtLbeTArkkarcuHjm edayesá{msá at . Gñ kxøHeT[t edayemIlBu MeXIjzaeKGacsMerc:nlTÆ i RbCaZi betyü Gacsnñ i dð anzaeKRtUvEtTTYlykGV IEdlhakdUcCa rbbpþackarGci éRnþy¾ CamYynw gesckþ Isg¹w m eTAelI ²karpSHpSa³ ²karsMrbsMrYl³ nig ²karcrca³ EdleKRbEhlCa
GaceRsacRsglk¡N;lÁ xøH ehIybJ© b´GMeBIeXareXA . Rbsi nebIeKemIl esI> edayKµanmeZüa:yCakEsþgÉNaepSgeT[t karKi tEbbenH hakdUc CasmrmüEdr .
karts) UEmnETnRbqaMgnw grbbpþackareXareXA mi nEmnmanlk¡N;gayRsYleT . dUecñHehtuGI V:nCaeKRtUvedIrtampøÚvenHCacaM:c / ehtuGI V:n
CaeKRKbKña mineyaKyl´ rkmeZüa:yCYbKñ a crcarkpø Úv edIm|IbJ© b´rbb pþackarsnSw m> / ehtuGVI:nCaBYkRbCaZi betyü minGacGMJvnaveGayBYk pþackarmanci tþmnusSZm( ehIyBnüleGayGñ kTaMgenaHbnæ ykarCi HCan´rbs´eKbnþ i cmþg> ehIyTIbMput QaneTArkkarGnuvtþn¾ lTÆi RbCaZi betyü /
CYnkaleKBnülza karBi tmi nEmnmanenAEtm¡ageT . BYkRbCaZi betyü
RbEhlCaylRcLMGMBIBYkpþackar
EdlRbEhlCaeZV IGMeBICi HCanTaMgenaH
eday
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- 14 -14
suqnÞ; ~gkal;eTs;d* lM:klMbinEmn . ßk*Gñ kxøHylza BYkpþackarnw gsb|aycitþdkxø ÜnecjBIsæankarN¾ d* lM:kEdlRbeTseBIbRbTH Rbsi nebI eK:nTTYlkarelIkTwkcitþ ßk* plRbeyaCn¾ GI VmYy . eKEvkEjkza eKGac
eGayBYkpþackar nUvkaredaHRsay²Qñ H-QñH³mYy EdlKUbdi bkSTaMgGs´:ncMeNjer[g>xø Ün . eKGacBnülza eRKaHzñ ak´ ni gkarQW cabénkarts)U bnþ RbEhlmi nEmnCakarcaM:c Rbsi nebIBYkRbqaMgylRBmedaHRsayTMnas edaysnþ i vi ZItamkarcrca ‘EdlGñ kCMnajkar ßk*rdðaPi:lmYyeT[tGacCYy :n’ . etIkarenHmi nRbesIrCagkarts) Ud* lM:klMbin tamry;karts) UGhigSaßk*sRg<ameyaZaeTß /
KuNsm,tþi nigcMNucexSayénkic©crcakarcrcaCaóbkrN¾ d* manRbeyaCn¾mYy ~gkaredaHRsaybJØaTMnas
RbePTxøH ehIyeKmi nRtUvTatecal ~gkrNINaEdlsmrmü . ~gsæan
karN¾ Edlmi nJk´B&nÆeTAnw gbJØaCamUldð an
EdleKGacpSHpSa:n kic©crcaGacCameZüa:ysMxan edIm|IedaHRsayTMnas . kUdkmµ rbskmµ krEdlTamTar eLIgR:kEx CaóTahrN¾ d* lÁ sMrabcrcaedaHRsayTMnas´ . dMeNaHRsay EdlGacelcecjBIkarcrcaenH KWkarRBmeRB[gKñaykkMri teLIgR:kExmYy EdlenAcenøaHkMritEdlKUcrcaTaMgBIrTamTar . buEnþTMnas´kargarCamYynwgshCIB manlk¡N;xusBITMnas´JkB&nÆnw gvtþmanbnþénrbbpþackareXareXA ßk* karbeg, IteGaymanesrIPaBneya:y .
enAeBlEdleKRtUvedaHRsaybJØasMxan´ JkB&nÆeTAnw geKalkarN¾ sasna esrIPaBmnusS ßk* GnaKtTaMgmUlénkarGPi vD¿sg<m kic© crcaBu MGac pþl´nUvdMeNaHRsay EdlCaTIeBjcitþsMrab´KUPaKITaMgsgxagenaHeLIy .cMeJHbJØaCaRKw HxøH eKBu MKYrTTYlykkarsMrbsMrYleT . manEtkarpøasbþ Úr
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- 15 -15
GMNaceTAeGayBYkRbCaZi betyüeT EdlGackarJrbJØaEdlCaRKw H . karpøas bþ ÚrenH nwgekItmaneLIgtamry;karts) U BuMEmnki c© crcaeT . b" uEnþkarenHminEmnmann&yza eKmi nKYreRbIki c© crcaenaHeLIy . cMNucsMxan´enATIenH KW za
ki c© crcaminEmnCameZüa:yCakEsþg edIm|IrMlMrbbpþackarEdlxøaMgkøa ~gkrNIEdlRkumRbCaZi betyüBu MmankMlaMgRbqaMgd* sV itsVajenaHeT .CYnkal kic©crcaRbEhlmi nEmnCaCMerIsmYyeT[tpg . BYkpþackar
EdlkþabGMNacyagx¢ ab RbEhlCami nRBmcrcaCamYynw gPaKIGñ kRbCaZi betyü eLIy . ßmYyk* enAeBlEdlki c© crca:ncabepþ Im Gñ kcrcaxagRbCaZi betyü RbEhlCaRtUv:txø Ün ehIy:t´dMNw gsUnüQw gEtmþg .
karcuHj:mtamkarcrcabuK<lni gRkumTaMgLayEdlRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar ehIyKaMRTki c© crca
Caer]y> EtgmanehtupllÁ Rtw mRtUv . CaBiess enAeBlEdlkarts) U
tamsRg<am:nekItmaneLIgrabqñaM RbqaMgnw grbbpþackareXareXA ehIyBuM :nC&yCMnHpþacRB&Rt eKGacyl:nza Gñ kTaMgenaH eTaHCamanExSbnÞat neya:ylMeG[geTAxagNak* eday k* cg:nsnþ i PaBEdr . ~gkrNIenHkarcrcanw gkøayeTACabJØaenA~gcMeNamGñ kRbCaZi betyü CaBi ess enAeBl EdlBYkpþackarmankMlaMgeyaZaxøaMgelIslb´ ehIyRkumts)UBu MGacRTaMRTkarvi nasxUcxatteTAeT[t:n . enAeBlenaH eKnw gmancMNgy¨agxøaMgkøariHrkmeZüa:yepSgeT[t EdlGacCYyeRsacRsg´eKalbMNgrbs´Rkum RbCaZi betyü RsbKñanw gkarbJ© bnUvGMeBIhigSaeTAvi jeTAmk .
karpþl´snþiPaBBIrbbpþac´kar tamry;kic©crcaCamYynwgRkum RbCaZi betyü kMrnw g:nedaysuTÆci tþNas . ~gkrNIenH GMeBIhi gSaGac cbPøam Rbsi nebIempþackarbJ© bsRg<amRbqaMgnw gRbCaBlrdð edayÉkÉg .
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- 16 -16
BYkenHGacepþImKMni t edayBu McaM:cmankarcrca er[bcMeGaymankareKarBPaBézøzñÚr nigsiTÆ imnusSeLIgvi j edaHElgGñ keTasneya:y bJ© b´kareZV ITaruNkmµ pÁ akskmµ PaBeyaZa dkxø ÜnecjBIrgVgrdð aPi :l ehIyEzøgsu MeTas
eTARbCaBlrdð .~gkrNIEdlrbbpþackarmankMlaMgxøaMgkøa ehIykarts)UenAEtrMxaneKteTAeT[t BYkpþac´karRbEhlCacgcrcaCamYynw gRkumRbqaMg edIm|IeGay RkumenHcuHj¨m ~grUbPaBzaCakarsag²snþ iPaB³ . karGMJvnaveGaymankarcrca GacCakarKYreGaycabGarmµ N¾ b¨ uEnþeRKaHzñ ak´Zánnw gGacelcecjeLIg enA~gbnÞbcrca .
pÞ úyeTAvi j enAeBlRkumRbqaMgmankMlaMgxøaMgkøa ehIyrbbpþackar sæ i tenAeRkamkarKMramkMEhgEmnETn BYkpþackarRbEhlCasu MeZV Ikarcrca edIm|I eRsacRsgGMNacnigRTBüsm|tþ ieGay:neRcIn eTAtamkarEdlGaceZV IeTA :n . ~gkrNIenH BYkRbCaZi betyüBuMKYrCYyempþac´kareGaysMerctam bMNgrbs´eKenaHeT .
RkumGñ kRbCaZi betyü KYrEtRbugRby&tñGnÞak´ Edlempþackarer[bcM dak´cUleTA~gkmµ vi ZIcrca . karsu MeGaymanki c© crca enAeBlEdlJk´B&nÆnwgbJØaRKwHxagesrIPaBneya:y RbEhlRKan´EtCakarxMxñHExñgrbs´BYk pþackar edIm|IlYgelameGayBYkRbCaZibetyü cuHcajedaysnþ ivi ZI enAeBl EdlGMeBIhi gSarbs´rbbpþackarenAEtmanCabnþeTAeT[t . enA~gTMnasEbb
enH
tYnaTId*smrmüEtmYyénkic© crca RbEhlCaGacekItmaneLIg~gvK<bJ© b énkarts)Uyagbþ Úrpþac´ enAeBlEdlGMNacrbsBYkpþackar:nRtUvxUcexÞcxÞ IehIyBYkenHcrcariHrkpø ÚveTAkan´RBlanynþehaH edIm|Isuvtæ i PaBpÞalxøÜn .
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- 17 -17
GMNac nigyutþiFm’enAkñúgkic©crcaRbsinebIkarvi ni cä &yEbbxagelIenH enAEtmanlk¡N;minsUvtw gEtg
RbqaMgnw gkarcrcaeTenaH RbEhlCaeKKYrEtbnæymenasec© tnarevIrvay eTA elIplRbeyaCn¾énki c© crcaenHxøHehIy . eKRtUvEtKi tKUreGay:nhµ t´ct za etIeKRtUvGnuvtþki c© crcaenHEbbNa /
²kic© crca³Bu MEmnmann&yza KUPaKIGg< úycuH ~glk¡N;esµ IPaBKñ aehIyBi eRKaHKñ a edIm|IedaHRsaybJØaEdlnaMeGaymanTMnasrvageKTaMgBIrnak enaHeT . eKRtUvcgcaMGMBIkarBi tBIryag . TImYy GV IEdlnw gsMercenATIbJ© b
dakcUleTA~gki c© RBmeRB[g Bu MEmnGaRs&yeTAelIPaBsmrmüRtw mRtUvéneyabl nigeKalbMNgNaenaHeT . TIBIr GI VEdlnw gmanenA~gkic© RBmeRB[genH KW GaRs&yeTAelIkMlaMgénPaKInImYy> .
eKRtUvKi tdlsMNYrBi :k>mYycMnYn . etIPaKInImYy>GaceZV IGV IxøH enA ézáeRkay edIm|IeGay:nsMercdUceKalbMNg Rbsi nebIeKBu M:neCaKC&y Bu M
RBmeRB[gKñ aenAelItucrca
/
etIPaKInImYy>GaceZV IGI VxøH
eRkayBImanki c© RBmeRB[grYcehIy Rbsi nebIeKmi neKarBtamJküsnüa ehIyeRbIkMlaMg:y sMerctam eKalbMNgrbs´eK zV IebIeKmanki c© RBmeRB[grYceTAehIyk* eday /
karylRBmKñ aEdleK:nsMerctamkarcrca mi nEmnsæ i tenAelIkarEvk EjkzaGVIxusGV IRtUvenaHeT . zV IebIktþaTaMgenaH nw gRtUveKykeTABieRKaHCajw k jab lTÆplEmnETnénkarcrca elcecjBIkaryleXIjGMBIkMlaMger[gxø ÜnénKUPaKITaMgBIr . etIRkumGñkRbCaZi betyüGaceZV IGV IxøH edIm|IkuMeGayKUcrcabdi esZkarTamTaryagti cbMputrbseK / etIBYkpþackarGaceZV IGV IxøH edIm|IeGay :nenAkan´GMNacdEdl ehIybnSabkMlaMgBYkRbCaZibetyü / eKGac ni yaymüageT[tza Rbsi nebIeK:nkic© RBmeRB[gmYy ki c©RBmeRB[genH eRcInEtCalTÆplénkarvaytMélrbs´PaKImYyGMBIsmtæ PaBkMlaMgénPaKImYyeT[t
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kareRb[beZ[bkMlaMgrbs´KUPaKITaMgBIr rYcehIyeTIbeKKitGMBIkarEdleKGac bJ© b´karts)UedaycMhenH .
eKk* RtUvEtRby&tñGMBIGV IEdlPaKITaMgBIrsuxcitþlHbg´ecal edIm|IeGay
:nsMercki c©RBmeRB[gmYy
. ~gki c© crcaEdlmaneCaKC&y
eKEtgeXIjmankarsMrbsMrYl bnæysar;sMxan'éneyabl´EdleKmanxusKñ a . PaKInImYy>:nTTYlmYycMENkénGV IEdleKcg:n ehIylHbgeKalbMNgrbs´eKmYy cMENk .
~gkrNIEdleKRbTHnw grbbpþackard* xøaMgkøa etIkMlaMgKaMRTRbCaZi betyü RtUvlHbgGV IxøH eGayeTABYkpþackar / etIeKalbMNgBYkpþackarGV IxøH Edl
kMlaMgRbCaZi betyünw gTTYlyk / etIBYkRbCaZi betyünw geGayeTABYkpþackar ‘CaKNbkSneya:y ßCaRkumemT&B’ nUvtYnaTICaGci éRnþy¾ smRsbtamrdð Zmµ nuJ¦ enA~grdð aPi :lzµ IEdrßeT / etIkareZV IEbbenH manlk¡N;RbCaZi betyü Rtg´NaeTA /
Rbsi nebIeKsnµ tza kic©crcamandMeNIrlÁ RbesIr eKRtUvecaTsYrCa
caM:cza etIeKnwg:nsnþ i PaBEbbNaEdr / etICIvPaBrsenAnw g:nlÁRbesIr ßk*yab´yu W nCagmun Rbsi nebIBYkRbCaZi betyüepþ Im ßk*bnþkarts) U /
karyl;RBmrbs;BYkpþac;kar BYkpþac´karRbEhlCamanmUlehtu nigeKalbMNgmYycMnYn Edl
CMrujeGaymankarCi HCaneK ÷ GMNac buNüs&kþ i RTBüsm|tþ i karEkTMrg´ sg<mCaedIm . eKRtUvEtcgcaMza eKnw g:tbg´nUvmUlehtu ni geKalbMNgTaMgenaH Rbsi nebIeK:tbg´karRtYtRtarbs´eK . dUecñ H ~gkarcrca BYk pþackar nw gxi txMEzrkSaeKalbMNgrbs´eKTaMgenH .
eTaHCaBYkpþackarsnüaEbbNa enA~gki c© RBmeRB[g eKmi nKYrePøcza
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- 19 -19
BYkpþac´karGacsnüaGIVTaMgGs´ edIm|IeGayKUbdibkSyl´RBmbnÞn´«riyabzrYcehIyeTIbeKrMelaPTaMgkMeral eTAelIkic© RBmeRB[genaHEtmþg .
Rbsi nebIBYkRbCaZi betyüyl´RBmpÁ akkarts) URbqaMg edIm|IeGay:n
ZUres|IyBIkarCi HCan eKRbEhlCaxkci tþyagxøaMgCaBu Mxan . karpÁ akkarts) U kRmbnæ ykarCi HCanNas´ .enAeRkayeBlEdlkMlaMgRbqaMgépÞ~g ni gGnþrCatidkxø ÜnzyehIy
enaH BYkpþackarRbEhlCabeg,InkarCi HCan´ ni gGMeBIhi gSaeGayxøaMgCagmun .kardYlrlMénkarts) UrbsRbCaBlrdð Caer]y> KW CakardkykecjnUvkMlaMgTb´Tl´ EdlZøab´EtKabmi neGayBYkpþackarRbRBw tþGMeBIeXareXAxøaMgeBk .
eBlenaH BYkpþackar nw gcat´viZankarkMcat´Gñ kNak* :ntamcMNgci tþ .elak RKi sñaLal´ RsI uzaranI ‘ Krishnalal Shridharani’5 :nsresrza ÷²BYkpþackarmanGMNaceZV ITuk¡ enARtgEtkEnøgNa EdleyIgKµ ankMlaMgTb´ Tl´³ .
karts) Uedaymi ncrca KW CakarcaM:c´sMrabkarpøasbþ Úr enA~gTMnas
EdlJkB&nÆbJØaRKw H . esÞ IrEtRKbkrNI karts) URtUvEtbnþ edIm|IdkBYkpþackar ecjBIGMNaceGayTalEt:n . C&yCMnH Caer]y> mi nGaRs&yeTAelIkarcrcaeT b¨ uEnþsæ itenAelIkarbu i nRbsb´ ~gkareRbImeZüa:yEdlmanRbsi TÆPaB .KMnitts) Urbs´eyIg EdleyIgnw gBi ni tüBieRKaHyagBisþarbnþ iceT[tenH KW neya:yerIbRmH ßk* karts) UGhi gSa EdlCameZüa:yd* xøaMgkøabMput sMrab´
Gñ kTaMgLayNaEdlts) UedIm|IesrIPaB .
5RKisñaLal´ RsI uzaranI ‘ Krishnalal Shridharani’ sRg<amedayKµanhi gSa ; karsi kSaGM BI meZüa:yelak KnÆ I ( Gandhi ) ni geCaKC&y Ç jÚvy"k ( New York );harxt eRbs (Harcourt Brace) 1939 ni ge:HBum¬eLIgvijenARkugjÚvy"k ni gLúndun; h<ali n bu "pø IssI ug(Garland Publishing
)
qñaM
1972 TMB&rTI
260 .
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- 20 -20
etIsnþiPaBEbbNaRbsinebIBYkpþac'kar ni gBYkRbCaZibetyüniyayGMBIsnþ i PaB eKRtUv
Ki teGay:nlÁ itlÁ n' edaysarkarenHTak'TgnwgeRKaHzñ ak' . Gñ kEdleRbI Jkü ²snþ i PaB³ mi nEmnmann&yza Gñ kenaHcg':nsnþ i PaBEdlRbkbeday esrIPaB nigyutþ i Zm( enaHeLIy . karcuHj"meTAtamkarsg,t'sg, i nd* eXareXA ni genAsá at'esá {m enAcMeJHmuxBYkpþac'karkacsahavEdl:neZV ITaruNkmµ dl'Blrdðrab'mW unnak' mi nEmnCasnþ i PaBeT . Gu IEtørEtgGMJvnaveGaymansnþi PaB Edlmann&yza eKRtUvcuHj"meTAtambMNgrbs'xøÜn . snþ i PaBrbs'
BYkpþac'kar Caer]y> minxusBIsnþ iPaBenA~gKuk ßenA:qaexµ acenaHeLIy .enAmaneRKaHzñ ak'epSg>eT[t . BYkGñkcrcaEdlmaneKalbMNglÁ RtwmRtUv CYnkal yl'RcLM GMBIeKalbMNgénki c© crca ni gdMeNIrkarki c©crca . elIs BIenHeTAeT[t BYkGñ kcrcaRbCaZi betyü ßk* BYkÉkeTsbreTsxagki c© crcaEdlsuxci tþCYy~gkarcrca ~geBlmYyrMeBcenaH GacCYypþl'dl'BYkpþac'kar
nUvPaBRtw mRtUvtamc|ab'Cati ni gGnþrCati EdlBYkpþac'kar:n:t'bg'
edaysar karrMelaPkan'kab'rdð karrMelaPelIsi TÆ i mnusS ni gGMeBIeXareXAnana . Rbsi nebIeKKµ anPaBRtw mRtUvtamc|ab'EdleKRtUvkary"agxøaMgeTenaH BYkpþac'karminGacbnþkarRKb'RKgrdð edayKµ anTIbJ© b'enaHeLIy . dUecñ H BYkEdlKaMRTsnþ i PaB mi nKYrpþl'PaBRtw mRtUvtamc|ab' eTABYkenaHeT .
mUlehtusMrab;esckþIsgÇwm dUcEdl:nviPaKBImunrYcehIy BYkGñ kdw knaMRkumRbqaMg RbEhlCa
bg¡ Mci tþ gakeTArkki c© crca edaysarkarGs'sg¹w meTAelIkarts) URbCaZi betyü .b" uEnþ eKGacEkGarmµ N¾ Gs'kMlaMgGs´Tw kci tþenaH:n . rbbpþac'karmi nGac
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- 21 -21
enAbnþKµ anTIbJ© b':neLIy . Blrdð Edlrs'enAeRkamrbbpþac'kar mi ncaM:c' enAEtTn'exSayenaHeT ehIyBYkpþac'kark*minRtUveKGnuJ¦ateGayenAkþab'GMNacrhUt:nEdr . elakGarIsþ Út (Aristotle) :nkt'sMKal'CayUrNas'
mkehIyza ÷ ²ççç rbbpþac'karmanGayuxøICagsæab&nnanaÉeT[tTaMgGs'çççTIbMputrbbpþac'karrs'enAmi n:nyUreT³ .6 rbbpþac'karCMnan'zµ Ik* manlk¡N;Tn'exSayenHEdr . eKGaceZV IeGaycMNucexSayTaMgenHkan´EtexSayeLIgehIyeBlenaH GMNacBYkpþac'karnw gRtUvEbkexÞcxÞ I . ‘enA~gCMBUkTI 4 eyIgnw gBi nitüemIlcMNucexSayTaMgenHeGay:nBi sþar .’
RbvtþisaRsþzµI>enH:nbgØajeGayeKeXIjBIPaBTn'exSayrbs'rbb
pþac'kar ehIybJ¢ ak'za BYkenHGacdYlrlM~gry;eBld*xøI . enAeBlEdl eKRtUvkareBl 10qñaM BIqñaM1980 eTA1990 edIm|ITMlak'rbbpþac'karkumµ únIsþ enARbeTsb"ULÚj(Poland)Ç rbbpþackarGalø W m"g'xagekIt (East Germany) ni geqkUsø Úva"KI(Czechoslovakia) :ndYlrlM ~gry;eBlEtb" unµ anGaTi tübueNÑaH .~gRbeTsEGlsava"d&r (El Savador ) ni gh< Úetma"La (Guatemala) ~gqñ aM1944
karts) URbqaMgnw gBYkpþac'kareyaZaRtUvkarEt 2GaTi tü . rbbeyaZad* xøaMgkøaénRBHecAGZi raCsah¾ énRbeTsGI ur"g'(Iran) :nRtUvcuHexSayEtb" unµ anExb"ueNÑaH .rbbpþac'karma"rkUs (Marcos) énRbeTshV IlIB¬ In(The Philippines) :ndYl rlM enAcMeJHmuxkMlaMgRbCaBlrdð ~gry;eBlEtb" unµ anGaTi tü~gqñ aM1986- rdðaPi :lGaemrik:nedaHédlHbg'ecalRbZanaZi btIma"rkUsPøam enAeBl
EdleKeXIjkMlaMgRkumRbqaMgelcecjeLIgxøaMg . karl|geZV IrdðRbharBI sMNak'BYktw gEtg ~gshPaBsUev[t~gExsIhaqñ aM1981 :nRtUvneya:y
6 GarIsþÚt (Aristotle)Ç neya:y Ç ERbsMrYleday tçGçsI unEkør (T.A. Sinclair )Ç (hamn'sVt [Harmond Sworth] mI udlesc [Middlesex]Ç RbeTsGg'eKøsÇ ni g :l'TIm&r [Baltimore]Ç ma"rIELn [Maryland] ; epnKUevn b) uk [Penguin Books] qñ aM 1975 [1962]’Ç
es[vePATI
5 CMBUkTI
12 TMB&rTI
231 ni gTI
232 .
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- 22 -22
erIbRmHxÞb'Cab'~gry;eBlEtb"unµanézáb¨ ueNÑaH . taMgBIeBlenaHmk rdð nanaCaeRcIn EdlshPaBsUev[t:nRKb'RKgCayUrNas'mkehIyenaH k*:negIb eLIg ehIyk* :nÉkraCü~grvagb" unµ anézá GaTitü ni gExEtb" ueNÑaH .
KMni tcas'mYyEdlza
meZüa:yhi gSaEtgEtmanRbsi TÆPaBqab'rh&s ehIymeZüa:yGhi gSaEtgEtRtUvkareBlyUrGEgVg KW Cakaryl'RcLM . zV IebI eKRbEhlCaRtUvkareBlevlaeRcIn sMrab'karERbRbYl~gsæankarN¾ ni gsg<m karRbyuTÆEmnETnRbqaMgrbbpþac'kar CYnkal GacekIteLIg~gry;eBld* xøI tamry;karts)UGhigSa .
kic© crcami nEmnCaRckedIrEtmYy eRkABIkarbg,sRg<amy"aghinehac
ni gkarGs'sg¹w mcuHj"menaHeLIy . óTahrN¾ xagelI nig~gCMBUkTI 1 :nbgØajeGayeXIjza eKenAmanmeZüa:ymYyeT[tsMrab'GñkTaMgLayNaEdlcg':nsnþ iPaB ni g esrIPaB ÷ karerIbRmHneya:y .
