fortitudine vol 20 no 3

FORTITUD INEBULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAMHISTORICAL BULLETIN VOLUME XX WINTER 1990-1991 NUMBER 3

HIsIORIANS AND ARTISTS KEEP A LOOKOUT ON MARINES IN THE MIDDLE EAST. . . COL RUTH CHENEY STREEThR

REMEMBERED FOR FEISTY LEADERSHIP AND PATRICIAN STYLE. . . SQUADRON'S DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH

ISLAND MATRIARCH . HISTORICAL PROGRAM NOrABLES RETIRE . . FLIGHT LINES: AH-iJ SEA COBRA

ørHVit

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FORTITUD INEBULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAMHISTORICAL BULLETIN VOLUME XX WINTER 1990-1991 NUMBER 3

HIs1oRIAs AND ARTISTS KEEP A LOOKOUT ON MARINES IN THE MIDDLE EAST. . . COL RUTH CHENEY STREEThR

REMEMBERED FOR FEISTY LEADERSHIP AND PATRICIAN STYLE. . . SQUADRON'S DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH

ISLAND MATRIARCH . . . HISTORICAL PROGRAM NUFABLES RETIRE . . . FLIGHT LINES: AH-iJ SEA COBRA

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.

PCN 10401220100

Marine Corps Historical CenterBiilding 58, Washington Navy Yard

Washington. D.C. 20374-0580Telephone: (202) 4333838. 133-3840, 433-3841

DIR EC1DR

BGen Edwin H. Simmons. LJSMC (Ret)

Scretay to the Dire cto, Mrs. Patricia A. Huff. ScretPy to the DeputyDirectors: Vacant.

HISTORICAL BRANCHCol DnieI M. Smith. USMCDeputy Director for History

Mr. Benis M. Frank.Acting Chief Historian

Histoe. Sctii,n: Mr. Jack Shulimson. LiCol Michad L. Powell, USMC,

Mj Charks D. Melson, LJSMC (Ret); Mr Charles R Smith Refer-ence Section: Mr. DannyJ. Crawford; Mr. Robert V Aquilina; MrsAnn A, Ferrante; Miss Lena M Kaijor; Mrs Regina Srrorher; Mrs. Shelia

Gramblin. Oral History Seit,on: Mrs.Meredith P. Hartley, ActingHead Anhwes Capt Roberta E. Breden. LJSMC; Ms. Joyce C. Conycrs;

Sgt Kevin L Parker. USMC; LCpI Joshua R. Ford, LJSMC.

MUSEUMS BRANCHCol F B. Niharr, USMC (Ru)Deputy Director for Museums

Mr. Charles A. WoodChief Curator

Manne Ba,racbj, Special Projects' Mr. Richard A. Iong. Exhibits: Ms.

Nancy E, Christn; Mr. Beiny L. Lnox, Sr.; Sgt Albert Rmos, USMCArt: Mr John T. Dver.Jr Personal Paper.i Mr.) Mrchael Miller. Regrs-

trar Miss Jennifer L. Gooding.

Museums Branch Activities, QuanricoLtCol William A Beebe ii. USMC

Officer-in-Charge

Asintant Officer-in-Charge lb, Brinch Ac/n/ties: Mr. Kenneth L.Smith-Christm. Educt,on OfJi-r- Capt Cardell N Parker. LJSMC.

Ordnance: Mr. John G. Griffirhs. Restoration: Mr. Joseph E Payton;

SSgt Ivan Vailev. USMC; Sgt Robert L. Parker. IJSMC. Aironautics:

Mr Michael E. Starn. Exhibits: Mr. RonaldJ. Perkins; Mr Ronnie D.

Alexander LJni/irrns: Mrs. Nancy F King. Program.c Assistant: Mrs.

Kathryn R Trout Sicunty: GySgt Robert L. Holloway, USMC; SSgrMark Heatherron. IJSMC. SSgt Martin S. Gauna, USMC; SSgt Donald

C. Martens, USMC; Sgt Fredrick A Harrid II. LJSMC; Sgt AgusrinA. Sarmicnio. USMC; CpI Roy Mayo, USMC; CpI Maurice Kendrkks.

