foun 1105 plenary 12 semester 2 2014-2015 myelearning version

7/24/2019 FOUN 1105 Plenary 12 Semester 2 2014-2015 MyeLearning Version

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FOUN 1105 (Plenary 12)

Scientific and Technical Writing

Specific Expository Strategies Part 3

Wrap-Up and Final Examination Preparation


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Objectives continued

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Utilize various expository strategies in developing the

extended definition essay

Discuss the merit of given body paragraphs that reflectvarious expository tools

Assess a complete formal extended definition essay

Recap the main attributes of the courses focus on

academic writing in preparation for the final examination

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Recap: Specific Expository Strategies

Parts 1 and 2

A formal expository uses certain strategies in the development

of its main ideas.

Inclusive are the following strategies:

1. Analysis by division breaking down an entity into its various parts.2. Classification placing items in groups based on commonalities

3. Process analysis outlining and explaining the stages of something

4. Cause and effect highlighting the causes or effects of something

5. Comparison and contrast exploring the similarities and differences

between things

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Consider these examples

What is a?

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What we glean from this

There is hardly an item that can be fully defined in one basicsentence.

What we accept as a definition for one thing also lends itself to

defining many other things.

The definition we offer must be added to, or extended, using other

tools in order to fully understand an item.

This gives rise to using a specific strategy along a certain line oracombination of expository strategies in a single essay resulting in

the phenomenon called extended definition



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What is extended definition?

Extended definition is not an expository method per se,but rather refers to the use of a specific expository tool or a combination

of expository tools to explain the meaning of a specific term/concept.

In other words, the extended definition essay utilizes one or more of the

following expository strategies, as tools, in explaining and developinga concept:

1. Analysis by division

2. Classification

3. Cause and effect

4. Comparison and contrast

5. Process analysis



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How is definition different from extended

definition?

Definition is central to many forms of writing when a term

that is being used is unfamiliar to the reader. This is usually

a one-sentence definition.

In extended definition, the writers aim is to define as

precisely as possible, what he/she sees as the meaning of a

particular term. In this case, an entire essay is devoted toexplaining the meaning of a term.



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When to use extended definition

When the meaning of a term is unclear/ambiguous

When you want to give additional meaning about a

term/subject that is not well known

When numerous examples are necessary to clarify a

term

When it is important to explain the significance of a topic



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Contexts for extended definition

Abstract terms culture, democracy, freedom

Controversial terms pornography, gay, mediocrity

Common assumptions childhood, an insult



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Starting off:

Arriving at a definition!

Two questions must be answered:

1. What exactly is this thing?

2. What makes this thing what it is and notsomethingelse?



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3 components of a definition

2. The class to which

it belongs

3.

A differentiating

detail

1. The term to be

defined



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Example 1:

What is Rastafarianism?

2. A religious

movement

3. The belief ofHaile Selassie,

The black messiah.

Originated in

Jamaica

1. Rastafarianism



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Rastafarianism

Oxford Fable Dictionary:

A religious movement of Jamaican origin holding thatblacks are the chosen people. Rastafarians believe thatthe Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia was the Messiah,and that black people will eventually return to their African

homeland. They have distinctive codes of behaviour anddress, including wearing dreadlocks.

Origin:

Root from Ras Tafari, the name by which Haile Selassiewas known.



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Example 2:

What is a bikini?

2. Ladies swimwear

3. Two-piece

1. A bikini



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A bikini

Oxford Dictionary:

Brief two-piece bathing-suit worn by women.

Origin:from Bikini, a type of Pacific atoll in the South China

Seas that appears in pairs.



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Activity :

What is ice-cream?

2.

3.

1.



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Ice-cream

Oxford Dictionary:

A sweet, creamy, frozen dessert.

Origin:

An ice-cream-like food was first eaten in China in 97AD.

King Tang of Shang, had 94 ice men who helped to makea dish of buffalo milk, flour and camphor.

Ice Cream sundaes were invented when it became illegalto sell ice-cream sodas on a Sunday in the American town

of Evanston during the late 19th century. To get round theproblem some traders replaced the soda with syrup andcalled the dessert an "Ice Cream Sunday." They replacedthe final "y" with an "e" to avoid upsetting religiousleaders.



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FOUN 1105 - Tyrone Ali20

Important!!!

A definition does not replace a thesis statement in anextended definition essay.

It may be part of the thesis statement.

If the definition does not form part of the thesis

statement, then it is placed somewhere before the thesis

statement. It is therefore one of the sentences of the

Introduction.