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- 23 -23
CMBUkTI3
eBlNaGMNacnwgmkdl;
karsMerc:nsg<mmYyEdlmanesrIPaBni gsnþ i PaB mi nEmnCakargay RsYleT . karenHtMrUveGaymaneTBekaslüd* eRCARCH xagyuTÆvi ZI karer[bcM CaGg<kar ni gEpnkar . sMxan´bMput karenHtMrUveGaymanGMNac . BYk RbCaZibetyüBu MGacmansg¹wmza nw grMlMrbbpþackar ehIyer[bcMeGaymanesrIPaBneya:y RbsinebIeKBu MGaceRbIR:sGMNacrbsxøÜnÉgpÞal´ eday
Rbsi TÆPaB .b¨ uEnþ etIeKGaceZV IkarenH:n tamEbbbTNaeTA / etIGMNacRbePTNaEdlRkumRbCaZi betyüRbqaMgGacRbmUlpþ ú M EdlmankMri tRKb´RKansMrab´rMlMrbbpþackar ni gbNþajeyaZa-b¨ Ulisd* TUlMTUlayrbseK / cMelIyeTA nw gsMNYrenH sæ i tenAelIkaryl´GMBIGMNacneya:y EdleKeRcInEtePøc .
karecHdw gGMBIGMNacneya:yenH
mi nEmnCakarlM:kTal´EtesaH
.
karBit CamUldðanxøH manlk¡N;samJ¦ ehIygayyl´CaTIbMput .
erOgeRBgniTanGMBIm©as;sVaer]geRBgni Tanci nmYyEdler[ber[gedayelak lIv CI‘ Liu-Ji’ ~g
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- 24 -24
stvtSTI 14 :nbJ¢ akyagRKbRKan GMBIkarmi nylnUvGV ICaGMNacneya:y .7 enA~grbbskþ i PUmi mYyénrC¢ kalCU‘ Chu’ manburscMNasmñ ak´ man
CIvi trs´enA:nedaysarkarci J© w msVamYycMnYnEdlbMerIKat´ . Gñ kRsukehA
Katza ²CUkug‘ ju gong
’³ ‘m© assVa’ .Caer[gralRBw k CUkugekaHRbCu MsVaTaMgGs´ ehIybJ¢ aeGaysVaEdl casCageK dw knaMsVaTaMgLayeTAeLIgPñ M edIm|IRbmUlEpøeQInana . bTbJ¢aenaHKW sVanImYy>RtUvEtRbKleGayeTAtacas´enHcMnYn 10PaKryénGV IEdl BYkvaRbmUl:n . sVaNaEdlmi nGnuvtþtambJ¢aenHeT nw gRtUvrMJtya¨geXareXA . sVaTaMgenaH:nTTYlrgeRKaHy¨agQW cab´ b¨ uEnþBuMh)anrG) UrTaM .
ézá mYy kUnsVamYy:nsYreTAsVaÉeT[tza ²etItacasenHCaGñ kdaM edImeQITaMgenaHEmneT /³ sVaÉeT[ttbza ²mi nEmneT ! edImeQITaMgenaHduHtamZmµ Cati ³ . kUnsVaenaH:nsYrteTAeT[tza ²ehtuGI V:nCaeyIgmi nGacebHEpøeQITaMgenaH edayKµ ankarGnuJ¦atBItaenH /³ . sVaÉeT[ttbza²:nÇ eyIgGaceZV I:n³ . kUnsVak* sYrCabnþeT[t ²ebIdUecñH ehtuGV I:nCa
eyIgKYrBw gEpÁ keTAelItaenH / ehtuGVI:nCaeyIgTaMgGsKñ aRtUvEtbMerIKat /³ .enAmuneBlkUnsVaenHni yaycb´ sVaÉeT[tTaMgGs´k* P\ak´xøÜneRBIt .dlyb´ggw t enAeBldw gzatacasedklg´lkeTAehIyenaH BYk
sVak*naMKñaruHerI ehIyrMlMRTugEdltacasdak´Xu MsVaTaMgenaH . vanaMKñ aRbmUl EpøeQITaMgGs EdlCUkugrkSaTuk~gXøaMg ehIynaMKñartcUléRBrhUt . enATI
bMput tacask*:nsøab´:tbg´CIvi t edaysarkarGtXøan .
7 er]genHEdlmancMNgeCIgedImza ²karRtYtRtaedayyuTÆvi ZI³ Rsg'ecjBIyUlIhSI (Yu-li-zi)
ni BnÆedaylIvCI (Liu-Ji) qñ aM1311-1375 bkERbedaysI udnIét EdlrkSa si TÆ i RKb'y"ag .yUlIhSICaeQµ aHEkøgkøayrbs'lIvCI.GtæbTERbsMrYlenHe:HBum¬pSayCaelIkdMbUg ~gRBw tþ i b&Rt eQµaH ²kardak'TNÐkmµGhi gSa ; dM Nw gBI vi Tüasæan Gal´ bW t GaM gsþaj ‘xaMRbI ud ma"saQUsi t’
ExS
4 elx
3 ‘rdUvRtCak' qñaM1992-1993’ TMB&rTI
3 .
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- 25 -25
elak yU lIsuI‘ Yu-li-zi’ :neBalza ²GñkxøHenA~gelakenH RtYt RtamnusS edayeRbIyuTÆviZIbMPaneK mineyageTAelIeKalkarN¾Rtw mRtUveT .etIGñkTaMgenaHmi ndUctam© assVaenHeTß / Gñ kTaMgenaHmi ndw gGMBIkaryl´RcLM
rbs´xøÜnÉg
. dUecñ H enAeBlNaEdlRkumGñkEdlRtUveKe:kP\akxø ÜneLIgyuTÆvi ZIbMPanrbs´eKk* GsmanRbsi TÆPaBPøam .³
RbPBcaM)ac;nanaénGMNacneya)ay eKalkarN¾ enHKW gayRsYlyl´ . BYkpþackarRtUvkarCMnYyBIGñ k
EdleKRtYtRta . RbsinebIKµ anCMnYyenHeT eKk*Bu MGacRKbRKg nigbnþRbPBénGMNacneya:yrbs´eKeLIy .
RbPBnanaénGMNacneya:ymanCaGaT¥ ÷• GMNacGaC\aZr KW CaCMen]~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdð za rbbenH
manPaBRsbc|ab´ ehIyzaeKmankatBVkic© eKarBtambJ¢a
rbsGñkRKb´RKg .• ZnZanmnusS KW CacMnYn ni gsar;sMxanénmnusS ni gRkumTaMg
Lay EdleKarB eZVIshkar ßk* pþlCMnYydlGñkRtYtRta .• eTBekaslü nigcM eNHdw g EdlrbbenHRtUvkar edIm|IGnuvtþ
viZankarNamYy ehIyEdlpþleGayedaybuK<l ni gRkum mnusS EdleZV Ishkar .
• ktþaGrUbI y¾ KW CaktþaJk´B&nÆeTAnw gcitþsaRsþ ni gmenaKmviC¢ aEdlCMrujeGaymnusSeZV ItambJ¢a ni gCYyRTRTgGñ kRtYtRta .
• sm|tþ i ZnZan KW CakMri tEdlGñ kRKbRKg GacRtYtRta ni geRbI R:sdIZø I ZnZanZmµ Cati ZnZanhi rJ¦vtæ ú RbB&nÆesdð kic© ehIyni g óbkrN¾ sMrab´karTak´Tg nigkardw kCJ¢ Ún .
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• kardak´ eTas KW CakardakTNÐkmµ tamkarKMram ßk* Gnuvtþ mW ugmat´ eTAelIGñ kEdlmineZV ItambJ¢a nigmi neZV Ishkar edIm|IeGaymankarcuHj¨m nigshRbti btþ i karEdlrbbenH
RtUvkar
edIm|Irs´ ni gedIm|IGnuvtþvi Zankarrbs´eK .buEnþRbPBTaMgenH GaRs&yeTAelIkarTTYlykrbbenH eTAelIkarcuHj¨m ni gkareZV ItambJ¢ arbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIynigeTAelIshRbti btþ ikarrbs´ RbCaBlrdð ni gsæ ab&nnana~gsg<m . eKBu MGacZanaeGaymanlk¡N;TaMgGsenHrhUteTA:neT .
shRbti btþ i kar kareZV ItambJ¢ani gkarKaMRT nw gBRgw gRbPBGMNac
EdleKRtUvkar ehIynw gBRgIkGMNacénrdðaPi :lNamYy .pÞúyeTAvij karQb´shRbtibtþikarCamYyBYkpþac´kar BIsMNak´
RbCaBlrdð ni gsæ ab&nnana nw gbnæ yßk* RbEhlCapþacRbPBénGMNac Edl Gñ kRKbRKgBw gEpÁ k . Rbsi nebIKµanRbPBGMNacTaMgenaHeT GMNacrbs RkumRtYtRtanw gcuHexSay ehIyTIbMputnwgrlayedaysV &yRbvtþ i .
CaZmµ ta BYkpþac´karqab´ejac eTAelIskmµ PaB ni gKMni tnanaEdl KMramkMEhgdllTÆPaBénkarcatEcgeRscEtci tþrbseK . dUecñ H BYkpþackar nw gKMramkMEhg dakTNÐkmµCnTaMgLayNa EdleZVIkUdkmµ ßmi nshkar .b¨ uEnþ karenHmi nEmncbEtRtw menHeT . karCi HCan ßk* GMeBIeXareXA mi nc|as CaGaceZV IeGaymankarcuHjm ßk* shkareLIgvijBIsMNakGñkP\ak´rlw k edIm|I
eGayrbbenHmandMeNIrkareTAmuxeT[teLIy .eTaHbI ImankarCi HCanyagNak* eday Rbsi nebIeKGacbnæ y ßk* pþacRbPBénGMNacTaMgenH:nyUr lTÆpldMbUg Gacbg,eGaymanPaBRsBi cRsBi l mi nc|aslas ni gPaBRcbUkRcbl~grbbpþackar . GV IEdlnw gekItmanyagc|asCabnþeT[tenaH KW karcuHzyGMNacrbsBYkpþackar . eRkaymk karBüÜr RbPBGMNacGaceZVIeGayrbbpþackarKaMg Kµ andMeNIrkar ehIy~gkrNItw g
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- 27 -27
EtgEmnETn rbbpþackarnw gRtUvdYlrlM . GMNacrbsBYkpþackarnw grlt´ qab´ßk*el]n k* GaRs&yeTAelIkarbgÁ t´RbPBGMNac .
dUecñH kMriténesrIPaBßk* GMeBIpþac´karenAeRkamrdð aPi:lNamYy PaK
eRcInGaRs&yeTAelIkartaMgcitþrbs´RbCaBlrdð zaetIeKcg´:nesrIPaBdl kMritNa ehIyzaetIeKmancMNg´ nigsmtæPaBkMritNa edIm|ItTlnwgBYk pþackarEdlcgCi HCaneK .
pÞ úynw geyablCaTUeTA rbbpþackarBw gJkeTAelIRbCaBlrdð ni gsg<mEdleKkankab . dUcEdlGñ kR:C\neya:y xal dW c‘ Karl W Deutsch’:nkt´sMKalenA~gqñaM1953 ÷
²GMNacpþackarmankMri txøaMg EtenA~gkrNINaEdleKmi ncaM:ceRbI R:sGMNaceGayjw kjab . Rbsi nebIeKeRbIGMNacpþackarenaHCaRbcaMRbqaMgnw gRbCaBlrdð eKRbEhlCami nGacsæ i tenA~gGMNac:nyUreT . edaysar rbbpþac´karTaMgenHRtUvkarGMNac sMrabRKbRKgRbCaBlrdðeRcInCagRbePTrdðaPi:lÉeT[t rbbEbbenHRtUvkary"agxøaMg eGaymanTMlab´eZV ItambJ¢ a
eK ~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdð . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t eKRtUvEtBwgEpÁkeTAelIkarKaMRTd* skmµ y¨agehacNas´ BIsMNakRkumRbCaBlrdðmYycMnYnZM ~gkrNIEdleKRtUvkar . 8
elak cn GUsÞIn ‘ John Austin’ GñkR:C\xagc|ab´CatiGg´eKøsenA stvtSTI 19 :ner[brabGMBIsæ ankarN¾ EdlrbbpþackartTlnw gRbCaBlrdð
Edlmi nsb|ayci tþ
.
elak
GUsÞIn:nBnül´za
Rbsi nebIRbCaBlrdð PaKeRcIntaMgcitþza nw grMlMrdð aPi:l ehIysuxcitþRTaMRTkarsg,tsg, i n edIm|IsMerckar
8 xaldW c (Karl W. Deutsch) ²sñameRbHenA~gzµ ³ enA~ges[vePAcgRkgeday xal eRhVdW rIk (Carl J. Friedrich) pþac´ karni ym ‘xaMRbIud ma"saQUsi t eragBum¬sakl vi Tüal&yhavad (Harvard, 1952) TMB&rTI 313-314 .
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Rta .11 karts) UGhi gSa:nRtUvRbCaBlrdð ykeTAeRbIR:s´ ~geBlxus>Kñ a CaTUeTA~gTV IbGasI u GaRhV ik Gaemri k GURsþalI ekaH:sI uhV i kTaMgLay ni gTI VbGW r¨ ub .
dUecñHktþasMxan'3 EdlkMNt'za etIeKGacRKb'RKg ßmi nRKb'RKgGMNacrdð aPi :l:ndl'kMri tNa KW ÷1- kMriténTw kcitþ RbCaBlrdð~gkarcg'dak'sMJZeTAelIGMNacrdð 2- kMri t kM laM g sæ ab&n ni gGg<karÉkraCnana rbs'Blrdð Edlcg'
dkRbPBGMNacecj ~geBlRsbKñ a ni g3- kMrit lTÆPaB RbCaBlrdðEdlGacdkkaryl'RBm nigCMnYy
rbs'eKBIrdðaPi :l .
mNÐlTaMgLayénGMNacRbCaFibetyü lk¡N;mYyénsg<mRbCaZi betyü KW vtþmanénGg<karßRkumeRkArdð aPi :l
EdlÉkraCdac'ecjBIrdð . Gg<karTaMgenH manCaGaT¥ RkumRKYsar sæ ab&nsasna smaKmvb|Zm( kø w bkILa vi Tüasæ anesdð kic© shCIB smaKmni sSi t KNbkSneya:y PUmi smaKmGñkrs'enACi txagKñ a køw bsYnc|ar Gg<kar siTÆ imnusS RkumePøg sg<mGkSrsi l|¾ nigRkumÉeT[t> . Gg<karTaMgenHmansar;sMxan'~gkarbMerIeKalbMNgxø ÜnÉg ehIyni gCYybMeBjesckþ IRtUvkar rbs´sg<mEdr .
elIsBIenHeTAeT[t Gg<karTaMgenHmansar;sMxanxagneya:y .
11 sUmGanes[vePA CIn sab (Gene Sharp)Ç neya:yénskmµPaBGhi gSa bUsþ ún (Boston) ; ptT&r saCi n (Porter Sargent) qñaM 1973 TMB&rTI 75 ehIyni ges[vePA ÉeT[tEdlmanóTahrN¾ CaRbvtþ isaRsþCaeRcIn .
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eKpþl'CamUldðanßevTi ka EdlRbCaBlrdðGacbeJ©j«TÆ iBl eTAelITisedA éndMeNIrvivtþn¾ rbs´sg<mTaMgmUl ehIytTl'nwgGg<karßrdð aPi :lNa Edl eKeXIjza :neZV IGV Ib"HJl' edayGyutþ i Zm( eTAelIplRbeyaCn¾ skmµ PaB
ni geKalbMNgrbs'eK
. BYkrs'enAÉeka Edlmi nEmnCasmaCi kénRkumNamYyenaH eRcInEtBu MGacman«TÆ i BlGI VxøaMgkøaeTAelIsg<m kM uzaeLIydl'rdð aPi :l ehIyc|as'CaKµ anGanuPaBGV IeTAelIrbbpþac'karesaHeLIy .
dUecñ H Rbsi nebIBYkpþac'karGacdkTukPaBsVy&tni gesrIPaBrbs'Gg<kar TaMgLayenH RbCaBlrdð k* :t'bg'CMnYytamenaHEdr . RbsinebIGg<karTaMgenHZøak'eTA~gkNþab´édrbs´rdðGMNac ßk*RtUvCMnYsedayGg<karepSgEdl
eKGacRtYt:n rbbpþackarGaceRbIGg<karTaMgenH eGayeTACi HCan'smaCik nana ni gEpñkNamYyénsg<menaH .
b" uEnþ Rbsi nebIeKGacrkSaßk* Tak'Tajykmkvi jnUvsV &yPaB ni gesrIPaBénsæ ab&nÉkraCsI uvi lTaMgenaH ‘eGaysæi tenAeRkAkarRtYtRtarbs'rdðaPi:l’sæab&nTaMgenaHnw gmanRbeyaCn¾ y"agxøaMgdl'karGnuvtþn¾ neya:yerIbRmH .
lk¡N;rYmmYyEdlman~góTahrN¾ GMBIkrNIrbbpþac'karEdl:nZøakcuHexSay KW karGnuvtþn¾ d* køahannigRsuHKñanUvneya:yerIbRmH edayRbCaBlrdð ni gsæ ab&nnanarbs'eK .
dUcEdlbJ¢ak'rYcmkehIy mNÐlGMNacTaMgenHCasæ ab&nRKwH Edl RbCaBlrdð eRbIR:s' edIm|Idak'sMJZßk* Tb'Tl'nw gkarRtYtRtapþac'kar . enA
~geBlGnaKt mNÐlTaMgenHnw gkøayeTACaEpñkmYyénrcnasm¬&nÆcMbgEdl eKBMuGackat'ecal:n sMrab'sg<mesrImYy edIm|Ikarts) UrMedaHeGay:neCaK C&y .
RbsinebIrbbpþac'kar:nTTYlC&yCMnH ~gkarrMlMßk* RtYtRtaGg<kar ÉkraCTaMgenaH BYkGñkRbyuTÆts) URtUvEtbeg, ItRkumsg<m ni gsæ ab&nÉkraCzµI>ßk* eZV Iy"agNaTak'TajGg<karEdlenAesssl' eGaycUlmkenAeRkamkarkan'
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kab'tamEbbRbCaZi betyüvi j . ~gOkasbdi vtþn¾ enARbeTshugRKI (Hungary) qñ aM1956-1957 RkumRbw kSaRbCaZibetyüCaeRcIn :nelcecjeLIg ehIy :nTaMgcab'édKñ aer[bcMCaRbB&nÆshB&nÆénsæ ab&nnanapg . ~gRbeTsb" ULÚj
enAcugTsvtS1980
BYkkmµ kr:nrkSaTuksaxashCIB²sUlIdarIZI³ (Solidarity
samK<I) mYycMnYnxusc|ab' ehIy~gkrNIxøH :nkþab'ykshCIBCapø Úvkar rbs'BYkkumµ úynIsþ:neT[tpg . karlUtlas'xagsæab&nEbbenH Gacman«TÆ iBlneya:yd*sMxan'>CaeRcIn .
CakarBitNas' TaMgenHBM uEmnmann&yza kareZV IeGayexSaynw grMlM rbbpþac'kar CakargayRsYleT ßzakarl|gNamYynwgsuTÆEt:neCaKC&y
enaHeLIy . karenHc|as'CaBMuEmnmann&yza karts) Unw gRbRBwtþeTAeday Kµ ankarxUcxat BIeRJHGñ kTaMgLayEdlenAEtbMerIBYkpþac'karnw gvayRbhar bkmkvij ~gkarRbw gERbgrbs'eK edIm|Ibg¡ MeGayRbCaBlrdðepþ ImeZVIshkar ni geZV ItambJ¢aeKeLIgvij .
b"uEnþ karyl' eXI jeRCARCHGM BI GM NacxagelI enH mann& yzakar:k'
Ebkénrbbpþac' kar KW CaRBw tþ i karN¾ EdlGacekI teLI g . CaBi ess rbbpþac'kar manlk¡N;c|as'las'mYycMnYn EdleZV IeGayrbbenHTn'exSay enAcMeJHmuxneya:yerIbRmHmYyEdleKGnuvtþy"agbi unRbsb´ . eyIgnw gBi ni tüEvk Ejklk¡N;TaMgenaHeGay:nBi sþar .
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CMBUkTI4
rbbpþac;karmancMNucexSay
Caer]y> rbbpþac'karmanrUbPaBCarbbmi nexSay . Pñak'garsMgat'
eyaZa b" Ulis kMlaMgeyaZa Kuk mnI ÞrTaruNkmµ ni gRkumRbharCIvi t sæi t enAeRkamkarRKb'RKgrbs'mnusSd*manGMNacmYycMnYntUc . BYkpþac'kar Caer]y> eRbIR:s'RTBüsm|tþ i Cati manCaGaT¥ luykak' ZnZanZmµ Cati ni gkMlaMgpli tkmµ y"agx¢Hx¢ay ni gedIm|IbMeBjbMNgxøÜnÉg .
~gkareRb[beZ[b kMlaMgRbqaMgRbCaZi betyü Caer]y> hak'dUc
CaexSaysMebImNas' Kµ anRbsi TÆPaB ehIyKµ anGMNacGV ITaMgGs' . karyl' eXIjGMBIPaBxøaMgkøa tTl'nw gPaB«tGMNacEbbenH eZVIeGaykarRbqaMgBMuGac manRbsiTÆPaB .
b"uEnþsac'er]genHenAminTan'cb'sBVRKb'eT .
karsMKal;rkemIlEkgeCIgGaKIl (Achilles) er]geRBgmYy~gGkSrsi l|¾ Rkik (Greece)buraN :nbJ©aMgy"agbi un
Rbsb' eGayeKeXIjcMNucexSayénGV IEdleKzami nTan'exSay . GaKIlCaGñ kcM:MgmYyrUbEdll|IeQµ aHza Kµ annrNaGaceZV I V IeGayeKrbYs ehIyBMumandavNamYyGacmutEs|keK:neLIy . kalenACaTark mþayrbs'GaKIl:n
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ykkUneTAmuCTwk~gTenøTi BVmYyeQµ aHsÞ Ik (Styx) Edl:neZV IeGayEs|ksV i t kab'mi nmut . b" uEnþeKenAmanbJØamYy . edaysarmþayRtUvkan'EkgeCIgkUneBlmuCTw k edIm|IkM ueGayrsat'tamcrnþTw k Tw kTenøTi BVenaHBM u:nRCabcUleTA
karJrRtg'kEnøgEkgeCIgenHeT . enAeBlEdlGaKIleBjv&y eKhak'dUc CabursEdlKµ anGavuZsRtUvNaGaceZV IeGayrbYs:neLIy . b" uEnþ enA~gsRg<amRbqaMgnwgTIRkugRty (Troy) edayeZV ItambJ¢ arbs'mnusSmñ ak' 'Edldw gGMBIcMNucexSayenH TahansRtUvmYyrUb:n:j'RBYjtRmg'eTArkEkgeCIgGaKIlEdlKµanGI VkarBar EdlCakEnøgEtmYyEdlGaceZI VeGayGaKIlrbYs .rbYsenH:neZV IeGayGaKIl:t'bg'CIvi t . rhUtmkTl'ézá enH BaküGg'eKøs "Achilles’ heel" ‘EkgeCIgGaKIl’ :nRtUveKeRbI enAeBleKni yayGMBIcMNuc exSayrbs'mnusS Epnkar ßk*sæab&nNamYy EdleKKµ anmeZüa:ykarBar RbsinebIKUsRtUvvayRbharcMkEnøgenaH .
eKGacGnuvtþeKalkarN¾dUcKñ aenH eTAelIrbbpþac' 'kareXareXATaMgLay . eKGacQñHrbbenH:nedayqab'rh&s ehIyxUcxatti c RbsinebIeK
dw gc|as'GMBIcMNucexSay ehIyepþatkarvayRbhareTAelIEtcMNucexSayTaMgenaH .
cMNucexSayrbs;rbbpþac;kar cMNucexSayrbbpþac'karmanCaGaT¥ dUcteTA ;1- karbnæ y ßkarpÁ akshRbti btþ i kar BIsMNak'mnusS Rkum ni g
sæab&nTaMgLay EdleKRtUvkaredIm|IeGayRbB&nÆTaMgmUlmandMeNIrkar .
2- esckþ IRtUvkarß«TÆi BlénEpnkarcas' GacraraMgmineGayeK GnuvtþEpnkarzµ IEdlmi nsI usgVak'Kñ a .
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3- RbB&nÆkargarGackøayeTACaTMlab´ eZV IeGaykarERbRbYleTAtam sæankarN¾ zµ I> Bu M:nqab'rh&s .
4- buK<li k ni gZnZanEdl:nEbgEckeTAtamkargarbc© úb|nñ ehIy
enaHBu MGacpøas'bþÚrPøam> eTAtamesckþ IRtUvkarzµ I> .5- Gñ kenAeRkambg<ab' Edlxøacp<ab'ci tþecAhVaynaymi n:n RbEhl Caminh)aneZV Ir:ykarN¾ Bit ßk* eGayB&t( manRKb' 'sBV Edl BYkpþac'karRtUvkar edIm|IsMercci tþeGay:nRtw mRtUv .
6- menaKmvi C¢aGaccuHexSay ehIyCMen]ni gni mi tþrUbénrbbmYy RbEhlCaRtUvreg<aHreg< I .
7- RbsinebImenaKmvi C¢ aNamYymankMritxøaMg ehIyman«TÆ iBleTA elIGI VEdleKyl'za CakarBi t karRbkan'x¢ab'ykmenaKmvi C¢ aenH GacraraMgmi neGayeKcab'Garmµ N¾ eTAelIsæankarN¾ ni gesckþ IRtUvkarCak'Esþg .
