Foundations IntroductionFoundations Introduction

AP World HistoryAP World History

Mr. GazdzikMr. Gazdzik

What is Periodization?What is Periodization?

AnswerAnswer Each period in history has major Each period in history has major developments that are dominant at the time. developments that are dominant at the time.

Periodization simply means to name these Periodization simply means to name these characteristics and later classify the characteristics and later classify the historical evidence we learn to the historical evidence we learn to the generalization we made before studying the generalization we made before studying the period.period.

Foundations: 3 ThemesFoundations: 3 Themes

CivilizationsCivilizations Patterns, developmentsPatterns, developments Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences?Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences?

Sources of ChangeSources of Change TradeTrade ConquestConquest Invention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheelInvention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheel

Man vs. NatureMan vs. Nature Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to

measure/control?measure/control? Change from survival (physical needs) to internal peace Change from survival (physical needs) to internal peace

(spiritual needs)(spiritual needs)

Stages of DevelopmentStages of Development

Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age Neolithic AgeNeolithic Age Agricultural Revolution/Neolithic RevolutionAgricultural Revolution/Neolithic Revolution

Progression from:Progression from: MigrationMigration Sedentary GroupsSedentary Groups CitiesCities EmpiresEmpires

Consequences of a Food SurplusConsequences of a Food Surplus

Specialization of laborSpecialization of labor Improved technology: metal working, irrigationImproved technology: metal working, irrigation Stratification of societyStratification of society PossessionsPossessions ArmiesArmies ReligionReligion WritingWriting GovernmentGovernment Population density increasesPopulation density increases

AdvancedAdvanced

CitiesCities

SpecializedSpecialized

WorkersWorkers

ComplexComplex

InstitutionsInstitutions

Record-Record-

KeepingKeeping

AdvancedAdvanced

TechnologyTechnology

Civilization and CultureCivilization and Culture Defined: Defined:

Highly organized group of people with their own Highly organized group of people with their own language and ways of living.language and ways of living.

Defined:Defined: Everything that makes up a way of lifeEverything that makes up a way of life

All cultures have five common components:All cultures have five common components: symbols, symbols,

language, language, values and beliefsvalues and beliefs NormsNorms material culture, including technology.material culture, including technology.

Global Power and International Relations

Most advanced civilizations were found in: Middle East (especially the river valleys of Egypt and

Mesopotamia) China

Why?

Late comers: Greece and Rome

Note: Cultures in North and South America were physically and culturally isolated from the rest of the continents.

Global Power and IR Cont.

• The cultures of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia were all linked, directly or indirectly: war conquest war conquest trade trade travel travel religious interactionreligious interaction cultural exchangecultural exchange

By 600 ce the world’s most powerful and advanced, By 600 ce the world’s most powerful and advanced, especially China, Persia, and Byzantium. especially China, Persia, and Byzantium.

Europe was slowly recovering from the collapse of Rome in Europe was slowly recovering from the collapse of Rome in the late 400s. the late 400s.

Political DevelopmentsPolitical Developments

Development of agriculture Development of agriculture advanced forms of political organizationadvanced forms of political organization

Most governments were Most governments were monarchies (rule by a single leader) monarchies (rule by a single leader) Oligarchies (rule by a small elite). Oligarchies (rule by a small elite).

More representative forms of government, More representative forms of government, such as republics and democracies, were such as republics and democracies, were very rare. very rare.

Political DevelopmentsPolitical Developments

Decentralized civilizations were governed by Decentralized civilizations were governed by confederations of independent city-states (such as confederations of independent city-states (such as Greece) of feudal systems (such as Europe after Greece) of feudal systems (such as Europe after the fall of Rome). the fall of Rome).

Many civilizations, by means of military conquest, Many civilizations, by means of military conquest, built empires. built empires.

Among the largest and longest lasting were Among the largest and longest lasting were Assyria’s, Persia’s, Rome’s and China’s.Assyria’s, Persia’s, Rome’s and China’s.

Economic and Environmental Economic and Environmental DevelopmentsDevelopments

Development of agriculture during the Neolithic Development of agriculture during the Neolithic revolutionrevolution

Agriculture allowed forAgriculture allowed for Economic ComplexityEconomic Complexity SurplusSurplus Specialization of LaborSpecialization of Labor

Social Stratification (Class System)Social Stratification (Class System)

Use of money for exchange (particularly coinage) Use of money for exchange (particularly coinage)

Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact

Use of water resourcesUse of water resources Clearing of landClearing of land Use of building Use of building

materialsmaterials RoadsRoads Use of fuel materialsUse of fuel materials Animals Animals DiseaseDisease MiningMining

Cultural DevelopmentsCultural Developments

Pre-History Pre-History Expression in paint and musicExpression in paint and music Polytheistic religious practicesPolytheistic religious practices

Buried their dead, religious ritualsBuried their dead, religious rituals

Writing develops 3000bce.Writing develops 3000bce. Observation and experimentation Observation and experimentation

Agricultural developmentAgricultural development Strong traditions in China, Middle East (SWA), and Med.Strong traditions in China, Middle East (SWA), and Med.

World Major Monotheistic Religions are World Major Monotheistic Religions are established (Except Islam)established (Except Islam)

Gender IssuesGender Issues

The ability of humans to mate when and with The ability of humans to mate when and with whom they chose gave rise to family units during whom they chose gave rise to family units during the prehistoric era. the prehistoric era. How have relationship/courtship practices changed?How have relationship/courtship practices changed?

Basic physical differences between the sexes led Basic physical differences between the sexes led to a gender divisions of labor in most Stone Age to a gender divisions of labor in most Stone Age societies. societies.

