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TM

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he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobileGT, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony

are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack,

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of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property

of their respective owners. © 2011 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

June 2011

TM

Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, the Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobileGT, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore

and Symphony are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack, ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a

Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMARTMOS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2011 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

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• Motivation for an Intelligent Battery Sensor

• Introduction to MM912J637 Intelligent Battery Sensor

• Competitive Advantages of MM912J637

• Summary

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Freescale reserves the right to change or discontinue this product without notice.

What is the most probable reason for this stop in the middle of the desert?

• Most probably a

battery failure !!

• Battery field failure rates are ranging from 1000 to

>10000 ppm for Batteries older than 3 years!

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Freescale is solving this problem with the MM912J637 Intelligent Battery Sensor !

• Provides early warning of battery discharge!

• Helps avoid battery failures in the field!

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• Enables power supply management / Power network stabilization

• Enables intelligent alternator control

• Enables regenerative breaking

• Provides early warning of battery discharge & avoids of battery field failures

• Enables start/stop automatic/crankability prediction

• Determines current availability for critical systems and conditions

Stringent

emission &

fuel

consumption

requirements

Decrease

engine

idle speed

Increase of

alternator

efficiency

Sophistication

of vehicle

electronics

functions

Idle

speed

control

Altenator

voltage

control

Source: Own Slide based on Internet research

Increase of

current

demand

Increasing no.

of consumers

in the car

Load

regu-lati

on

Battery

charge

Energy

Management

Battery Management System (BMS)

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• Battery Management System (BMS)

− Provides Battery State

State of Charge (SoC)

State of Health (SoH)

State of Function (SoF)

• Body Control Module (BCM)

− Controls generator

− Controls power distribution

• DC/DC

− Ensures seamless operation of consumers in the car in case of cranking event

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• Both Intelligent Battery Sensor and

precision Shunt Resistor are physically

integrated within the terminal recess of the

battery

• Main Functions:

1. Precision Measurements

Battery current measurement via an

external shunt resistor at the negative pole

of the battery

Battery voltage measurement via a series

resistor at the positive pole, measured

concurrently with the battery current

The integrated temperature sensor

combined with battery mounting allows

accurate battery temperature

measurement

2. Calculation of battery state

(SoC, SoH, SoF) with embedded MCU

3. Communication to BCM with

integrated LIN interface

MM912J637

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• Battery voltage measurement

• Battery current measurement in up to 8 ranges

• On chip temperature measurement

• Normal and two low-power modes

• Current threshold detection and current averaging in

standby => wake-up from low-power mode

• Triggered wake-up from LIN and periodic wake-up

• Signal low pass filtering (current, voltage)

• PGA (programmable low-noise gain amplifier) with

automatic gain control feature

• Accurate internal oscillator (an external quartz oscillator

may be used for extended accuracy)

• Communication via a LIN 2.1, LIN2.0 bus interface

• S12 microcontroller with 128 kByte flash, 6.0 kByte RAM,

4.0 kByte data flash

• Background debug module

• External temperature sensor option (TSUP, VTEMP)

• Optional 2nd external voltage sense input (VOPT)

• 4 x 5.0 V GPIO including one Wake-up capable high

voltage input (PTB3/L0)

• 8 x MCU general purpose I/O including SPI functionality

• Industry standard EMC and ESD compliance

PA0/MISO

RESET_A

RESET

VDDH

VDDD2D

VSSD2D

LIN

ISENSEL

5V digital I/O

LGND

ISENSEH

DGND

PTB1

PTB2

- 5V GPI/O shared

with TIMER, SCI

and LIN

- PTB3 High

Voltage WAKE

capable

LIN interface

PTB0

PA1/MOSI

PA2/SCK

PA3/SS

PA4

PA5

BKGD/MODC

PTE0/EXTAL

PTE1/XTAL

VDDX

VDDRX

VSSRX

5V Supply

Reset

Debug and

external

Oscillator

VSENSE

TESTTEST_A

TCLK

2.5V Supply

Digital

Ground

VDDA

AGNDADC Supply

MCU Test

VSUP

Chassis

Ground

Shunt

Battery

Negative Pole

Battery

Plus Pole

Current Sense

Module

Voltage Sense

Module

Power Supply

Internal

Temp

Sense

ModuleVOPT

VDDLVTEMP

Optional Temp Sense

Input & Supply

ADCGND

TSUP

PTB3 / L0

Analog Test

PA6

PA7

Substrate GNDsGNDSUB4

(optional)