8- RbsiTÆPaB nigsmtæ PaBénrdð :lEdlcuHexSay ßbTbJ¢aRtYt
RtahYsehtu GaceZVIeGayEpnkar ni gkarGnuvtþn¾ nanaBu MmanRbsiTÆPaB .9- TMnas'épÞ~g karRbkYtRbECg nigkarRbTUsþraypÞal'xø Ün Gacnw g
eZI VeGaymankarxUcxat ßk* sÞHkic© Rbti btþ ikarénrbbpþac'kar .10- bJ¦v&nþnignisiSt GacrMeCIbrMCYl~gkareqøIytbeTAtamsæan
karN¾ karKabsg,t' nigkarbRg,ab .11- saZarNCn bnÞab'BImYyry;eBl GacmanGarmµN¾ElgrvIrvl' mankarsgS&y ni gGacRbTUsþraynw grbbenH .
12- TMnas'xagCatisasn¾ vNÑ; vb|Zm( ni gtMbn' GacmankMri tkan' EtxøaMgeLIg .
13- fananuRkmGMNacénrbbpþac'kar EtgEtmi nsUvmansæ i rPaB ehIy
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CYnkal sæirPaBenHGacmankMritxøaMg . buK<lnImYy> minenA kan' 'tMENgdEdl> b"uEnþGaceLIgcuH ßk* RtUveKdkecjEtmþgehIyCMnYsedayGñ kepSgeT[t .
14- Epñ kxøHénRkumb" Uli s ßk* kmøaMgeyaZa RbEhlCaGaccat'kar edIm|IsMerceKalbMNgpÞal'xø Ün eTaHbICaRtUvRbqaMgnw grbbpþac'kar k*eday manCaGaT¥ kareZIVrdð RbharCaedIm .
15- RbsinebIrbbpþac'karenHzµIezµ ag eKRtUvkareBlevla edIm|IBRgw gxøÜneGay:nmaMmYn .
16- edaysarbJØamaneRcIn ehIyGñksMerckarmantic Epnkar
neya:ynana ni gkarGnuvtþn¾ xus RbEhlCaekIteLIgCajw k jab' .
17- RbsinebIeKcg'eC[svagBIeRKaHzñ ak'EbbenH ehIyrMElkkarRtYt Rta ni gkarsMercci tþeGayeTAGñ kdéTxageRkam karRtYtRtaelI GMNackMBUlRbEhlCaRtUvcuHGn'exSayeTAtamenaHEdr .
karvayRbhareTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac;kar CamYynw gkardw gGMBIcMNucexSay Edlrbbpþac'karc|as'Caman Rkum
RbCaZi betyüRbqaMgGacriHrkmeZüa:ybMe:g ²EkgeCIgGaKIl³ edIm|IeGay RbB&nÆpþackarmankarEkERbxøaMg ßk* bMEbkrMlayRbB&nÆenaHEtmþg .
dUecñH eKGacmanesckþ Isnñi dð and* c|aslasmYy ÷ zV IebIeKmanrUbPaBxøaMgkøa rbbpþackarTaMgGssuTÆEtmancMNucexSaymYycMnYn karxVHRbsi TÆPaBépÞ~g karRbkYtQñ anIsbuK<l karxVHRbsi TÆPaBCasæab&n ni gTMnas´Kñ a~gcMeNamEpñkepSg>énrdð :l . cMNucexSayTaMgenH ~gry;eBlmYy Gac eZV IeGayrbbpþackarmi nsUvmanRbsiTÆPaB ehIyrgeRKaHBIkarERbRbYl nigBI
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karts) U EdleKer[bcMeLIgy"agc|aslas . rbbpþac'karc|asCaBuMGac :neCaKC&yeTAelIGV I>TaMgGs EdleKcg:nenaHeLIy . óTahrN¾ maneBl xøH sUm|IEtJkübJ¢apÞalrbs´GI uEtør k*RtUveKpÁi bTukecalEdr BIeRJHGñkEdl
enAxageRkam:nbdi esZ minRBmykeTAGnuvtþ . eBlxøH rbbpþackar RbEhlCa GacdYlrlMyagqab´rh&s dUcEdleyIg:nseg,teXIjrYcmk ehIy .
karenHminEmnmann&yza eKGacrMlMrbbpþackar:n edayKµ aneRKaHzñ ak´nigkarxUcxateT . viZankarnImYy>edIm|IesrIPaB nw gmaneRKaHzñ ak ehIy ni gkarQWcab´ RBmTaMgRtUvkareBlevlapgEdr . ehIyKµ anvi ZankarNa
mYy EdlGacZanaeGay:neCaKC&yd* qabrh&sRKbkal;eTs;enaHeLIy .b¨ uEnþ RbePTénkarts) UEdlepþateTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþackar EdleK dw gc|asenaH Gac:nTTYleCaKC&y CagKMeragts) UNaEdlRbQmmuxtTl CamYycMNucxøaMgénrbbpþackar . sMNYrenAeBlenHKW etIeKGaceZV Ikarts) U enHtamEbbNa /
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CMBUkTI5
kareRbIR)as;GMNac
enA~gCMBUkTI 1 eyIg:nkt´sMKal´za karts) UtamkMlaMgeyaZaRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar Bu M:nvayRbhareTAcMkEnøgNaEdlrbbenHexSay b¨ uEnþ enARtg´kEnøgEdlrbbenHxøaMgCaTIbMputeTAvi j . enAeBlEdleKeRCIserIs eTARbkYttamkMlaMgT&B karp<tp<g´eRK]gGavuZ bec© keTsxageRbIGavuZCaedIm clnaRbqaMghak´dUcCa:ndakxøÜnÉgeGaycaj´eRb[beKrYceTAehIy . rbb
pþackarc|as´CaGacRbmUlpþú MZnZanEbbenH :neRcInCagBYkRbqaMgesÞ IrRKb kal;eTs; . eyIgk*:nBi eRKaHehIyEdr GMBIeRKaHzñ akénkarBw gEpÁ keTAelI kMlaMgbreTs sMrab´karrMedaHenH . enA~gCMBUkTI 2 eyIg:nBi ni tüemIl bJØaTaMgLay EdlJkB&nÆeTAnw gbJØaBw gEpÁ keTAelIki c© crca edIm|IkMcat rbbpþac´kar .
dUecñ H etIeKGacenAmanmeZüa:yNaeT[t EdlGacpþl´eGayRkum RbCaZi betyüRbqaMg nUvPaBmaneRb[b ehIyni gCYyeGayeKbMe:gcMNuc exSayénrbbpþackar / etIbec©keTsEbbNaEdlGacGnuvtþRTw sþ IénGMNac neya:y EdleyIgBi eRKaHenA~gCMBUkTI 3 / CMerIsepSgmYy KW neya:y erIbRmH .
neya:yerIbRmHmanlk¡N;dUcteTA ÷
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karrMlMecalGV I>TaMgGs' .karts)UGhi gSamanPaBsµ úKsµ ajxøaMgCag ehIymanvi ZIts) UeRcInEbb
CagkareRbIGMeBIhi gSa . ~gkarts) UenH eKeRbIGavuZxagci tþsaRsþ sg<mki c©
esdð ki c©
ni gneya:y edaymankarcUlrYmBIsMNakRbCaBlrdð ni gsæab&nepSg>~gsg<m . eK:ns<al´viZITaMgenH zaCa:tukmµ RbqaMg kUdkmµ karmi neZV IshRbtibtþ ikar Bhi kar karminsb|aycitþ ehIyni gGMNacRbCaBlrdð .dUcEdl:nkt´sMKalBImunrYcehIy rdðaPi :lTaMgGsGacRKbRKg:n Et enAeBlNaEdleK:nTTYlCMnYyBIRbPBGMNacepSg>rbseK EdleKRtUvkar ehIyEdlecjBIshRbti btþ i kar karcuHjm nigkareZV ItambJ¢ aBIsMNak
RbCaBlrdð ni gsæ ab&nnanaénsg<m . neya:yerIbRmH mindUckareRbI hi gSaeT KW CaGavuZEtmYysMrab´kat´pþacRbPBGMNacrbbpþac'karTaMgenaH .
GavuFnigvin½yGhigSa
kMhusmYyEdlyuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmHBImun>:neZV I
KW karBw gEpÁ k eTAelIEtviZImYy ßBIr dUcCa kUdkmµ ni g:tukmµ ZM> . karBi t viZImaneRcInRbePTsMrab'Gñker[bcMyuTÆnakarRbqaMg ykeTAGnuvtþtamRtUvkar .
eK:ndw gc|as'GMBIvi ZIRbmaN 200Ebb ehIyenAmaneRcIneT[t .vi ZITaMgenHEckecjCa bIRkumZM> ÷ :tukmµ RbqaMgni gkarBnül'ENnaM karmi neZV IshRbtibtþ ikar ni gkareZV IGnþraKmn¾ . viZI:tukmµ RbqaMg ni gkarBnül' ENnaMedayGhi gSa KW kareZV I:tukmµ Cani mi tþrUb manCaGaT¥ karedIrCak|Ün ni gkarRbmUlpþ ú MKñaedaysáat'esá{m ‘manRbmaN 54vi ZI’ . karmi neZV Ishkar manbIRbePT ÷ k’ mi nshkarsg<mki c© ‘16vi ZI’Ç x’ minshkaresdð kic© manCaGaT¥ Bhi kar ‘26vi ZI’ ni gkUdkmµ ‘23vi ZI’Ç ni g K’ mi nshkar neya:y ‘38vi ZI’ . GnþraKmn¾Ghi gSatamEbbcitþsaRsþ ragkay sg<mkic© esdð ki c©
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eZV I dUcCa karedIrEckxitb&NÑ kare:HBum¬pSayedaysMgat´ karGtGahar karGg<úycuHenAtampøÚv . mnusSxøHBi:keZV Iskmµ PaBEbbenH elIkElgEt ~gkal;eTs;Bi essEmnETn .
vi ZIts)UGhigSaxøHeT[t tMrUveGaymnusSmñabnþeZVIki c© karepSg>CaZmµ tab¨ uEnþtamEbbbTepSgeT[t . óTahrN¾ eKGacnaMKñ acUleZV IkardUcZmµ ta eday mi neZV IkUdkmµ buEnþ edayectna eKnaMKñ aeZV IkaryW t> ßk* mi nsUveGaymanRbsiTÆPaBdUcZmµta . eKnaMKñaeZV I ²xus³edayectna eRcInCageBlmun> .xøHeT[tGackøayeTACa²QW ³ ehIy²minGac³eTAeZV Ikar~geBlNamYy ßk* eKGacbdi esZmi neZV Ikar . eKGacnaMKñ aeTAsURtZm( ~gRBHvihar enAeBlEdl
kareZV IEbbenH mi nRtw mEtbJ¢akGMBICMen]xagsasnaeT EtCaCMen]xagneya:y eT[t . eKGaceZV Iskmµ PaBedIm|IkarJrBYkekµ g>eGayputBIkareXasnarbs´rbbpþackar tamkarer[nsURtenApÞH ßk* tamsalaer[nlYclak´ . eKGac bdi esZmi ncUlCasmaCi kénGg<karEdlrbbpþac'kar²esñ I³ ßk*tMrUv ehIyEdl eKmincUledayesµ aHsµ &RK~geBlmun> . PaBRbhakRbEhlKñ aénvi ZITaMg
enH eTAnw gskmµ PaBZmµtarbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIynigkarERbRbYlbnþi cbnþ ÜcBI CIvPaBsBVdgrbs´eK GaceZVIeGaykarcUlrYm~gskmµ PaBrMedaHRbCaCati EbbenH kanEtgayRsYleLIgsMrab´GñkTaMgenaH .
edaysarkarts) UGhi gSa ni gGMeBIhi gSa manPaBxusKñayagxøaMg~gkarGnuvtþn¾ sUm|IEtGMeBIhi gSabnþ i c ~gOkasyuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmH k*
Gacbeg, IteGaymanplvi :kEdr BIeRJHGMeBIhi gSaEtbnþ icenH GaceZV IeGay karts) UEkERb eTACaRbePTEdlBYkpþackarmaneRb[bCagd* xøaMgkøa ‘sRg<am eyaZa’ . vin&yGhi gSa KW Caktþad* sMxansMrabC&yCMnH ehIyeKRtUvEtRbkan´ eGayx¢ ab´ zV IebIBYkpþackarnigPñ akgarrbseKeRbIGMeBIeXareXA júHjg´eGay manhigSaEbbNak*eday .
karRbkan´ykvi n&yGhi gSaeGayCab ~gkartTl´CamYynw gKUbdi bkS
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higSa nw gsMrYleGayynþkarbYnyagsMrab´karpøasbþ Úr ~gkarts)UGhi gSaeGaymandMeNIrkareTAmux:n ‘vi PaKxageRkam’ . vin&yGhi gSa k* mansar;sMxanxøaMgNasEdrenA~gdMeNIrkarneya:yCUCi sU )‘ Jiu-Jitsu’ . enA~g
dMeNIrkarenH GMeBIeXareXAyagc|asRkELténrbbpþackar RbqaMgnw gBYk Ghi gSa nw gnaMeGaymanplvi :kbkRtLbeTABYkpþackarvi j eZV IeGaymankarmi nsb|ayci tþépÞ~génBYkpþac´kar ni gnaMeGaykarKaMRTBYkGhigSamankMri tkan´EtxøaMgeLIg ~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdð EdlZøabKaMRTrbbpþackarenaH.
buEnþ enA~gkrNIxøHeT[t eKRbEhlCami nGaceC[seGayputBIGMeBI hi gSamYykMri ttUc RbqaMgnw grbbpþackar . Garmµ N¾ mYremAni gkarsÁ brbb
enH GacnaMeGaymanGMeBIhi gSapÞúHeLIg . ßRkumxøHénBYkts)URbEhlCamincglHbgecalGMeBIhi gSa zV IebIeKylGMBIsar;sMxanénkarts) UGhi gSak* eday .~gkrNITaMgenH eKBu McaM:clHbg´ecalneya:yerIbRmHenaHeT . buEnþCakarcaM:c´ eKRtUvEbgEckskmµ PaBhi gSa eGaydacecjqá ayBIskmµPaBGhigSa . eKKYreZV IEbbenHtamEpñ kPUmi saRsþ RkumepSg> karkMNt´eBl
evla nigtambJØanImYy> . Rbsi nebImindUecñaHeT GMeBIhi gSaGacmanpl vi :ky¨agxøaMgeTAelIkareRbIR:sneya:yerIbRmH EdlCaóbkrN¾ d* xøaMgkøasMrab'QaneTArkeCaKC&yeGay:neRcInCag .
Rbvtþ isaRsþ:nbgØajeGayeXIjza enAeBleKKi teRKagTukCamunzanw gmankar:tbg´CIvi tni grbYsenA~gneya:yerIbRmH karxUcxatTaMgenaH
mankMritticCagqáayBIkarxUcxat~gsRg<ameyaZa . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t karts) UEbbenH Bu M:nnaMeTArkkarkab´sMlab´Kña ni gGMeBIeXareXA edayKµ anTIbJ© b´enaHeLIy .
karts) UGhi gSatMrUveGayman ehIyeRcInEteZV IeGayman karQb ‘ß karTb´s,at’ xøacrdð aPi:lni gskmµPaBCi HCanhi gSa . karQbxøac ß karTb´s,atkarP&yxøac KWCaktþasMxan´~gkarrMlMGMNacBYkpþackar Edlman
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eTAelIRbCaBlrdð TUeTA .
karebIkcMh PaBsMgat; nig\riyabfRtwmRtUv PaBsMgat kare:kR:s ehIyni gkarXubXi tKñaCasMgat´ :nbeg, It
CabJØad* lMM:ksMrabclnaEdleRbIskmµ PaBGhi gSa . Caer]y> eKmi nGac lakeGayCi t mi neGayb¨ Uli s ni gPñakgarsMgat´dw gGMBIeKalbMNg nigEpnkareT . tamkaryl´eXIjrbs´clnats)U PaBsMgat´mi nRKanEtCab\sKl´énkarP&yxøaceT EtCaktþaEdlCYybEnæ meTAelIkarP&yxøac Edl
eZV IeGayxUcsµ artIts) U ehIybnæ ycMnYnmnusSEdlGaccUlrYm~gskmµ PaBNamYy . PaBsMgat´enHk* GacCYybEnæmeTAelIkarsgS&y nigkarecaTRbkan Kñ a Caer]y> minsmehtusmpl ~gcMeNamclnats) U GMBIzaetInrNaCaPñ akgarsMgat´esu IbkarN¾ eGayKUbdibkS . karenHRbEhlCaGacb¨HJl dllTÆPaBrbs´clnats) U ~gkarRbkan´x¢abnUvGMeBIGhi gSa . pÞúyeTAvi j
karebIkcMheGayeKdw gGMBIeKalbMNgni gEpnkarénkarts) U minRtw mEtmanpllÁ eTAvi jeT b¨ uEnþnw gCYyeGayeKeXIjza EmnETneTA clnats) UmankMlaMgxøaMgkøaCaTIbMput . tamkarBi t bJØaenHsµ úKsµ ajCagGV IEdleK:nni yayxagelI ehIymanskmµ PaBts) UmYycMnYnZM EdltMrUveGaymankarlak:Mg . eK RtUvkareGaymankarvi PaKd* eRCARCHmYy ~gcMeNamGñ kTaMgLayNaEdlyl dw gc|as´ GMBIzamBlénkarts) UGhi gSa ehIynigmeZüa:yrbsBYkpþackar sMrab'kartamdanesI ubGeg,t enA~gsæ ankarN¾ Bi essNamYy .
kare:HBum¬pSBVpSayCasMgat kareRbIR:svi TüúpSaysMelgeRkAc|ab ehIynigkarRbmUlykB&t(mansMgatGMBIRbtibtþikarrbs´rbbpþac´kar KWCaskmµPaBmYy~gcMeNamskmµPaBBiessmYycMnYntUc EdltMrUveGaymanPaBsMgat´CaTIbMput .
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karRbkan´x¢ ab´nUv«ri yabzRtw mRtUv ~gskmµ PaBGhi gSa KW CakarcaM :c~gRKbdMNak'karénTMnas . ktþaxøH dUcCa karminP&yxøac ni gkarRbkan x¢ ab´nUvvi n&yGhi gSa KW CakarcaM:cRKbeBlevla . eKRtUvcgcaMza Caer]y>
eKRtUvkarcMnYnmnusSyageRcIn edIm|IEkERbGI VmYy . b¨ uEnþ eKGacRbmUlGñ k EdleKTukci tþeGay:neRcInEbbenH Ettamry;karRbkanx¢ ab´nUv«riyabzx¬gx¬sRtwmRtUv ~gclnats)U .
karERbRbYlRKwHGMNac Gñ kyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtcgcaMza enA~gTMnas´EdleKGnuvtþneya:yerI
bRmH TIlants) UmankarERbRbYlmi nQb´Qr edaysarKUbdibkSnw geZV I skmµ PaBtbtKñ aeTAvijeTAmk «tQb'Qr . Kµ anGI VEdlsæ itenAnw gz,l enaHeT . TMnakTMngGMNacrvagPaKITaMgBIr nw gmankarERbRbYly¨agqab´ rh&sCani c© . karenHekItmaneLIg edaysarBYkRbqaMgenAEtbnþkarTb´Tl´
edayGhigSa zV IebIPaKIm¡ageT[tecHEtbRg,abCiHCan'EbbNak*eday .karERbRbYlénkMritGMNacrbsPaKIRbkYtTaMgsgxag enA~gkal;eTs;TMnas´EbbenH RbEhlCaxøaMgCagehIyel]nCagTMnas'hi gSa ehIy nw gCMrujeGayecjCalTÆplEbøk> Edlmann&yxø w msarneya:yeRcIn .edaysarkarERbRbYlTaMgenH skmµ PaBBi essNamYyrbs´Rkumts)U RbEhl CamanplEvgqáay EdlGaceZV IeGayPaKINamYy kanEtmaMeLIgßk* cuHexSay .
elIsBIenHeTAeT[t tamry;skmµ PaBrbseK RkumGhi gSaRbEhlCanw gman«TÆ i BlxøaMgeTAelIkarekIneLIg ßk* cuHzyénkMlaMgbdi bkS . óTahrN¾ Rkumts) UGhigSad*manvi n&yni gesckþIkøahan ~gkarRbQmmuxGMeBIeXareXA rbs´BYkpþackar GaceZV IeGaykgTahanni gGñ kKaMRTBYkpþackar manGarmµ N¾ mi nRsYl mi nsb|ayci tþ ehIyGackøayeTACaRkumEdlBYkpþackarElgTuk
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ci tþ:n ehIyenA~gkrNIxøaMgEmnETn GacnaMeGaymankarbHe:répÞ~g .karRbqaMgEbbenH k* GacnaMmknUvkarpþnÞaeTaskan'EtxøaMgeTAelIrbbpþackar BIsMNakGnþrCati Edr . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t karGnuvtþn¾ neya:yerIbRmH
d*eQø{sév
d*manvi n&y
GacCMrujeGaymankarcUlrYm~gclnats) Ukan´Et eRcIneLIg> BIsMNakGñ kEdlCaZmµ taKaMRTBYkpþac´kar ßk* CaTUeTA enACaGBüaRkwt~gTMnas´enH .
ynþkarbYny:agsMrab;karERbRbYl karts) UGhi gSanaMmknUvkarERbRbYlbYny¨ag . ynþkarTImYy:nekIt
maneLIg b¨uEnþy¨agkRm . enAeBlEdlTwkcitþsmaCikénRkumpþac´karBuHkeRJ¢al edaysareKeXIjTuk¡evTnaBIkarCi HCan´eTAelIBYkRbqaMgGhi gSad* køahan ßk* eKERbcitþyl'za buBVehtuénkarts) Umanlk¡N;Rtw mRtUv Gñ kTaMgenaHGacnw gTTYlyk:nnUveKalbMNgrbsRkumts) U . ynþkarenHmaneQµ aH
ehAza
karbþ ÚrRkum . zV IebIkrNIénkarbþ ÚrRkum
eTArkkarts) UGhi gSa :nekIt maneLIg RBw tþ i karN¾ enHkRmNas ehIyenA~gTMnasCaeRcIn karenHmi nekIt maneLIgeT ßk* ekItmaneLIgEtbnþi cbnþ Ücb¨ ueNÑaH .
GV IEdlekIteLIgCajw kjy KW karts) UGhi gSa:npøasbþ ÚrsæankarN¾ TMnas´ ni gsg<mdl´kMri tmYyEdlBYkpþackar Bu MGaceZVIGV IeTAtamcMNgci tþdUc eBlmun . enHKW Cakarpøasbþ ÚrJkB&nÆnw gGMNacénPaKITaMgBIrEdlbeg, IteGay manynþkarTaMgbIeT[t ÷ kareyaKyl karbg¡ MedayGhi gSa ni gkarEbkEx\k .etIynþkarNamYynw gekItmaneLIgenaH GaRs&yeTAelIkarERbRbYlénTMnak´TMngGMNac EdleZV IeGayBYkRbCaZi betyümaneRb[b .
Rbsi nebIbJØaCak´EsþgNamYyminEmnCabJØasMxanNasNaeTenaHBYkpþackarmi ncatTukkarTamTarrbs´RkumRbqaMg enA~gyuTÆnakard*mankMri t
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BYkpþackarBu MGacRKbRKgeK:nTalEtesaH . rdð:lrbsBYkpþackarbdi esZ mi nRBmeZV ItambJ¢ azñakdw knaM . Tahan ni gbUli srbsBYkpþackarnaMKñabHe:r . RbCaBlrdð ßGñkEdlZøabKaMRTrbbpþackar RbkasminTTYls<al´
BYkdw knaMpþac´kar edayGHGagza BYkenHBu Mmansi TÆ i RKbRKgTalEtesaH .dUecñ H CMnYy ni gkareZV ItambJ¢ aBImunk* GsmaneTAEdr . ynþkarTIbYnénkarERb RbYl karEbkEx\k énRbB&nÆpþac´karmanlk¡N;eBjelj EdleZV IeGayrbb pþackarKµ anTaMgkMlaMgsMrabcuHjm . rbbenH:nmkdleBldYlrlMEbkEx\k .
~gkarer[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþsMrabkarrMedaH eKKYrEtcgcaMynþkar TaMgbYnenH . CYnkalynþkarTaMgenHcabdMeNIrkaredayÉkÉg . buEnþ
kareRCIserIsykynþkarmYyßeRcIn mkeZV ICaeKalsMrab´karpøasbþÚrenA~gTMnas nw gGaceZV IeGayeKmanlTÆPaBer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþBi ess sMrabGnuvtþ .kareRCIserIsykynþkarNamYy nw gGaRs&yeTAelIktþaCaeRcIn manCaGaT¥ kMri tGMNacénRkumTaMgLayEdlRbkYtKñ a «ri yabz ehIyni geKalbMNgénRkumEdleZVIkarts) UGhigSa .