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Exploring extended definition

This method initially offers a definition for a term/concept/ expression/ phenomenon.

It then extends the definition, in sufficient detail, for thereader to know exactly what the given topic is.

The reader must be clear about what the item is andwhat it is not.

There are multiple tools for achieving this.



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The essays measures

The essay can include examples, case studies, researchfindings, quotations, full descriptions, analogies,statistics, et cetera, in an effort to explain the given topicclearly.

It may also utilize one method or a combination of otherexpository methods (no more than three in a singleessay) to explain the given topic.

It is best as a mixture of the above two measures.



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An Example

Topic: What is meant by adolescence?

Thesis statement:

Adolescence is a stage of life that is characterized by puberty,generates various behaviours and is substantially different from

childhood.

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Fleshing out the thesis statement

Sub-topics:

Puberty

Behaviours

Differentiation from

childhood

Topic sentences:

A major characteristic ofadolescence is puberty.

Various behaviours aredisplayed by juveniles during

pubescence.

Pre-adulthood may be

compared to childhood in avariety of ways.

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Exploring this examples

Mixed-Method Approach

Each of the sub-topics relates to a particular method of

exposition:

Sub-topic 1 = analysis by division

Sub-topic 2 = cause and effect

Sub-topic 3 = comparison and contrast

Each sub-topic can yield one paragraph or more than

one paragraph.

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Using the Right Vocabulary!

The vocabulary of each expository method must be

utilized in the related paragraphs.

Adolescence is a stage of life that ischaracterized by puberty, generatesvarious behaviours and is substantiallydifferent from childhood.

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Examination Cue

The cue for an extended definition essay in theexamination is:

Explain what is meant by

Or

What is meant by?

Or

Define

Or

What is understood by the term?

Et cetera

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Past Paper Questions

Explain what is meant by one of the following:

The glass ceiling

The glass escalator

White-collar crime A bad-john

Roti

A one-day cricket match

The Westminster Model A river lime

Expository writing

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The extended definition essay

An introductory paragraph

Starts with general information, contains a working definition

for the term (the term, the class to which it belongs and some

differentiating detail fro other terms in that class), and ends in

the thesis statement that tells the focus of the essay.

he essays body

Made up of several paragraphs that help to explain the main

ideas of the essays focus. Each paragraph starts with the

main idea expressed as a complete topic sentence. This isfollowed by details in the form of sentences that giveexplanations, examples, quotations, etc.

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The extended definition essay continued.

The conclusion

This is the final paragraph of the essays body. It rounds

off the entire essay, creates a sense of closure for the

reader and reiterates the controlling idea withoutrepeating the thesis statement word for word. No new

points are introduced and both reader and writer are

satisfied that the essay has ended.

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Example using extended definition

Task

Leisure seems to be an elusive attainment for many. Much effort is

channelled into the world of work in order to create opportunities

for leisure. Explain what is meant by leisure.

Working definition:

Leisure refers to free time that may be used for pleasurable

pursuits.

Thesis statement:

Leisure comprises active and passive activities, may be contrasted

with work and results in feelings of satisfaction and well-being.

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Analysis of example

The given topic creates a contextual base for

understanding the term. Locate the actual task to be

done.

The working definition has the three components of

a definition the term to be defined, the class to

which it belongs, and some differentiating detail.

The thesis statement satisfies the elements of a

well-worded extended definition thesis - SPLACED

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The introduction

Adults work hard in order to achieve certain goals, be

they a better standard of living for their families, a sense

of self-actualization or simply a fulfillment of societys

expectations. Children, too, work hard in order to be

successful at school and in their various pursuitssports, art, et cetera. But the adage, all work and no

play makes Jack a dull boy comes to mind. A healthy

lifestyle offers the need for a balance between hard work

and leisure. Leisure refers to free time that may be usedfor pleasurable pursuits. Leisure comprises active

and passive activities, may be contrasted

with work and results in feelings of

satisfaction and well-being.4/7/2015 35FOUN 1105 - Tyrone Ali


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A second body paragraph

In order to best explain the concept of

leisure, one needs to understand the notion of

work as these two may be contrasted. Work

implies paid labour and involves the exchange of

services for income. The diversity of work that existsmay be further categorized according to qualification,

occupational hazard, income earned and other criteria.

Basically, work entails a certain number of hour, in a

specific location, and calls on the worker to focus directlyon particular tasks that are pivotal to attaining the overall

objectives of the firm. The workers time, focus, aim and

location are features of paid work.

