Abstract There is an alternate cause for the decayrateproposedbyMonsieurleCuréGeorgesLemaître,andlaterdefinedbyEdwinHubbleasaConstant–theHubbleConstant[H0 ].Itcan be proposed because the motion observed in the local Galaxies||Star groups around the Milky Way is inward not outward. The recession velocity of Galaxies farther out is reasoned entirely from the increasing Red shift in the frequency. The smaller the image of observed Galaxy/Cluster objects, the greater the downward shift in frequency of all Electro-Magnetic signals [EM]. An alternate cause for that downward shift could be through the absorption and re-emission through matter, leading to of the absorption of some fraction of the energy quanta. There is nowhere in our Local Universe that is both absolutely devoid of matter and the continual formation of objects of all scales. If Red shift were because of space expansion, it would increase the distance that signal had to travel. So a signal from GN-z11 stellar structure at 13.4 Billion light years [LY] would take would take 13.4 Billion years to travel. Assuming 13.8 Billion years since the Big Bang would mean GN-z11 object travelled 13.4 Billion LY in 400 million years.

Support for this alternate supposition is reasoned from the fact that the M31 Galaxy and the NGC 300 Galaxy are at distances inconsistent with their Hubble recession velocity. Key words: Big Bang Theory, Dark Matter, EM frequency decay, GNz-11 body, density||volume||Age Universe, Origin CMBR, Comic Egg, Infinite, Milky Way[MW], Andromeda Galaxy[M31].

1

FrequencyDecayThroughElectromagneticRadiationAbsorptionandre-EmissionbyInter-GalacticDarkMatterasanAlternateExplanationFortheHubbleConstant

DavidGrantTaylorEdmonton,Alberta,Canadadgtaylor@telusplanet.netCopyright#:1-26017482411.0Introduction

ThispapercontestscauseoftheHubbleConstant[H0 ],thephenomenaderivedbyMonsieurleCuréGeorges

Lemaîtrein1927GeneralRelativityequationsandlaterdefinedbyEdwinHubbleasaConstant–theHubbleConstant[H0 ].ElectromagneticradiationfromGalactic/ClusterobjectsastheirdistancefromtheMilkyWay[MW]increasesisseenasevidenceofvelocityawayfromtheLocal||MWGalacticcluster.ThemotionisproportionaltothedistancefromthesameinMega-Parsecs[DMP]asisdefinedintheequation:

VHubble = H0 * DMP

TheH0 decayrateissominiscule;areasonablepropositionforthatfrequencyreductionofthesignalcould

beduetointerferencebyinter-Galacticgases.ObjectsontheedgeoftheUniverse(anexamplebeingtheGN-z11at1.34000E10[1]LY||4.0164829100E3)aremeasuredtohaveaDopplerredshiftof11.1[1].ADopplerredshiftexceeding1.0couldindicatethevelocityoftheemittingobjectgreaterthantransmissionvelocityofthesignal.AnalternateexplanationwouldbetheEMsignalisdistortedbyRelativisticeffects.ThispaperarguesagainstthevelocityofUniverseexpansiondemandedbytheBigBangtheorywithcurrentlyacceptedtimesforthatevent,andsignaltransmissiontimefromobservedobjectsmovingbetweentheobjectsandourobservationpoints.AnalternatecausefortheEMfrequencyshiftsdownwardwouldbeDarkMatterthroughouttheUniverse.ThereisalsotheongoingformationofStellar||Stellargroupingobjectsthatevidencestheexistenceofnormalmatter.Darkmatterornormalmatterparticleabsorbs,thenre-emitsthatEMatalowerfrequencyandsignalstrengthandsodistortsthesignal.Thatsignalreduction||frequencydistortionwouldhappenataquantumlevelforeachoccurrenceandsonotdetectableuntilafterpassagethroughmillionsoflightyears[LY]ofpassagethroughDarkMatter.Whenanatomabsorbsawavetrain(photon),thetotalmomentumisconservedandthereforemustappearwithintheatom.Theelectronisthereforeacceleratedduetothemomentumtransferfromthephotontothemobileelectron.Themuchsmallerfractionofmomentumimpartedtothenucleusismuchsmallerandcanbeneglectedhere.Theelectronisthenacceleratedduringalengthoftimeequaltothetimeofcoherenceoftheabsorbedradiation.Afterabsorption,theenergystaysintheatomforashortintervaloftimethatexplainstheapparentreducedspeedoflightingases.Finally,themechanismisreversedandtheenergyabsorbedofthewaveisre-emitted[2].SupportforthealternatesuppositioninthispaperisthatincurrentHubbleTheory,theM31GalaxyandtheNGC300Galaxyareatdistancesinconsistentwiththeirrecessionvelocity.

