French Revolution of 1848

Irish Potato Famine had effects on food prices and caused unemployment.

Gov’t refused popular vote, that finally set off revolt in Paris, Feb. 1848.

Louis Napoleon elected as leader in Dec. 1848 and returned as authoritarian leader

Unifications of Unifications of

Italy and GermanyItaly and Germany

Europe in 1850 Europe in 1850 (Fragmented after (Fragmented after Revolutions)Revolutions)

Unification of ItalyUnification of Italy

Giuseppe Mazzini organized a nationalistic Giuseppe Mazzini organized a nationalistic group called Young Italy.group called Young Italy.

The Nationalists looked to The Nationalists looked to Piedmont-SardiniaPiedmont-Sardinia to unify Italy because it was the most powerful to unify Italy because it was the most powerful and largest of the Italian states.and largest of the Italian states.

King Victor Emmanuel II was the leader of King Victor Emmanuel II was the leader of Sardinia. He appointed Sardinia. He appointed Camillo di CavourCamillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister.as his Prime Minister.

Cavour Unites ItalyCavour Unites Italy Cavour made an Cavour made an

alliance with France alliance with France and soon provoked a and soon provoked a war with Austria. war with Austria. Austria was dispelled Austria was dispelled from Italy.from Italy.

Cavour then recruited Cavour then recruited a nationalist army a nationalist army called the called the Red ShirtsRed Shirts led by led by Giuseppe Giuseppe Garibaldi.Garibaldi.

Europe in 1860 after the defeat of Austria by France and Sardinia

Europe in 1861 after Garibaldi’s Red Shirts take over the Kingdom of Naples

Unification of GermanyUnification of Germany

In 1861 In 1861 Wilhelm IWilhelm I became the emperor became the emperor to the throne of Prussiato the throne of Prussia..

Wilhelm appointed the Junker Wilhelm appointed the Junker Otto von Otto von Bismarck.Bismarck.

Junker were members of Prussia’s Junker were members of Prussia’s wealthy land owners.wealthy land owners.

Bismarck took on the policy Bismarck took on the policy “Blood and “Blood and Iron”.Iron”.

Europe in 1865; After the defeat of Denmark by Prussia and Austria

Unification through WarUnification through War Bismarck picks a Bismarck picks a

fight with Austria-fight with Austria-Hungary over Hungary over territories in territories in Denmark in the Denmark in the Seven Weeks WarSeven Weeks War..

Then, in order to Then, in order to persuade southern persuade southern Catholic Germans to Catholic Germans to unify, he picked a unify, he picked a fight with France.fight with France.

Europe in 1867 After the defeat of Austria in the Seven Weeks’ War

Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War Causes:Causes: Bismarck altered the Ems telegram Bismarck altered the Ems telegram

between Wilhelm I and the French between Wilhelm I and the French Ambassador that insulted the French.Ambassador that insulted the French.

80,000 French forces were 80,000 French forces were surrounded including Napoleon III.surrounded including Napoleon III.

King Wilhelm I was crowned King Wilhelm I was crowned KaiserKaiser at at the Palace of Versailles. (Complete the Palace of Versailles. (Complete insult to France)insult to France)

The Franco-Prussian WarThe Franco-Prussian War

Europe in 1871 after the declaration of the German Empire

The Balance of Power shiftsThe Balance of Power shifts By 1871, By 1871, Great Britain and GermanyGreat Britain and Germany

were the two most powerful nations in were the two most powerful nations in Europe; both militarily and economically.Europe; both militarily and economically.

Political CartoonsPolitical Cartoons A French newspaper A French newspaper

portrayed Otto von portrayed Otto von Bismarck as gobbling Bismarck as gobbling up individuals.up individuals.

The knife represents The knife represents foreign policy through foreign policy through means of war.means of war.

The author portrays him The author portrays him moving very fast; don’t moving very fast; don’t get in his way, if you do get in his way, if you do then you are eaten up.then you are eaten up.

Europe from 1860-1914Europe from 1860-1914

Modernization of RussiaModernization of Russia

The defeat in the Crimean War left Russia The defeat in the Crimean War left Russia realizing how far they let themselves fall behind realizing how far they let themselves fall behind the Industrialized Nations of the West.the Industrialized Nations of the West.

The greatest reform for Russia was the The greatest reform for Russia was the freeing offreeing of the serfs in 1861 under Alexander IIthe serfs in 1861 under Alexander II (1855-1881) (1855-1881)

The Zemstvo was established; assembly that The Zemstvo was established; assembly that governed locally and were elected.governed locally and were elected.

Industrialization of RussiaIndustrialization of Russia

Alexander II

Industrialization came in the form of Industrialization came in the form of transportation; linking the vast country togethertransportation; linking the vast country together

The Revolution of 1905The Revolution of 1905

Peasants were feeling unrest from poverty and over Peasants were feeling unrest from poverty and over population and military was suffering losses in Russo-population and military was suffering losses in Russo-Japanese War.Japanese War.