\Ti§BlRbCaFibetyüénneya)ayerIbRmHpÞ úyeTAnw gGMeBIhi gSa EdlBRgw gGMNacmnusSEtmYyRkum kareRbI
meZüa:yts) UGhi gSa nw geZV IeGaysg<mneya:y manlk¡N;RbCaZi betyü .Epñ kmYyén«TÆi BlRbCaZi betyüenH manlk¡N; Edlmi nGnuJ¦at
eGaymanGMeBIeXareXA . KWza pÞúyeTAnwgmeZüa:yeyaZa meZüa:y Ghi gSaenH Bu M:npþlnUvóbkrN¾ sMrabCi HCanGñ kenAeRkambJ¢ arbsKN;dw knaM EdleKGacbgV i leGayRbqaMgnw gRbCaBlrdð edIm|IbegI ,tßbnþrbbpþackar enaHeT. BYkGñkdwknaMclnaneya:yerIbRmH GaceRbI«TÆi Blni gdak´sMJZ eTAelIGñ kedIrtam b¨ uEnþeKmi nGaccabGñ kTaMgenaHeTAdak´Kuk ßRbharCIvit
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enAeBlEdleKCMTas´ ßk*eKeRCIsykemdw knaMÉeT[tenaHeLIy .Epñ kmYyeT[tén«TÆi BlRbCaZibetyüenHKW manlk¡N;vi C¢man . KW
mann&yza karts) UGhi gSanw gpþldlRbCaBlrdðnUvmeZüa:yts) UmYy Edl
eKGacykeTAeRbIedIm|IkarJresrIPaBrbs´eK
tTlnw grbbpþackarNamYy .xageRkamenH KW Ca«TÆ iBlRbCaZi betyülÁ mYycMnYnénkarts) UGhi gSa ÷• bTBi esaZn¾ ~gkarts)UGhi gSanaMeGayRbCaBlrdðmankarTukci tþ
eTAelIxø ÜnÉg ~gkartTlCamYynw g karKMramnigsmtæ PaBbRg,abTaMghi gSa .
• karts)UGhigSapþl´nUvmeZüa:ysMrab´karmineZVIshkarni gkar
erIbRmH EdlRbCaBlrdð GaceRbI sMrab'Tb´Tl´nw gkarRtYtRta edayKµ anRbCaZibetyü BIsMNak´rbbpþac´karNamYy .
• enAcMeJHmuxkarRKb´RKgtamkarCi HCan´ eKGaceRbIkarts)UGhigSa sMrab´hat´er[nGnuvtþesrIPaBRbCaZi betyü dUcCaesrIPaBxagkarni yay esrIPaBxagkarpSBVpSay Gg<karÉkraC
nigesrIPaBénkarRbCu MKñ a .• dUcEdl:nEvkEjkBIelI karts) UGhi gSaGacCaCMnYyyagxøaMg
dlkarrs´ranmanCIvi t karbeg, IteLIgvi j ni gkarBRgw génRkum ÉkraC ni gsæab&nnanaénsg<mmnusS . TaMgenHsuTÆEt manplRbeyaCn¾ sMrab´lTÆ i RbCaZi betyü edaysarktþaTaMg
enH
manlTÆPaBRbmUlpþ ú MGMNacRbCaBlrdð ehIydakkMri teTA elIGMNacrbsBYkNaEdlcgkøayeTACaBYkpþackar .• karts) UGhigSaGacpþlCameZüa:y EdlRbCaBlrdðGaceRbI
edIm|IbeJ© jGMNacRbqaMgnw gkarCiHCan´ tamry;skmµPaBb¨UlisnigeyaZaénrdðaPi:lpþackar .
• karts)UGhigSaGacpþl´CaviZankarepSg> EdlRbCaBlrdð
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karenHCaer]y>manKuNvi btþ i mYycMnYn . Cajw kjab´ Rkumts)URbCaZi betyü Bu M:nKi tKUreGay:ndi tdl´ GMBIkartbtd* eXareXAénrbbpþackareT emøaHehIy eKrgeRKaHyagdMNM ehIykarts)Uk* rlMeTAEdr . CYnkal karEdl
Kµ anEpnkareRKagTukCamunrbsBYkRbCaZibetyü
:nbNþaleGaykarsMerc ci tþsMxan>ekIteLIgCayzaehtu EdlnaMeTArkplvi :ky¨agxøaMg . sUm|IEt enAeBlEdlrbbCiHCan´:nRtUvdYlrlM karEdlKµ ankarer[bcMCaEpnkarGMBIEbbbTbþ ÚreTArklTÆ i RbCaZi betyü :nnaMeTAeGayrbbpþackarzµ ImYyeT[tekIt maneLIg .
karerobcMCaEpnkarCak;EsþgenAeBlGnaKt skmµ PaBRbCaBlrdð EdlKµ ankareRKagTuk nw gc|as
CaedIrtYsMxan´~gkarbHe:rRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar . b¨ uEnþ «LÚvenHeKGacKi t KUr GMBImeZüa:ynanaEdlmanRbsi TÆPaBCaTIbMputedIm|IrMlMrbbpþackar vi PaK
emIleBlevlaEdlsæankarN¾ neya:yni gGarmµ N¾ RbCaBlrdð nw geLIgdl´kMri t nigeRCIserIsreb[bepþ ImyuTÆnakar . eKRtUvkareGaymankarKi tKUrd* hµ t´ct edayEpÁkeTAelIkarvaytM élsæankarN¾ Cak´Esþg ni gGMBIlTÆPaBrbs´RbCaBlrdð edIm|IeRCIserIsykmeZüa:yNaEdlsmRsbeTAtam kal;eTs; ehIymanRbsi TÆPaBkarts)UykesrIPaB .
RbsinebIeKcg:nsMercGV ImYy eKKYrEter[bcMCaKMeragkarzaetIeKRtUv eZV Iskmµ PaBGV IxøH . RbsinebIeKalbMNgenaHsMxandlkMritNa plvi :k énbraC&yk*Zá n´Zár ehIykarer[bcMCaEpnkark* mansar;sMxan´ eTAtamkMri t enaHEdr . karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ nw gCYyeGayeKeRbIR:sZnZanEdleKGacRbmUl:n edaymanRbsi TÆPaBCaTIbMput . enHKW CaplRbeyaCn¾ Bit CaBi ess sMrabclnaRbCaZibetyü EdlmankarxVHxatZnZan ehIy
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ni geRKaHzñ ak´EdlGñ kKaMRTRtUvRbQmmux ~gkarrMlMrbbpþackard* xøaMgkøa .pÞ úyeTAvi j rbbpþackarCaZmµ tamanRTBüsm|tþ i kMlaMgCaRkum ehIyniglTÆPaBeRcIn~gkareRbIGMeBIeXareXA .
²karer[bcMCaEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ³
TIenH mann&yza karKi tKUrer[bcM Caskmµ PaBmYycMnYn EdlGacEkERbsæankarN¾ bc© úb|nñ eTArksæ ankarN¾ GnaKtEdleKcg:n . sMrab'karBi PakSaenAeBlenH karenHmann&yzaBI rbbpþackareTAGnaKtRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü . EpnkaredIm|IsMercnUveKalbMNgenH CaZmµ ta mankarer[byuTÆnakarCaeRcIn EdlnwgRtUvGnuvtþtamlMdab lMeday ehIyni gkarer[bcMCaskmµ PaBnanaÉeT[t sMrab´BRgw gRbCaBlrdð
ni gsg<mEdleKCi HCan´ ehIyni gedIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþackarcuHexSay . cUrkt´ sMKalza eKalbMNgenAeBlenH minEmnRKanEtrMlMrbbpþackarbc© úb|nñ eTKW manEzmTaMgkarer[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyüpgEdr . yuTÆsaRsþ cMbgmYyEdldakkMriteKaledA Rtw mEtrMlMrbbpþackarbc©úb|nñ GacmaneRKaHzñ ak´ edaysarrbbpþackarmYyzµ IGacekItmaneLIg eRkayBIrbbpþac'karcas'
dYlrlM .
]bsKÁkñúgkarerobcMEpnkar Gñ kKaMRTesrIPaBxøHenA~gBiPBelakenH Bu M:neRbIR:ssmtæPaB
rbs´eKeGayeBjelj edIm|IedaHRsaybJØa zaetIeKGacsMerc:nkarrMedaHtamEbbNa . Gñ kTaMgenaHkRm nwgylGMBIsar;sMxanCaTIbMputénkarer[b cMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþedayRbugRby&tñ munnw geKecjeZV Iskmµ PaB . dUecñHehIy :nCaeKesÞ IrEtBu M:ner[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþenHTal´EtesaH .
ehtuGVI:nCamnusSEdlmankaryleXIjEvgqá ay ~gkarTamTar esrIPaBneya:ymkCUnRbCaBlrdð kRmer[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ
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edIm|IsMerctameKaledA / KW CakarKYreGaysþay Cajw kjy mnusSCaeRcInelIslubenA~gRkumRbCaZi betyüRbqaMg Bu M:nylc|asGMBIesckþ IRtUvkar eGaymankarer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ßk* Bu MmanTMlaber[nsURtxagkarKi ttam
k|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ
. enHKW Caki c© karlM:k . edaysarBYkpþackartamrukKYnCadrab nigedaysarkarTTYlxusRtUvd* elIslubCaer[graleBlevla Gñkdwk naMRkumts) U Caer]y> Bu MmansuvtæiPaB ßeBlevla edIm|IbNþúHbNþalkarKi t tamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþenHeT . emøa¨HehIyTMlabZmµ tarbs´eKenaH KW RKanEt beJ© jRbtikmµ eTAelIGI VEdlrbbpþackarp© úgepþ Im . krNIenH RkumRbqaMgEtgEtsæi tenA~gsæ anPaBkarJr rkSaTuknUvesrIPaBEdl:nsMercrYcehIy ßk*
GacTbbnæ yel|}nénkarRtYtRtarbs´BYkpþackar ßk*bg,begI ,tCabJØasMrab´ Epnkarzµ I> Edlrbbpþac´kardakGnuvtþ .
buK<lenARkumxøHeT[t RbEhlCami nylGMBIesckþ IRtUvkareGaymanEpnkarEvgqá ayTUlMTUlaymYy sMrabclnarMedaHenHeT . eKmanKMni ty¨aggayRsYlza Rbsi nebIeKRKanEtRbkaneGayx¢ abnUveKalbMNgrbseK ehIy
RTaMts)UeGay:nyUrbnþ iceTA eKnw g:nTTYleCaKC&ytamEbbNamYy . Gñ k xøHeT[tsnµ tza RbsinebIeKRKanEtrs´enAeTAtameKalkarN¾ nigótþmKti rbs´eK enAcMeJHmuxkarlM:kTaMgLay eK:neZV IGI V>TaMgGs´ EdleKGac eZV I:nrYceTAehIy . karGnuvtþn¾ eKalbMNgmnusSZm( nigkaresµaHRtgeTA elIótþmKti KW CakarKYreGaysresIrEmnehIy b¨ uEnþenAmankarxVHxatxøaMg
NassMrabkarbJ© b´rbbpþackar ni gkarTTYl:nesrIPaB .BYkGñ kRbqaMgnwgrbbpþackarepSgeT[t RbEhlCayly¨aggayzaRbsi nebIeKeRbIGMeBIhi gSaeGay:nRKbRKan´ esrIPaBnw gmkdl . buEnþ dUc Edl:nkt´sMKalrYcmkehIy kareRbIGMeBIhi gSa mi nEmnCakarZanaeGay maneCaKC&yeT . CaCagkarrMedaH meZüa:yhi gSaGacnaMeTArkbraC&y esaknadkmµ d* segVK ßk*plvi :kTaMgBIr . ~gkrNICaeRcIn rbbpþackar
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manlTÆPaBeRcInsMrabkarts)Uhi gSa ehIyBYkRbCaZi betyükRmmaneRb[b elIBYkpþackarxagkMlaMgeyaZaNas´ .
enAmanskmµ CnmYycMnYneT[t EdleZV Iskmµ PaBeTAtamGV IEdleKman
Garmµ N¾ zaeKKYreZV I
. buEnþmeZüa:yTaMgenH minRtw mEtbJ¢ akeGayeKeXIjGMBIkareGaytMéleTAelIxøÜnÉghYsehtueBkeTenaH KW EzmTaMgBu M:npþlnUv karENnaMNamYy sMrab´er[bcMeGaymanKMeragkarcMbg edIm|IrMedaH .
skmµ PaBEdlsæ i tenAelI²KMni tlÁ ³rbsbuK<lNamñ akenaH k* mankMri t ti ctYcEdr . GV IEdleKRtUvkar KWskmµ PaBEdlBw gEpÁ keTAelIkarKi tKUry¨aghµ t´ct GMBI²CMhanbnþbnÞab´TaMgLay³ EdleKRtUvkaredIm|IrMlMrbbpþackar .
RbsinebIKµ ankarvi PaKtamyuTÆsaRsþ Gñ kdw knaMkarts) U Caer]y> mi ndw gzaetI CMhanbnþbnÞabenaHKYrCaGVIeT BIeRJHeKBu M:nKi tKUreGay:nhµ t´ct´ GMBI CMh)anbnþbnÞab´c|aslas sMrabeTArkeCaKC&y . karEbkR:C\a ni gKMni t lÁ >suTÆEtCaktþasMxan´ buEnþeKRtUveRbIktþaTaMgenaH edIm|ICMrujeGaysæanPaByuTÆsaRsþkMlaMgRbCaZibetyümandMeNIrkareTAmux .
edayeKdw gyagc|asGMBIskmµ PaBCaeRcInEdleKGacGnuvtþRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar ehIyedaysareKminGacsMercza eKepþ ImeZV IGV IenAeBlNaenaHGñ kxøHeGayeyablza ²catkareZV Iskmµ PaBTaMgGs~geBlCamYyKñ a³ . KMni t enHRbEhlCamanRbeyaCn¾ b¨ uEnþeKBu MGacGnuvtþ:neT CaBi ess Rbsi nebI clnats)UenaHenATn´exSay . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t viZankarEbbenH BuM:n
pþlnUvkarENnaMGMBITIkEnøgEdleKepþ Im
Epñ kEdleKKYrepþatkarxMxñ HExñ g
ehIy ni greb[beRbIR:sZnZanEdleKmi nsUvman .buK<lni gRkumÉeT[tRbEhlCayl´ GMBIkarcaM:c´eGaymanEpnkar
xøH b¨ uEnþGñ kTaMgenaHKi t:nRtw mEtEpnkarry;eBlxø I ßyuTÆvi ZIeKal . eKRbEhl Caminylza Epnkarry;eBlEvgCakarcaM:c ßCakareKGaceZV I:neLIy .CYnkal eKRbEhlCaminGacKi t ehIyvi PaKeTAtamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ beNþay
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eGayxYrk|aleKrMxanCajw kjabedaybJØaminsMxan´ ehIyCabrvl´nw gtbt eTAnw gGMeBIKUbdi bkS CaCageZV Iskmµ PaBp© úgepþ Im . edaysareKcMNayzamBl eRcIneBk eTAelIskmµ PaBry;eBlxø I Gñkdw knaMTaMgenaH Caer]y> Bu M:n
BicarNari Hrkvi ZankarCaCMerIsÉeT[t EdlGactMrgkarxñ HExñ gCaTUeTA edIm|I eGayqabeTAdlTIedAenaHeLIy .krNIÉeT[tEdlGacekIteLIgEdrenaH KW clnaRbCaZi betyüxøH mi n
eZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþBisþaredIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kareT eKsuxci tþepþatGarmµN¾ eTA elIbJØaPøam> edaysarbuBVehtuepSgeT[t . ~gci tþrbs´eK eKBu MmanCMen]za karxMxñHExñ grbs´eKGacbJ© brbbpþac´kar:neLIy . dUecñHehIy karer[b
cMCaEpnkarsMrab´eKalbMNgenH :nRtUveKcatTukza Cakarbg¡ateBl ßk* CakarBu MmanRbeyaCn¾ . GñkEdlts) UedIm|IesrIPaB tTlnw grbbpþackar eyareXA Caer]y> eBIbRbTHnw gkMlaMgeyaZanigb¨ Uli sd* sMebIm EdleZV I eGayeKyl´za BYkpþackarGaceZV IGV ITaMgGstamcMNg´ . edayeKxVHesckþ I sg¹w mBi tR:kd GñkTaMgenaH enAEttTlRbqaMgrbbpþackar edaysarbuBV
ehtusIlZm( ßRbvtþ i saRsþ . zV IebIeKmi nTTYlsarPaBk*eday RbEhlCaeK Bu MEdlTTYls<al~gxø ÜneKpÞalza skmµ PaBTaMgLayhakdUcCaKµ ansg¹w m .dUecñHehIy cMeJHGñkTaMgenH karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþBi sþarsMrabeBl Evgqá ay Bu Mmann&yxø w msarGI VeT .
karBu M:neZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþenH Caer]y> pþlnUvplvi :kd*ZánZá r ÷
kMlaMgeKcuHexSay skmµ PaBeKBu MmanRbsi TÆPaB zamBlxatbgeTAelIbJØatUctac eKmi neRbIPaBmaneRb[b eBlsæankarN¾huceGay ehIykareZV I Bli kmµ NamYyBu M:nplRbeyaCn¾ . Rbsi nebIBYkRbCaZi betyümi neZV IEpnkar tamyuTÆsaRsþeTenaH eKRbEhlCaBuMGacsMercbMNgrbs´eK:neLIy .
kareRCIserIsykskmµ PaBcMruHmYycMnYn EdlKµ anEpnkareGay:nRtw mRtUv nw gmi nCYyCMrujeGaykarxñ HExñ gts) UmandMeNIreTAmuxekIteLIy . pÞ úyeTAvi j
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karenHRbEhlCabeNþayeGayrbbpþackarbeg, InkarRtYtRtani gGMNacrbs' eKeTAvi jeT .
KW CakarKYreGaysþay BIeRJHkarEdleKkRmer[bcMeGaymanCaEpnkar
sMrabrMedaH
eGay:nBi sþarRtw mRtUv
:nCYyeZV IeGayrbbpþac'karbgØajrUbPaBmaMTaMCagkarBi tEmnETn . BYkenHGacmanCIvi trsenArab´qñaM ßk*rabTsvtS elIsBIry;eBlEdleKKYrnw grs´ .
BaküeBcn_bYnsMxan;²kñúgkareFVIEpnkaryuT§saRsþedIm|ICYyeGayeyIgKittamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ karyl'eGayc|as' 'GMBI
ni ymn&yénBaküCamUldð anbYn KW CakarcaM:c' .yuTÆsaRsþcMbg ; KW CaeKalKMnit EdledIrtYCaktþaTMnak'TMng nig
cat'EcgGMBIkareRbIR:s'ZnZan EdlRkummYymanTaMgGs' ‘esdðkic© mnusS Tw kcitþ neya:y ni gGg<PaBnanaCaedIm’ sMrab'sMedAeTArkkarsMercbMNg
enA~gTMnas'mYy .yuTÆsaRsþcMbg CamYynw gkarykci tþTukdak'eTAelIeKalbMNgrbs' Rkum ni gZnZan sMerceRCIserIsykvi Zankar ‘dUcCa kareZV IsRg<ameyaZatam EbbsamJ¦Zmµ ta ßk* Cakarts) UGhi gSa’ sMrabGnuvtþ~gkaredaHRsayTMnas' .~gkareZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgenH Gñ kdw knaMRkumts)U RtUvvaytémøni geZV I Epnkarza etIeKnw gdak'sMJZ ni g«TÆi BlEbbNaeTAelIKUbdi bkS . elIs BIenHeTAeT[t yuTÆsaRsþcMbg manrYmTaMgkarsMercci tþGMBIkal;eTs;smRsb ni gkarkMNt'eBlevla sMrab'epþ ImyuTÆnakardMbUg ni gbnþbnÞab' .
yuTÆsaRsþcMbger[bcMCaRKw H sMrab'eRCIserIsyuTÆsaRsþxø I>bEnæ meT[t sMrab'karts) U . yuTÆsaRsþcMbgk* sMercEdr GMBIkarEbgEckki c© kareTARkum NamYy nigEbgEckZnZaneGayeKykeTAeRbIR:s'sMrab'karts) UenH .
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yuTÆsaRsþ ; KW CaKMnitGMBIreb[bykeCaKC&ysMrab'eKalbMNgNamYy enA~gki c© ts) U tamkarGnuvtþn¾ ~grgVg'yuTÆsaRsþcMbg EdleKeRCIserIs .yuTÆsaRsþmankarJkB&nÆeTAnw gkarsMercci tþ zaetIeKKYrebIkkarRbyuTÆNamYy
EdrßeT
enAeBlNa
tamvi ZIEbbNa ehIyni greb[beZV IeGaymanRbsi TÆPaBCaGti bri ma ~gkarts) UedIm|IGV ImYyenATIbJ© b' . eK:neRb[beZ[byuTÆsaRsþ eTAnwgKMnitrbs'si l|krenA~gxYrk|al ÉEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ CaKMnUsrbs' sæ abtükrenAelIRkdas .12
yuTÆsaRsþGacrabbJ© Úlkarxñ HExñ gbeg, IteGaymansæ ankarN¾ yuTÆsaRsþ d*manRbeyaCn¾ rhUtdl'kMritmYyEdlKUbdibkSGacemIleXIjy"agc|as'za
kartTl'KñaedaycMh nw gnaMeGayeKbraC&y emø "aHehIy eKcuHcajedayBuM caM:c'ttaMg . RbsinebIeKenAEtcg´tTl´ sæankaryuTÆsaRsþd*lÁ enaH nw gc|asCaCYyeGayGñ kRbqaMgQñ H~gkarts) U . yuTÆsaRsþk* Jk'B&nÆpgEdrCamYynw gkareZI Vy"agNa edIm|IykC&yCMnHEdleK:nTTYlehIyenaH eTAeRbI R:s'CabnþeT[t .
sMrabdMeNIrénkarts) U EpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ KW CaKMni tRKw HGMBIreb[bBRgIk bMEbkecjCayuTÆnakar nigGMBIzaetIEpñ knImYy>TaMgenaH cUlrYmsI usgVak'Kñ aEbbNa edIm|ICMrujeTArkkarsMerceKalbMNgrYm . karenHTak'TgeTAnw gkarbi unRbsb'~gkarcat'taMgRkumskmµ eGayGnuvtþRbti btþ i kartUc>Cabnþ .kareZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþEdllÁ RtUvKi tKUrGMBIesckþ IRtUvkar edIm|IeCaKC&y
~gkarGnuvtþn¾meZüa:yNamYy~gkarts) U . meZüa:ynImYy>manesckþ I RtUvkarxusBIKñ a . b"uEnþ karRKan'EtbMeBj²esckþIRtUvkar³ enHBu MTan'RKb'RKan' eT edIm|IeGayc|as'za:neCaKC&y . eKRtUvkarmanktþaepSg>eT[tCabEnæ m .
~gkarer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ BYkRbCaZi betyü RtUvkMNteKalbMNg
12
rUbW t
hi lvI u (
Robert Helvey)
Tak'TgedaypÞal'ézá19ExsIhaqñaM1993
.
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nanaeGayc|as'las' ehIysMercza etIeKnw gvas'kMri tRbsiTÆPaBénkarxMxñ HExñ gedIm|IeCaKC¥aH tamEbbNa . kareZV IEbbenH nw gGnuJ¦ateGayGñk yuTÆsaRsþdw gc|as'GMBIGV IEdleKRtUvkar edIm|IsMerceKalbMNgnImYy> . kartMrUv
eGaymanPaBc|as'las'EbbenH
k* Caktþad* sMxan'~gkarer[bcMEpnkar yuTÆvi ZI enaHEdr .eKeRbIyuTÆvi ZInigviZankar ~gkarGnuvtþn¾ yuTÆsaRsþ . yuTÆvi ZI Tak'Tg
eTAnw gkareRbIR:s'kMlaMgRkumy"agbi unRbsb' edIm|ITak'TajykeRb[b enA~gsæankarN¾ tUcNamYy . yuTÆvi ZI KWCaskmµPaBxø ImYy EdleKeRbIsMrab'eGay :nsMerceKalbMNgtUcmYy . kareRCIserIsykyuTÆvi ZINamYy GaRs&y
eTAelIKMnitza etIeKGaceRbIR:s'ZnZanEdleKmanEbbNa edIm|IeGaymanRbsiTÆPaB ~gdMNak'kard* xø INamYy ~gkarGnuvtþn¾ yuTÆsaRsþenH . edIm|I eGaymanRbsi TÆPaBx¬s' eKRtUveRCIserIsyuTÆvi ZI ni ger[nreb[bGnuvtþNaEdl GacCYyeGayeKsMerc:n nUveKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ . plEdl:nBIyuTÆvi ZI Edlmi nCYyeGayeK:neCaKC&y~geKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ RbEhlCa enATI
bMput køayeTACakarxatbg'zamBlRkum .dUecñ H yuTÆvi ZIJk'B&nÆnw gskmµ PaBd* xøIEdlRsbeTAnw gyuTÆsaRsþTUeTA k*dUcCa yuTÆsaRsþEdlsmRsbeTAnw gyuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdr . yuTÆviZIEtgEt P¢ab'eTAnwgkarRbyuTÆpÞal' enAeBlEdlyuTÆsaRsþrYmbJ©ÚlTaMgKMnitTUlMTUlay . eKyl'za yuTÆvi ZIRKan´EtCaEpñkmYyényuTÆsaRsþTUeTAsMrab'sRg<am
ßk*CavK<mYyényuTÆnakarNamYyEtb¨ ueNÑaH
.
eRb[beZ[beTAnw gyuTÆsaRsþ eK eRbIyuTÆvi ZIsMrab'eBlxø ICag ßk* ~gEpñ ktUcCag ‘TIkEnøg sæ ab&nNamYy CaedIm’ßk*CamYymnusStic ßk* sMrab'sMercvtæ úbMNgbnÞabbnSM . enA~gskmµ PaBGhi gSa karxusKñ arvageKalbMNgrbs'yuTÆvi ZI ni geKalbMNgrbs'yuTÆsaRsþ RbEhlCaGacGaRs&yelIkarsMercza etIskmµPaBEdleKeRCIserIsmaneKalbMNgtUcßZM .