2

2.0CalculatedDecayRateofInter-GalacticRadiationinMetres

Thewidelyacceptedvaluesusedforthefollowingcalculationsaretheoreticallypresumedexacttotendecimalplacesasillustrativepresumptions;thethesisofthispaperdoesnotrelyonexactvalues.MassoftheUniverseisgivenas1.0E52Kginmatterand1.0E53kginEnergy,atotalof1.10E53kg.ThereisnocurrentagreementontheageoftheUniverse.Acentralvaluefromvariedsourcesisusedtoarguetheinvalidityofthoseestimations.Whatisbelowbeginsanamingofvariablesandcitesassumedphysicsconstants. Lightspeed = c = 299792458mps MetresperSecond = mps KilometresperSecond = kps GravitationalConstant = G = 6.6738400000E−11m

3kg1s−2 [3] Pi = 3.1415900000E0 m YearSec = 365.25*24*3600 = 3.1557600000E7s Planck Length = Pl = 1.61622290000E−35m[3]

Light Year = LY = 9.4607304726E15m [3] Parsec = pc = 3.0856780000E16m [3] Megaparsec = Mpc = (3.0856780000E+16* 1.000~00E6)m =3.0856780000E22m

MegaParsecinLight Years = MpcLY = 3.2615642195E07 [3] UniverseTotalMatter = UnivMatter = 1.00~00E+52kg

UniverseTotalEnergy = UnivEnergy = 1.00~00E+53kg

UniverseTotalMass = UnivMass = 1.100~00E+53kg

UnivAge = BB =13.8Billionyears =1.3800~00E10years [4]

UniverseAgeSeconds = UnivSec = UnivAge * YearSec = 4.3549488000E17

HubbleConstant = H0 = 67.77km1s−1Mpc−1 = 6.77700~00E+4m1s−1Mpc−1 [5]

ThattheH0 valuewasfromtheEuropeanSpaceAgency’sPlanck2013Missionreportdoesassertsomevalidity.ButdataontheConstanthasvariedsomuchintheentirehistoryofitobservation,itisextremelyunlikelywewilleverhaveittoaPlancklevelcertainty.Butitisavalidlogicpresumption.TheGN-z11compactGalaxyiscurrentlythefurthestobservedobjectinourCosmos.The11.1RedshiftofGN-z11[6]indicatesa|1.3400~00E10LY[GN−z11LY* ]||4.10846E9|[pc]||4.10846E3Mpc[GN-z11Dist_Mpc]distance-challengeable,buttheoreticallyacceptable.A13.4Billionyear|LY’soldGN-z11meansourobservationsare400millionyearspostBBformation

GN-z11meterdistance[GN−z11Dist _m ]:

GN−z11Dist _m =GN−z11LY*LYDistance [1]

GN−z11Dist _m = 1.3400~00E10LY*9.4607304726E15m/LY GN−z11Dist _m = 1.2677378833E26m

3

GN-z11distanceinMpc[GN−z11Dist _Mpc ]

GN−z11Dist _Mpc =GN−z11Dist _m / Mpc [2]

GN−z11Dist _Mpc = 1.1.2677378833E26m

1 / (3.0856780000E22m1Mpc1)

GN−z11Dist _Mpc = 4.1084581195E3Mpc

AssumingtheH0 ,GN-z11movedoutat[GN−z11H0 ]

GN−z11H0 = H0*GN−z11Dist _Mpc [3]

GN−z11H0 = 6.777E+4 m/s( )/Mpc * 4.1084581195E3Mpc GN−z11H0 = 2.7843020676E8m/s

TheUniverseVolume[UnivVol]

UnivVol = 4/3*pi* (GN−z11Dist _m)3 [4]

UnivVol = 4/3 * 3.1415900~00E0* 1.2677378833E26m( )3 UnivVol = 8.5344790065E78m

3 TheUniverseEnergy/Matterdensity:

UnivDensity = UnivMass / UnivVol [5]

UnivDensity = 1.100~00E+53kg / 8.5344790065E78m

3

UnivDensity = 1.2888894555E−26kg /m

3 Light||EMsignalsmoveat|c|.IfEMweobservemovedbeyondlightsp;eed|c|,thatwouldinvalidatebothRelativity,andmodernPhysicsandConstants.SominimumtimetheEMsignalreturned[GN-z11EM_Return]wouldbe: GN−z11EM_Return =GN−z11Dist _m / c [6]

GN−z11EM_Return = 1.2677378833E26m / 299792458m/s GN−z11EM_Return = 4.2287184000E17s ThetimeinyearsGN-z11movedout[GN-z11Yrs_out]wouldbethepresumedageoftheUniverse,lessthelightyeartimeforthereturningEM.

