History of Mechanism and Machine Science 31

Francesco SorgeGiuseppe Genchi Editors

Essays on the History of Mechanical Engineering

History of Mechanism and Machine Science

Volume 31

Series editor

Marco CeccarelliLARM: Laboratory of Robotics and MechatronicsDICeM; University of Cassino and South LatiumVia Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (Fr), Italyceccarelli@unicas.it

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Aims and Scope of the Series

This book series aims to establish a well defined forum for Monographs andProceedings on the History of Mechanism and Machine Science (MMS). The seriespublishes works that give an overview of the historical developments, from theearliest times up to and including the recent past, of MMS in all its technicalaspects.

This technical approach is an essential characteristic of the series. By discussingtechnical details and formulations and even reformulating those in terms of modernformalisms the possibility is created not only to track the historical technicaldevelopments but also to use past experiences in technical teaching and researchtoday. In order to do so, the emphasis must be on technical aspects rather than apurely historical focus, although the latter has its place too.

Furthermore, the series will consider the republication of out-of-print older workswith English translation and comments.

The book series is intended to collect technical views on historical developmentsof the broad field of MMS in a unique frame that can be seen in its totality as anEncyclopaedia of the History of MMS but with the additional purpose of archivingand teaching the History of MMS. Therefore the book series is intended not only forresearchers of the History of Engineering but also for professionals and studentswho are interested in obtaining a clear perspective of the past for their futuretechnical works. The books will be written in general by engineers but not only forengineers.

Prospective authors and editors can contact the series editor, Professor M.Ceccarelli, about future publications within the series at:

LARM: Laboratory of Robotics and MechatronicsDICeM; University of Cassino and South LatiumVia Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (Fr)Italyemail: ceccarelli@unicas.it

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7481

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Francesco Sorge • Giuseppe GenchiEditors

Essays on the Historyof Mechanical Engineering

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EditorsFrancesco SorgeChemical, Management, Informaticsand Mechanical Engineering

University of PalermoPalermoItaly

Giuseppe GenchiChemical, Management, Informaticsand Mechanical Engineering

University of PalermoPalermoItaly

ISSN 1875-3442 ISSN 1875-3426 (electronic)History of Mechanism and Machine ScienceISBN 978-3-319-22679-8 ISBN 978-3-319-22680-4 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-22680-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015951518

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein orfor any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media(www.springer.com)

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Contents

Part I Eminent Scientists of the Past

Lagrange as a Historian of Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Agamenon R.E. Oliveira

Giuseppe Antonio Borgnis and His Handbook of Machine Designs . . . . 15Marco Ceccarelli

Tribute to Reuleaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Roberto Bragastini

Elia Ovazza, Professor of TMM in Palermo Around the Endof the 19th Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Marco Ceccarelli, Francesco Sorge and Giuseppe Genchi

Academician K.V. Frolov at Bauman Moscow State TechnicalUniversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Olga Egorova and Gennady Timofeev

Part II History of Industrial Installations

Historical Watermills. Architectural, Mechanical and HydraulicHeritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Mario Centofanti, Stefano Brusaporci and Vittorio Lucchese

The Mill at the Orbetello Lagoon: Mechanismsand Hydraulic Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Emanuela Chiavoni

The Sulphur Mining Industry in Sicily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Vincenzo Ferrara

The History of Aircraft Manufacturing at the Braşov IAR Plant . . . . . . 131Horia Salcă and Dan Săvescu

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Science, Technology and Industry in Southern Italy Beforethe Unification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Cesare Rossi and Marco Ceccarelli

Medium Size Companies of Mechanical Industry in NorthernItaly During the Second Half of the 19th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Yibing Fang and Marco Ceccarelli

Part III History of Machinery and Transport

The Museum of Engines and Mechanisms. More Than a Centuryof History of Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Riccardo Monastero and Giuseppe Genchi

History of the Trains Used on the Spanish Railway LineMadrid–Almorox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Daniel Fernández Caballero, Víctor Rodríguez de la Cruz,Julián Martín Jarillo and Manuel Esperón Miguez