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eKeRCIserIskarvayRbharedayeRbIyuTÆviZI edIm|ICYyeGay:nsMerc eKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ . karRbyuTÆedayeRbIyuTÆviZI KW CaóbkrN¾ rbs'Gñk yuTÆsaRsþsMrab'beg, IteGaymansæ anPaBlÁ RbesIr sMrab'karvayRbharpþac'
RB&RteTAelIbdi bkS
.
dUecñ H
GñkEdlTTYlxusRtUvxager[bcMEpnkar
ni gGnuvtþ yuTÆvi ZI RtUvEtmaneTBekaslüxagkarvaytémøsæankarN¾ ehIyeRCIserIs vi Zankard* smRsbCaTIbMputsMrab'yuTÆnakar . Gñ kTaMgLayÉeT[tEdlcUl rYm~gRbtibtþ ikar RtUvTTYlkarbNþ úHbNþalGMBIkarGnuvtþn¾EbbbT EdleK eRCIserIs ni gvi ZankarTaMgenaH .
vi Zankar ; ni yayGMBIGavuZ ßk* óbkrN¾ sMrab'skmµ PaBNamYy .
~gkrNIEbbbT sMrab'karts) UGhi gSa óbkrN¾ TaMgenaHmanCaGaT¥ skmµ PaBmYycMnYn ‘dUcCa EbbbTCaeRcInénkareZV IkUdkmµ Bhi kar karmineZV Ishkar neya:y’ Edl:ner[brab'~gCMBUkTI 5 . ‘sUmemIlóbsm& ¬nÆ’ .
karer[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþmYy EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUv ni gmanRbsi TÆPaB GaRs&yeTAelIkarKi tKUryaghµ t´ct~gkareRCIserIsyk
yuTÆsaRsþcMbg yuTÆsaRsþ yuTÆvi ZI ni gvi Zankar .emer[nsMxan'énkarBiPakSaEvkEjkenH KWeKRtUveRbIbJ¦a~gkareZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ edIm|IerIbRmHecjBIrbbpþac'kar . karEdleKBu M:neZV IEpnkar tamEbbQøasév GacnaMeTArkmhnþray enAeBlEdlkareRbIR:s'R:C\ad* manRbsi TÆPaB ~gkarer[bcMCapø ÚvtamyuTÆsaRsþedayeRbIR:s'ZnZanEdleK
mand*bi unRbsb'
nwgCMrujeGaysg<mQaneTArkesrIPaB
ni gRbCaZi betyü
.
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rdðaPi:l eyaZa vb|Zm( sg<m neya:y ci tþsaRsþ esdð kic© ehIynigGnþrCati . eKGacer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ:nsMrabEtkrNIts)U ehIyni gmUldðanénkarts) UEdlmanlk¡N;c|aslas´ .
CakarsMxan´
dMbUgGñkdw knaMRbCaZibetyü
ni gGñ keZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþRtUvvi PaKGMBIeKalbMNgnana ni gsar;sMxanénbuBVehtu . etIeKalbMNgTaMgenH smRsb ehIytMrUveGaymankarts) Ud* xøaMgkøaEmnß / karsMercGMBI eKalbMNgEmnETnénkarts) U KWCakarcaM:c´ . eyIg:nEvkEjkrYcehIy za karrMlMrbbpþackar ßk* karbeNþjempþackarbc© úb|nñ ecjBIGMNacBu MRKb´RKan´eT . eKalbMNgénkarts) UEbbenH RtUvmankarbeg,IteGaymansg<m
esrI Rsbnw geKalkarN¾ rdð aPi :lRbCaZibetyümYy . karyl´c|asGMBI cMNucenH nw gmanGanuPaBeTAelIkarer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni gyuTÆsaRsþ CabnþbnÞabÉeT[t .
CaBi ess GñkeZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ RtUveqø IysMnYrsMxan´> dUcCa ÷• etIóbsK<GV IEdlraraMgmi neGayeK:nTTYlesrIPaB /• etIktþaGV IxøHEdlnw gCYyeGay:nTTYlesrIPaB /• etIrbbpþackarmancMNucxøaMgNaxøH /• etIcMNucexSayrbsrbbpþackarmanGVIxøH /• etIcMNucexSayénRbPBGMNacrbbpþackarmandlkMri tNaEdr /• etIcMNucxøaMgénRkumRbCaZi betyü ni gRbCaBlrdðCaTUeTAman
GV IxøH
/• etIRkumRbCaZi betyümancMNucexSayGV IxøH / ehIyeKedaHRsay
cMNucexSayTaMgenaHEbbNaeTA /• etIPaKIÉeT[tmanCMhryagNaEdr / PaKIÉeT[tenHBu MTanJkB&nÆ
nw gTMnaseT b¨ uEnþeKRbEhlCa:nCYy ßk* RbEhlCaCYyrbb pþackar ßk* clnaRbCaZi betyü . Rbsi nebIdUecñHEmn etIeKGac
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CYytamEbbNaEdr /
kareRCIserIsmeFüa)ay enA~gyuTÆsaRsþcMbg GñkeZV IEpnkarRtUveRCIserIsykmeZüa:yts) U
sMxan´> sMrabeRbIR:s~gTMnas´ . eKRtUvvi PaKemIlKuNsm|tþ i nigkarxVHxaténCMerIsTaMgLaysMrab´karts)U manCaGaT¥ karc|aMgtTl´tamkMlaMgeyaZa kareZV IsRg<amqµ k´éRB neya:yerIbRmH ßk* meZüa:yÉeT[t .
~gkareRCIserIsenH Gñ keZV IyuTÆsaRsþRtUvBi carNasMnYrxøHdUcxageRkam ÷
etIBYkRbCaZi betyümansmtæPaBeRbImeZüa:yenHEdrßeT / etImeZüa:y EdleRCIserIsenH nwgeRbIkMlaMgRbCaBlrdðEdleKCiHCan´EdrßeT / etImeZüa:yenH epþateTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþackar ßk* CakarvayRbhar eTAelIcMNucxøaMgrbs´eK / etImeZüa:yTaMgenaH nwgCYyeGayRkum RbCaZi betyümankarTukci tþelIxøÜnÉgkan´EtxøaMg ßk*meZüa:yTaMgenaHtMrUv
eGaymankarBwgEpÁkeTAelIPaKITIbI
ßk*CMnYyBIbreTs
/ etIkareRbIR:s´meZüa:yEdleRCIserIsenaH manRbvtþi bTBi esaZn¾ EbbNaxøH ~gkarrMlM rbbpþackar / etImeZüa:yTaMgenaH nw gbeg, Inßk* bnæ ykarxUcxat ni gmhnþray EdlGacekItmaneLIg ~gkarRbqaMgtTlenAézá muxEdrßeT / Rbsi nebIeKsnµ t za eK:neCaKC&y~gkarrMlMrbbpþackar etImeZüa:yts) UEdleK:neRCIs erIs nw gman«TÆ iBlEbbNaeTAelIRbePTrdð aPi :lzµ I Edlnw gelcecjBI karts) U / eKRtUvEteC[svagskmµPaBRbePTNamYy EdlBu MmanRbeyaCn¾ enA~gyuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleKer[bcMeLIg .
~gCMBUkmun> eyIg:nEvkEjkza neya:yerIbRmHpþl´nUvkarmaneRb[by¨agxøaMg eTAelImeZüa:yts) UÉeT[t . BYkGñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvBi ni tüemIl sæ ankarN¾ TMnasrbseKehIysMerc zaetI neya:yerIbRmHnw gpþlnUvcMelIy
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- 67 -67
RKgtamkarsg,t´sg, i n:nedaygay . karERbRbYléntulüPaBGMNacEbb enH enATIbMput nwgRbEhlCaeZV IeGaymankarksagsg<mRbCaZibetyümYy EdlrwgmaM .
CMnYyBIeRkA CaEpñ kmYyénkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg karvi PaKeTAelItYnaTIénRkum
ts) Uxag~g nigsMJZBIxageRkA edIm|IrMlMrbbpþackar KW CakarcaM:c´ . ~gkarEvkEjkenH eyIg:nBnül´rYcehIyza kMlaMgsMxan´énkarts)URtUvEt
ecjBIépÞ~g . RbsinebIeK:nCMnYyGnþrCati CMnYyenaHnwgCMrujeGay karts) UépÞ~g mankMri txøaMgbEnæmeTAtamenaHEdr .
edIm|ICakarbEnæ md* KYrsmmYy eKGaceZV Ikarxñ HExñ gRbmUlpþ ú Mmti GnþrCati eGayRbqaMgnw grbbpþac´kar enA~gbuBVehtumnusSZm( sIlZm( ßk* sasna .eKGacxñ HExñ geGaymankardakTNÐkmµ eTAelIrbbpþackar xagkarTUt neya:y
ni gesdðkic© BIsMNakrdðaPi :lnanani gGg<karGnþrCati . TNÐkmµ TaMgenaHGacmanRTg´RTayCaesdðki c© karQb´pþleRK]gsJVvuZeyaZa karbnæ ykMri t TTYls<al´xagkarTUt ßk* pþaccMNgTUtTaMgRsug karhamXatmineGaymanCMnYyesdð ki c© ni gkareZVIvi nieyaKenA~gRbeTspþac´kar karbeNþjrdð aPi:l pþackarBIGg<karGnþrCati nana ni gBIEpñ kepSg>énGg<karshRbCaCati . elIs BIenH eKGacpþlCMnYyGnþrCati dUcCa karRTRTgxagluykak ni gTUrKmnaKmn¾ eTAeGayBYkRbCaZi betyüedaypÞal' .
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- 68 -68
karerobcMyuT§saRsþcMbgbnÞab´BIkarviPaKemIlsæankarN¾ kareRCIserIsmeZüa:y ehIyni g
karsMercGMBItYnaTIrbs´CMnYybreTsrYcehIy Gñker[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nw gRJgGMBIEbbbT EdleKnw geRbI~gkarts) U . Epnkard* TUlMTUlayenH nw gni yaytaMgBI IsæankarN¾ bc© úb|nñ eTAdl´karrMedaH ni gRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü~geBlGnaKt . ~gkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbgenH GñkeZVIEpnkarRtUvEtsYrxøÜnÉgnUvsMnYrmYycMnYn . sMnYrTaMgb¨ unµ anxageRkamenH ‘manlk¡N;minTUeTA dUcsMnYrBImun’ TakTgnwgkarBicarNaEdleKRtUvkar ~gkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþ
cMbg edIm|Ikarts) Utamry;neya:yerIbRmH .
• etIeBlNaeTAEdllÁ RbesIrsMrabeKepþ Imkarts) UEdlnw gmanry;eBl yUrGEgVg /
• etIRbCaBlrdð EdleKCi HCan GacBRgw gkarTukci tþelIxø ÜnÉg ni gRbmUl
pþ ú MkMlaMgRKbRKan´
edIm|IeZV Iskmµ PaBtTlnw grbbpþackar
y¨agehac Nask* mankMri tbnþ i cbnþ ÜcCaelIkdMbUgEdrßeT /• etIeKGactMeLIglTÆPaBrbsRbCaBlrdð tamEbbNa sMrab'karGnuvtþn¾
meZüa:ymi neZV Ishkar ni gerIbRmH eTAtamdMeNIrkareBlevla nigbTBi esaZn¾ /
• etIeKalbMNgényuTÆnakarxøI> CabnþbnÞab´ manGVIxøH sMrab´RKbRKgsg<mtamEbbRbCaZi betyü ni graraMgrbbpþackar /
• etIeKmansæ ab&nÉkraC EdlrYcBIkNþab´édrbbpþac´kar ehIyEdl eKGaceRbI~gkarts)UedIm|IesrIPaBEdrßeT /
• etIsæab&nEbbNamYyenA~gsg<m EdleKGacrMedaHecjBIkarRtYt RtarbsBYkpþackar ßk* zaetIsæ ab&nEbbNaEdleKRtUvbeg, ItCazµ I edIm|I
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- 69 -69
bMeBjesckþ IRtUvkar ehIyni gbeg, IteGaymanbri yakasRbCaZi betyü eTaHbICarbbpþackarenAEtmanCabnþ /
• etIeKGacBRgw gkMlaMgépÞ~génRkumGñ kts) UtamEbbNa /•
etIeKGacbNþ úHbNþalGñkcUlrYmskmµ PaBtamEbbNa
/• etIeKRtUvkarZnZanEbbNaxøH ‘luykak eRK]gsmÖar;CaedIm’ sMrab´ karts) UBIedImdlcb /
• etIeKGaceRbIni mi tþrUbEbbNamYy EdlmanRbsiTÆPaBCageKbMput ~gkarRbmUlpþ úMRbCaBlrdð /
• etIeKGaceZV IeGayRbPBénGMNacrbbpþackarcuHexSaybnþ i cmþg> rhUt
dlGsEtmþg tammeZüa:yRbePTNa ni g~gdMNak'karNaxøH /• etIRtUveZV IEbbNa edIm|IeGayRbCaBlrdð EdlegIbRbqaMgtTl´ Gac
RkajeZV IkarerIbRmHpg ehIyni gRbkan´x¢ ab´nUvvi n&yGhi gSapg /• etIsg<mGacbnþkargar edIm|IbMeBjesckþ IRtUvkarCamUldðanrbs´eK
enA~gdMNak'karénTMnas´tamEbbNa /• enAeBlEdlC&yCMnHkMBugQanmkdl etIRkumts) URbCaZi betyüGac bnþkarksagsæ ab&nCamUldð an eGaysg<meRkayrbbpþackartamEbb
Na edIm|IeZV IeGaykarqøgBIrbbmYyeTArbbmYy:nrlUn /
eKRtUvEtcgcaMza manEpnkareRcIn EdleKGacer[bcMGnuvtþeLIg edIm|I
erIbRmHBIrbbpþackar . karts) UnImYy> edIm|IrMlMrbbpþackarni ger[bcMCaRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü nw gmanlk¡N;xus>Kñ a . Bu Mmansæ ankarN¾ BIrdUcKñ aebHbi TenaHeLIy . rbbpþac´karnImYy> nw gmanlk¡N;BiessxøH ehIy smtæPaBrbs´Blrdð EdlTamTaresrIPaB k* manlk¡N;xusKñaEdr . GñkeZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgedIm|Ikarts) Utamneya:yerIbRmH RtUvmankaryldw geGay:nc|as´ mi nRtw mEtGMBIsæ ankarN¾ TMnas´NamYyCaBi esseT KW eKRtUv
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- 71 -71
eBlEdleK:neZV Ikarvi PaKd* hµ tct´eLIgvij ehIyer[bcM ni gGnum&tEpnkar yuTÆsaRsþcMbgzµIEdlRtw mRtUv .
karerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþsMrab;yuT§nakar eTaHbICayuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:ner[bcMehIyenaH manlk¡N;lÁ
RbesIrGacrMlMrbbpþackar ni gelIktMekIgRbCaZi betyü:nk* eday k* yuTÆsaRsþ cMbgEtmYyminGacGnuvtþedayxø ÜnÉgeT . eKRtUver[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþ CakEsþg edIm|Ier[bcMCayuTÆnakarsMxan´> ~gkareZV IeGayGMNacBYkpþackar
cuHexSay . yuTÆsaRsþTaMgenH nw gmanrYmbJ© Úl nigbMPøW eGaymanyuTÆviZImYycMnYn EdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|IvayRbhareGay:nxøaMgeTAelIrbbpþackar .eKRtUvEteRCIserIsyuTÆviZI ni gmeZüa:yCakEsþgTaMgLay eGay:nhµtct edIm|IeGayyuTÆvi ZITaMgenaH sMerc:nnUveKalbMNgényuTÆsaRsþNamYy .enA~gCMBUkenH eyIgnw gBi eRKaHEtGMBIkMrityuTÆsaRsþ .
Gñ kyuTÆsaRsþEdleZV IEpnkarsMrab´yuTÆnakarsMxan> k* dUcCaGñker[b cMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdr RtUvmankaryl´eXIjeGayc|aslasGMBI lk¡N;nigEbbbTénRbti btþ ikar EdleKeRCIserIssMrab´karts) U . dUc emT&BEdlRtUvylGMBIrcnasm¬ &nÆénkgkMlaMg yuTÆvi ZI lk¡N;BRgayT&BeRK]gsJVvuZ niglk¡N;PUmisaRsþCaedIm edIm|Ier[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþeyaZaGñ ker[bcMEpnkarsMrab´neya:yerIbRmH k* RtUvyleGayc|asGMBIRbePT nigeKalkarN¾ yuTÆsaRsþénkarts) UGhi gSaEdr . buEnþeTaHCayagenHkþ I kar ecHdw gGMBIkarts) UGhi gSa karykcitþTukdakeTAelIesckþIesñITaMgLayenA~ges[vePAenH ehIynigcMelIyeTAelIsMnYrTaMgLayEdlecaTsYrenATIenH Bu MEmnCakarbeg, It:nyuTÆsaRsþedayÉkÉgeT . karer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþedIm|Ikar ts) U enAEttMrUveGaymanKMni técñ RbDitEdlRbkbedaykardw gyl´c|aslas
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R:smeZüa:yNa edIm|IeZV IkarsMerccitþnana ni gkarTak´TgKña ehIypþlCakarENnaMdlGñ kts) UTaMgLay ni gRbCaBlrdðCaTUeTA enAeBlEdleKkMBugts) U /
• karpSBVpSayB&t(manGMBIkarts) U eTAeGayRbCaBlrdð eTAkgkMlaMgrbbpþackar ehIyni gRbB&nÆB&t( manGnþrCati . r:ykarN¾ ni gkarGHGagGV ImYyKYrEtmanlk¡N;Bi tCakEsþgCanic© . karni yay bMepø Is nigkarGHGagedayKµ anmUldð an nwgeZV IeGayCMen]eTAelIRkum ts) UcuHexSay .
• EpnkarnanasMrabskmµPaBBRgwgkarTukci tþxøÜnÉg karGbrM esdðki c©
nigneya:y edIm|IbMeBjesckþ IRtUvkarrbsRkumts) U enAeBltTl´ Kñ amkdl . KMeragkarTaMgenHGacGnuvtþ edayGñ kEdlBu MmankarJk´B&nÆedaypÞalCamYynw gskmµ PaBTaMgLayénRkumts) U .
• karsMercGMBIRbePTCMnYybreTs EdleKRtUvkar~gkarKaMRTyuTÆnakar NamYy ßk* karts) UrMedaHCaTUeTA . etIeKGacRbmUlCMnYyBIeRkAeGay
manRbsiTÆPaBxøaMg tamEbbNa ehIyeRbIR:stamEbbNa edIm|I ku MeGaykarts) UépÞ~gBw gEpÁ keTAelIktþaBIeRkAEdlmi nc|aslas / eK RtUvRbugRby&tñ zaetIRkumxageRkANamYyEdlGacCaCMnYyRtw mRtUv c|aslas dUcCa Gg<kareRkArdð aPi:l ‘clnasg<m Rkumsasnaßneya:y RkumshCIBCaedIm’ rdðaPi:lbreTsnana ßk* Gg<kar
shRbCaCati ni gGg<PaBepSg>rbseK .elIsBIenHeTAeT[t Gñ ker[bcMkarts) U RtUveGaymanvi ZankarrkSasNþab Zñ ab´ ni gbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarxagTMnak´TMngsg<mrbskgkMlaMgxøÜn enAeBl eZV Ikarts) U tTlnw gkarRtYtRtarbs´BYkpþackar . karenHmi nRKan´Etbeg, It eGaymanrcnasm¬ &nÆRbCaZi betyüÉkraCCaCMerIsepSg>eT[t ni gbMeBjesckþ I RtUvkarEmnETneT KWnw gCYybnæytémøénkarGHGagNamYy Edlza eKRtUv
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- 74 -74
eZV IkarbRg,aby¨ageXareXA edIm|Iku MeGaymanPaBRcbUkRcbl´ ni gsæ ankarN¾ Kµ anc|ab´TMlab´ ‘EdlBYkpþackarni ymeRbI’ .
karpSBVpSayKMnitmineFVIshkar edIm|IeGay:nneya:yerIbRmHd* eCaKC&ymYyRbqaMgnw gGMeBIpþac´kar
karylc|asrbs´RbCaBlrdð GMBIKMni tmi neZV Ishkar KW CakarsMxan . dUc Edl:nbgØaj~ger]g²m© as´sVa³‘sUmGanCMBUkTI 3’ eKGacylGMBIeKal KMnitenHyaggayRsYl ; RbsinebIeKmancMnYnGñkeRkambg<ab´RKb´RKanEdl
bdi esZ mi nRBmeZV IshkareGay:nyUr RbqaMgnw gkarCi HCan´ RbB&nÆpþackar nw gRtUvcuHexSay ehIyTIbMputRtUvEtdYlrlM .
Gñ kEdlrsenAeRkamrbbpþackarRbEhlCa:ndw g»GMBIKMnitenH BI RbPBepSg> . eTaHCay¨agNak* eday kMlaMgRbCaZi betyüKYrEter[bcM pSBVpSay eZV Iya¨gNaeGayRbCaBlrdðTTYlykeKalKMni tmi neZV Ishkar
enH
.
eKKYrEtpSBVpSayer]g²m© as´sVa³
ßk*er]gNaÉeT[tEdlmanlMnaMxø w m sardUcKñ aenH ~gcMeNamsg<mmnusS . eKGacgayyler]gni TanEbbenH .enAeBlEdleKTTYl:nnUvKMni tmi nshkarCaTUeTAenHehIy RbCaBlrdð nw gGacylGMBIxøw msarénkarGMJvnav su MeGayeKGnuvtþkarmi neZVIshkarCamYy nw gBYkpþac´kar . GñkTaMgenaHGacmanKMni tp©úgepþ ImCaRbePTepSg>énkarmineZVIshkar enA~gsæ ankarN¾ zµ I> .
zV IebIkarpSBVpSayKMnit B&t( man ni gbJ¢ akarepSg>sMrabkarts) U mankarlM:k enA~grbbpþackar Caer]y> Gñ kRbCaZi betyüGaceZV Ikic© karTaMgenH:n . sUm|IEtenAeRkamrbbNasI u‘ Nazi’ ni gkumµ úynIsþ BYkts) UenAEtmanlTÆPaBTak´Tg mi nRtw mEtKñ aÉgÉeT[t>eT KW Tak´TgTaMgRkumsaZarNCnTUlMTUlay tamry;kare:HBum¬pSaykaEst xi tb&NÑ es[vePA edaylYclak
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- 75 -75
ehIybunµ anqñaMeRkayenH eKGacecjpSayCaExSGatsMelg nigrUbPaBEzm eT[tpg .
edaysareK:neZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþTukCamunenaH eKGacer[bcM ehIy
pSBVpSaykarENnaMTUeTAd*manRbsi TÆPaB
sMrabkarts) U . karENnaMTaMgenHGacni yayGMBIbJØa ni gsæanPaBnana EdlRbCaBlrdð KYreZVIkarRbqaMgni gQb´eZV Ishkar ehIyni greb[beZV Iskmµ PaBTaMgenaH . dUecñH eTaHbICakarTak´TgBIRkumGñkdw knaMRbCaZi betyü:nRtUveKkatpþac´ ehIyeKBu MGac:nTTYlkarENnaMc|aslasNamYyCabnþeT[tk* eday RbCaBlrdð nwg:ndw greb[bcat´karGMBIbJØasMxan´>rYceRsceTAehIy . karENnaMTaMgenHnw gman
bJ© ÚlpgEdr nUvreb[bBi nitüemIl²karENnaMRkumts) U³EkøgkøayNamYy Edl GacecjBImCÄdð anb¨ Uli s EdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|Ibeg, ItCakarjúHjgeGay Rkumts) Utbtxus .
karb®gáabnigviFankarTb;Tl;Gñ ker[bcMyuTÆsaRsþRtUvviPaKemIlkareqøIytb ni gkarCi HCanEdlGac ekItmaneLIg CaBi ess kMri thi gSaénrbbpþackareTAelIskmµ PaBnanarbs Rkumts) URbCaZibetyü . CacaM:c´ eKRtUvsMercGMBIreb[bTb´Tl´ tbt ßk* eC[svagkarbRg,abEdlkan´EtxøaMg edaymi ncuHjm . eyageTAtamyuTÆvi ZI sMrabkal;eTs;nImYy> eKRtUvecjesckþ IRBmand* smrmüeTARbCaBlrdð ni gGñ krYmts) U GMBIGMeBIbRg,abbEnæ mBIsMNakBYkpþackar edIm|IeGayGñkTaMgenaHdw gGMBIeRKaHzñak´énkarcUlrYm~gkarts) U . Rbsi nebIkarbRg,abmankMri txøaMgkøa eKKYrer[bcMeGaymanCMnYyeBTüenARbcaMkarsMrab´Gñkts) UEdlrgrbYs .
eday:nKi tTukCamunGMBIkarbRg,ab Gñ kyuTÆsaRsþRtUvKi tKUrGMBIkareRbI yuTÆvi ZI ni gmeZüa:ynana EdlGacCYyeGay:nsMercvtæ úbMNgényuTÆnakar
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- 76 -76
ßk* karrMedaH Edlnw geC[svagßk* mankarbRg,abd* ti cCaTIbMput . óTahrN¾ kardEgØk|Ün:tukmµ tampø Úvzñ lRbqaMgnw grbbpþackartw grw ug RbEhlCaeZV IeGay mankarrMeCIbrMCYlci tþ b¨ uEnþGMeBIenH k* GacnaMmknUvkar:tbg´Ci vi t:tukrrab´
Jnnak´Edr . eTaHCay¨agenHk* eday karxUcxaty¨agxøaMgrbs´BYk:tukr ~gkrNIenH RbEhlCaBu M:nbEnæ mkarKabsg,tbEnæ m eTAelIrbbpþackar CaCagkarenApÞH kareZV IkUdkmµ ni gGMeBImi neZV IshkarBIsMNakmRnþ Irdðkar JseBjRsukenaHeT .