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A third body paragraph

On the other hand, leisure is not characterized by an

intensity to the attainment of any such objectives,

Rather, the individual uses time in a more relaxed

manner that is stress-free and depictive of less

constraint as activities are undertaken. The focus is onhaving a degree of fun as the aim is to enjoy ones self,

in a location that is totally different from the world of

works. Elements such as qualification, occupational

hazard and income are non-issues when one isengaging in leisure.

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The conclusion

Leisure is elusive to some but attainable to many.

Regardless of the degree of work or study in ones life,

leisure offers a break from ones daily routine. Consisting

of both active and passive activities, leisure allows an

individual to have multiple choices. When contrastedagainst the rigours of work, leisure is seen as a

necessary oasis in one's life. Finally, the potential

satisfaction and increased well-being that emerge out of

leisure pursuits underscore its role for everyone.

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Questions?

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Prepare for the Battle of Exams!

Know your enemy!

Equip yourself for battle!

Know your strengths and weaknesses!

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Be Aware!

1. Where can you find the criteria for mark allocation?

2. What three aspects of writing are given marks in the

final examination?

3. Which area has the heaviest weighting of marks?Why do you think this is?

4. What really wound the examiners up in the last exam?

5. What were the most common error symbols on your

coursework scripts? (SVA, pp, sp, D, P, SC, CS, art.)

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1. Language

COFHER: the six elements of academic

writing

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Complexity

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Objectivity

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Formality

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Hedging

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Explicitness

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Responsibility

Acknowledge and be accurate.

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2. Organization:

It makes the reader feel secure!

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Essay Structure! An introduction opens the essay and orients the reader

to the topic of discussion. It ends in a solid thesis

statement that guides the entire essay.

Each body paragraph follows, beginning with the main

idea of the paragraph expressed as an opening topic

sentence. Supporting details in sentence form add to the

discussion. These may include explanations, examples,

illustrations, etc.

The final paragraph, the conclusion, rounds off the entire

essay and reiterates the controlling idea. No new pointsare introduced.

Linking or transition words help to make paragraphs

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Signal with linking words!

To give an example - for example, for instance, a case in point

To show addition - additionally, also, and, furthermore, moreover, equallyimportant

To show analysis aspect, component, element, is made up of

To show classification group, category, class, sort To show cause leads to, produces, results in, is caused by

To show effect consequences, impact, repercussions, effect, results

To show comparison - also, likewise, in the same way, similarly

To show contrast- but, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on thecontrary, yet,

To show process - first, second, third, next, then, consequently,subsequently, after, before, during, earlier, later

To emphasize - indeed, in fact, of course

To conclude or repeat Thus, therefore , as such

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3. Content

Content is the cargo that is transported in your vehicle ofacademic language.

How safely and effortlessly you transport this cargo is

your organization.

Whereas the academic language and the organizationalstructure in FOUN 1105 remain the same, the content

changes each semester.

This semester, the content area being examined is:

pplications of Modern Technology to Science

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Possible exam considerations!

Know what modern technology is all about (the concept,

examples, why it is considered modern, the link to

science, etc.)

Be able to identify elements and examples of modern

technology as used in scientific disciplines

Enter armed with how modern technology may be applied

to your own scientific field

Be prepared to discuss why the technology we use in

science today is considered modern but the technology

used in previous times is not.

It may be worth your while to be able to place elements of

modern technology into groups and have examples of

these groups.4/7/2015 55FOUN 1105 - Tyrone Ali


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Todays Recap!

Specific Expository Strategies Part 3

Course Wrap-Up

Final Examination Preparation

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This Weeks Tutorial Information

Writing body paragraphs (with topic sentences) for

expository essay topics using Cause and Effect Analysis

and Comparison and Contrast Analysis

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This Weeks Independent Study

myeLearning

Block 6: Exploring a sample essay using Extended

definition

Block 10: Revising Editing and Proofreading

Self-Assessment (Grammar):

Complete Proof reading Exercise #5

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Next Week:

One plenary lecture:Make-Up final lecture by Mr. Tyrone Ali on

Monday 13th April, 12 2pm, LRC Auditorium

Tutorial:

Writing body paragraphs (with topic sentences) for

expository essay topics using Extended Definition

Clarification of final examination matters

Return of Credit Assignment 3

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foun 1105 plenary 12 semester 2 2014-2015 myelearning version

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