GN–z11Yrs_Out = UnivAge – GN–z11Dist _LY [7]

GN−z11Yrs_Out = 1.3800~00E+10years− 1.3400~00E+10years GN−z11Yrs_Out = 4.00~00E+8years

4

InGN_z11timeoutinseconds-GN-z11Sec_Out

GN−z11Sec_Out = YearSeconds * GN−z11Time_Outward_Years [8]

GN−z11Sec_Out = 3.1557600000E7s/yr) * 4.00~00E+8yr GN−z11Sec_Out = 1.2623040000E16s ThevelocityoutwardofGN-z11[GN-z11Vel_Out] GN−z11Vel_Out =GN−z11Distance_m /GN−z11GN−z11Sec_Out [9]

GN−z11Vel_Out=1.2677378833E26m / 1.2623040000E16s GN−z11Vel_Out = 1.0043047343E10m/s

Asamultipleof|c|: GN−z11Vel_out _c = GN−z11Vel_Out / c [10]

GN−z11Vel_out _c = 1.0043047343E10m/s( ) / 2.99792458m/s GN−z11Vel_out _c = 3.35000E1 SometheoriesproposetheGN-z11’sdistortionisspatialexpansions.Thatvelocity/spatialexpansiondroppingbelow|c|aswedevelopthetechnologytoobserveit.Stretchingspacewoulddistortthefrequencyaswell.WewouldobserveGN-z11’sfrequencydistortiontobe33.5*c.Thereturningsignalwouldtravelthemediumat|c|.Thetraveldistanceforthelightwouldincreaseasitmoved.Expandingspacewouldstretch/shifttheEMsignal;appearingtoexceed|c|.SothepostulatedbeginningUniversewasamasscompactedintoaquantumdimensionsphereexpandingatahyper-lightvelocity.GN-z11’svelocity/expansionhasslowedjustasweobserveittobelow|c|,increasingbeyond“c”toaninfinitelyexpandingUniverse–expandingatultrahighandlowdensities.InfinitelyexpandingUniversesarelogicallyinvalid.AndnopostulatesontheformationofUniverse’sbeginning–who/whatlaidtheCosmicEgg[CE].IllustratingwithaQuantum||PlanckLength||PldiameterCEvolume[CEVol ]:

CEVol = 4/3*∏* Pl /2( )3 [11]

CEVol = 4/3* 3.1415926536 * 1.6162290000E−35m/2( )3 CEVol = 2.2105854514E−105kg /m

3 DividedintoitsmassbytheCEVol :

CEDensity = UnivMass / CEVol [12]

CEDensity = 1.100~00E+53kg /2.2105854514E−105m

3

CEDensity = 4.9760573577E157kg /m

3 SocurrentSciencearguestheUniverseexpandingatanaveragerateof1.00430E10m/swithdensitiesrangingfrom4.9760573577E157kg/m3to1.2888894555E-26kg/m3.BytheH0 ,slowingto2.8479831684E8m/swhenreachingGNz-11’s13.4BillionLYdistance.

5

ThecurrentmeasuredredshiftofGN-z11is11.1[1].Abovecalculationsreasona33.5*averagevelocity.Ifdecliningto11.1*cnow,thespaceexpansioninfrontofthesignalwidenedabove|c|throughout.SignalsemittingatthemomentoftheBBwouldneverreturn;thespaceinfrontofthatsignalwouldhavewidenedatpacegreaterthanc.SpatialexpansionandthedistanceofGN-z11aremutuallyexclusivepropositions.AsingleBoson|c|particlemovingthroughanexpandingspacewillappeartohavemovedawaygreaterthan|c|.ButtheexpansionofspacewillmeanthatdistancebetweenanypointandGN-z11willhaveincreased.ThereisnoevidenceofspatialexpansionotherthaninterpretationsthatcomewithcurrentestimatesfortheageofourLocalUniverse.Evenassumingspatialexpansion,thespaceinfrontofanyBosonexpandsasdoesthespacebehind,soitstilltravels13.4BillionLY.BecauseofthecertaintyofBosonvelocity,anexpansionmovingoutobjectsathyper-relativisticvelocitieswouldstilltake13.4Billionyearstoreturn.WeseetheGNz-11objectasitwas13.4billionyearsago.Addingahyper-Relativisticexpansionto11.1*cexpansionnowwouldmeanthatthesignalwouldneverreachus,becausethespaceinfrontoflightspeedBosonswouldbeincreasingatagreaterpacethantheyweremovingTheabovepresumesthesignalmovedthroughanabsolutevacuum,despitetheongoingdynamicformationofstellar||Galacticobjectsthroughoutourreality.IfanEMsignal/Photonimpactsmatterobjectsrangingfromquantumscalesupward,someenergytransferstothematterobject.TheCMBisestimatedthesameasagasatapproximately3K[7][8][9].TheCMBpresumesEMfromanunobservedevent.HubbletheorypresumesRedshiftofobjectsmillions||billionsofLYawaycanonlybeexplainedbymotion.TheypresumeaUniverseexpandingatahyper-Relativisticpacethroughmatter/energydensitiesrangingfrom1.34030E158kg/m3to1.2888894555E-26kg/m3.Ifanaspectofatheoryisindeterminate,howvalidisit?AnalternatepostulatefortheCMBandtheH0 doesnotneedexceptionstoRelativityandSpacecoherence.ObjectsattheGN-z11distancescaleappeartobebeginning,infantGalacticobjects.ButEMdecaydefinedbytheH0 wouldeventuallyhaveadistortiveeffectonthesignal.Anarticlewrittenonthebody’sdiscovery:“TheprimordialgalaxythattheyfoundissoremotethatitsEMisdetectableonlyatthelongestinfraredwavelengthsthatHubblecansee”[10]LimitstoobservableEMofanobjectmeansthetrueimagenolongerexists.