RbsinebIeKRtUvkareGaymanskmµPaBbg,ehtu EdlGacnaMeGaymankarxUcxatxøaMg enA~geKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþNamYyenaH eKRtUvEtKi tKUr
eGay:nhµ tctGMBIplvi :k ni gplcMeNjBIskmµPaBenH . etIRbCaBlrdð ni gRkumGñ kts) Unw gRbkanvi n&y ni g«ri yabz Ghi gSaenA~gkarts) UEbbenH:nEdrßeT / etIeKGacTbTlnw gkarbg,ehtueGaymanGMeBIhi gSa:nEdrßeT /Gñ ker[bcMRtUveZV IEpnkarGMBImeZüa:yEdleKGacGnuvtþ edIm|IrkSavi n&yGhi gSani grkSakarts)U enAcMeJHmuxGMeBIeXareXA . etIeKGaccatvi Zankarnana
dUcCa karRbkassnüa esckþ IEzøgkarN¾neya:y xi tþb&NÑGMBIvi n&y reb[b dw knaM:tukmµ kareZV IBhi karBIsMNakmnusSni gRkumEdlKaMRThi gSa :nEdr ßeT / emdw knaMTaMgLayKYrEtcgcaMCani c© GMBIvtþmanén²BYkPñakgarbg,ehtu³Edlmanebskkmµ júHjgeGayBYk:tukreRbIGMeBIhigSa .
karRbkan;EpnkaryuT§saRsþeGayx¢ab;enAeBlEdleKmanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþd*lÁrYcehIyenaH BYkkMlaMg
RbCaZi betyüBu MKYrEbkGarmµN¾ edaysarEtkarpøas´bþ Úrbnþ i cbnþ ÜcrbsBYk pþackarEdlGaceZV IeGayeKcggakerBIyuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni gyuTÆsaRsþsMrab´ yuTÆnakarBiessNamYyeT . kargakerenHnw geZV IeGayeKepþatGarmµ N¾ eTA
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- 77 -77
elIskmµ PaBZM>énbJØami nsMxaneTAvi j . eKmi nKYrbeNþayeGayTw kcitþ~geBlPøam>enaH ‘dUcCakarrMeCIbrMCYlci tþedaysarGMeBIeXareXAzµ I>rbsBYk pþackar’ bEgVrGarmµ N¾ rbsRkumeGayXøatecjBIyuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni gyuTÆsaRsþ
yuTÆnakareT . GMeBIeXareXAEdlBYkpþackarRbRBw tþeLIg RbEhlCaedIm|Ibg,ehtu eGaykMlaMgRbCaZibetyülHbg´ecalEpnkarEdleK:ner[bcM d* lÁTukrYcmkehIy ehIyEbreTAeRbIGMeBIhigSa edIm|IeGayBYkpþackar:nC&yCMnHkan´EtgayRsYl . Rbsi nebIeKylzakarEvkEjkCamUldðanmanlk¡N;smrmüehIy muxgarrbs´RkumKaMRTRbCaZi betyü KW cabGnuvtþBI dMNak'karmYyeTAdMNak'karmYy . CakarBi t karERbRbYlxagyuTÆvi ZI ni g
eKalbMNgtUc> nw gGacekIteLIg ehIyGñ kdw knaMBUEkEtgEteRt[mxøÜnCani c© edIm|ITajykplRbeyaCn¾eTAtamkal;eTs; . eKmi nKYrylRcLMGMBIkarEk éxTaMgenH CamYynwgeKalbMNgTaMgLayényuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni geKalbMNgénvK<yuTÆnakarNamYy . karGnuvtþn¾ edayRbugRby&tñnUvyuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni gyuTÆsaRsþnanasMrab´yuTÆnakarNamYyEdleK:nsRmaMg nw gCYyy¨agxøaMg
eGay:neCaKC&y .
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~gkarKi tKUrGMBIyuTÆnakarCak'Esþg edIm|IGnuvtþyuTÆsaRsþcMbg Gñk yuTÆsaRsþneya:yerIbRmHRtYvEtBi carNaza etIyuTÆnakar~gdMNak'kardMbUgdMNak'karkNþal nigdMNak'karcugeRkayénkarts) Ud*Evgqá ay manlk¡N;
xusKñ aEbbNa .
karts‘UsRmaMgenA~gdMNakkardMbUgénkarts) U yuTÆnakarepSg>EdlmaneKalbMNg
CakEsþgxus>Kñ a Gacmansar;sMxanNas . yuTÆnakarsRmaMgTaMgenaHGac
ekItmaneLIgCabnþbnÞabKñ a . CYnkal yuTÆnakarBIrßbImanry;kalCanKñ a .enA~gkarer[bcMyuTÆnakaredIm|I²karts)UsRmaMg³ CacaM:c´ eKRtUv
bJ¢akGMBIbJØa ßk* karQW cab´NamYy EdlCanimitþrUbénkarCi HCanCaTUeTA rbs´rbbpþackar . bJØaTaMgenHGacCaTi sedAd* lÁRbesIr edIm|IeZV IyuTÆnakar eGay:nsMerceKalbMNgtUc> ényuTÆsaRsþcMbgTaMgmUl .
karsMerc:nnUveKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþtUc>TaMgenH
RtUvBw gEpÁ keTAelI smtæPaBbc© úb|nñ ßk* GnaKténkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü . karenHnw gCYyeGay maneCaKC&ymYycMnYn EdlCakarelIkTw kci tþ ni gCYyeGaymankarbEgVr GMNacbnþ icmþg>eTARkumts) U ~gry;eBlyUr .
yuTÆsaRsþts) UsRmaMgTaMgLayKYrEtepþateTAelIbJØasg<mki c© esdð ki c© ßneya:yNamYyd*c|aslas´ . eKGaceRCIserIsbJØaTaMgenHCaeKal ~gyuTÆsaRsþsRmaMg edIm|ICMrujEpñ kxøHénRbB&nÆsg<mni gneya:y eGayput BIkarRKb´RKgrbsempþackar edIm|ITajykmkvi jnUvkarRKbRKgEpñ kxøH Edl bc© úb|nñenH sæi tenA~gkNþabédempþackar ßk* eZV Imi neGayempþackar:neCaKC&ytameKalbMNgNamYy . Rbsi nebIeKGaceZV IeTA:n yuTÆnakar énkarts) UsRmaMg KYrEtvayRbhareGaycMcMNucexSaymYyßeRcInrbsrbb
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pþackar dUcEdl:nEvkEjkBImunrYcehIy . dUecñ H BYkRbCaZi betyüGacbeg, It eGaymanGanuPaBy¨agxøaMgbMput CamYynw gsmtæPaB kMlaMgEdleKman .
BIedImdMbUgPøam> BYkGñ kyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEter[bcMEpnkareGay:n y¨ag
ehacNas´ yuTÆsaRsþsMrab´yuTÆnakarelIkTImYy . etIeKalbMNgtUc>rbs´eKmanGV IxøH / etIeKalbMNgtUc>TaMgenaHGacCYysMercyuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:ner[bcMrYcehIytamEbbbTNa / Rbsi nebIGaceZVIeTA:n eKKYr er[bcM yagehacNas eGaymanTMrgTUeTAényuTÆsaRsþTaMgLaysMrab´yuTÆnakarelIkTIBIr ehIyRbEhlCaelIkTIbIpgEdr . yuTÆsaRsþTaMgGs nw gRtUvCaEpñ kmYyénkarGnuvtþn¾ yuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:neRCIserIs ehIyGnuvtþ
eTAtamkarENnaMCaTUeTA .
kartTl;CanimitþrUb enAeBleKepþ ImyuTÆnakarzµ I edIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþackarTnexSay skmµ PaB
neya:yelIkTImYyRbEhlCamanTMhMtUc . eKKYrer[bcMskmµ PaBTaMgenHedIm|Il|gemIlsti Garmµ N¾ rbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIyer[bcMGñkTaMgenaHsMrab´ karts) U EdlecHEtman tamry;karmineZV Ishkar ni gneya:yerIbRmH .
skmµ PaBdMbUgRbEhlmanRTgRTayCakarRbqaMgCani mi tþrUb ßmYy k* RbEhlCaskmµ PaBCani mi tþrUbénkarmi neZV Ishkar~gry;eBlxøI . Rbsi nebIcMnYnmnusS EdlcUlrYm~gskmµ PaBenH mantictYc skmµ PaBelIkdMbUgenH Gacmanlk¡N;samJ¦ dUcCakaryk:c'p,aeTAdak´kEnøgni mi tþmYyEdl mansar;sMxan . pÞ úyeTAvij Rbsi nebIcMnYnmnusSEdlcUlrYm~gskmµ PaBmancMnYneRcIn eKGacmUlmat'Kñ apÁ akGV I>EdleKkMBugeZV IcMnYn5naTI ßk* sæi t enA~gkaresá {msá at'cMnYnb¨ unµ annaTI . enA~gsæankarN¾ epSgeT[t mnusS mYycMnYnGaceZV IkUdkmµ GtGahar karRbmUlpþ úMKñasµ w gsµ aZ¥sURtZm( enATIkEnøg
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Edlmansar;sMxan BYkni sSi teZV IBhi karmi ncUlzñ akry;eBlxø ImYy ßk* karcUl eTAGg< úyRbqaMg~gkari yal&ysMxan´NamYy mYyry;eBl . enAeRkamrbb pþackar skmµ PaBNaxøaMgCagenHRbEhlCaTTYlkarbRg,aby¨agxøaMgkøa .
GMeBICani mitþrUbmYycMnYneT[t dUcCa karcUleTAkan´kabenAmuxvimanempþackar ßk*TIcat´karrbs´b¨ UlisRbEhlCamaneRKaHzñ ak´xøaMg dUecñHehIy eKminKYrGnuvtþEbbenH sMrabepþ ImyuTÆnakardMbUgeLIy . skmµ PaBRbqaMgCani mi tþrUbenAeBledImdMbUg Caer]y> EtgTak´TajeGaymankarcabGarmµN¾ BImCÄdðanCati ßGnþrCati dUcCakareZV I:tukmµ ZMenAtampø ÚvZM> enARbeTsPUma~gqñ aM1988 ßk* karcUlkan´kab´ ni gkUdkmµ GtGaharrbsBYkni sSi tenATIZøa
eZ[Nami n ‘ Tiananmen Square’ enATIRkugeb¨kaMg qñaM1989 . karxUcxat y¨agdMNM~gcMeNamBYk:tukr~gkrNITaMgBIrenH :ncgÁ úlbgØajGMBIkar RbugRby&tñ EdlBYkeZV IyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtman~gkarer[bcMyuTÆnakar . zV IebIeK eXIjmanGanuPaBxagsIlZm( nigcitþsaRsþy¨agxøaMgkøay¨agNak*eday skmµ PaBEtÉkÉgEtmþgEbbenH mi nGacrMlMrbbpþackar:neT BIeRJHGMeBI
enH enAEtmanlk¡N;Cani mi tþrUbenAeLIy ehIyBu MGacEkERbGMNacrbb pþackar:neT .CaZmµ ta eKBu MGackatpþacRbPBGMNacrbsempþac´kar:nTaMgGs
ehIyyagqabrh&s enA~gvK<dMbUgénkarts) UenaHeLIy . karenHtMrUveGay RbCaBlrdðesÞ IrEtTaMgGs´ ehIynigsæ ab&nTaMgLayénsg<mmnusS EdlBI
munmkZøabEtsþab´bg<ab´ eGaybdi esZecalrbbpþackarTaMgRsug ehIy RbqaMgtTl´Pøam> tamry;karminshkary¨agdacxat . eKBu MTan´eXIjmanehtukarN¾ EbbenHekIteLIgeT ehIyKW CakarEdleKGac:neCaKC&y eday lM:kCaTIbMput . dUecñ H ~gkrNICaeRcInÉeT[t yuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmHmi nshkary"agqab'rh&smYy KW CayuTÆsaRsþEdlxVHkarBi tCak´Esþg sMrab´ ebIkyuTÆnakarRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar .
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karEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUv enA~gyuTÆnakarts) URbqaMg Caer]y> bnÞ úkénkarts)UZøakeTAelIEpñk
mYy ßk* eRcInénRbCaBlrdð . ~gyuTÆnakarbnþbnÞab´EdlmaneKalbMNgepSg> bnÞ úkénkarts) URtUvepÞreTARkumRbCaBlrdð NamYy . óTahrN¾ BYk ni sSi tGaceZV IkUdkmµGMBIbJØaGbrMÇ Gñ kdwknaMni gGñ kmanCMen]sasna Gacepþat eTAelIesrIPaBxagCMen]Ç Gñ keZV IkarenAsæ anIyrzePI øgGacRbqaMg tamkareKarBbTbJ¢ ani rP&yy¨agmZü&txøaMgeBkeTA rhUtTalEtRbB&nÆrzePI øgmandMeNIrkar
yW ty¨avÇ BYkGñ kkaEstRbEhlCaGactTlnw gkarRtYtBi ni tütw gEtg tam karTukRbeLaHcMhecalelITMB&rkaEst EdlCaZmµ ta eKe:HBum¬Gtæ bTEdl rbbpþackarhamXatÇ ßmYyk* Pñ akgarb Uli secHEtrkcabmi n:nsmaCi kRkum ts) URbCaZi betyüNamñak' Edlempþackarcgcabxø Ün . yuTÆnakarts) UbNþak eTAtambJØa ni gRkumRbCaBlrdð nw gGnuJ¦ateGaymCÄdð anRbCaBlrdð xøH
manOkassMrak enAeBlEdlkarts)UecHEtbnþeTAmux .karts) UsRmaMgmansar;sMxan´CaBiess edI m|I karJr vtþman ni gPaBsVy&ténsæ ab&nni gRkumsg<mki c© esdð kic© ni gneya:yEdlÉkraC ehIy Edlsæi tenAeRkAkarRtYtRtarbs´rbbpþackar dUcEdleyIg:nBieRKaHBImunrYc ehIy . mCÄmNÐlGMNacTaMgenHpþlnUvmUldð anEdlRbCaBlrdð GaceRbIR:s´ daksMJZ ßk* CYyTb´Tlnw gkarRtYtRtapþackar . ~gkarts) UenHRkumTaMgenHRbEhlCa sæ itenA~gcMeNameKaledATImYysMrab´vayRbhar rbs´rbbpþackar .
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kartMrg;eTArkGMNacBYkpþac;kar enAeBlEdlkarts) UeBlEvgqáaymandMeNIrkarputBIdMNak'kardMbUg
cUleTAdldMNak'karbnÞab GñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtvi PaKemIl zaetIeKGacbnæ y RbPBGMNacrbsempþackarRtg´NaeT[t . eKalbMNgenaH KW kareRbI meZüa:ymineZVIshkarrbs´RbCaBlrdð eTAbeg,IteGaymansæankarN¾ yuTÆsaRsþ ²cMeNj³ sMrabkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü .
enAeBlEdlRkumts) URbCaZi betyüekInkMlaMgkan´EtxøaMgeLIg Gñ k yuTÆsaRsþnw ger[bcMeGaymankarminshkar nigkarerIbRmHkanEtxøaMgeLIg
edIm|Ikat´pþacRbPBGMNacrbbpþac´kar CamYynw gbMNgeZV IeGaymankarraMgsÞHneya:y ehIyenATIbJ© b´ rbbpþackarnw grlayedayÉg .
eKRtUver[bcMedayRbugRby&tñGMBIEbbbT EdlkMlaMgRbCaZi betyü eRbI ~gkareZV IeGaycuHexSaykarKaMRT EdlRbCaBlrdðni gRkumnanaZøabpþl´ eTAeGayrbbpþackar . etIkarKaMRTTaMgenH nw gcuHexSaytamkarebIkeGay
eKeXIjnUvGMeBIeXareXArbsrbbenHÇ tamry;karbgØajeGayeKeXIjnUv plvi :kesdð ki c© d* mhnþrayénneya:yBYkempþackarÇ ßk* tamry;karyl eXIjzµImYyzarbbpþackarnw gRtUvbJ© b / y¨agehacNas´ eKRtUvBnül ENnaMyagNa eGayGñ kKaMRTempþac´kar køayeTACaBYkGBüaRkw tenA~gral´skmµ PaBrbseK ßRbesIrCagenHeTAeT[t køayeTACaGñkKaMRTy¨agskmµ énclnaedIm|IRbCaZibetyü .
enAeBleKer[bcMEpnkar ni gGnuvtþneya:yerIbRmH ni gminshkar CakarcaM:c´bMput eKRtUvykcitþTukdak´eTAelIGñkKaMRT nigGñkCMnYykar sMxan>rbs´BYkpþackar EdlmanCaGaT¥ BYkGñ kCMnit KNbkSneya:y b¨ Ulis ehIyni gmRnþ Irdð:l CaBi ess BYkeyaZa .
eKRtUvBini tüemIlGMBIkMri ténkaresµ aHRtgrbs´BYkeyaZa TaMgkUnni g
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nayTahan eTAelIrbbpþackareGay:nc|aslas´ ehIysMerczaetIBYk eyaZamancMhßcMNucexSayenARtgNa EdlGanuPaBkMlaMgRbCaZi betyü cUlRCYtRCab:n . etIkUnTahanCaeRcInminsb|aycitþ edaysareKcab
bg¡ Mxø ÜneGaycUleZV ITahanEmnEdrßeT
/ etIkUnTahan ni gemTahanTaMgenaHGacdkxøÜnecjBIrbbpþackar edaysarehtuplpÞalxø Ün RKYsar ni gneya:y EmnEdrßeT / etIktþaNaxøHEdlGaceZV IeGaykUnTahan ni gem TahanTaMgenaH cuHexSay enAcMeJHmuxkareRC[tERCkrbsBYkRbCaZi betyü .
enA~gdMNakkardMbUgénkarts) UrMedaH eKKYrEter[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþ BiessmYy edIm|ITak´TgCamYyBYkTahan ni grdð:lrbsempþackar . tam
ry;kareRbIJkü rUbPaBCani mitþrUb ni gskmµ PaBnana kMlaMgRbCaZibetyü GaceGayBYkTahanTaMgenaHdw gza karts) UrMedaHnw gmansPaBsVahab bþ Úrpþac ni gmanH . eKKYreGayBYkTahanTaMgenaHyl´za karts) Umanlk¡N;Bi ess EdleKtakEtgeLIg edIm|IeZV IeGayrbbpþackarexSay mi nEmnedIm|IKMramkMEhgdl´CIvitGñ kTaMgenaHeT . karxi txMxñHExñ gTaMgenH maneKalbMNgeZV IeGay
BYkTahanrbs´empþac´karZøakTwkci tþ ehIyenATIbMput dkkaresµ aHRtgni gkar eKarBtambJ¢ a ehIyEbrmkKaMRTclnaRbCaZi betyüvij . eKGacer[bcM CayuTÆsaRsþRbhakRbEhlKñ aenHEdr sMrabRkumb¨ Uli s ni gmRnþ Irdð :l .
b¨ uEnþeKmi nKYrbkRsayza karl|gTakTajrksmanci tþ ehIyTI bMput karmi neZV ItambJ¢a~gcMeNamkgkMlaMgBYkpþackar CakarelIkTwkcitþ
eGayBYkeyaZabJ© b´rbbpþac´kar eGayqabrh&stamvi ZankareyaZaenaHeT . kareZV IEbbenH RbEhlCaBuMGacCYyeGaymanRbCaZi betyüBitR:kd:neLIy edaysar dUcEdleyIg:nBi carNarYcehIy kareZV IrdðRbharmanlTÆPaBti cNas´ ~gkareZV IeGaymantulüPaBGMNac rvagRkumRbCaBlrdð ni gGñkkanGMNac . dUecñ HehIy CakarcaM:c´ eKRtUveZVIEpnkarGMBIreb[b Tak´TajeGaynayTahanEdlmansmanci tþ ylza eKminRtUvkarrdð Rbhar
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ßk*sRg<amsI uvilRbqaMgnw grbbpþackarenaHeLIy .nayTahanEdlmansmanci tþ GacedIrtYyagsMxan´ ~gkarts) U
RbCaZibetyü dUcCakarlatRtdagkarxkcitþ ni gkarminshkar~grgVg
eyaZa karelIkTwkci tþeGayeZV IkargarKµanRbsiTÆPaBedayectna ehIynigkarmi neZV ItambJ¢ aBIelIy¨agesá {msá at´ ehIynigKaMRTkarbdiesZmi necjbRg,abBYkts)U . buK<li keyaZa RbEhlCaGacpþlCMnYyGhigSaxøHeTABYk RbCaZibetyü manCaGaT¥ ebIkRckeGayeKrt´eKcxø Ünedaysuvtæ iPaB pþl'B&t( mansMgat´ es|{gGahar zñ aMeBTü CaedIm .
eyaZaKW CaRbPBGMNacy¨agsMxanmYysMrabBYkpþackar BIeRJHBYk
enHGaceRbIkgeyaZa Edlmanvi n&yni geRK]gsJVvuZ eTAvayRbhar dakTNÐkmµ eTAelIRbCaBlrdð Edlmi neZVItambJ¢aeK . GñkyuTÆsaRsþneya:yerI bRmH KYrcgcaMza karbM Ebkrbbpþac´ kar KW CakarlM :kNas ßk* eZV I mi nekI t Rbsi n ebI BYkb¨ Uli s mRnþI rdð:l ni geyaZaenAEtKaM RTrbbpþac´ kareBjTM hw g ehIy eZV I tambJ¢aBYkenH . dUecñ H yuTÆsaRsþsMrabeZV Ivi TÆgSna bMEbkkaresµ aHRtg´
rbs´kMlaMgBYkpþac´kar RtUvmanGaTiPaBy¨agx¬s´ sMrab´GñkyuTÆsaRsþRbCaZi betyü .kMlaMgRbCaZi betyüKYrcgcaMza karmi nsb|aycitþ nigkarmi neKarB
tambJ¢ a ~gcMeNameyaZani gb¨ Ulis KW CaeRKaHzñ ak´sMrabsmaCikénRkum TaMgenaH . BYkTahannigb Uli sdw gza karmi neZV ItambJ¢aem nigkarbHe:r
~gCYr
nw gTTYleTasCaTMgn´
. kMlaMgRbCaZi betyüminKYrsuMeGayBYkTahanni gnayTahanbHe:rPøam>eT . pÞ úyeTAvi j Rbsi nebIeKmanExSry;TakTgeKKYrBnüleGayGñ kTaMgenaHylc|asza manEbbbTeRcInNas sMrablak´ bM:Mgkarmi neZV ItambJ¢ a EdleKGaccabGnuvtþCaelIkdMbUg . óTahrN¾ BYkbUli s ni gTahanGaceZV ItambJ¢ aeTAbRg,abBYkts) UedayKµ anRbsiTÆPaBÇeKrkBu MeXIjGñ kEdlempþackarcg´cabxø ÜnÇ eKGacRBmanGñ kts) UeGaydw gCa
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munGMBIKMeragkarbRg,abNamYy karcabxø Ün ßk* karni reTsNamYyÇ ehIynigmi npþlB&t( mansMxan´>eTAeGayembJ¢ akar . nayTahanEdlminsb|ay ci tþ GaceZV ICaePøc mi nbJ© ÚnbnþeTAeRkam bJ¢akarsMrab´karbRg,abNamYy .
BYkTahanGac:j'kaMePø IgeGayputk|alBYk:tukr . Rbhak'RbEhlKñaenHEdr mRnþ Irdð :lGac:t'sMNM uer]g ni gJkübJ¢aepSg> eZV IkaredayKµ anRbsi TÆPaB ni geZV ICamanCMgWRtUvsMrakenApÞHrhUtdl'eBlCasHes|Iy .
karERbRbYlyuT§saRsþGñ kyuTÆsaRsþneya:yerIbRmHni w gRtUvBi nitüvaytMélCani c© eTAelI
dMeNIrkarni glTÆplyuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni gyuTÆsaRsþényuTÆnakarTaMgLay .karts) UGacmandMeNIrkarmi nlÁ RbesIr xusGV IEdleK:neRKagTuk . kñ úgkrNI EbbenH eKRtUvBinitüemIlkarERbRbYlkñ úgyuTÆsaRsþEbbNaEdleKRtUvkar .etIeKGaceZV IGV IxøH edIm|IBRgw gkMlaMgts) U ehIycab'ykkarts)UEdlmaneRb[b
eLIgvi j
/ ~gsæanPaBEbbenH
eKRtUvEtrkemIlbJØaeGayeXIj ehIyviPaK tamyuTÆsaRsþmþgeT[t . eKRbEhlCaRtUvepÞrkarTTYlxusRtUveTARkumepSgRbmUlpþM úRbPBGMNacbEnæ m ehIyni ger[bcMeGaymanskmµ PaBCaCMerIszµI .enAeBlEdleKeZV Iki c© karTaMgenHrYcral'ehIy eKKYrGnuvtþEpnkarzµ IenaHPøam .
pÞúyeTAvij Rbsi nebIdMeNIrkarts) UenHmanPaBlÁ RbesIrCagGV IEdl eK:neRKagTuk ehIyrbbpþac'karkMBugEtreg<aHreg< I muneBlevlaEdleK :nkMNt' etIkMlaMgRbCaZibetyüGacTajykplRbeyaCn¾ Edl:nelIs BIkareRKagTukenaH eTAeRbIR:s'EbbNa edIm|IeZV IeGayrbbpþac'karKaMgElgmandMeNIrkarEtmþg / eyIgnw gBi ni tüvi PaKsMnYrenHenA~gCMBUkCabnþxagmux .