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•Normal Mode

— All device modules active

— MCU fully supplied, D2DCLK active analog die clock source

— Window Watchdog clocked by the Low Power Oscillator

(LPCLK) to operate on independent clock

• Stop Mode

— MCU in low power mode, MCU-Regulator Supply reduced

current capability, D2D interface supply disabled (VDDH=OFF)

— Unused Analog Blocks disabled

— Watchdogs = OFF

— Optional : The following wake-ups: LIN, Calibration Request,

Cyclic, External , Current Threshold, Lifetime Counter

— Optional: Current Measurmnt / Current Avg and Temp

Measurmnt

• Sleep Mode

— MCU powered down (VDDH and VDDX = OFF)

— Unused Analog Blocks disabled

— Watchdogs = OFF

— Optional : The following wake-ups: LIN, Calibration Request,

Cyclic, External , Current Threshold, Lifetime Counter

— Optional: Current / Current Avg and Temp Measurmnt

• Intermediate Mode Every transition from Stop or Sleep into

normal mode will go through an controllable Mode

• Reset Mode Every reset source within the analog die will bring

the system into RESET state

• Power On Reset Mode For both low voltage thresholds are

defined to indicate a loss of internal state.

• Cranking Mode Special Mode implemented to guarantee the

RAM content being valid though very low power conditions.

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Same V and I channel structures allow sysnchronization between voltage and current measurment

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• 14

Feature Summary:

− Dedicated 16 Bit Sigma Delta (ΣΔ) ADC

− Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA) with 8 programmable gain factors

− Gain Control Block (GCB) for automatic gain adjustment

− Simultaneous sampling with voltage channel

− Gain and offset compensation

− Optional chopper mode with moving average

− SINC3 + IIR stage

− Programmable Low Pass Filter (LPF), configuration shared with voltage measurement channel

− Shunt open detect sensing feature

− Triggered sampling during low power mode with programmable wake up conditions

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Feature Summary:

− Dedicated 16 Bit Sigma Delta (ΣΔ) ADC

− Fixed high precision divider

− Optional external voltage input “VOPT”

− Simultaneous sampling with current channel

− Gain and offset compensation

− Optional chopper mode with moving average

− SINC3 + IIR Stage

− Programmable Low Pass Filter (LPF), configuration shared with current measurement channel

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Feature Summary:

− Internal on chip temperature sensor

− Optional external temperature sensor input (VTEMP)

− Dedicated 16-bit Sigma Delta ADC

− Programmable gain and offset compensation

− Optional external sensor supply (TSUP) with selectable capacitor

− Optional measurement during low power mode to trigger recalibration

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• Cyclic current acquisition / calibration

temperature check

Three wake-up conditions are implemented.

− Current threshold wake-up

− Current amp hour threshold wake-up

− Calibration request wake-up

• Timed wake-up

Programmable wake up timer with integrated

4-channel timer module available during both

low power modes

• Wake up from LIN

• Wake up on pin : PBT3/L0 with pin 0 to 1

transition (rising edge)

• Wake up on life time counter overflow

The life time counter can be configured to run

during low power mode, Once the counter

overflows with the life time counter wake up

enabled, a wake up is issued.

• General wake up indicator

To indicate the system has been woken up

after power up,

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A highly integrated single-package

solution can reduced the number of

components on the bill of materials

QFN package with wettable flank

technology enables optical inspection

instead of more expensive x-ray

inspection

High Integration/ Advanced Packaging

May enable significant reduction

of effective application space

and provide a time-to-market

advantage

Differentiated Features

The MM912J637 provides high

accuracy measurements for

voltage (5mV), current (0.15% (5-

18V) and temperature (+/- 3K) over

a wide temperature range (-40°C to

+125°C) at a low power

consumption

The unique auto gain function

allows fast measurement range

adjustment

Assists customers to reduce

BMS SW complexity and

current consumption

Automotive Robustness

The MM912J637 IBS is designed to

meet highest automotive robustness

standards for ESD, EMC and zero

defect quality levels

It is fully AEC-Q100 automotive

qualified for operation from -40°C to

+125°C

It provides Automotive graded test

limits (six sigma limits on tested

parameters)