Airship—The American Dream by Quirico Filopanti, 1851 . . . . . . . . . . 241Pier Gabriele Molari

Part IV Human Inventiveness for Mechanical and Scientific Devices

Archimedes’ Screw in the Four Books “De Cochlea” by GuidoUbaldo del Monte [Santa Maria]—Venice—1615: The Engineeringand the Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Elena Magnini and Pier Gabriele Molari

On the Birth and Growth of Pendulum Clocks in the EarlyModern Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Francesco Sorge, Marco Cammalleri and Giuseppe Genchi

Machine Designs and Drawings in Renaissance Editionsof de Architectura by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Michela Cigola and Marco Ceccarelli

Trompes or Water Bellows. A Way of Producing Wind Throughthe Fall of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309Umberto Meneghetti

Determination of Torsional Stresses in Shafts: From PhysicalAnalogies to Mathematical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Augusto Ajovalasit, Vincenzo Nigrelli, Giuseppe Pitarresiand Gabriele Virzì Mariotti

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Part V Robots and Human-Driven Automata

The Automaton Nysa: Mechanism Design in Alexandriain the 3rd Century BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347Teun Koetsier and Hanfried Kerle

Hindu Temple Carts—Rathams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367J.S. Rao, Babaji Raja Bhonsle and Bigil Kumar

Robots: An Evolving Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Alberto Rovetta and Vincenzo Iannone

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Machine Designs and Drawingsin Renaissance Editions of de Architecturaby Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

Michela Cigola and Marco Ceccarelli

Abstract This paper is focused on machine designs of the Renaissance periodthrough drawings reproducing Vitruvius’s machines from Book X of his DeArchitectura. The editions by Fra’ Giovanni Giocondo in 1513, Cesare Cesariano in1521, and Daniele Barbaro in 1584 are used to analyze machine designs anddrawings, both as an interpretation of Roman machines and inspiration forRenaissance designs.

1 Vitruvius and His Work

Most of the Roman engineers have remained unknown, since the practice ofengineering at the time was not, in large part, made to be visible within the work’spaternity and its written publications. In addition, during the time of the RomanEmpire, the engineering practice was carried out mainly within state frames throughthe military corps, (Ceccarelli and De Paolis 2008). However, we do have evidenceof Roman mechanical Engineering, not only as a result of the very durableinfrastructures of Civil Engineering that required machines but also from technicalpublications that have reached us through republication and reconsideration sincethe Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Beside these few works, there are greatrecollections of personalities who contributed considerably to Roman Engineeringand its visibility through the centuries. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (Fig. 1) is one thoseRoman engineers (Cigola and Ceccarelli 2014).

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (80/70 B.C. circa—25 B.C.) is known as having beenan architect and engineer. Indeed, in the Antiquity and in the time up to the

M. CigolaDART, University of Cassino and South Latium, Cassino, Italye-mail: cigola@unicas.it

M. Ceccarelli (&)LARM, University of Cassino and South Latium, Cassino, Italye-mail: ceccarelli@nicas.it

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016F. Sorge and G. Genchi (eds.), Essays on the History of Mechanical Engineering,History of Mechanism and Machine Science 31,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-22680-4_17

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Cesariano’s scenario is of a Renaissance battle in which various implements ofwar (war cars, war hammers, catapults) are shown together with guns that did notexist at the time of Vitruvius. Thus, the mechanical designs and indicated solutionsare much more like those used in Cesariano’s time, although inspiration was clearlyachieved through an interpretation of the Vitruvius text.

Barbaro, for his part, chooses not to represent war machines, perhaps because ofhis religious position.

Fig. 12 War machines in Cesariano’s edition of 1521, p. CLXXVIII v

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3 Conclusions

In this chapter, machines of the Renaissance time are discussed through interpre-tations of the works by Vitruvius in Book X of his De Architectura, at the sametime demonstrating the high level of expertise Vitruvius displayed in machinedesign.