6

3.0RelativisticallySlowedEM/BosonTransmissionReturningsignalsfromobjects“ontheedgeoftheLocal[Observed]Universewouldnotmoveat|c|.UniverseexpansionorhighRelativisticvelocity,meansasignalmovesataslowerpaceweretherenorelativisticdistortion.Atanysinglepointlightvelocitywouldbemeasuredas“c”.Expansionwouldincreasethesignaltraveldistance.Fromanexperimentalviewpoint,wereasignalwerereleased,addingtheexpansiontothedistancedefinedintheexperimentwouldmeanthesignaltravelledagreaterdistance–thedistancetravelledtoapredefinedobjectwouldincrease.SocalculatethevelocityGN-z11recedesatinkilometrespersecond[kps]

GN−z11Recede_kps = GN−z11_DistMpc *H0 [13] [13]

GN−z11Recede_kps = 4.1084581195E3Mpc *67.77 km/s⎡⎣ ⎤⎦/Mpc

GN−z11Recede_kps =2.7843020676E5km/s

Inmetrespersecond[mps]

GN−z11Recede_mps = GN−z11Recede_kps *1000m/km [14] [14]

GN−z11Recede_mps = (2.7843020676E5km/s)* 1000m/km( )

GN−z11Recede_mps =2.7843020676E8m/s

PresumetheobjectsimplytravelledataH0Constantvelocity.RelativisticTimeDistortion[RTD]wouldslowphotonvelocityandincreasetheRedshift[GN−z11RTD ]:GN

GN−z11RTD = 1/(1− GN−z11Recede_mps

2/c2).5 [15]

GN−z11RTD = 1/(1–2.6974266148E82/2997924582).5 GN−z11RTD =2.6974266148E0 ThatRelativisticdistortionwouldslowanyEMsignalemanatingfromthatbody,increasingtheredshiftbythesameproportion:

GN−z11RTD_v = GN−z11Recede_mps * GN−z11RTD

UniveSolar_Masses

MW||M31Sphere_Vol

[16]

GN−z11RTD_v =2.7843020676E8m/s * 2.6974266148E0 GN−z11RTD_v =7.5104505008E8m/s

Sobytwoarguments,bycurrentphysicspresumptions,theGN-z11objectshouldappeartobemovingfasterthan|c|inanabsolutevacuousenvironment.ItisestablishedthatEMsignalsmoveatthevelocityof“c”,299792458m/sinavacuumenvironment.Currentobservationinterpretationcontradictsthisfundamentalinmodernscience.IsitpossiblethattheHubbleShiftisbeingmisinterpreted?Alternately,thattheUniverseismucholderthan13.8Billionyears?Orboth?

7

Thoughthatisnotthefundamentallogicfailingofcurrenttheory.ThecurrentBigBangpostulateproposesanexpansionoflineardimensionsatbothhyper-densestatesandatthehyper-diffusestatethatexistsnow.WhatrealityexistedbeforetheBBthatledtotheformationoftheCosmicEgg?Spatialexpansionisnottheonlycauseofobservedfrequencyshift.SimpleEMpassagesthroughamediumwillredshiftthewavelength.ThesimpleredshiftofasettingSunconfirmsthis.Uponinterruptionbyanaspectofthatmedium,anewsignalisgenerated.Partofthesignalwouldraisethetemperaturewhateverparticleofthemediumitcollidedwith–generatinganothersignal,butatlowerfrequencybecauseofenergyabsorption.Sothequestionthenbecomes,istheinter-GalacticspacebetweentheEarthandtheGN-z11objectanabsolutevacuum?