May provide a cost advantage

as well as a allow customers the

ability to differentiate their

products

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Item Main Competitor MM912J637

Die to Die

communication

Unreliable die to die communication btw/

MCU and analog chip

Secure D2D interface (incl. CRC, etc)

Internal Temperature

Sensor

“After user calibration”

Bad integrated temp sensor performance,

due to chip-on-chip implementation

Fully trimmed temp sensor

Good integrated temperature sensor

performance due to chip side-by-side

implementation

Current Measurments:

Handling of Current

Threshold Exceed:

IRQ for current threshold exceed (MCU

interrupt based-> slow) potentially

missing information at critical events

(cranking pulse)

Auto gain (HW based-> much faster,

no missing information in critical

situations (cranking pulse)

LPF No LPF, SW based filters, high current

consumption

16 coefficient programmable LPF

Current Measurement:

Best performance

Degraded offset in normal mode, MCU

clock dependent

No limitations in normal mode

Temp and Voltage

Channel Architecture

Multiplexer for temp and voltage (shared

compensation registers)

3 independent channels with

individual compensation registers

No. of Voltage Sense

inputs

No 2nd voltage sense input 2 multiplexed voltage sense inputs

Power Consmptn

:RUN Mode:

30mA max with ADC OFF 30mA (tested) with all features ON

Power Consmptn

:SLEEP Mode:

>175µA up to 40°C / 300µA up to 85°C 100µA max + cyclic till 125°C

Max Spec Ambient

Temp.:

Max spec ambient 115°C

Critical parameters limited btw -20 to 65 °C

Max spec ambient 125°C

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• Energy efficiency is very important for new

vehicles

− ECUs must be efficient in terms of power consumption

− Especially BMS needs to be efficient as it is always active

• Techniques to decrease power consumption

− Low power modes & sophisticated wake-up mechanisms

− Competive features targeted to reduce SW complexity

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• Low power mode

• Switch off HW blocks when they are not needed (e.g. CPU, I/O)

• Reduce speed of running blocks (e.g. ADC sampling freq)

• Application requirements during low power modes

• SoC tracking with coulomb counting

-> Autonomous current measurement and coulomb counting

• Ability to react (wake-up) on changes of battery- or vehicle state

-> Wake-up on current threshold (consumers are turned on/off)

-> Wake-up on temperature change (recalibration?, change of SoF?)

-> Wake-up on LIN message (from BCM)

-> Approximately 70% of time in low power mode

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• Moving SW tasks to HW blocks • Sample filtering

• Automatic filtering towards battery chemistry determined frequency range

• Programmable FIR filter (coefficients are passed via registers)

• Current channel• Automatic gain amplifier to best fit input signal towards ADC measurement

range (accuracy vs. measurement range)

• Automatic coulomb counting in low power mode

• Eased calibration• Correction values are stored during factory end-of-line testing

• No calculation in SW -> load from NVM and write into correction register

• Automatic recalibration sequence for measurement accuracy (e.g. auto zero)

• Guaranteed device parameters over lifetime -> Reduced/no observation of parameters necessary in SW

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Item Main Competitor MM912J637

Automotive Tested

Parameters

Footnote #1 on most parameters:

”These numbers are not

production tested but are

guaranteed by design and/or

characterization data at

producton release.”

Automotive graded test limits (six

sigma limits on tested parameters)

Temperature Sense

Parameter

“After user calibration” Fully trimmed temp sensor

Power Consumption: SLEEP

Mode

>175µA up to 40°C / 300µA up to

85°C

100µA max + cyclic till 125°C

ESD/EMC/Conformance ESD: All/LIN: 1/5kV

No LIN conformance

Need external components to

meet EMC and ESD

ESD: 2/4/15kV (All/HV/LIN),

LIN/J2602-2 car OEM conformance

tested

Passed ESD/EMC tests with no extra

components

Max Spec Ambient Temp: Max spec ambient 115° Max spec ambient 125°C

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Only if additional external

Temperature Sensor is used.Only if L0 is used as

external Wake-up pin.

