Friendly Heating: a holistic study of

synergism between microclimate, air pollution

and cultural heritage Dario Camuffo

Pagan EmanuelaMaraner Antonella

CNR - Institute ofAtmospheric Sciences and Climate

Padova, Italy

Contract No : EVK4-CT-2001-00067

01/04/2002 - 31/03/2005

Co-ordinator: Dr Dario Camuffo:CNR-ISAC, Padova, Italy

Dr Eng Henk Schellen: Department FAGO, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Prof René Van Grieken: MITAC, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

Prof Roman Kozlowski: Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Kraków, Poland

Dr Sirkka Rissanen: FIO, Oulu, Finland

Dr Arturo Busà & Eng Giovanni Consonni: Milanoprogetti S.n.C. Milano, ItalySubcontract: FH, Padova ItalyMr Marcin Kozarzewski: Firma Zajaczkowska - Kloda Sp. z o.o.Lodz, Poland

Participants:

TUTU/ee

Most churches have artworks already adapted to their particular microclimate. After they have been utilised for centuries in the cold, churches have been recently heated, often with evident signs of suffering and damage.

The temperature and humidity cycles are causing enormous damage to artworks, especially wooden and paintings.

Hot air strongly accelerates the deposition rate of smoke and other pollutant particles.

The excess moisture released by churchgoers condenses on cold surfaces.

Why an European Project?Why an European Project?

The ideal solution is to utilise the church as to utilise the church as people were not inpeople were not in, keeping peoplepeople

comfortablecomfortable, but leaving the church in the church in the coldcold, as it was before the use.

The principle is to warm people, not the to warm people, not the church.church.

The FRIENDLY-HEATING project is aimed to leave church and artworks in their natural,

unaffected microclimate.

Briefly, it allows utilising the building as it utilising the building as it were unmannedwere unmanned

Microclimate, Comfort and DiscomfortMicroclimate, Comfort and Discomfort

The Vertical Temperature Profile

may determine Comfort or Discomfort

In addition, the best room Temperature is conditioned by:•Metabolism,Metabolism,•Clothing, Clothing, •Physical ActivityPhysical Activity•Attention levelAttention level

The heat sourceThe heat source

The radiant elementradiant element is a coatingof conductive graphite spread on a glass fabric.

The heat is produced by Joule effectJoule effect when the electrical current crosses the graphite layer.

The element is encapsulated within two polyester/ polyethylene foils which provide electrical insulation.

The maximum temperature is self-regulated by the resistance offered by the graphite coating, which depends on Temperature (T).

Should T exceed an upper physical limit (60-80°C), the expansion of the sheet increases the distance between granules and automatically interrupts the electrical current.

Fire Safety: A natural cut-out

Air Temperature

Radiant Elements Temperature

55° 55°

45°

45°45°

45°

55°

Position and Temperature of the radiant elements

Hand-Warmer Panel

Under Seat Element

Under Kneeler Strip

Seat Thermal Insulator

Transparent Hot Glass

Back

Glass may provide comfort without having

aesthetic impact

Testing the thermal sensation The globethermometer

measures the combined effect of Air Temperature and

Infrared radiation. It has, however, a too slow response.

It has been substituted with a fast responding strip of

blackbody tissue.

The equilibrium temperature has been monitored with a high

precision radiometer

Blackbody Heating between Pews contribution of the Radiant Elements (RE) Jan. 2004

He

igh

t (cm

)

Commercial A,Integrated with FH

FH Hand warmer typeFH Glass type

T (°C)

Commercial B,Integrated with FH

Friendly-Heating of two types: 1) with hand warmer+underseat+kneeler; 2) glass+underseat+kneeler and two types of Commercial system (A&B)

All the four types areswitched on for 60 min.

18-19°

10-15° 20-25°

25°

12-16°

5-7°

12-16°

FRIENDLY-HEATING: Measured Blackbody (Globe-Thermometer) Temperature (2003)

5-7°° ° °/°2003/4

0°

10°

15°

5°

Air Temperature Profile with the old Hot Air Heating System

° °

1

6

11

16

21

26

31

18/01/2003 19/01/2003 20/01/2003 21/01/2003 22/01/2003 23/01/2003 24/01/2003 25/01/2003 26/01/2003 27/01/2003 28/01/2003

Air

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

T(5.7m)T(4.5m)T(3.5m)T(2,5m)T(0.7m)

Old Heating System on

Novel Heating System on

Vertical Air Temperature Profiles (°C) near the altar showing the impact of the old and the novel systems

Vertical Air Temperature Profiles in the Church

(1) before and after the old Hot Air Heating System was

operating for 35 min.