8

4.0EMabsorptionbyInter-GalacticGases/Matter

ThereishardevidenceoftheexistenceofDarkMatterthroughoutourreality–theevidencebeingEMfrequencyshiftsdownward.Thematterabsorbstheradiationandincreasetheirmolecular/atomiclevelvelocityemittingnewphotons;photonswithatinyreductionintheirintensityandfrequency.Additionally,intergalacticspatialMattermaycontributetoRedShiftobservedininter-Galacticdistances,byafactorinnumeroustechnicalandnon-technicalpublications.AsummaryofthosepublicationsismadeintheNASAsite:“NASA'sHubbleConfirmsThatGalaxiesAretheUltimateRecyclers”[11]:Astronomersbelievethatthecolorandshapeofagalaxyislargelycontrolledbygasflowingthroughanextendedhaloaroundit.Theabovearticleeffectivelyarguesagainstinter-galacticspacebeingasimpleandabsolutevacuum.AninevitableconsequenceofanyEMsignalpassingthroughdispersegasisthefrequencyshiftbecauseofsignaltransmissionthroughanymedium.ItisunreasonabletosuggestthatthemassofGalactic||Sub-Galactic[G|SG]dispersemattersimplyendsatthe“Halos”surroundingthem.TheHubbletelescopeproduceda“haloofgasisshownwitharadiusofabout300,000LY,althoughitmayextendsignificantlyfurther”[12]–significantlyfurtherthantheonethatisreasonedtosurroundtheMW.TherewouldalsobeamuchmoredisperseoverwhelminglyHydrogengasCosmosphereuniversally.Animaginary“Ether”substanceisnotneeded.ThegravityofG|SGobjectswouldneverbestrongenoughordirectenoughforpermanentcaptureofallofthatCosmosphere.Thereisatitanicvariationinthemassandbreadthinallcosmicobjects.Thereisuniversalvariationintherate&vectorsofthemovementofthoseobjects.GrowthandevolutionofallStellar||StellargroupformationisanongoingprocessthroughouttheUniverse.Soeffectively,matteriseverywhere.Weonlyobservematterconcentratedenoughtosubstantiallygenerate,divertorreflect/absorbEMinasubstantialenoughfashiontobevisiblefromhundreds,thousands,ormillionsofParsecsaway.Itsdensitywillbedebatedendlessly.

Butitsexistencedeclaredasanabsolute.ItalsooffersadditionalcomponentstoCMB:simplebaryonmatterintheformofasuperheatedinterstellar||intergalacticgas,atatemperatureofamilliondegrees.Thegaspermeatestheupperatmosphereofourplanet,transferringitslowmagnitudeenergytoEarth’satmosphere.ThatmagnitudeandtheextremelylowfrequencyofthesignalwouldmeanstabilizingattheCMBvalue.Frequencydeclinewouldalsodiffract(acurrentlyincalculable)amount-amoredirectexplanationfortheBaryoncompositionoftheCMB.Amorereasonabledeductionfromcurrentobservationsthaninventionofdarkenergyfromevidencemillions/billionsofLY/pcawayexists.ThecollectiveEMradiationfromtheentireUniversewouldbeextremelydispersed.Itwouldbethesimpleradiationfromthe3Kmatter/Cosmosphere,inanenvironmentjustshortofthevacuumabsolute.SoitisarguedthattheCMBisnotaleftoverfromtheBigBangbutasimpledemonstrationofthe“temperature”ofourreality.Darkmaterisnotaconfirmedphenomenon.Dr.ChristianCordasuggestsanalternate:

Inthisdifferentcontext,wearenotrequiredtofindcandidatesfordarkenergyanddarkmatter—whichtillnowhavenotbeenfound—butonlythe“observed”ingredients,whicharecurvatureandbaryonmatter,havetobetakenintoaccount.[13]

RadiationfromtheentireCosmostravelsthroughtheextremelydisperseCosmosphereofourLocalUniverse.Aseachphotoncollideswithindividualmatterparticlesofallsizes,havingtheeffectofincreasingparticlevelocity–newPhotonsemergingatlesserfrequencyandintensity.Thecollectiveactionofallfreeparticlesinagivendensitywouldleadtoarelativelysmoothradiation–aradiationleveldeterminedbycollectiveEMsourcessurroundinganypoint.ObservedCMBlevelisforourlimitedimmediateSpace||Timeregion.Itisunreasonabletoassertthatleveltoallofreality,becauseofamoderatelyhomogenouslevelfromaninfinitesimalviewingpointinourLocalUniverse(ourplanet;Solarsystem).Aninter-galacticCosmospherewouldhavetheeffectofputtingatiny

9

redshiftontheparentsignal.Ataparticularlytinyquantumlevelforeachexchange,buttheeffectwouldaccumulateattheParsec,the

10

Mega-Parseclevel.ThecurrentvaluefortheCMBwasreportedinTheAstrophysicalJournal:

TheFIRASdataareindependentlyrecalibratedusingtheWMAPdatatoobtainaCMBtemperatureof2.7260+/-0.0013.Measurementsofthetemperatureofthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundarereviewed.Thedeterminationfromthemeasurementsfromtheliteratureiscosmicmicrowavebackgroundtemperatureof2.72548+/-0.00057K[14].