Peasants and workers led by Father Gapon, were Peasants and workers led by Father Gapon, were staging a peaceful petition to the csar, when staging a peaceful petition to the csar, when guards open fired on them calling it Bloody Sundayguards open fired on them calling it Bloody Sunday

The October Manifesto formed the popular elected Duma The October Manifesto formed the popular elected Duma (Parliament).(Parliament).

Reform in GermanyReform in Germany

The elected Parliament known as the Reichstag The elected Parliament known as the Reichstag was formed along with political parties.was formed along with political parties.1873 saw financial crisis from cheap grain from 1873 saw financial crisis from cheap grain from abroad. Fixed this with higher tariffs on imported abroad. Fixed this with higher tariffs on imported food - protectionalismfood - protectionalism

Bismarck attempted to win the support of the Bismarck attempted to win the support of the working class; started social security, sick banks, working class; started social security, sick banks, accidental insurance, retirement benefits.accidental insurance, retirement benefits.

Modernization of FranceModernization of France

Trade Unions were legalized, free compulsory Trade Unions were legalized, free compulsory schools were available to both sexes, and schools were available to both sexes, and France started to forge an empire in AfricaFrance started to forge an empire in Africa

The Dreyfus affair split the country a part The Dreyfus affair split the country a part based on religion. (read docs)based on religion. (read docs)

The Gov’t separated itself from the church The Gov’t separated itself from the church completely after the Dreyfus affair.completely after the Dreyfus affair.

Modernization of Great BritainModernization of Great Britain

John Stuart Mill, philosopher, publishes John Stuart Mill, philosopher, publishes On On Liberty Liberty and addresses the problem of protecting and addresses the problem of protecting rights of individuals and minorities in mass rights of individuals and minorities in mass electoral participationelectoral participation

Modernization of Great BritainModernization of Great Britain

Reform Bill of 1884 gave the vote to almost Reform Bill of 1884 gave the vote to almost every adult male and in 1906 the People’s every adult male and in 1906 the People’s Budget came into effect.Budget came into effect.

With the help of David Lloyd George, the Liberal With the help of David Lloyd George, the Liberal Party raised taxes on the rich that helped pay Party raised taxes on the rich that helped pay for national health insurance, unemployment for national health insurance, unemployment benefits, and old aged pensions.benefits, and old aged pensions.

Modernization of Austro-HungaryModernization of Austro-Hungary

Ethnic Nationalism, and the defeat in the Ethnic Nationalism, and the defeat in the Austro-Prussian War weakened the emperor Austro-Prussian War weakened the emperor Francis Joseph and its empire.Francis Joseph and its empire.

Ethnic diversity strengthened by nationalism Ethnic diversity strengthened by nationalism weakened the vast multi-cultural empire of weakened the vast multi-cultural empire of Austro-HungaryAustro-Hungary

Peoples of Habsburg Empire in 1815

Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism

Jews throughout Europe were gradually gaining rights such as abolishing choice of occupations, place of residence, and property ownership

By 1871, one historian writes, “it was widely accepted in Central Europe that the gradual disappearance of anti-Jewish prejudice was inevitable”

Stock Market crash of 1873 caused vicious anti-Semitism. Blamed Jews for the crash and unemployment.

Central Europeans believed Jewish race was damaging German population; small shop keepers, extreme nationalists, office workers, professionals also resented Jews.

Theodor HerzlTheodor Herzl

Herzl was the founder of Herzl was the founder of modern Zionism; the modern Zionism; the creation of Jewish state. He creation of Jewish state. He believed the only way Jews believed the only way Jews could live without anit-could live without anit-semitism was to have their semitism was to have their own flag and be respected.own flag and be respected.

Nationalism in Judaism

Marxism and the Socialist MovementMarxism and the Socialist Movement

Socialism mainly appealed to working men and Socialism mainly appealed to working men and women in the factories.women in the factories.

Marx believed that “working men have no Marx believed that “working men have no country.”country.”

Marx formed the International Working Men’s Marx formed the International Working Men’s Association in which promoted socialism on a Association in which promoted socialism on a global scale. (May Day; May 1=Strike!)global scale. (May Day; May 1=Strike!)

The Socialist The Socialist MovementMovement

Workers wanted change but were not willing to Workers wanted change but were not willing to have a revolution for the socialist cause. WHY?have a revolution for the socialist cause. WHY?Germany led the way in the Political Socialist Germany led the way in the Political Socialist Party and revisionism; revise Marxian doctrine Party and revisionism; revise Marxian doctrine and ideas to the realities of the time.and ideas to the realities of the time.

Edward Berstein wrote Edward Berstein wrote Evolutionary SocialismEvolutionary Socialism; ; outlines try for more progressive change outlines try for more progressive change through unions, economic development, and through unions, economic development, and legislation legislation