foundation works and soil improvement -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Foundation Works and
Soil Improvement
Lecture 10
TSP-308 MPK Ferdinand Fassa
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To keep the building standing securely, a foundation supports a number of different kinds of loads
• Dead load (of the building)
• Live load (people, furnishing and equipment)
• Wind loads (downward, uplift, or lateral)
• Horizontal pressure of earth and water against basement walls
• Up lift and buoyancy of ground water
• Horizontal and vertical loads caused by earthquake
What do we want from foundation?
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Problems with foundation and soil condition
• Settlement • Slope stability • Liquefaction
(after earthquake) • Sinkhole • scouring / abrasion
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No Settlement Total Settlement Differential Settlement
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effect of liquefaction
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landslide (slope Stability)
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sinkhole
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scouring
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scouring / abrasion (?)
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Shallow Foundation
Spread footings • Wall footings • Mat foundations / Raft foundations
Blinding (sand, granular, lean concrete)
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Construction sequences of shallow foundations
• Excavate dirt down to the desired level
• Install braces or shoring (diaphragm)
• Compact soil
• Spread granular material COMPACTED
• Install formwork
• Install steel reinforcement and anchors
• Pour concrete
• Backfill
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construction of footing – beam on grade
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Retaining system soldier piles
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Retaining system sheet piles
Types pre-stressed concrete; steel; timber
Application cofferdams, riverbank
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construction of basement
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construction of basement
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Bracing for slurry wall / soldier beams / sheet pilling
crosslot bracing
rakers
tiebacks
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construction of diaphragm
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Construction of slurry walls
EXCAVATING SOIL
SLURRY PUMPED
IN
INSERTING REINFORCING
STEEL CAGE INTO TRENCH
PORUING CONCRETE
INTO TRENCH
SLURRY PUMPED
OUT
COMPATED REINFORCED
CONCRETE PANEL
SOIL EXCAVATED AND REPLACED BY SLURRY
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Excavation for Barret Piles
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– Pile foundations • Concrete
– Cast-in-place – Pre-cast concrete piles – Pre-stressed concrete
• Steel
– Box – H section – Tube
• Wood / Timber
– Bored Piles – Box foundations / Caissons / Basement
Deep Foundation
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Pile Selection Criteria
• Type, sizes and weight of supported structures • Physical properties of soil stratum • Depth of stratum (needs cut off or extension?) • Pile material availability • Number of piles required • Driving equipment • Cost (in-placed) • Durability • Adjacent structures • Depth of water (salt water, splash zone?) • Noise restriction
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Timber vs. Concrete / Steel Piles
• Cheaper • Easy to reduce length • Various sizes (diameter & length) • Problem with straightness and constant
diameter • Easy handling (less risk to breakage) • Difficult to extent • Damage / breakage to the head • Non-durable (decay and vulnerable to
biological attack) • Non corrosive
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Drilled shaft (bored-piles or caisson)
Add bentonite while retracting steel casing / pouring concrete
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Bored Pile – cutting excess pile
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Pile Foundation & Pile Driving Equipment
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Test Pile
Test type
• Load Test w/ Reaction Piles – To determine load capacity with respect to pile
penetration (settlement)
• Standard Penetration Test – To determine the load applied for hammering
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Pile loading test
Pile under test
Isolated datum beam
Secondary beam
Timber crib
Main beam
Load cell
Kenteledge of cast-iron block of concrete
Hydraulic jack
Dial gauge - LVDT
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29
FIXED PLATFORM
DIAL GAUGE
HYDRAULIC JACK
REACTION BEAMS
Static Load Test
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installation of bulb piles (franki piles) drive steel casing into final depth
pour concrete and compacted
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pile driving methods
Vertical
Aft batter
Forward batter
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Operating Mechanism of Diesel Hammer
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Pile Driving Calculation
• Drop Hammer
• Single-Acting Hammer
• Double-Acting Hammer
10
2
.S
HWR
1.0
2
S
HWR
1.0
2
S
ER
R = safe load on pile (lbs) W = weight of falling mass (lbs) H = height of free falling mass (ft) E = total energy of Ram at the bottom of its down-
strokes (ft-lbs) S = average penetration per blow for last 6 blows (in)
s
h
R
RsWh
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Pile Load Capacity
pr
pr
WW
WKWx
S
ER
.