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•Optical inspection capable through

wettable flanks / dimple leads

•No need of x-ray inspection, which could

be difficult through the shunt resistor

7x7 QFN 48ld

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Freescale reserves the right to change or discontinue this product without notice.• 27

• Allows small fotprint ECU layout

• Pinout optimized for low number signal

routing layers

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Primary Application: 12V Car Battery Monitoring

EVB Available

Shunt Resistor

Product Demonstrator Available

Battery Model

Determination of key battery characteristics:State of Health (SoH)State of Charge (SoC)State of Function (SoF)

MM912J637 – Key Characteristics

MCU S12 (16-bit)• Flash 128k • Data Flash 4k• RAM 6k

Mixed-Signal Chip• LIN Physical Layer (ESD 15kV w/o cap- 25kV w/ cap)• Watchdog• Standby Current <100µA (1sec Isense)• Operating Voltage 3.5..28V• RAM Contents Guaranteed :2.5...3.5V • 3x ADC (2nd Order Sigma Delta) 16bit• Current Measurement

• Relative Accuracy <0.5%• Absolute Accuracy <500nV

• Voltage Measurement • Relative Accuracy <1%• Absolute Accuracy <5mV

• Temperature Measurement • Relative Accuracy <2K• Absolute Accuracy <0.5K

Operating Temperature -40°C<Ta<125°C

Precision Measurementof Battery Current, Voltage& Temperature

requires

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Session materials will be posted @

www.freescale.com/FTFLook for announcements in the FTF Group

on LinkedIn or follow Freescale on Twitter

• MM912J637 is

− An embedded MCU + precision analog into a single device

− Highly integrated to allow BOM optimization

− Designed to reduce SW complexity and current consumption

compared to existing solutions

− AECQ-100 qualified, meeting automotive robustness and

zero defect quality levels

• Samples available

• EVBs available

• Product demonstrator available

http://www.freescale.com/FTF

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• Battery monitoring algorithms

• State-of-Charge (SoC)

• Definition

• SoC determination

• 1st method: Couloum counting method

• 2nd method: Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) method

• Combination of methods

• State-of-Health (SoH)

• SoH determination

• State-of-Function (SoF)

• SoF determination

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• Definition

• Fully charged battery: 100% SoC

• Fully discharged battery 0% SoC

• SoC changes with charging and discharging

Available

Capacity

Dischargable

Capacity

Better:

Nominal

Capacity

• Available capacity

• Often different from nominal capacity (labeled on battery)

• Not easy to determine

• Nominal capacity

• Known

• Exact amount of charge is known for each SoC

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• Coulomb counting (a.k.a. ampere hour balancing)

• Tracking charge and discharge current over time

• α ... Efficiency factor, dependency of available capacity on current level and temperature

• Fast detection of relative changes in the SoC

• Gets erroneous over time due to

• Changing battery condition (aging, self discharge)

• Measurement and quantization errors

-> Restart of integration and recalibration of Q(t0) as often as possible

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− Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) method

OCV: voltage between battery poles without consumers

Linear relationship between OCV and SoC

Due to chemical reactions, rest time of 30min – 4 hours required before measurement of OCV!

11.4

11.6

11.8

12

12.2

12.4

12.6

12.8

13

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

OC

V [

V]

SoC [%]

OCV vs. SoC

OCV

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Always active Vehicle is parked & OCV can be measured

Coulomb counting OCV method

Reset,

SoC

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− Definition

Intuitive: SoH decreases with raising age of the battery

− Problem

Various aging effects (sulfation, corrosion, etc.)

Very difficult to detect and quantify individually

− Solution

SoH expresses the degradation of available capacity over lifetime

Dischargable

Capacity

Available

Capacity

Dischargable Capacity

Available CapacityAging

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• At detected full charges, compare SoC and SoH

• Supporting method

• Weight charge/discharge cycles towards cycle stability given by battery manufacturer

Detected full charge

SoC = SoH

y SoH = SoC

n

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− Definition

Prediction if a specific function can be completed

Mostly: Prediction of cranking capability

• Cranking capability prediction can avoid vehicle break downs

• Dashboard warning light before car is parked

• Start-Stop is deactivated if SoF is low

BMS BCM

Low SoF

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− Analysis of most recent cranking pulses

− Calculation of inner resistance Ri

• SoF = f(Ri, SoC, Temp)

• Ri indicates coming battery failure by

• Significant rise

• Nonlinearity

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Cranking Voltage [V]

Voltage

-450

-400

-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

Cranking Current [A]

Current

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LIN 2.1 SAE J2602-2

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