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CMBUkTI9
karbMEbkrbbpþac;kar
«TiÆBléneCaKC&yCabnþbnÞab´ényuTÆnakarGhigSaEdleK:nGnuvtþy¨aghµ t´ct nwgBRgw gkarts) U ehIyer[bcMBRgIkEpñkTaMgLayénsg<m Edl rbbpþac'karBMuGacRKb'RKg:n . yuTÆnakarTaMgenaHnwgpþl'Edr nUvbTBi esaZn¾ sMxan'> GMBIreb[bbdi esZmi neZV Ishkar ehIyni greb[beZV Ineya:y erIbRmH . bTBi esaZn¾ enHnw gCaCMnYykary"agRbesIr enAeBlEdlkarerIbRmH
mi neZV Ishkar raldalkan'EtZMeLIg> .dUcEdleyIg:nBi eRKaH~gCMBUkTI3 kareZV Itambg<ab' shRbti btþ i kar ni gkarcuHj"m CaktþasMxan' sMrab'eZV IeGayBYkpþac'karmanGMNac . Rbsi nebI Kµ ankarJkB&nÆnw gRbPBGMNacTaMgenaHeT GMNacBYkpþac'karnw gcuHexSay ehIyenATIbMputnw gRtUvrlay . dUecñ HkardkykkarKaMRTTaMgenaHecj KW Ca
skmµ PaBcMbg edIm|IbMEbkrbbpþac'kar . eyIgKYrEtBi ni tüeLIgvi j GMBIEbb bTneya:yerIbRmHEdlGacmanGanuPaBeTAelIRbPBGMNacTaMgenaH .skmµ PaBTaMgLayEdlCanimitþrUbénkarerIbRmHnigkarbdiesZ KW Ca
meZüa:ymYycMnYn~gcMeNammeZüa:yCaeRcIn sMrab´eZVIeGayexSaynUv GM NacGaC\aZrxagneya:y ni gPaBsmrmü EdlCaPaBRtw mRtUvtamc|ab' rbs'rbbpþac'kar . enAeBlEdlGMNacrbbenHkan'EtxøaMg rbbenHk* nw g
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:nTTYlkareZVItambJ¢ a ni gshkarkan'EtxøaMgEdr . eKRtUvbeJ© jkarmi nsb|aycitþ tamkareZV Iskmµ PaBd* c|as'las' edIm|IKMramkMEhgrbbpþac'kar enH . eKRtUvdkykecjnUvshkarni gkareZV ItambJ¢ a edIm|Ikat'pþac'RbPB
epSg>ÉeT[ténGMNacrbbpþac'kar .RbPBGMNacsMxan'TI2 KW RbPBZnZanmnusS - cMnYn ni gKuNsm|tþ i énmnusSni gRkumTaMgLay Edlsþab'tambJ¢a eZV IshkarCamYy ßk*CYyGñk RKb'RKgrdð . Rbsi nebImYyPaKZMénRbCaBlrdð minRBmeZV Ishkar rbbenHnw gmanbJØaZM . óTahrN¾ ; Rbsi nebImRnþ Irdð karElgeZV IkareGaymanRbsiTÆPaBdUcmun ßk*eKcenApÞH sæab&nrdð :lnw gTTYlkarb"HJlCaxøaMg .
Rbhak'RbEhlKñ aenHEdr Rbsi nebImnusS ni gRkumEdlmi neZV Ishkar manrYmbJ©ÚlTaMgGñkEdlZøab''BImunpþl´dl´rbbpþac´karnUv cMeNHdwg nig CM najkar empþac'karnw geXIjza lTÆPaBeK~gkareZVIGV IeRscEtcMNg'ci tþ nw gRtUvcuHzyexSayCaxøaMg . sUm|IEtlTÆPaBeKsMrab'eZV IkarsMerccitþeGay :nRsYl niger[bcMEpnkareGaymanRbsi TÆPaB RbEhlCaRtUvcuHGn'Edr .
RbsinebIGanuPaBpø Úvci tþni gmenaKmn¾ vi C¢a EdleKehAzaktþaGrUbI y¾ EdlCaZmµ taCMrujeGayeKeZV ItambJ¢ ani gCYyBYkpþac'kar RtUveKeZV IeGaycuHexSay ßk* Gs'Etmþg RbCaBlrdð c|as'CanaMKñaElgeKarB ehIyQb'eZV I shkar .
karEdlBYkpþac'karmanZnZansM Par; k*CakarJkB&nÆedaypÞal'eTA
GMNacrbs'eKEdr . Rbsi nebIkarRKb'RKgZnZanhi rJ¦vtæ ú RbB&nÆesdð kic© dIZø I ZnZanZmµ Cati kardw kCJ¢ Ún ni gmeZüa:yTak'TgepSg> sæ i tenA~gkNþab'édGñkts) U RbPBGMNacd* sMxan'mYyenHrbs'BYkpþackar nw gcuHexSay ßk*:t'bg' . kUdkmµ Bhi kar ni gkarekIneLIgénPaBsVy&t~gesdð ki c© TMnak'TMngnw gkardw kCJ¢ Ún nw geZV IeGayrbbenHTn'exSay .
dUcEdl:nBi eRKaHBImunrYcehIy lTÆPaBBYkpþackar~gkarKMram
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pþackar . enAeBlEdlrbbpþackareZV IGnþraKmn¾ edIm|IpÁ ak²karBRgIkesrIPaB³enH eKGacGnuvtþkarts) UGhi gSa edIm|IkarJrTIvalzµ IEdleKeTIbTTYl:nehIyrbbpþackarnwgRbQmmuxeTAnw grNsi rSmYyeT[ténkarts) U .
TIbMput karrYmbJ¢ ÚlKñ arvagkarRbqaMgni gkarksagsæ ab&nsg<m Gac naMeGaymanesrIPaBCabeNþaHGanñ naMeTArkkardYlrlMénrbbpþac´kar ehIy ni gkarcattaMgCapøÚvkareGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü . eKmi nGacbdi esZ karvivtþn¾ EbbenH:n BIeRJHtulüPaBGMNacenA~gsg<menH :nERbRbYl y¨agxøaMgNaseTAehIy .
RbeTsb¨ ULÚjenATsvtS1970ni g1980 :npþlCaóTahrN¾ y¨ag
c|asGMBIkarTamTarbnþ icmþg>rbsBYkts) U yktYnaTI ni gsæ ab&nrbs´sg<m .RBHvi harkatUli k:nTTYlkartameZV I:b b¨ uEnþBu MEdlsæ i tenAeRkamkarRKbRKgeBjeljrbsBYkkumµ úynIsþeT . enA~gqñaM1976 BYkbJ¦v&nþ ni gkmµ kr:nrYmKñ abeg,ItCaRkumtUc> dUcCa KN;kmµ karkarJrkmµ kr edIm|IKaMRT nigCMrujKMni tneya:yrbseK . karbeg,IteGaymanshCIBkmµ kreQµ aHza
²sUlIdarIZI³ ‘ Solidarity [samK<I]’ edIm|IeZV IkUdkmµ eGaymanRbsi TÆPaB :nbg¡ MeGayGaC\aZrTTYls<altampøÚvc|abenA~gqñaM1980 . BYkksi kr ni sSit ni gRkumÉeT[tCaeRcInk* :ner[bcMbeg, ItCaGg<karÉkraCrbs´eKEdr . enAeBl EdlBYkkumµ úynIsþdw gza RkumTaMgenH:nEkERbGMNacCakEsþg Gg<kar²samK< I³k*:nRtUveKhamXat´lubecj ehIyBYkkumµ úynIsþk* eRbIreb[bRKb´RKgtam
c|abeyaZa .sUm|IEtenAeRkamrbbc|ab´GaC\aswk Edlmankarcab´dak´Kuk nigkartameZV I:byagxøaMg sæ ab&nÉkraCzµ I>~gsg<menAEtmandMeNIrkareTAmux .óTahrN¾ kaEst ni gTsSnavdþIlYclakrab´LÚ enAEtecjpSBVpSay .eragBum¬xusc|abe:HBum¬es[vePArabryk|al ~gmYyqñ aM> enAeBlEdlGñ k ni BnÆl|Il|aj eZVIBhikar mi nsresreGaykareXasnarbs´BYkkumµ úynIsþ nig
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eragBum¬rdð . skmµ PaBRbhak´RbEhlKñaenH k* :nekItmaneLIg~gEpñk ÉeT[ténsg<mEdr .
enAeRkamrbbeyaZarbs´elak qarUsi ls< I‘ Jaruselski’ rdð aPi :l
eyaZakumµ úynIsþ ~gdMNakkarmYy :nRtUveKcatTukza Gachkelat:nRtw mEtEpñkxagelIénsg<mb"ueNÑaH . mRnþ IrdðkarenAkan´kabGKarkari yal&y rdðaPi:l . rbbenHGacCi HCansg<m:n tamry;kardakTNÐkmµ karcab´xø ÜnGñ kRbqaMg kardakKuk karrw bGUsykmasI une:HBum¬ nigskmµ PaBCi HCan ÉeT[t> . b¨ uEnþrbbpþackarenHenAEtBuMGacRtYtRtasg<m:n . taMgBIeBl enaHmk eKrgcaMEteBlevla Edlsg<mGacrMlMrbbenaHTaMgRsug .
sUm|IEtenAeBlrbbpþackarkan´kab´tMENgrdðaPi :lTaMgLay CYnkal eKGacer[bcMeGaymanrdð aPi :l²TnÞw m³RbCaZi betyü . rdð aPi:l TnÞw menHnw gmandMeNIrkarkan´EtxøaMgeLIg Cardð aPi :lRbkYt Edl:nTTYl karesµ aHRtg´ kareKarB ni gshkarBIsMNakRbCaBlrdð ni gsæ ab&nsg<m .bnÞab´mk rbbpþackarnw g:tbg´lk¡N;Cardð aPi :lkanEteRcIneLIg> .
enATIbMput rdð aPi :lTnÞ wmRbCaZibetyü RbEhlCaGaccUlCMnYsrbb pþackareBjelj EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarEkERbeTArkRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü .dMeNIrkarCabnþeT[tenaH KWeKnw gGnum&tykrdð Zmµ nuJ¦mYy ehIyer[bcMeGay mankare:Heqñat EdlCadMNakkarmYyeT[t ~gGnþrkalenH .
karbMEbkrbbpþac;kar enAeBlEdlsæ ab&nsg<mkMBugEtEkERb clnaerIbRmHni gmi nshkar
GacmankMritkanEtxøaMgeLIg . GñkyuTÆsaRsþRbCaZibetyüKYrEtKi tTukeGay ehIyza eKnw geTAdl´eBlevlaEdlkMlaMgRbCaZibetyüGacmandMeNIrkar hYsBIkarts)UedaysRmaMg ehIyeKGacepþ ImeGaymankarerIbRmHBIsMNak
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karkan;kab;C½yCMnHedaykarTTYlxusRtUv Gñ keZV IEpnkarsMrab´yuTÆsaRsþcMbgKYrEtKi tKUrTukCamun GMBIEbbbT
EdlGacekIteLIg ni gGI VEdleKcg´:n JkB&nÆeTAnw gkarbJ© bkarts) Ueday eCaKC&y edIm|IeZV IyagNaeC[svagku MeGayrbbpþackarzµ ImYyeT[tekIteLIg:nehIyni gBRgw gkarer[bcMCabnþeT[t eGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyüsæ itesær .
BYkRbCaZi betyüKYrEtKi tKUrza etIeKnw gRKbRKgkarERbRbYlBIrbb pþackareTArdð aPi :lbeNþaHGasnñ tamEbbbTNa enAeBlcbkarts) U . enA
eBlenaH eKcg:nrdð aPi :lmYyEdlmandMeNIrkarPøam> . b¨ uEnþ rdð aPi :l enHminEmnCardðaPi:lcasEdlmanbuK<li kzµ IenaHeT . CakarcaM:c´ eK RtUvKi tKUrza etIeKRtUvlbecalEpñ kNamYyénrdðaPi :lcas´ ‘dUcCaEpñ k b¨ Uli sneya:y’ Edlmanlk¡N;RbqaMgnw glTÆ i RbCaZi betyü ehIyzaetIeKnw gTukEpñ kNa EdleKGaceZV IeGaymanlk¡N;RbCaZibetyübEnæmeT[t
enAeBleRkay . karTukcMh mineGaymanrdðaPi:lTalEtesaH nw gGac ebIkpø ÚveGaymankarRCYlRcbl´ ßk* rbbpþackarzµ ImYy .eKKYrEtKi tsMercTukCamun GMBIkarRKbRKgBYkmRnþ ICanx¬sénrbbpþackar
enAeBlEdlGMNacBYkenH RtUvEbkx©ay . óTahrN¾ etIeKnw gkat´eTas BYkpþackarEdrßeT / etIeKnw gGnuJ¦ateGayBYkenHcakecjBIRbeTsrhUteTA ßy¨agNa / etIeKmanCMerIsNaepSgeT[t EdlsI usgVakKñaCamYynw gneya:yerIbRmH CamYynwgesckþ IRtUvkar sMrab'ksagRbeTseLIgvij ehIy ni gkarksaglTÆ i RbCaZi betyüeRkayC&yCMnH / eKRtUveC[svagkarbgØ ÚrQam EdlGacmanplvi :kxøaMg eTAelIkarer[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü~geBlGnaKt .
eKKYrEter[bcMEpnkarCakEsþgmYycMnYnTukCaeRsc edIm|Ieq¬aHeTArk
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RbCaZi betyü enAeBlEdlrbbpþackarkMBugcuHexSay ßk*rlM . Epnkar TaMgenH nw gCYybeJ¢ {smi neGayRkumNamYyeT[t eqø {tqk´ykGMNactam kareZV Irdð Rbhar . eKk* RtUvkarpgEdrnUvEpnkarer[bcMeGaymansæ ab&nrdð aPi :l
smRsbeTAnw grdð Zmµ nuJ¦RbCaZi betyü
EdlGnuJ¦ateGaymanesrIPaBbuK<l ni gesrIPaBneya:yeBjelj . eKmi nKYrbeNþayeGaykarERbRbYlEdl eKQñ H:ny¨aglM:k :tbgeTAvi j edaysarkarxVHEpnkarenaHeT .
enAeBlEdlRbQmmuxCamYynw gRbCaBlrdð Edlyldw gGMBIGMNac xø Ünkan´EtxøaMgeLIg ehIyni gkarrIkcMerInénRkumni gsæ ab&nÉkraCRbCaZibetyü ‘CaktþaBIrEdlrbbpþac´karRtYtRtaminekIt’ BYkpþac´karnwgyl´c|as´za
karpSgeRBgrbs´eKnw gRtUvbraC&y . karbJÄb´skmµPaBTaMgLayenA~gsg<m kareZV IkUdkmµ TUeTA karsMgMenApÞHmi neTAeZV Ikar karedIrdEgØk|ÜnRbqaMgßk* skmµPaBÉeT[t nw geZV IeGayGg<karrbsempþackarTaMgLay cuHTn´exSay kan´EtxøaMg . CalTÆplénkarerIbRmH ni gkarmi neZV IshkarEdleKGnuvtþ eLIg edaymankarcUlrYmBImhaCn BYkpþackarnw gGs´GMNac ehIyGñk
RbCaZi betyünw g:neCaKC&y edaymi ncaM:c´eRbIGMeBIhi gSa . rbbpþackar nw grlayenAcMeJHmuxRbCaBlrdðEdlerIbRmH .karxi txMxñHExñgTaMgb¨ unµ an nw gmi nGac:neCaKC&yRKbeBlevlaeT
CaBi ess mi nEmnCakargayRsYl ehIykRmnwg:neCaKC&yeGay:nqab rh&sNas´ . eKKYrcgcaMza karQñ HnigkarcajsRg<ameyaZamancMnYn
esµIKña
. buEnþneya:yerIbRmHpþlnUvlTÆPaBEmnETnsMrab´eCaKC&y
. dUc Edl:nkt´sMKalBImunmkehIy eKGacBRgw glTÆPaBenH tamkarbeg,It eGaymanyuTÆsaRsþcMbgRbkbedayKtibNÐ i t eZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþedayhµ t´ct´ karxi txMRbw gERbgeZV Ikargar ni gkarts) URbkbedayesckþ Ikøahanni gvi n&y .
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CMBUkTI10
kic©karCamUldæansMrab;RbCaFibetyürwgbwug
EmnehIy kardYlrlMénrbbpþac'kar KW CabuBVehtusMrab'karGbGr saTry"agxøaMgkøamYy . RbCaBlrdð Edl:nrgTuk¡evTnay"agyUr ehIy:nts) UedayeRKaHzñak'pgenaH smnw gmaneBlsb|ayrIkray sMrakkMsanþ
ehIyni gmankarTTYls<al'Capø Úvkar . eKKYrEtmanemaTnPaBelIxø ÜnÉgni gGñ kÉeT[t Edl:nts) UCamYyKñ arhUt:nesrIPaBneya:y . Gñ kts) UTaMgGs' Bu M:nrs'ranmanCIvi tmkdl'ézá C&yCMnHenHeT . GñkenArs' ni gGñk:t' bg'CIvitnwgRtUveKcgcaMCavIrCn Edl:nCYyer[bcMeGaymanesrIPaBCaRbvtþ i saRsþ~gRbeTsrbs'eK .
b"uEnþKYreGaysþay BIeRBaHeBlenH minEmnCaeBlEdleKKYrbnæ y karRbugRby&tñ . sUm|IEt~gkal;eTs;Edlrbbpþac'karEbkx© ayedaysar neya:yerIbRmHk*eday eKk* RtUvmankarRbugRby&tñ edIm|IbeJ© {smi neGay manrbbCi HCan'mYyzµ IelcecjBIkarRcbUkRcbl' eRkayBIkardYlrlMénrbb pþac'karcas' . BYkGñ kdw knaMkMlaMgRbCaZi betyü KYrEter[bcMTukCamunsMrab'karqøgeTArklTÆ iRbCaZibetyüedaysNþab'Zñab' . eKnwgRtUvedaHdUr
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rcnasm¬&nÆrbbpþac'kar . eKRtUvbeg, IteGaymanmUldð anrdð ZmµnuJ¦ ni gc|ab' ehIynigxñ atRtw mRtUv sMrab'RbCaZibetyürw gbw ugmYyEdleKnw gksag .
eKmi nKYryl'za eRkayBIkardYlrlMénrbbpþac'kar sg<md* lÁ mYynw g
elcecjeLIgPøamenaHeT . karEbkx©at'x©ayénrbbpþac'kar KW RKan'EtCadMNak'kardMbUgsMrab'ebIkkarxitxMBRgw gsg<m ni gbMeBjesckþ IRtUvkarrbs' mnusSeGay:nsmrmü enAeRkambri yakasmYy EdlmanesrIPaBCagmunEtb" ueNÑaH . bJØaneya:y esdðkic© ni gsg<mki c© d* Zán'Zá rnw genAmanbnþrab' qñaMeTAeT[t EdlCakartMrUveGaymankarshkarBImnusS ni gRkumTaMgGs' ~gkarrkdMeNaHRsay . RbB&nÆneya:yzµ IKYrEtpþl'OkaseGaymnusSTaMgBYg
EdlmanKMni t nigmeZüa:yepSg>Kñ a eTAbnþkargarsæ abna nigEpnkar GPivD¿n¾ edIm|IedaHRsaybJØaTaMgLay~geBlGnaKt .
karKMramkMEhgBIrbbpþac;karfµI
elak
GarIsþ Út (Aristotle)
:nRBmanCayUrmkehIyza ²çççrbbpþac'kar k* GacERbkøayeTACarbbpþac'karpgEdrççç³ .14 Psþ útagRbvtþ isaRsþCaeRcInBIRbeTs:raMg ‘BYkhSakU:Mg [Jacobins] ni gNab" UeLGug [Napoleon]’Ç rusSI ú ‘BYkbulesvIk [Bolsheviks]’Ç GI ur"g´ ‘Gsay"atUløas [Ayatollah]’ nigPUma‘BYkeyaZasøk [SLORC]’ ehIyni gTIepSgeT[t EdlmanGñ kxøHni gRkumxøHyl'za kardYlrlMénrbbCi HCan'mYy RKan'EtCaOkaseGayeKcUlCMnYseZV ICam© as'zµIEtb" ueNÑaH . eKRbEhlCamanbuBVehtuepSg>Kña b"uEnþlTÆpl enaH KW manlk¡N;Rbhak'RbEhlKña . rbbpþac'karzµ IenH RbEhlCaGac kan'Etsahav ehIyRtYtRtardðtw grw gCagrbbcas'eTAeT[t .
CYnkal munnwgrbbpþac'kardYlrlM smaCi kénrbbcas'RbEhl
14
GarIsþ Út ‘ Aristotle)
neya:y PaK
5 CMBUkTI
12 TMB&rTI
233 .
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Cal|g²kat'mux³karts) U tamry;rdð RbharEdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|Iqk'yk eCaKC&yBIkarts) Uneya:yerIbRmHrbs'RbCaBlrdð . eKGacGHGagza eK :nrMlMrbbpþac'kar b" uEnþEmnETneTA eKeqø{tykOkastubEtgrbbcas' eGay
manCarUbPaBzµ IEtb"ueNÑaH .
karTb;sáat;rdæRbhar eKmanmeZüa:ymYycMnYn EdlGaceZV IeGayrdðRbharRbqaMgnw gsg<m
rMedaHzµ I TTYlbraC&y . CYnkal kardw gCamunGMBIkMlaMgkarBarenH Gacman
lk¡N;RKb'RKan' edIm|IraraMgmineGaymankarl|gEbbenH . karer[bcMCamunGacCYyeGaymankareC[svag .15
eRkayBIrdðRbhar:ncab'epþImPøam BYkbHe:reyaZazµ IRtUvkarPaBRtw m RtUvtamc|ab' KWkarTTYls<al'za eKmansi TÆi neya:ynigsi TÆ iRtwmRtUv edIm|IRKb'RKgrdð . dUecñH eKalkarN¾ CaRKw HsMrab'karBarRbqaMgnw grdðRbhar KW
karbdi esZmi neGayPaBRtw mRtUvtamc|abeTABYkbHe:reyaZaenH .BYkbHe:reyaZaenHRtUvkarpgEdreGayBYkGñ kdw knaMsI uvi lni gRbCaBl rdðKaMRT sæ i t~gPaBRcbUkRcbl' ßk*esá {msá at´ . BYkbHe:reyaZaRtUvkar shkarBIsMNak'BYkGñ kCMnajkar TIRbw kSa mRnþ Irdð:l ni gecARkm edIm|I BRgw gkarRtYtRtaeTAelIsg<mTaMgmUl . BYkbHe:rk*RtUvkareGaymnusSCaeRcIn Edlkan'kab'RbB&nÆneya:y sæ ab&nsg<mnana esdð kic© b" Uli s nigeyaZa cuHj"medaysáat'esá{m ehIybnþkargarrbs'eKCaZmµta eTAtambTbJ¢a ni gEpnkarrbs'BYkbHe:r .
eKalkarN¾ CaRKw HTI 2sMrab'karBar RbqaMgnw grdð Rbhar KW kartTl'
15 B&t( manbEnæ mGMBIkarts) URbqaMgnw grdð Rbhar sUmGan CIn sab karRbqaMgnwgrdðRbhar
‘bUsþ ún ma"saQUsi t
; vi Tüasæ anGal'bW t
GaMgsþaj qñ aM
2003’
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- 100 -100
CamYynwgBYkbHe:reyaZa edayeRbIkarerIbRmH ni gminshkar . eKRtUvEt bdi esZmi neGayshkarni gCMnYyEdlBYkenHRtUvkar . CacaM:c' eKGaceRbI meZüa:yts) UEdleK:neRbIRbqaMgrbbpþac'karrYceTAehIy sMrabtTl'nw g
karKMramkMEhgzµ I
b" uEnþeKRtUvGnuvtþPøamCabnÞan'
.