USMC; Cpl Lennard G. DeWolfe. LJSMC, PFCJames M. Danielsen.

USMC.

SUPPORT BRANCH

LcCol Steven M. Hinds. USMCHead/Division Executive Officer

Ad,unñtrativ: CaptJoe WeIlsjr., LJSMC. SSgtJohn Hudson. LJSMC;

LJSMC; Sgt Mihae! S. Wellon, LJSMC; Sgr Robert E Clarke. LJSMC;

Cpl Andre L Owens III, IJSMC. Seuty: SSgt Randy Shouse. IJSMC.

Library: Miss Evelyn A. Englander; Mrs. Patritia E Morgan.

Publications Production: Mr. Robert E, Struder, Mr. William S. Hi!!;Mrs Catherine A. Kerns

Mr Robert E StruderSenior Editor

Editor. Fonitud,ne

FORTITLID INEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.

Historical Bulletin Volume XX Winter 1990-1991 No. 3

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program is published forMarines, at the rate of one copy for every nine on active duty, to provide educationand training in the uses of military and Marine Corps history. Other interested readersmay purchase single copies or one-year subscriptions (four issues) from the Superin-tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Memorandum from the Director-Festschrift: General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr 3

Foundation Honors Quantico Historian, Veterans Group 6

Historical Program Stalwarts Shaw and Bonnett Retire 7

Command Museums and Historical Displays: Parris Island,Western Bases Boast Museum Aid Groups 8

First Director's Actions Shaped Women's Future in Corps 9

Historical Quiz: Marine Authors 11

Historians, Artists Record Events in the Middle East War 12

Strong Backs As Well As Sketchbooks Needed by Artists in Combat 13

Marine Flyers Make Peace with Planters in Wartime Efate 15

New Books: World War II Studies Continue to Be Favored Reading 16

Colonel Charles Waterhouse, Artist-in-Residence, Retires 17

Mentioned in Passing: Officers Who Fought Century'sEarly Wars Mourned 19

Answers to Historical Quiz: Marine Authors 20

Flzht Lines: AH-1J Sea Cobra 21

Part VI of a Chronology, May 1954-May 1975:

The U.S. Marine Corps and the Vietnam War: 1969 22

Acquisitions: Enlisted Marine's 1839 Coatee' Bought for Museum 24

THE COVER

Though his own family wouldn't recognize him, the Marine on the cover is lstLtCharles B. Starks III of the 1st Marine Division's Task Force Ripper in the PersianGulf area. Lt Starks' portrait, in field protective mask, was drawn by LtCol KeithA. McConnell, USMCR, one of a number of artists sent to the Middle East areaat the behest of the History and Museums Division to record their impressions ofthe war, the people, and the places. The artists accompanied a group of historianswho began the painstaking tasks of accumulating the documentation, oral inter-views, artifacts, and photographs which will be needed to write an objective historyof the Desert Storm campaign. Beginning on page 12, Acting Chief Historian Be-nis M. Frank describes the division's early efforts to track Operation Desert Shield,followed by its many steps taken to record properly the momentous events of Oper-ation Desert Storm.

Fortitudine is produced in the Publications Production Section of the History and Museums Divi-sion. The text for Fortitudine is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in 18-pointor 24-point Garamond. The bulletin is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, shington, D.C. 20402.

2 Fortitudine, Winter 1990-1991

HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

Marine Corps Historical CenterBailding 58, Washington Navy Yard

Washington, D.C. 20374-0580

Telephone: (202) 433-3838. 133-3840. 433-3841

DIRECTOR

BGen Edwin H. Sinsnsons, USMC (Ret)

Set-rotary to the Director Mrs. Patricia A. Fluff. Secretary to the Dc/toty

Directors: Vacant.