(2) with the Friendly-Heating prototype

operating for 75 min.

30 Jan 03

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Air temperature (°C)

heig

ht (m

)

1 (organ)2 (middle)3 (belltower)4 (altar)5 (pews)

Air Temperature (°C)

He

igh

t (m

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Air temperature (°C)

hei

gh

t (m

)

organ after

middle after

belltower after

altar after

organ before

middle before

belltower before

altar before

before

after 35 min

He

igh

t (m

)

before

after 35 min

Air Temperature (°C)

Outside the pew

area

Inside the pew

area

PercentPercentage of Heat age of Heat actually utilized by actually utilized by

people in the case of people in the case of a traditionala traditional Hot Air Hot Air

Heating SystemHeating System

and with and with FRIENDLY HEATINGFRIENDLY HEATING

This efficiency has been measured after

the distribution of the heat in the

church i.e. the vertical

temperature profile

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Increase in Air Temperature (°C)

Hei

gh

t (m

)

B = Heat dispersed in the Church

A = Utilized Heat

Friendly HeatingFriendly HeatingFriendly HeatingFriendly HeatingEfficiency = A/(A+B) = 80%

B = Heat dispersed in B = Heat dispersed in the Church and the Church and dangerous to artworksdangerous to artworks

Efficiency = A/(A+B)=7%AA

Old Hot Air SystemOld Hot Air System

Dai

ly

RH

(%

)

DailyT (°C)

Hot Air Heating System on

Natural Daily Cycles (including Friendly Heating)

Daily Temperature and Relative Humidity Cycles in the Church

This statue was restored some ten years ago.

New cracks have been generated by the old Hot Air heating system and they are still growing

Instantaneous Tangential Deformation (TD) on the surface and two layers (obtained as 7- and 14-day running average)

Pine, Rocca Pietore church

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

1-set 10-dic 20-mar 28-giu 6-ott 14-gen 23-apr 1-ago

De

form

azi

on

e T

an

ge

nzi

ale

(%

)

Deformazione tang

Media Mobile su 7 per. (Deformazione tang)

Media Mobile su 15 per. (Deformazione tang)

Tan

gent

ial D

efor

mat

ion

(%)

Surface Stress = Difference between Tangential Deformation on the Surface (TD) and two deeper layers (7- and 14-day running average)

and stress average (7- and 14-day running average)

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

31-ott

30-nov

30-dic

29-gen

28-feb

30-mar

29-apr

29-mag

28-giu

28-lug

27-ago

26-set

26-ott

25-nov

25-dic

24-gen

23-feb

24-mar

23-apr

23-mag

22-giu

22-lug

Dif

fere

nza

di d

efo

rma

zio

ne

Su

pe

rf. -

Inte

rno

(%

) deformazione tang.(ist)-media7media7(deformazione tang.(ist)-media7)deformazione tang.(ist)-media14media14(deformazione tang.(ist)-media14)

Sur

face

Str

ess

(%)

Rocca Pietore church

Sonic Anemometryin draughts monitoring

Natural Background +

minor perturbation

due to Friendly-Heating

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

500 520 540 560 580time (s)

spee

d (

m/s

ec)

VerticalHorizontal

Natural Background

Discomfort level starts at 0.15- 0.2 m/s;

Air Perturbation in the altare zone due

to heating cloth altar and carpet

(anemometer at 1.80m height)

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

Time (s)

Time (s)

Time (s)

Time (s)

Time (s)

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

w (

m/s

)w

(m

/s)

v (m

/s)

u (

m/s

)

w

v

u

Evening Holy Mass (Hot Air Heating) and

night-time natural background

Begin of the service

End of the service

T (

°C)

w (

m/s

)

w (

m/s

)

v (m

/s)

u (

m/s

)With the Hot Air SystemThe peaks of the air velocity reach ± 0.3-0.4 m/s. The greater values are in the vertical direction (w).

