fossil fuels formation, distribution, extraction & purification, advantages & disadvantages,...
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Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels
Formation, Distribution, Extraction & Purification,
Advantages & Disadvantages, Alternatives
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Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels
Coal Oil (Petroleum) Natural Gas
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Formation of Fossil Fuels – common conditionsFormation of Fossil Fuels – common conditions
High Organic Production Burial of organic material Reducing conditions – little or no free oxygen Reducing conditions preserve organic matter Coal and Petroleum diverge from here
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Formation of CoalFormation of Coal
Accumulation of land plant material Reducing conditions – coastal and inland
swamps
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Formation of CoalFormation of Coal
Organic accumulation is greater than destruction (because of reducing conditions)
Organic matter builds up to form peat
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Formation of CoalFormation of Coal Peat is compressed to form
lignite – brown coal Lignite is compressed and
volatile compounds are lost to form bituminous coal – soft coal
Bituminous coal is further compressed and heated to form anthracite – hard coal
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Formation of Petroleum and Natural GasFormation of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Accumulation of organic material – typically marine mud
Burial and preservation of organic material – reducing conditions
Reducing conditions in deep sea or on continental shelves during times of unusual oceanic circulation
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Formation of Petroleum and Natural GasFormation of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Black, organic-rich mud is buried deeper and converted to rock – shale
With burial, the organic matter is heated When heat is sufficient (but not too great) – in
the range of 100-300 degrees C – the organic matter is “cooked” and oil forms
Process is called thermal maturation
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Formation of Petroleum and Natural GasFormation of Petroleum and Natural Gas
If heat is greater than 300 degrees C, the liquid petroleum is further broken down to form natural gas
If heat is too great, even the natural gas is broken down to form carbon dioxide, which has no value as a fuel
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Migration and ConcentrationMigration and Concentration
Petroleum must leave source rock Process is called migration Migration is essential because most source
rocks are too fine-grained to enable easy extraction of the oil
To be economically concentrated, petroleum must migrate to a reservoir rock with a trap
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Examples of Petroleum TrapsExamples of Petroleum Traps
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Petroleum ResourcesPetroleum Resources Conditions for source rock
are rare Conditions for maturation
must be just right Migration must not let
petroleum escape to surface
Reservoir rock must be present
Trap must exist before migration occurs
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Where did the U.S. Petroleum Industry begin?Where did the U.S. Petroleum Industry begin?
In New York! First gas well –
Fredonia, New York
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Distribution of PetroleumDistribution of Petroleum
Economic accumulations of petroleum only occur when all of these conditions are met
These conditions and the sequence of occurrence do not occur everywhere
Conditions are most likely where there are thick accumulations of sedimentary rock – in sedimentary basins
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Some of the world’s most productive sedimentary basins
Some of the world’s most productive sedimentary basins
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Alaska – north slope, Texas – Louisiana Gulf Coast, Iraq and Iran, Mexico, Venezuela
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Refining of PetroleumRefining of Petroleum
Heat and/or chemical treatment to produce: Gasoline Diesel Fuel Kerosene Liquified Propane (LPG) Petroleum bases for plastics
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Fractional DistillationFractional Distillation
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Advantages
Highly compact & portable Source of organic molecules &
sulfur Heat-tolerant lubricant Excellent road & roof surfacing Solvents for paint NG – cooking fuel, fertilizer,
detergents, & helium Very economical Replaced whale oil (saved the
whales) Source of advanced technology
Disadvantages
Burning releases most CO2 Nonrenewable - 50 to 150 yr National Security - Source
Countries unstable Transportation – spills & leaks Increasing Consumption vs.
Decreasing Production Oil & NG are a carcinogens Contribute to smog Water Pollutant Land Degradation Sulphur & Nitrogen contributes to
air pollution.
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Alternatives to Fossil FuelsAlternatives to Fossil Fuels
Electricity & Heat Solar Wind Water Geothermal Hydrogen Bio-fuels
Transportation
Electricity Biofuels Hydrogen
Plastics Algae Corn Sugar Cane & Sugar Beets
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