HISTORICAL BRANCH

Col Daniel M. Smith, USMCDeputy Director for History

Mr. Benis M. Frank.Acttng Chief Historian

Hi/tories Section: Mr. Jack Shulimson. LtCol Michael L. Powell, USMC,

Maj Charles D. Melson, USMC (Ret); Mr Charles R Smtth Refer.

enceSection: Mr. Danny.). Crawford; Mr. Robert V Aqailina; MtsAnn A, Fertante; Miss Lena M Kaljot; Mrs Regina Strothet; Mrs. Shelia

Gramblin. Oral Histosy Section: Mrs. Meredith P. Hartley, ActingHead Archives' Capt Roberta E. Breden, USMC; Ms. Joyce C. Conyers;

Sgt Kevin L Parker USMC; LCpI Joshua R. Ford, USMC.

MUSEUMS BRANCHCol F B. Nihart, USMC (Ret)Deputy Director fitr Museums

Mr. Charles A. WoodChief Curator

Marine Barracks, S/rectal Projects' Mt. Richard A. I,ong. Exhibits: Ms.

Nancy E. Christin; Mr. Benny F. Lonou, Sr.; Sgt Albert Ramos, USMC.

Art: Mr Jithn T. Dyer.Jr Personal Papers' Mt..) Michael Miller. Regis-trar Miss Jennifer L. Gooding.

Museums Branch Activities, QaanticisLtCol William A Beebe II, USMC

Officer-in-Charge

Assirtant Officer.in-Charge fir Branch Activities: Mr. Kenneth L.Sttsith-Christmas. Education Officer Capt Cardell N. Parker, USMC.

Ordnance: Mr. John G. Griffiths. Ri-storation: Mr. Joseph E Payrun;SSgr loan Vasilev, USMC; Sgt Robert F. Parker. USMC. Aeronautics:

Mr Michael E. Siam. Exhibits: Mr. Ronald.). Perkins; Mt Rssnnte D.Alenander Uni/i,rms: Mrs. Nancy F King. Programs Assistant: Mrs.Kathryn R Trout Security: GySgt Robert L. Holloway, USMC; SSgtMatk Heatherisin. USMC. SSgt Martin S. Gauna, USMC; SSgt Donald

C. Martens, USMC; Sgt Fredrick A Hatrid II, USMC; 5gm AgustinA. Satmiento, USMC; Cpl Rsty Mayo, USMC; CpI Maurice Kendricks.

USMC; Cpl I,ennatd G. DeWolfe, USMC, PFCJames M. Danielsen,

USMC.

SUPPORT BRANCH

LmCol Steven M. Hinds, USMCHead/Division Euecurive Officer

Administrative: Caption Wells, Jr., USMC, SSgrJohn Hudson, USMC;

USMC; Sgt Michael S. Wellon, USMC; Sgt Robert E Clarke, USMC;

Cpl Andre F Owens III, USMC. Security: SSgt Randy Shoase. USMC.

Library: Miss Evelyn A. Englander; Mrs. Patricia F Morgan.

Publications Production: Mr. Rishert F. Struder, Mt. William S. Hill;Mrs Catherine A. Kerns

Mt Robert F StruderSenior Editor

Editor, Fortitudine

FORTITLTD INTEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.

Historical Bulletin Volume XX Winter 1990-1991 No. 3

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program is published forMarines, at the rate of one copy for every nine on active duty, to provide educationand training in the uses of military and Marine Corps history. Other interested readersmay purchase single copies or one-year subscriptions (four issues) from the Superin-tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Memorandum from the Di'rectorFestschrift: General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr.......................... 3

Foundation Honors Quantico Historian, Veterans Group ................. 6

Historical Program Stalwarts Shaw and Bonnett Retire ................... 7

Command Museums and Historical Displays: Parris Island,Western Bases Boast Museum Aid Groups ........................... 8

First Director's Actions Shaped Women's Future in Corps................. 9Historical Quiz: Marine Authors 11