AgricultureAgriculture Greater gender divisions = Rise in gender inequalityGreater gender divisions = Rise in gender inequality Who really was displaced during agricultural Who really was displaced during agricultural

development?development?

Gender IssuesGender Issues

Organized religions often reinforced this sense of Organized religions often reinforced this sense of inequality. inequality.

In most societies up to 600 ce women were In most societies up to 600 ce women were relegated to a secondary, subservient role. relegated to a secondary, subservient role. The degree of subservience depended on the society.The degree of subservience depended on the society. Women had at least some right (divorce, inheritance, Women had at least some right (divorce, inheritance,

and ownership of property for example) if in law code. and ownership of property for example) if in law code. They might also exercise certain forms of They might also exercise certain forms of

influence within their societies or, at least their influence within their societies or, at least their families. families. How might this happen?How might this happen?

C and S AmericaC and S AmericaException to the RuleException to the Rule

Olmecs (Mexico), Chavin (Andes) developed Olmecs (Mexico), Chavin (Andes) developed similarly to others: urban, polytheistic, irrigation, similarly to others: urban, polytheistic, irrigation, writing, calendar, monumental buildingwriting, calendar, monumental building

The point: Similar pattern of development in The point: Similar pattern of development in different part of earth, no contactdifferent part of earth, no contact

The difference: Not River Valley Civs. No major The difference: Not River Valley Civs. No major river to use as transportation or generator of agri-river to use as transportation or generator of agri-productionproduction

Ideas, Culture, InventionIdeas, Culture, Invention

Trade routes brought various peoples in contactTrade routes brought various peoples in contact Pastoralists provided protection, services, suppliesPastoralists provided protection, services, supplies Disease and armies also traveled the routes Disease and armies also traveled the routes

plague, small pox, Mongolsplague, small pox, Mongols Religion-Buddhism to China, SE AsiaReligion-Buddhism to China, SE Asia Christianity through Med, Europe, BritainChristianity through Med, Europe, Britain Peoples: Anglo-Saxons to Britain, Huns to India, Peoples: Anglo-Saxons to Britain, Huns to India,

Germanic Tribes to ItalyGermanic Tribes to Italy

Belief Systems through 600 CEBelief Systems through 600 CE

PolytheismPolytheism ConfucianismConfucianism DaoismDaoism LegalismLegalism HinduismHinduism BuddhismBuddhism JudaismJudaism ChristianityChristianity

CommonalitiesCommonalities

Schisms-Divisions resulting in subgroups, Schisms-Divisions resulting in subgroups, sectssects

Consider social, political, cultural, military Consider social, political, cultural, military impacts as well as theological and impacts as well as theological and philosophicalphilosophical

Where did it start? Where did he spread? Where did it start? Where did he spread? How?How?

COMPARECOMPARE

Golden Ages of Rome, Greece, Gupta, Golden Ages of Rome, Greece, Gupta, OthersOthers

Expansion of Territory, flourishing of art and Expansion of Territory, flourishing of art and sciencescience

Wealth flows in due to military expansion, Wealth flows in due to military expansion, confidenceconfidence

Questions and Comparisons to Questions and Comparisons to Consider While ReadingConsider While Reading

What roles do geography, climate, and What roles do geography, climate, and environment play in shaping human society? environment play in shaping human society?

How have different societies affected their How have different societies affected their environments?environments?

How do human societies develop into societies? How do human societies develop into societies? What does it mean to be “civilized”?What does it mean to be “civilized”? How do agricultural and urban societies compare How do agricultural and urban societies compare

with pastoral and nomadic ones?with pastoral and nomadic ones?

Questions and Comparisons to Questions and Comparisons to Consider While Reading Consider While Reading

What is the importance of cultural interaction and What is the importance of cultural interaction and diffusion versus that of independent innovation in diffusion versus that of independent innovation in changing societies technologically, scientifically, or changing societies technologically, scientifically, or culturally? culturally? (Home grown vs. Imported?)(Home grown vs. Imported?)

Compare how different religious and philosophical Compare how different religious and philosophical traditions have determined how societies organize traditions have determined how societies organize themselves: how they have justified class systems themselves: how they have justified class systems and hierarchies, how they have treated women. and hierarchies, how they have treated women.

Examine and compare various forms of social Examine and compare various forms of social inequality (slavery, caste systems, patriarchy, inequality (slavery, caste systems, patriarchy, gender inequality) in different cultures. gender inequality) in different cultures.

Questions and Comparisons to Questions and Comparisons to Consider While Reading Consider While Reading

How have different societies organized How have different societies organized themselves economically? What role did themselves economically? What role did trade play? Be able to describe the features trade play? Be able to describe the features of at least on interregional trading system of at least on interregional trading system

For example, the Indian Ocean trade For example, the Indian Ocean trade network or the overland route linking the network or the overland route linking the Mediterranean and Middle East with East Mediterranean and Middle East with East Asia.Asia.

Questions and Comparisons to Questions and Comparisons to Consider While Reading Consider While Reading

What are the “classical” civilizations? What does What are the “classical” civilizations? What does the concept mean? Be able to compare major the concept mean? Be able to compare major civilizations-such as India, China, Greece, or civilizations-such as India, China, Greece, or Rome-during their classical phases. Rome-during their classical phases.

How and why do empires and major civilizations How and why do empires and major civilizations decline or collapse? Good comparisons might decline or collapse? Good comparisons might include Egypt versus Mesopotamia or the Roman include Egypt versus Mesopotamia or the Roman Empire versus Han China. Empire versus Han China.

More generally, why did imperial collapse prove More generally, why did imperial collapse prove more devastating in western Europe than it did more devastating in western Europe than it did farther to the east?farther to the east?

What is periodization?What is periodization? Why are we ending the time period at 600 CE?Why are we ending the time period at 600 CE?