The above comparative analysis is mainly based on the graphical representationof machines that gives a direct view of the significant mechanical design ofVitruvius’s machines, but it also shows the considerable interpretation that theauthors of the time worked out as a result of their direct machine expertise and/orcurrent machine technology of their time.

References

Barbaro D (1584) I dieci libri dell’architettura di M. Vitruuio, tradotti, & commentati da monsig.Daniel Barbaro Patriarca d’Aquileia, da lui riueduti, & ampliati; et hora in più commoda formaridotti, Venezia

Ceccarelli M (2004) Evolution of TMM (theory of machines and mechanisms) to MMS (machineand mechanism science): an illustration survey. Keynote lecture, 11th IFToMM WorldCongress in mechanism and machine science, vol 1, pp 13–24, Tianjin, China

Ceccarelli M, De Paolis (2008) A brief account on Roman machines and cultural frames. In:Proceedings of HMM2008-the third IFToMM international symposium on history of machinesand mechanisms. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 83–100. ISBN 978-1-4020-9484-2

Cesariano C (1521) Di Lucio Vitruuio Pollione De architectura libri dece: traducti de latino invulgare, affigurati, comentati, & con mirando ordine insigniti: per il quale facilmente potraitrouare la multitudine de li abstrusi & reconditi vocabuli a li soi loci & in epsa tabula consummo studio expositi & enucleati ad immensa utilitate de ciascuno studioso & beniuolo diepsa opera, Como

Cigola M, Ceccarelli M (2014) Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (Second Half of the Ist Century B.C.). In:Distinguished figures in mechanism and machine science—part 3, history of mechanism andmachine science, vol 26, pp 307–344

Durantino Francesco Luci ML (1535) Vitrvuio Pollione Di architettura dal vero esemplare latinonella volgar lingua tradotto: e con le figure a suoi luoghi con mirãdo ordine insignito. Anchoracon la tauola alfabetica: nella quale facilmente si potra trouare la moltitudine de vocaboli a suoiluoghi cõ gran diligenza esposti: e dichiarati: mai piu da alcuno altro fin al presente stampato agrande vtilita di ciascuno studioso,Venezia

Fra’ Giocondo M (1511) Vitruvius per Iocundum solito castigatior factus cun figuris et tabula etiam legi et intelligi posuit, Venezia

Fra’ Giocondo M (1513) Vitruvius iterum et Frontinus a Iocundo revisi repurgatique quantum excollazione liquit, Hoc opus præcipua diligentia castigatum & cura summa excusum est Floretiæsumptibus Philippi de Giunta Florentini anno domini M.D.XIII. mense Octobri, Firenze

Galiani B (1790) L’architettura di Marco Vitruvio Pollione tradotta e comentata dal marcheseBernardo Galiani Accademico ercolanense, e architetto emerito dell’Accademia di S. Luca.Edizione seconda corredata degli stessi rami disegnati, e fatti incidere dal medesimo traduttore,Siena, Napoli

Perrault C (1675) Les dix livres d’architecture de Vitruve, corrigez et traduits nouvellemnt enfrancois, avec des notes & des figures, Paris

306 M. Cigola and M. Ceccarelli

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Ryff WH (1575) Zehen Bücher von der Architectur und künstlichem Bawen. Ein Schlüssel vndeinleytung aller Mathematischen vnnd Mechanischen Künst Scharpffsinniger fleissigernachtrachtung oder Speculation künstlicher Werck …; Alles mit schoenen künstlichenFiguren vnnd Antiquiteten vnd sonderlichen Commentarien … gezieret vnd erkleret, Basel

Viviani Q (1831–1832) L’ architettura di Vitruvio/tradotta in italiano da Quirico Viviani; illustratacon note critiche ed ampliata di aggiunte intorno ad ogni genere di costruzione antica emoderna con tavole in rame per opera del traduttore e dell’ingegnere architetto VincenzoTuzzi; voll. 7-8-9; Udine

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