Therewasadditionalevidenceforthissuppositionrecently:“TheBoomerangNebula:TheColdestRegionoftheUniverse?”[15].TheNebulawasobservedtobewithinacosmologicallycrisponedegreeKelvin.Whiletheexpansionofthegaswouldcoolit,itwouldalsogreatlyexpanditsexposuretotheCMB.Thenebulaispresumedtobeatapre-planetarystage.SothecentrepointoftheNebulawouldbeitsdensestandwarmestpartofthebody.Therewouldalsobethecontinualinputofthecoreitself.Itisnotagasexpansionhappeningincarefullystructuredandblockedcoolingpipes;itishappeninginanareasurroundedbyEMradiationfrombothwithinandwithout.ThereisalsothesimpletemperaturemaintenancestructurethattheCMBrepresents.IftheCMBistheUniversalphenomenonitistoutedtobe,theBoomerangNebulacouldneverdescendtoitspresenttemperature.Itwouldcooltothepointwhereitwasthesametemperatureasthesurroundingenvironment.ItisarguablethattheCMBisnotofagreatenoughmagnitudeto“re-heat”anycooledobject.Itisisunreasonabletosupposethatanymassofmatterwouldlosemoreenergyasitcompressedsuchthatitstemperaturewouldfallbelowtheambienttemperaturearoundit.Objectsheatupastheycompress–ifthatfundamentalisdenied,thenalmostalltheoryofstellar/Galacticformationwouldhavetobedismissed.Aparallel,veryalternateproposaltothisexplanationwasmadeinapapercalledAnExplanationfortheHubbleConstantinaStaticUniverse[16].Itdoesaccepttheredshiftthroughmatterclouddiffraction,thoughitlimitsthenatureofthephenomenontobepureelectronclouds,aphenomenonneverdocumentedinourreality.ThereisalsoanotherpaperinwhichittheHydrogenspectrumtotheCMBiscitedasevidenceforthemattercloudtobeprincipallythatelement[17]thatwouldinvalidatethatexplanation.AnothershortcomingtocurrenttheoryisthatwecannotdeclareabsolutelythattheCMBisthesamethroughoutourreality–itwasfirstdiscoveredbyArnoPenziasandRobertWilsoninJuneof1963[18].Declaringaphenomenonfrom53yearsofobservationfromaspherewiththesamevalueLYradiusasanabsolutedeclarationfortheconditionoftheUniverseisinvalid.OurLocalUniversehasdimensionsthatareonascaleofbillionsofyears/LY’ssodataisincompleteforascientificdeclarationofitsvalidity.

11

5.0InconsistentGalacticVelocities

Anotherargumentcanbemade:theAndromedaGalaxy[M31]iscurrentlyestimatedtobe7.8500~00E2kiloparsec(7.8500~00E-1Mpc[

M31Mpc ]or2.5600~00E6LY[M31LY ])[19]away.Calculating

withtheHubbleConstant[H0 ]recessionvelocityofM31[M31Recess_v ]shouldbe:

M31Recess_v = M31Mpc * H0 [17]

M31Recess_v = 7.8500~00E−1Mpc * 6.77700~00E+1kps/Mpc M31Recess_v = 5.3199450000E1kps M31’siscurrentmeasuredvelocity,301±1km/s[20][M31v ],istowardstheMW.ThetwobodiesmayhavebeenseparatingintheearlymomentsoftheUniverse.ButthemassofM31isthoughttoequivalenttothatoftheMW,1.0E12SolarMasses[MWSolar_Masses ].ThemassoftheSun[SunMass ]isestimatedtobe1.0E30kg[21].SobothGalaxiesmassapproximately: MWMass = SunMass * MWSolar_Masses [18]

MWMass = 1.0E30 * 1.0E12 MWMass = 1.0E42kg ThedistanceofM31is2.56E6LY[M31Dist _LY ],sothedistanceinmetresbetweenM31andMW: M31Dist _m = LYDist * M31LY [19]

M31Dist _m = 9.4607304726E+15m/LY * 2.5600~00E+6LY M31Dist _m = 2.4219470010E22m

TheEscapevelocitybetweenthetwobodies:

MWEsc_v = = (2* G *MWMass /M31Dist _m)0.5 [20]

MWEsc_v = (2* 6.67384E−11*1.0E36kg /2.42194E22m)0.5

MWEsc_v = 1.17056E5m/s -Andtheproportionoftheactualvelocity[PropEsc_v ]toescapevelocitywouldbe PropEsc_v = M31v /MWEsc_v [21]

PropEsc_v =2.57142E0m/s PropEsc_v =2.57142E0m/s SoM31isapproachingtheMWatmorethan2½timestheirmutualescapevelocity,inanexpandingUniverse.Theescapevelocitywouldbelessthantheabove.Theescapeequationusesthedistancebetweenbothobjectscentreofgravity.Butbothobjectsaresodisperse,thatthecentreofgravityisadebatableissue.Theaboveistheabsolutemaximumescapevelocity;theymaybemutuallyapproachingatagreater