During the night the air velocity doesn’t exceed ±0.1m/s in all directions

Sonic anemometer at 1.80m heightNext to the altar

Heating the Altar

Hot Altar Cloth ( if necessary)

35°

30°Hot Carpet

Heating elements & radiant temperature (°C)

Hot Altar Cloth

Hot Carpet

Heating Wire

Thermal insulator

Multilayer Hot Carpet Heating

Heating S.Stefano di Cadore (BL)Another example of FH heating system installed in S.Stefano di Cadore on Italian Alps, situated in Val Comelico at 908m above mean sea level.

Heating an Ortodox Church: Stavropoleos Basilica, Bucarest

Back glass heaters for the monumental chairs and heated carpets for the empty nave will be used

IN THE FOLLOWING:

SPARE SLIDES FOR FREQUENTLY ASKED

QUESTIONS

Comparison between calculated, measured and simulated tangential deformation of the finger of the wooden statue

in Rocca church during the winter period.

CalculatedMeasuredSimulated

CalculatedMeasured

Hand-Warmer

Hot Carpets

Seat Thermal Insulator

Choir Stall in the Presbytery

Alte

zza

(cm

)

Blackbody Heating with and without Hot Carpet

Heating (°C)

Hot Carpet contribution

30

20

10

0

40

50

A comparison between three different pew heating systems: Heating of the upper and

lower surface of seats

Upper T

Lower T

Type A Type BFH

Sk

in

Te

mp

era

ture

11 Temperature sensors ( 9 front and 2 back ) are applied to some volunteers

From these data the average skin temperature is calculated to establish the comfort level

Comfort level is objectively established by measuring Skin Temperature

Sirkka RissanenSirkka Rissanen

Data logger

Comfort level with FH and the Hot Air heating systemComfort level with FH and the Hot Air heating system

TEMPO (minuti)TEMPO (minuti)TIME (min)

60.0050.0040.0030.0020.0010.00.00

Me

an s

kin

te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)

34.0

33.0

32.0

31.0

30.0

29.0

HEATING

novel

present

comfort neutral

discomfort sligthly cool

Tem

pera

tura

media

della

pelle

(°C

)Neutral Comfort AreaNeutral Comfort Area

Slightly ColdSlightly Cold Comfort AreaComfort Area

Cold Discomfort AreaCold Discomfort Area

3434

3333

3434

3232

3131

3030

2929

Ave

rage

Ski

n T

empe

ratu

re(°

C)

Ave

rage

Ski

n T

empe

ratu

re(°

C)

FRIENDLY-HEATING PrototypeFRIENDLY-HEATING Prototype

Hot Air heating systemHot Air heating system

Sirkka RissanenSirkka Rissanen

Novel Friendly-Heating system switched on for 45 min. Infrared and mild air sources on

(30/01/2003 hr 14:35) Thermal levelsbetween pews before heating

Scale in °C

Height (cm)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2002/3

Before Hot air Heating

Hr 16:00

Hot air Heating for 30 min

Hr 16:30

Impact of the Hot Air heating system on the ceiling 30 Jan 2003

1 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8 2 2 .2 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 3 6 .5 7 .1 7 .7 8 .3 8 .9 9 .5 1 0 .1 1 0 .7 1 1 .3 4 .5 5 .1 5 .7 6 .3 6 .9 7 .5 8 .1 8 .7 9 .3 9 .9 1 0 .5

Net ceiling warming

Ceiling Heatingafter 1h30m operation with

Friendly Heating and lights on

Ceiling Heatingafter 1h30m operation with

Friendly Heating and lights off

The FH Ceiling Heating is of the same order as lighting heating

T(°C)

Floor TemperatureFH operating since 1h

Altar carpet

Heating in corrispondence of pews

Correlation Coefficient between Temperature and air

velocity in the vertical (w) direction

R(T,W) =0.65

T (

°C)

w (

m/s

)

w (

m/s

)

v (m

/s)

u (

m/s

)

Upward flow,

Altar area

FH on

Altar area

No heating

R(T,W) = 0.47

FH on

T (

°C)

T (

°C)

w (

m/s

)

w (

m/s

)

R(T,W) = 0.65

Altar area FH on

FH starts operating

T (

°C)

T (

°C)

w (

m/s

)

w (

m/s

)

Mid church

FH on

R(T,W) = 0.42

R(T,W) = -0.24T

(°C

)

T (

°C)

w (

m/s

)

w (

m/s

)

Near the Bell Tower FH on R(T,W) = 0.77

T (

°C)

w (

m/s

)