Rbsi nebIKµ anPaBRtw mRtUvtam c|ab'ni gshkareTenaH rdð RbharRbEhlCasøab' edaykarbgÁ txagneya:y ehIyOkassMrab'ksagsg<mRbCaZi betyü k*GacmaneLIgvijEdr .
karRBagrdæFmµnuBaØRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyüzµ I tMrUveGaymanrdð ZmµnuJ¦mYy Edlbeg, IteGay
manRbB&nÆEdleKcg':nsMrab'rdð aPi :lRbCaZibetyü . rdð Zmµ nuj¦KYrkMNt' GMBIeKalbMNgénrdð aPi :l ni gdak'kMri tdl'GMNacrbs'rdð aPi :l meZüa:y ni geBlevlasMrab'kare:HeqñateRCIserIsRkumGñkeZVIc|ab'ni gmRnþ Irdðkar siTÆi CamUldðanénRbCaBlrdð ehIynigkarJkB&nÆrvagrdð aPi :lCati ni gRbB&nÆ
RKb'RKgzñak'xageRkamÉeT[t> .cMeBaHkarRKb'RKgCati Rbsi nebIeKcg'eGaymanRbCaZi betyü eKRtUv EtmankarEbgEckGMNaceGayc|as'las' rvagnIti bJ¦tiþ ‘RkumGñ keZV Ic|ab'’nItiRbti btþi ‘RkumGñ kykc|ab'eTAGnuvtþ’ ni gtulakar ‘RkumGñ kkat'kþ I’ . eK KYrEtbJ¢ÚlkarkMNt'y"agtw gEtg eTAelIskmµ PaBrbs'b" Uli s Pñ ak'garesI ub karN¾ sMgat' eyaZa edIm|IhamXat'mi neGayRkumTaMgenHmankarlUkLMtampø Úv c|ab'NamYyeTA~gvi s&yneya:y .
edIm|IkarBarlTÆ i RbCaZi betyü ni geC[svagcrnþni gmeZüa:ypþac'kar rdðZmµ nuJ¦KYrEter[bcMeGaymanCaRbB&nÆshB&nÆ EdlrkSaTukbuBVsi TÆ iCaeRcInsMrab'rdð aPi :lRbcaMtMbn'rdð epSg> nigkarRKb'RKgRsTab'eRkam . enA~gsæ ankarN¾ xøH eKGacBi ni tüemIlRbB&nÆRbeTssV Is EdlGnuJ¦ateGaytMbn'tUc>
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buBVsi TÆ i énrdðaPi :lRbcaMtMbn´ rdð ni gRsTabeRkam ni gsæ ab&neRkArdð aPi :l .CMerIsTaMgenHk* pþlEdrnUvmeZüa:ysMrabeGaymnusSmñ a ni gRkumepSg> sMEdgkarmi nsb|ayci tþyagxøaMgNamYy edaysnþ i vi ZI eTAelIbJØad* sMxanTaMgLay
EdlCYnkalGacCMrujRkumRbqaMgeGayeTArkePrvkmµ ßk* sRg<amqµ kéRB .KMnitTaMgLay~gkarBinitüviPaKGMBIneya:yerIbRmH ßk*karts)U Ghi gSaenH KW sMrabCYyGñk ßRkumTaMgLayNa EdlmanbMNgbM:tkarCiHCaneTAelIRbCaBlrdð ehIyni ger[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyürw gbu w gEdleKarBesrIPaBmnusS ni gskmµ PaBrbs´RbCaBlrdð edIm|IeZV IeGaysg<m mandMeNIreC]nel]neTAmux .
eKmanesckþ Isnñ i dð ansMxan´>bI EdlelcecjBIKMnitTaMgenaH ÷• karrMedaHBIrbbpþackarCakarEdleKGaceZV IeTA:n• edIm|IsMerckarenH eKRtUveGaymankarRti Hri HedayRbugRby&tñ
nigEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ehIy • eKRtUveGaymankartamdanedayhµ tct karxMxñ HExñ geZV Ikargar
nigkarts) URbkbedayvi n&y .JküEdleKZøab´niyayza ²esrIPaBminEmn:nmkedayesrIgay RsYl³ KW CaJküBit . Kµ ankMlaMgBIeRkANamYy nw geGaydlRbCaBlrdð Edlsæi tenAeRkamkarCiHCan´ nUvesrIPaBEdleKcg:nCaxøaMgenaHeLIy .RbCaBlrdð nw gRtUvEter[nsURtGMBIreb[b EdleKGacqkykesrIPaBenH eday
xø ÜnÉg . karenHminGacgayRsYleT .RbsinebIRbCaBlrdðGacyl:nGMBIGV IEdleKRtUvkar edIm|IrMedaHxø ÜneKenaH eKGacer[bcMCaEpnkarskmµPaB EdlenATIbMput tamry;karRbw gERbgy¨agxøaMg nw gGacnaMmknUvesrIPaBrbs´eK . bnÞab'mk CamYynw gkarRby&tñRbEyg eKGacksagCaRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyümYy ehIyer[bcMkic© karBarRbB&nÆenaHeGayKgvgSpgEdr . esrIPaBEdlQñ H:ntamkarts) U
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EbbenH Gacmanlk¡N;rw gbu w g . esrIPaBEbbenH nw gGacsæ itesæ r:n eday sarmanGñkEdlbþ Úrpþac'eTAelIki c© karBar ni gBRgIkBRgw gesrIPaBenHeGayenA CabnþeTAeT[t .
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- 105 -105
]bsm<½n§
meFüa)ayénskmµPaBGhigSameFüa)aysMrab;karRbqaMgnwgkarENnaMedayGhigSa17
karsMEdgCapøvkar 1 sunÞrkzasaZarN;2 sMbuRtRbqaMg ßk* KaMRT3 esckþ IRbkasrbs'Gg<kar ni gsæ ab&nnana4 esckþ IEzøgkarN¾EdlmancuHhtæ elxa
5 karRbkasGMBIkarekItTuk¡minsuxci tþ
ni gskmµ PaBeTAGnaKt 6 kareZVIjti þCaRkumtUcßZM
TMnak'TMngCamYysaZarNCn 7 Baküesøak rUbKMnUr ni grUbsJ¦a8 bda pÞaMgpSay ni gTMnak'TMngtamrUbPaB9 xi tþb&NÑ niges[vePA
10 sarB&t( man nigTsSnavdIþ
17 bJ¢ IenH CamYyni gni ymn&yni góTahrN¾ Cak'Esþg Rsg'ecjes[vePA CIn sab neya:yénskmµPaBGhigSa PaKTI2 meZüa:yskmµPaBGhi gSa bUssþ ún ma"saQUsi t ; ptT&r saCi n qñ aM 1973 .
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karsg,t'sg,nelIbuK <l31 ²karlg³ BYkmRnþ Irdðkar ‘meZüa:ymYyEdleKedIrtamBYkmRnþ I
rdðkar ehIyrMlwkBYkenH GMBIGMeBIGsIlZm( rbseK~gkartam
bRg,abclnaGV ImYy . CY YnkaleKnaMKñ aedIrtammRnþ ITaMgenaHRKb TIkEnøg edIm|IrMlw kGMBIkarsV i tsVajrbs´RbCaBlrdð’32 karrukKYnmRnþI ‘pÞúynwgkar²lg³ EdleKeZV IeLIgedaysáat'esá{m
ni gézøzñ Úr ~gkrNIenH eKni yaycMGkbJÄW mRnþIrdðkarEdleZV Itam bJ¢aBIelI ’
33 kareRbIPaBsñ i TÆsñ al ‘pÞ úyBIkareZV IBhi kareKnaMKñ aeTAbgØajkarsñ i TÆ
sñ al cMeJHBYkTahan ni gb¨ Uli s edIm|IBnülGñ kTaMgenaHeGay yl´GMBIbuBVehturbs´eK’
34 karsURtZm( sµ wgsµ aZ¥
el¡annigePøg
35 qakkMEbøg ni gkarelgesIc 36 karsMEdgel¡an ni gePøg37 ceRm[g
karedIrdEgØ
38 karedIrCak|Ün39 karedIrCaRkum 40 k|Ünsasna41 kareZV IdMeNIreTAtMbn´NamYyedIm|IsMEdgkareKarB42 k|Ünm" UtU
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karrMl wkviJ ¦aNk¡nÆGñksøab ' 43 karkan'Tuk¡neya:y 44 karsMEdgeZV ICaBiZIbUCasB
45 BiZIbUCasBEdlmanlk¡N;Ca:tukmµ
‘~gsæankarN¾neya:y minsæ itesæ rmYy eBleZV IbuNüsB CaBiess enAeBldEgØk|ÜnsBGñ kEdlRtUveKeZV IXat~gkarts) U eKykOkasenHeTAsMEdgkarRbqaMgni gkardak´eTas’
46 kareKarBsBenATI:¨qa
karRbCusaZarN; 47 ki c© RbCu M edIm|IRbqaMgßk*KaMRT48 karRbCu MRbqaMg49 karRbCu MRbqaMgedaylak:MgeKalbMNg ‘KW Caki c© RbCu MEdlRKan
EtmanrUbPaBza CakarRbCu MEdlmankarGnuJ¦atBIrbbpþackar’
50 kic©RbCuMRbqaMgtamreb[bbeRg[n ‘kic©RbCuMEbbenHmanlk¡N;RbhakRbEhlnw gki c© RbCu MeZV I:tukmµ b¨ uEnþenA~gOkasenH eKmanvaKµ i nEdlsuTÆEtCaGñkÉkeTsenA~gbJØa EdlJk'B&nÆ’
kardkxønnigkarbdiesZ
51 karedIrecj52 karenAesá {msá at' 53 karbdi esZmi nTTYlyss&kþ i 54 karEbrxñ gdak'mnusSßRkumNamYy
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- 109 -109
meFüa)ayminshkarkñúgsgÁm
karbMePøcbuK <lNamYy 55 Bhi karBiess 56 Bhi karsg<m EdleKeRCIserIsTi sedA 57 Bhi kartamEbblIsI uRsþata‘ Lysistrata) ‘KW CakarEdlPriyanaMKña
mi nrYmrkSCamYysVamI’
58 karkat'kal´ ‘beNþjecjBIRkumsasnaNamYy’59 Bhi kartamEbbsasna ‘karsMercBüÜrkmµviZIbYgsYg~gRBHvi har ßvtþGaram’
karminshkar~gBiZI~gsg<m TMen[mTMlab' n igs æab&n60 karBüÜrskmµ PaBsg<m ßk* kILa61 Bhi karmi ncUlrYm~gki c© karsg<m 62 kUdkmµ rbs'ni si St 63 karminsþab'bg<ab'~gsg<m 64 kardkecjBIsæ ab&nsg<m
kardkxønecjBIRbB&nÆsg<m 65 karenA~gpÞHmi neTAeZV Ikar 66 karmi neZVIkarshkaredaypÞal'xø Ün67 karrt'ecjrbs'BYkkmµkr 68 kareTArkTICMrksuvtæi PaB
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meFüa)ayminshkaresdækic©¬2¦ kUdkmµ
kUdkmµCanimitþrUb 97 kUdkmµ RbqaMg98 karedIrecjBIkargarPøam>
kUdkmµksikmµ 99 kUdkmµ ksikr
100 kUdkmµ kmµ krERscMkar
kUdkmµrbs'RkumBiess
101 karbdiesZmineZV Ikarrbs'kmµ krEdleKbg¡ M 102 kUdkmµ Gñ keTas 103 kUdkmµsib|kr ‘KWCakUdkmµ rbs´RkumGñkeZVIkarenA~grbrsib|kmµ
NamYy ßk* enA~gRkumhagTMni j ~gtMbn´NamYy’104 kUdkmµ BYkGñkvi C¢aCIv;
kUdkmµósSahkmµZmµta 105 kUdkmµ enAtamRKw sæanCMnYj106 kUdkmµ eTAtamósSahkmµ nImYy>107 ósSahkmµ edaysmancitþ
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- 113 -113
kUdkmµedaykMNt´ 108 kUdkmµ Zmµta ‘~gkUdkmµ EbbenH kmµ krnaMKñ aQbmþgmñakCabnþbnÞab
Kña ßk* eTArkkargarepSg rhUtTalEtnieyaCk:ndw gGMBIkarekIt
Tuk¡minsuxci tþ ni gkarTamTarrbs´kmµkr’109 kUdkmµ edaycMeJH ‘kUdkmµ enHmanlk¡N;dUckUdkmµ Zmµ ta b¨ uEnþ BYkshCIBeZV IkUdkmµ enA~gRkumh) unEtmYy EdlCakareZV IeGay Rkumh) unenHcajeRb[bRkumh) unRbkYtÉeT[t’
110 kUdkmµ BnüW tkargar 111 kUdkmµ EdlkMNtkargareTAtamk|ÜnsuTÆsaZ
112 karR:bnieyaCkzaQW eZV Ikarmi nekIt 113 kUdkmµ tamkarsu MlaElg114 kUdkmµ EdlmankMrit 115 kUdkmµ edayCMerIs
kUdkmµTakTgnwgósSahkmµeRcIn 116 kUdkmµ EdlkøayeTACaTUeTA ‘KW CakareZV IkUdkmµ enA~gósSahkmµ mYycMnYn edaysarmanbJØaCaTUeTA’
117 kUdkmµ TUeTA ‘KW CakUdkmµ Edlmanlk¡N;TUlMTUlay edIm|IeZV IeGay CIvPaBesdð kic© enA~gtMbn´NamYyCabKaMg’
karrYmbJ©lkUdkmµn igkarbiTskmµPaBesdðkic© 118 kUdkmµ hazul ‘ Hartal’ ‘karbi ThagTMni j’119 karbJÄbskmµ PaBesdð kic©
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- 114 -114
meFüa)ayénkarmineFVIshkar
karbdiesZGMNacGaC\aZr 120 pÁ ak ßk*kardkecjPaBesµ aHRtg 121 karbdiesZmi neGaymankarKaMRTBIsaZarNCn122 sMeNrni gesckþ IEzøgkarN¾ CMrujeGaymankarRbqaMg
karminshkarrbsRbCaBlrdðCamYyrdðaPi:l 123 Bhi karenA~gnIti bJ¦tþi ‘rdð sPa RBw TÆsPa’124 Bhi karmi ncUleZVIkare:Heqñ at 125 Bhi karminTTYlkargarrdðkar 126 Bhi karmi nTak´TgnwgRksYgrdð aPi :lnana127 kardkecjBIsæ ab&nGbrMrbs´rdð aPi :l 128 Bhi karmi nTak´TgnwgGg<karNaEdlrdðaPi :lKaMRT129 bdiesZmi npþlCMnYydl´GñkEdlGnuvtþc|ab´ dUcCab¨ Uli sCaedIm 130 dkhUtykpøakrUbsJ¦asMKalepSg>rbsxø Ün EdleKZøabdakCYy
ENnaMsaZarNCn
131 bdi esZminTTYlmRnþ IraCkarEdleKcattaMg132 bdi esZminRBmrMlaysæab&nbc© úb|nñ
CMer IseRkABIkareZVtambg<ab ´ 133 kareZV Itambg<ab´TaMgeTIsTal´ ßk* yW ty¨av
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- 115 -115
134 karmineZV Itambg<ab´ enAeBlEdlKµanGñ ktamXøaMemIl 135 karmineZV Itambg<ab´ BIsMNak´RbCaBlrdð 136 karmi neZVItambg<ab´EdleKEkøgmineGaydw g
137 karRbEkkmi nRBmbMEbkkic© RbCu M 138 karGg< úyenAmYykEnøg139 karmi nshkar~gkarcUleZV ITahan nigkarni reTs 140 karlakxø Ün eKcxø Ün ßk* eRbIb&NÑsMKalxø ÜnEkøgkøay 141 karmi neKarBtamc|abEdlKµ anlk¡N;Rtw mRtUv
skmµPaBedaymRnþrdðaPi:l 142 karRbEkkminTTYlCMnYyBIGñ kCMnYykarrdðaPi :l 143 eZV IeGayraMgsÞHExSbJ¢ a ni gB&t( man144 karbeg, ItóbsK<eGayyWtyav 145 karmineZV Ishkarrdð :lCaTUeTA
146 karmineZV IshkarCamYytulakar 147 kareZV IkaredayKµ anRbsi TÆPaB ni gkarmi nshkarxøHrbsBYkGnuvtþ c|ab
148 karbHe:r
skmµPaBrdðaP i:lenA~gRsuk 149 kareC[svag ßk*BnüaeBl Jk´B&nÆnw gkarGnuvtþn¾ c|ab 150 karmi nshkarrbsGg<PaBrdð aPi :l EdlJkB&nÆnwgGñke:Heqñ at
skmPaBrdðaPi:lelIépÞGnþrCati 151 karpøasbþ ÚrbuK<li kTUt
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152 BnüaeBl ßk*lubecalkmµ vi ZIkarTUt 153 karmi nRBmsMercTTYls<al´tamkarTUt 154 karpþaccMNgTUt
155 kardkxø ÜnecjBIGg<karGnþrCatinana156 karbdiesZmi neGaysmaCi kPaB~gGg<karGnþrCatiNamYy 157 karbeNþjecjBIGg<karGnþrCati NamYy
meFüa)ayénGnþraKmn_GhigSa
GnþraKmn¾tampøvcit þ 158 karsMdi lxøÜn ‘KW CakarsMEdgmti NamYytamkarsMdi lxø Ün eGay
QW cabrgTuk¡tamragkay dUcCakarsMdi lxø ÜneRkamkMedARBHGaTi tü’159 tMNmsIlZm( ‘KW CaEbbbTeZV IGnþraKmn¾ tampø Úvcitþ . ~gGMeBIenH
eKbdi esZmØ ÚbGahar edIm|IsMercnUveKalbMNgsg<mßneya:y NamYy’k- tMNmmi nTTYlsMJZsIlZm( x- kUdkmµ GtGahar K- tMNmtamEbbsatüaRkahV I‘ Satyagraphi’ ‘tamsasnahi NÐ Ú Edlmhatµ HKnÆ IGnuvtþ’
160 karkateTasbRJ© as ‘~gkrNIenH eKbþ ÚrtYnaTIrvagGyüakar ni gkUnkþ I~gkarkat´eTasNamYy . BYkkUnkþ Inw gkøayeTACaGyüakar ehIyeKbEgVreGayeTACa:tukmµRbqaMgnw gGV ImYyeTAvij’
161 karrMxanGhi gSa
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GnþraKmn¾edaykayvikar 162 karGg< úyenAmYykEnøg163 karQrenAmYykEnøg ‘~gkrNIenH eKnaMKñ aQry¨agsáatesá {m
edaymansNþabZñ ab´ enAkEnøglksMbuRtNamYy ßTVarcUl kEnøgNamYyCaedIm edIm|ITi jsMbuRt ßcUlkEnøgenaH enAeBl eKmi nRBmlk´sMbuRt ßk* hamXatmi neGaycUl’
164 karCi HyanCMni HsaZarN;xuskEnøgkMNt´ ‘eKeRbImeZüa:yenHCaTUeTAenA~gshrdðGaemrik ~gTsvtS1960 RbqaMgnw gkarEbgEckkEnøgGg< úy sMrabBYkEs|ks ni gBYkEs|kexµ A enAtamyan
CMni HsaZarN;’165 kargUtTwkelIeqñrEdleKhamXat´ ‘enA~gRbeTsxøH eK:nEbg
EckeqñrsMrab´RbCaBlrdðsmuRTeTAtamBN( sm|úrEs|k’166 karkan´kab´TIkEnøg ‘RkumGñkRbqaMgcUleTA~gTIkEnøgmYyEdl
manni mi tþrUbsMxan´ JkB&nÆnw gkarekItTuk¡mi nsuxci tþrbs´eK dUcCa
kari yal&yGñ kEdleKRbqaMg . eKnw gRkajenATIenaHmYyry;eBl EdleKeRcInEtkMNt´TukCamun’167 karcUlbYgsYg~gRBHviharEdleKhamXat ‘enAkEnøgxøH BIedIm
eKEbgEck TIkEnøgsasnaeTAtamBN( sm|úr kEnøgxøHeT[t eKEbgEckvtþGarameTAtamKNbkSneya:y’
168 karcUllukluyedayGhi gSa169 karcUllukluytamGakasedayGhi gSa170 karcUlQøanJnedayGhi gSa171 karni yaykatßCaneKedayGhi gSa172 karbeg, ItóbsK<edayGhi gSa173 karcUlkan´kab´edayGhigSa
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- 118 -118
GnþraKmn¾xagsg<m 174 karer[bcMeGaymanlMnaMsg<mzµ I
175 kardakCMnYykareGayeRcInhYs 176 kareZVIeGaydMeNIrkaryW tya¨v ‘krNIenHeRcInEtJk´B&nÆeTAnw gbJØasg<m ßk* CMnYj’
177 karrMxanGg<RbCuM ‘KW CaRbePTBi essénkareZV IGnþraKmn¾ Ghi gSa enA eBlEdleKrMxankic©RbCuM karbYgsYg~gvtþGaram ßk*karRbCuM
epSg>eT[t’178 karelgel¡ancMGk ‘CaRbePTmYyeT[ténkareZV IGnþraKmn¾ sg<m EdlJkB&nÆeTAnw gkarsMEdgel¡an ßk* karsMEdgGV ImYy edIm|IrMxankarEzøgsunÞrkza sik¡asalaCaedIm’
179 sæ ab&nsg<mCaCMerIsepSgeT[t 180 RbB&nÆTMnak´TMngepSgeT[t
GnþraKmn¾esdðk ic© 181 kUdkmµ bRJ© as ‘KW Cakarbeg,IteGayman«TÆ iBlxagci tþsaRsþ .
~gkrNIenH kmµ kreZV Ikarkan´EtxøaMgeLIg ehIyelIseBlevlaedayBu M:nkMérbEnæ m . eKeZV IenHedIm|ITamTareGayeLIgR:kEx
ehIynieyaCkBi :kbdi esZ .’182 kUdkmµ enAnw gkEnøg ‘~gkrNIenH kmµkrpÁ akkargar buEnþRkaj
mi neTApÞH ehIybdi esZmi nRBmecjBIkEnøgeZV Ikar rhUtdl´eK :nsMercdUcbMNg’
183 karrw bGUsdIedayGhi gSa
184 karrw gTTw gtTl´nwgkarXatXaMg ‘enHKW CaTMnas´GnþrCati Edl
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- 119 -119
RbeTsnImYy>RbEhlCacgdaksMJZneya:y tamkarraraMgmineGayGIv¨an´sMxan´EbbNamYy cUlRbeTsNa mYyeT[t .karrw gTTw g nigkarraraMgenH mineRbIkarKMramkMEhg ßk* kMlaMg
eyaZa
KW CameZüa:yGnþraKmn¾ xagesdð ki c© mYy
EdlRbeTsmYy eT[tGaccUlmkKaMRTRbeTsEdlkMBugrgeRKaH .’185 R:kEkøgkøayedaysarktþaneya:y 186 karTi jem¨A ‘karenHKW CakarGnþraKmn¾ mYyEbbEdlJkB&nÆnwg
karem¨ATi jTMni jGV ImYy enA~gpSarGnþrCati edIm|IkuMeGayTMni jenHZøak´~gkNþabédsRtUv’
187 karrw bGUsykRTBüsm|tþ i 188 karlk«v¨an~gtMélezak>189 karrksIuedayCMerIs 190 pSarCMerIsÉeT[t 191 RbB&nÆdw kCJ¢ÚnÉeT[t
192 sæab&nesdði kic© CMerIsÉeT[t
GnþraKmn¾neya:y 193 bEnæmRbB&nÆrdð :leGayelIskMri t 194 karebIkmuxPñakgarsMgat´
195 karcgeGayeKdakKuk 196 karmi neKarBtamc|abEdl²GBüaRkw t³ ‘CaZmµ ta eKnaMKñ ami neKarBc|ab EdleKylzamanlk¡N;GsIlZm( ßxus . b uEnþ~gkrNI enH eKnaMKñ amineKarBc|ab´EdleKylza mi nEmnCac|abxusß GsIlZm( GV IeT .’
197 karbnþkargaredayminshkar ‘~gkrNIenH mRnþ Irdð :lenAEt
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- 121 -121
GMBIGñkniBn§
elak CIn sab bc© úb|nñCaGñksi kSaCanx¬sénviTüasæanGalbW t GajEsþn enATIRkugb) Usþ ún ‘ Boston’ énrdðma¨saQUsi t ‘ Massachusetts’ .elakmanbri J¦ab&Rt ni gmhabri J¦ab&Rt BIsklviTüal&yrdðGUéhy¨ U‘ Ohio’ni gbriJ¦ab&RtbNÐ it Epñ kRTwsþ Ineya:y BIsklvi Tüal&yGksVW t (Oxford)
‘RbeTsGg´eKøs’ . elakk* :nTTYlEdrnUvsJ¦abR&tbNÐ itkitþ i ysxagc|ab BImhavi Tüal&yma¨nhattan´‘ Manhattan’ ni gbNÐ i txagkic© bMerImnusSZm( BI mhaviTüal&yrIev[r‘ Rivier ’ . elakCasaRsþacarü‘cUlni vtþn¾ ’énmuxvi C¢ avi TüasaRsþneya:y enAsklvi Tüal&yma¨saQUest daemat‘ Massachusetts
Dartmouth’ . elakk* :nbeRg[nEdr enAsklvi Tüal&yGUsø Ú‘ Oslo’
sklvi Tüal&yma¨saQUest~gRkugb) Usþ ún ehIyCaGñ kRsavRCavCi t 30qñ aM enAmCÄmNÐlsMrabbJØaGnþrCati énsklvi Tüal&yhavW t ‘ Harvard’ . es[vePA Edlelak:nsresrCaPasaGgeKøsmanCaGaT¥ neya:yénskmµPaB Ghi gSa ‘1973’Ç KnÆ I CaGñkyuTÆsaRsþneya:y ‘1979’Ç GM Nacsg<m nigesrI PaBneya:y ‘1980’Ç karmineZV IeGayeKRtYtGW r¨ ub:n ‘1985’ÇehIyni g ki c©karJrEdlecjBI raRsþ ; RbB& nÆGavuZeRkaysm& yeyaZa ‘1990’ . elakkMBugEter[bcMes[vePAsMxanmYyeT[t ‘2003’ karts) U Ghi gSa ; karGnuvtþn¾ stvtSTI 20 ni gplGnaKtstvtSTI 21 . sñ aédrbs´elak:nRtUveKbkERbsMrYleTACag 30Pasa .
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GMBIGñkbkERb
Gw ug b) unGag bc© úb|nñ enHCasmaCi kRBw TÆsPaénRBHraCaNacRkkm¬ úCa .elakmanbriJ¦ab&RtxagesdðsaRsþ ‘ BEc’ BIsklvi Tüal&yeCmXuK ‘ James
Cook ’ ni gmhabri J¦ab&RtxagRKbRKgCMnYj‘ MBA’ BIsaklvi Tüal&yXV Insø i n‘ Queensland’ énRbeTsGURsþalI . ~grvagCag20qañMknøgeTAenH elak
manviC¢aCIv; ni gbTBi esaZn¾ kargarCaKNenyükrsaZarN; TIRbwkSaCMnYjni g :nc|abGnuJ¦atBIGaC\aZrGURsþalI eGayRbkbrbrCaTIRbw kSaxagcat´ EcgluykaksaZarNCn . ~gTsvtS1990 elak:nbeRg[nmuxvi C¢aRbvtþ i saRsþ nigvb|Zm( -Gri yZm( Exµr enAsklvi Tüal&ybec© keTsGarGi mGayZI ‘ RMIT University of Technology’ enA~gTIRkugEm¨lb)n . elakZøab´ eZV ICanaykénkmµ viZIvi TüúCaPasaExµ r RbcaMTIRkugEmlbYnénRbB&nÆpSayB&t( manBiessRbeTsGRsalI ‘SBS’ . elak: e: BmpSayTsS avdI ²Gk aM