12

proportion.IsthatnotanotherargumentforfrequencydecaybecauseoftheLocalUniverseCosmosphereasanexplanationasopposedtoaHubbleReality?M31issimplymovingtowardsusatavelocitytoohightobeovercomebyCosmospherefrequencyshift.ThispaperwillnotspeculateastothetrueageoftheUniverse.Laterpaperswillexaminethatage.ButaminimumagefortheUniversecanbeproposed.ThefirstquestioniswhendidthedensityoftheUniversereachthepointwhereahyper-lightvelocityisnolongerreasonable.Thatpointisneitherincurrenttheoryoravailablefromtheobjectionsmadeinthispaper.ButletusproposethatthereasonthattheM31bodyisapproachingusandnotrecedingisthatitrestsatthelimitofhowfartherecouldbespontaneousexpansion.Sowhatwouldthedensityofahomogenousspherewithcontainingtheentireassumedmatter/energymassoftheUniverse–aspherewitharadiusequaltothedistancebetweentheMWandM31.BecauseM31isapproachingtheMWnow,itwouldhavebeenfartherawayatthetime.Thebelowisonlyatheoretictooltoreasonthevalidity/invalidityoftheBigBangconjecture.Thevolumeofsuchasphere[

MW||M31Sphere_Vol ]wouldbe:

MW||M31Sphere_Vol = 4/3* 3.14159* M31Dist _m( )3 [22]

MW||M31Sphere_Vol = 4/3* 3.14159* 2.4219470010E22m( )3

MW||M31Sphere_Vol = 2.83761E67m

3 SothedensityofsuchaspherewouldthenbetheMassoftheUniverse(UniverseMass)dividedbythevolumeoftheSphere.

MW||M31Sphere_Density = UnivMass / MW_M31Sphere_Vol [23]

MW||M31Sphere_Density = 1.10000E+53kg / 2.83761E67m

3

MW||M31Sphere_Density = 3.52409E−15kg /m

3

Anditsgravitationalforce[GF]

MW||M31Sphere_GF = G * MassUniverse / M31Distance_Metres( )2 [24]

MW||M31Sphere_GF = 6.67384E−11m

3/ kg *s2⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟ * 1.10000E+53kg/ 2.421947E22m( )2

MW||M31Sphere_GF = 1.864088E−3m/s

2 Totheorizethataspherewithadensityof3.52409E-15kg/m3andaGravityof1.864088E-3m/s2wouldbesufficienttoforceHyper-EMvelocityexpansionoftheUniverseisnotvalidlogic.Presumeittook3.8BillionyearsfortheMW||M31grouptoform.Alsopresumingtheaveragevelocitytobeone-halfwhatitisnow–tocalculatearithmeticallywouldbepossible,butthatwouldrequireknowledgeofthedistortingeffectsofallsecondary,tertiary,quaternary,et.al.bodiesintheMW||M31Cluster.ThepositionofM31withrelationtoMWwouldnotbeitscurrentpositionnow,butthedistanceithastravelledinthepast10Billionyears.“Escapevelocity”isnotthemaximumvelocitythatcouldbeimposedonanapproachingobject.Escapevelocityiswherethekineticenergyofanobjectwereitlaunchedisequaltothepotentialenergyofanobjectwereitataninfinitedistance–thedefinitionpresumesthattheendvelocitytobezero.Aprojectileobjectmovingatwellbeyondescapevelocitywillstillhaveitsoutwardvelocity

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lessenedbygravity.ButitsoutwardvelocitywouldnotbeParabolic;itwouldbeHyperbolic–neverdecreasingtozero.Inparallel,thevelocityofprojectileobjectapproachingagravitationalbodywouldbedeterminedbyitsapproachingvelocityaswellasthevelocityimposedbythegravityoftheobject.Gravitationalaccelerationwouldnotceaseuntiltheapproachingbodyreached|c|;somethingimpossibleinourreality.Theinterferinggravitationaleffectoftheotherbodiesinourlocalgroupmakesatruemathematicreasoningfortheaverageapproachspeedimpossible.Wealsocannotknowthefullvectorsoftheapproachvelocity;weonlyobservethevectordirectlyaimedatourobservationpoint.Sosimplifythedeductionandjustsupposetheinitialapproachingvelocity(

M31Avg _Approach_V )washalfwhatis

observednow.

M31Avg _Approach_V = M31v /2 [25]

M31Avg _Approach_V = 3.0100E5m/s( )/2

M31Avg _Approach_V = 1.50500E5m/s

ThedistanceofM31tenBillionyearsago[M31_Dist1.0E9_Years ]wouldbethatvelocitydistanceaddedtoitscurrentone:

M31_Dist1.0E9_Years = M31Dist _m + 1.0E7 * YearSec *M31Avg _Approach_V( )

[26]

M31_Dist1.0E9_Years = 2.42194E22m+ 1.0E7 * 3.15576E7s/yr*1.50500E5m/s( ) M31_Dist1.0E9_Years = 6.64156E22m

Thatsamedistanceinlightyears M31_Dist _LY1.0E9_Years = M31_Dist1.0E9_Years / LY [27]

M31_Dist _LY1.0E9_Years = 6.64156E22m /(9.46073E+15m/LY) M31_Dist _LY1.0E9_Years = 7.02014E6LY