1.0
2
R = safe load (lbs)
S = average penetration per blow, last 6 blows (in.)
E = energy of hammer (ft-lbs)
Wr = weight of hammer ram (lbs)
Wp = weight of pile, incl. driving apparatus (lbs)
K = coefficient of restitution
K = 0.2 for piles weighting 50 lbs or less
K = 0.4 for piles weighting 50 lbs to 100 lbs
K = 0.6 for piles weighting more than 100 lbs
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Recommended Hammer Sizes
Size expressed in foot-pound of energy blow The indicated energy is based on driving two steel piles simultaneously. In driving single piles, use approximately two-third of the indicated value
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calculation
• Ave. penetration, S = ¼ in./blow
• Depth of stratum = 150 ft
• Driving full penetration thru ordinary soil
• Pile driving energy, E = 15,000 ft-lbs; K = 0.2 • Wp = (50 ft x 40 lbs/ft + 750 lbs) = 2,750 lbs; S = ¼ in / blow = 0.25
• R = (2)(15,000) [3,500 + (0.2)(2,750)] (0.25 + 0.1) [3,500 +2,750]
= 55,543 lbs
Concrete piles • Length of pile = 50 ft
• Unit weight of pile = 40 lbs/lin.ft
• Ram weight, Wr = 3,500 lbs
• Weight of driving app. = 750 lbs
• Determine safe load of hammer (R)
pr
pr
WW
WKWx
S
ER
.
1.0
2
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Bulb Piles
L = safe load capacity (tons)
W = weight of hammer (tons)
H = height of drop (ft)
B = number of blows per cu.ft of concrete in driving final batch into base
V= un-compacted volume of concrete in base and plug (cu.ft)
K = constant; depend on soil type and type of pile shaft (9 on gravel to 40 on very fine sand)
K
VBHWR
32
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calculation
• Hammer weight, W = 4 tons
• Height of drop, H = 18 feet
• Vol. in last batch driven = 4 cu.ft
• No. blows to drive last batch = 32
• Vol. of base and pug, V = 24 cu.ft
• K value = 15
15
248184 32
R
B = 32 / 4 = 8 blows/cu.ft
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Bored pile construction
pour concrete
install reinforcement
Concrete pump
add bentonite
excavation and steel casing
• Excavate soil using auger/drilling bucket
• Install (steel) casing
• Inject bentonite mix to stabilize
• Insert reinforcement (as required)
• Insert tremie pipe
• Place concrete while pumping out bentonite
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underpinning
Performance of foundation is influenced by: – Movement during construction – Movement after construction – Response to ground movement
The installation of temporary or permanent support to an existing foundation to
provide either additional depth or an increase in bearing capacity
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underpinning
Jacking up
underpinning
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Improving non-cohesive soil
42
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sand compaction piles
vibrator
casing
driven point (closed) driven point
(open)
sand
vibrator
casing casing
driven point (closed)
driven point (closed) driven point
(open) driven point
(open)
sand sand
Ground Improvement Method
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Ground Improvement with Local Material
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bamboo mattress piles foundation Tipikal Potongan Melintang
Quarry run/kerikil/sand bagsSeabed
Cerucuk Bamboo
Matras Bamboo 5 lapis
Spasi = 1 m, L = 6 m
Seabed
Tipikal Potongan Melintang
Quarry run/kerikil/sand bagsSeabed
Quarry run/kerikil/sand bagsSeabed
Cerucuk Bamboo
Matras Bamboo 5 lapis
Spasi = 1 m, L = 6 m
Cerucuk Bamboo
Matras Bamboo 5 lapis
Spasi = 1 m, L = 6 m
SeabedSeabed
Muara Angke Breakwater
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Full-scaled Test Bamboo Mattress Pile
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Slope Stability Improvement
SF>1.3SF>1.3
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Slope Stability Improvement