fragments and run-ons identifying and correcting sentence errors chapter 8, pg 142

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FRAGMENTS FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142 Chapter 8, pg 142

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Page 1: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

FRAGMENTS FRAGMENTS AND RUN-AND RUN-ONSONS

Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors

Chapter 8, pg 142Chapter 8, pg 142

Page 2: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Correcting Fragments and Run-ons

(pg 142) This presentation explains the following

grammatical concepts: Clauses (dependent and independent) Sentences Fragments Run-Ons Semicolons and conjunctive adverbs

Page 3: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Clauses A clause is a group of words with a

subject and a verbSubject Verb

You stink.

Sally is talking.

Subject

Verb

I love grammar

Sally is talking loudly

Most clauses have further information after the verb

Page 4: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Two Types of Clauses (review Chpt 7) Independent clause (Main clause)

Can stand alone as a sentence Can be joined to another clause Fred filled a cardboard tube with

gunpowder. Dependent clause (Subordinate clause)

Cannot stand alone as a sentence Must be joined to an independent clause Because he wanted to make his own

firecrackers.

A word that joins clauses is a conjunction

Page 5: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Joining Clauses A dependent clause can be joined to

an independent clause to make a sentence Fred filled a cardboard tube with

gunpowder because he wanted to make his own firecrackers.

Or Because he wanted to make his own

firecrackers, Fred filled a cardboard tube with gunpowder.

When the sentence starts with the dependent clause, it must have a comma before the independent clause

Page 6: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Fragments (pg 142)

A fragment is a piece of a sentence. We learned last time that a fragment can

be missing a verb, missing a subject, or just not expressing a complete thought. Could be a phrase

I sat down. In the school bus. Howard, the school bully, came and sat down beside me.

Could be a dependent clauseAs I sat down. Howard, the school bully, came and sat beside me.

Could be a combination of phrases and clausesOne Friday afternoon, as I sat in the school bus that was filled with screaming kids.

Page 7: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Fragments Fragments look like sentences but are

missing a subject or a verb, or they are put together incorrectly.

Fragment Error

Told everyone to get out of the way.

No subject

Disposable lighter in his hand.

No verb

Before he lit the fuse. A dependent clause by itself

Page 8: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Correcting Fragments

Subjects or verbs can be addedHoward Crane the shortest kid in my entire seventh grade. Howard Crane was the shortest kid in my entire seventh grade.

Fragments can be joined togetherAt the bus stop. While I was not looking. Someone took my bookbag.At the bus stop, while I was not looking, someone took my bookbag.

Page 9: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Run-ons (Pg 146)

Run-ons are independent clauses that have been combined incorrectly.

There are several types: The AND run-on The Fused run-on The comma splice

We will be going into detail on each one

Page 10: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

The and run on

The AND run-on: two or more relatively long independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction without any punctuation.

I met Charlyce in a yoga class a the YWCA

and we liked each other immediately and we soon became friends and we often hang out at each other’s houses.

Page 11: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

The Fused run on (pg 138)

The Fused run-on : two or more independent clauses run together without any punctuation.

I met Charlyce in a yoga class at the YWCA we soon became friends.

Page 12: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

The comma splice run-on

The comma splice : two or more independent clauses run together with only a comma.

I met Charlyce in a yoga class at the YWCA, we soon became friends.

Sounds right? It is actually two separate independent ideas/clauses. We COULD add a ; (semicolon) to make it correct, or we could separate into two sentences.

Page 13: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Run-ons Run-ons (fused sentences) occur

when clauses are joined incorrectly. Identify what kind of run-on these

are!He didn’t throw the firecracker, he placed it between his legs, he wanted to put the lighter away first.

Comma

splice

Fused

The fuse burned too quickly before he could throw it the explosive blew up between his legs.

Page 14: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Four Ways to Correct Run-ons (pg. 146)

1. Join the clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction

And, or, but, so, yet He wanted to put the lighter

away first, so Fred placed the firecracker between his legs, and he didn’t throw it.

Page 15: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Four Ways to Correct Run-ons

2. Join the clauses with a subordinating conjunction

Because, although, if, when, since, after

Because the fuse burned too quickly before he could throw it, the explosive blew up between his legs.

Page 16: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Four Ways to Correct Run-ons

3. Make the clauses into separate sentences

X Fred fell down screaming when the smoke cleared we all expected to see a bloody mess.

Fred fell down screaming. The smoke cleared. We all expected to see a bloody mess.

Fred fell down screaming. When the smoke cleared, we all expected to see a bloody mess.

Page 17: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Four Ways to Correct Run-ons4. Join two independent clauses

with a semicolon (;)if they are closely related.

You may include a conjunctive adverb along with the semicolon:

however, for example, therefore, moreover, indeed, consequently

X Fred hadn’t taped the tube properly and most of the force was released out the ends of the tube the explosion did direct some pressure against his groin.

Fred hadn’t taped the tube well and most of the force was released out the ends of the tube; however, the explosion did direct some pressure against his groin.

Notice how the sentence is punctuated

Page 18: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Practice – Mastery Test 1, pg 149

Grab yourself a partner Identify each sentence in the paragraph

as Sentence (S), Fragment (F), or Run-on (R).

Re-write the paragraph, correcting the incorrect sentences (pg 150).

Page 19: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Correct the following

1. Fred managed to make it home and change his clothes, and he told his parents he fell off his bicycle, he avoided punishment for playing with explosives.

Fred managed to make it home and change his clothes. He told his parents he fell off his bicycle, thus avoiding punishment for playing with explosives.

Fred managed to make it home. He changed his clothes and told his parents that he fell off his bicycle. He avoided punishment for playing with explosives.

2. I left town shortly after. Didn’t see him again for five years.

I left town shortly after and didn’t see him again for five years.

Page 20: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Correct the following

3. Took a trip home last summer. I ran into Fred after my long absence he is unable to have children. Didn’t ask if he still plays with firecrackers. During a trip home last summer, I ran into

Fred after a long absence. He is unable to have children. I didn’t ask if he still plays with firecrackers.

After a long absence, I took a trip home last summer. I ran into Fred, who is unable to have children. I didn’t ask if he still plays with firecrackers.

Page 21: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Interactive Exercise

You can get further practice by clicking the button below or by following the link to the interactive exercise

http://xnet.rrc.mb.ca/leshanson/Hot_Potato/Sentence_Structure_6.htm

Page 22: FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors Chapter 8, pg 142

Description - Chapter 20 (pg 356) Uses sensory images to create a picture with

words. Activity: on a separate paper, describe what you

See Hear Touch Smell Taste When was another time you had this?

What was it like? How does this time compare? Where were you? How old were you?

Words to avoid: good, bad, nice, fine, okay, normal, typical, interesting, beautiful