AGalaxyatapproximatelythatdistance:NGC300.Itsdistancenowis6.85E+6LY[NGC_300Dist _ LY ]||2.1Mpc[22].Itsredshiftiswhatitwouldbeforanobjectmovingat1.45E5m/s.ThatvelocityislessthanhalfofM31,butinanabsolutelyoppositevector.Thatwouldmeanthat10Billionyearsago,M31wasattheapproximatedistanceofNGC300.ThedistanceofNGC300inmetresnowis NGC_300Dist _m = NGC_300Dist _ LY *LY [28]

NGC_300Dist _ m = (6.85E+6LY) * (9.46073E+15m/LY) NGC_300Dist _ m = 6.47997E22m

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AccordingtotheprincipleoftheHubbleconstant,wewillpresumethecurrentvelocityofNGC300velocityisabovewhatitwas10Billionyearsago–sopresumeitsaveragevelocity[

NGC_300Avg _Recession_v ]since

thenwasonly0.5that:7.25E4m/s.Itsdistancethenwouldbeitscurrentdistancelessitsmovementoutward[NGC_300Dist _10_Billion_Ago ]sincethen:

NGC_300Dist _10_Billion_Ago =NGC_300Dist _ m – 1.0E10yr * 3.15576E7s/yr*7.25000E4m/s( ) [29]

NGC_300Dist _10_Billion_Ago =NGC_300Dist _ m – 1.0E10yr * 3.15576E7s/yr*7.25000E4m/s( )

NGC_300Dist _10_Billion_Ago = 6.479967E22m− 2.28793E22m

NGC_300Dist _10_Billion_Ago = 4.19204E22m

ThatdistanceinLightYears:

NGC_300Dist _10_Billion_Ago_LY = NGC_300Distance_10_Billion_Years_Ago /LY [30]

NGC_300Dist _10_Billion_Ago_LY = 4.19204E22m /(9.46073E+15m/LY)

NGC_300Dist _10_Billion_Ago_LY = 4.43099E6LY

Socurrenttheoryapproximatesthat10billionyearsagoNGC300was4.43099E6LYawayandM31was7.02014E6LY.InthattimethetwoofthemhavemovedmillionsofLYinoppositedirections.DoesthisnotdemonstrateirretrievablythattheHubbleConstant||UniverseExpansionisamorecomplexissuethansimplerecessionvelocityasaratioofdistance.IsfrequencydecaythroughEMabsorptionbyfree,extremelydispersegaseousmatteravalidalternatetoatheorythathasabsolutelyconflictingdataitemsinitshypothesis?

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6.0Summary

ThediscoveryoftheHubbleConstant||H0 wasfirstmadebyGeorgesLemaîtrein1927andconfirmedbyEdwinHubblein1929.IthasbeentakenbysomeinSciencesinceasincontestableevidenceoftheinitialdetonationofallourreality,labeledtheBigBang.Averyabsolutemajoritycurrentlyacceptsthatun-contestabilitynow,butthatdoesnotincreaseitsvalidityinlogic.TheprincipleevidencegivenforthesuppositionisthattheRedShiftthatformsthebaseforthatconstantcouldonlycomeaboutthroughincreasingvelocityasthebody’sseparationfromtheEarthincreases.Therearestrongargumentsagainstthisproposal.TheprincipleonewouldbethattheexpansiontheUniversewouldthenhaveproceededforahyper-Bosonvelocityforitsentirelifetime.ThatwouldnotleadtoaformthatwasthedimensionsandnatureofourUniverse.AvalidalternateexplanationwouldbeaRedshiftbroughtaboutwiththeabsorption/re-emissionbyinter-galacticdarkmatterlesseningtheEMfrequencyatarateof7.32924E-27/m.Additionalargumentsarereasonedforthisevidenceinfollowingpapers,withequationsderiveddirectlyfromtheClassicRelativityEquations.Thefundamentalpointinthisentirepapercanbeexpressedverysimply:whichisthemostreasonablesupposition?TheUniverseisnotaperfectvacuum–establishedinmanystudies.TheinterferenceofanextremedisperseCosmosphereofgaseousmatterdiffractsandredshiftsallEMradiationenteringintoit.Itwouldbeatsuchaslowratebecauseofthediffusenessofthegas.TheRedshiftwouldmakeitappearthefartheranobjectit,thegreatertherateofrecession.Alternately,currenttheorymaintainsaUniverselevelmassofmatter/energy13.8Billionyearsagospontaneouslyexploded.Thatmassexpandedatanaverage20timesthespeedoflightbutunderdispersionatthatpacewasspontaneouslyabletoformstellar/cluster/Galacticmatterobjects?ThisalternatesuppositiongainsadditionalargumentfromthefactthatbycurrentHubbletheory,theM31GalaxyandtheNGC300Galaxyareatdistancesinconsistentwiththeirrecessionvelocity.

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