Historians, Artists Record Events in the Middle East War 12

Strong Backs As Well As Sketchbooks Needed by Artists in Combat 13

Marine Flyers Make Peace with Planters in Wartime Efate 15

New Books: World War II Studies Continue to Be Favored Reading 16

Colonel Charles Waterhouse, Artist-in-Residence, Retires 17

Mentioned in Passing: Officers Who Fought Century'sEarly Wars Mourned 19

Answers to Historical Quiz: Marine Authors 20

Flight Lines: AH-1J Sea Cobra 21

Part VI of a Chronology, May 1954-May 1975:The U.S. Marine Corps and the Vietnam War: 1969 22

Acquisitions: Enlisted Marine's 1839 Coatee' Bought for Museum 24

THE COVER

Though his own family wouldn't recognize him, the Marine on the cover is lstLtCharles B. Starks III of the 1st Marine Division's Task Force Ripper in the PersianGulf area. Lt Starks' portrait, in field protective mask, was drawn by LtCol KeithA. McConnell, USMCR, one of a number of artists sent to the Middle East areaat the behest of the History and Museums Division to record their impressions ofthe war, the people, and the places. The artists accompanied a group of historianswho began the painstaking tasks of accumulating the documentation, oral inter-views, artifacts, and photographs which will be needed to write an objective historyof the Desert Storm campaign. Beginning on page 12, Acting Chief Historian Be-nis M. Frank describes the division's early efforts to track Operation Desert Shield,followed by its many steps taken to record properly the momentous events of Oper-ation Desert Storm.

Fortitiadine is produced in the Publications Production Section of the History and Museums Divi-sion, The text for Fortitudine is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in 18-pointor 24-point Garamond. The bulletin is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20-402.


HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

Memorandum from the Director

Festschrift: General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr.

BGen Simmons

EDITOR'S NOTE: In the Fall 1990 issueof Fortitudine BGen Simmons invitedreaders of his "Memorandum from theDirector: Remembering GeneralShepherd" to join in a Festschrift (acelebration in writing given as a memori-alto a distinguishedperson) of the form-er Commandant, who died on 6 August1990 at the age of 94, by sending in theirpersonal recollections of Gen Shepherd forpossible publication in the historical pro-gram bulletin, and for inclusion in his bi-ographical files at the Historical Center.Among those responding were MajGenRobert R. Fairburn, USMC (Ret); BGenW/illiamJ. Patterson, CF (Ret); Col UYar-ren P Bakei USMC (Ret); BGen F P Hen-derson, USMC (Ret); and LCdr ThomasjPowell, USN (Ret).

'The Best Regiment of Marines'

As a company grade officer, I had littlecontact with then-Colonel Shepherd, butall of us knew he was there.

he was a leader who made thingshappen. In the early days of 1942 whenthe regiment was being formed at CampElliott, company officers school for theregiment was held every Thursday at about1600, and the instructor was alwaysColonel Shepherd.

The battalion officers standing officer-of-the-day watch frequently took notice ofthe fact that when the guard was inspect-ed during the mid-watch, that the lightin the regimental commander's office wason.

When the regiment hiked from CampElliott to Camp Pendleton, to be the firstunit stationed there, the lead Marine was,of course, our regimental commander withhis walking stick, which we all saw manytimes both in the states and in NewZealand.

So my recollection of General Shepherdis that of a leader who was always there.He was indeed the father of his regiment.

He wrote in a letter to Colonel Kenyon

on 7 August 1945, "To me there can neverbe another regiment like the 'StrikingNinth'. I saw it grow from infancy intomanhood and its accomplishments in bat-tle have more than justified my convictionthat it was the best regiment of Marinesthat ever left the United States."

I believe he was most sincere when hemade that statement, even though one canget into quite a discussion on the subject.

Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd, JrOne evening at a reception at the Com-

mandant's Quarters, I was having a briefdiscussion with then-retired GeneralShepherd when General Julian Smithjoined the discussion on his own. Gener-al Shepherd stopped him by saying, "I amspeaking with General Fairburn. He wasa member of the Ninth Marines."

The last time I saw the General was in1983 at Rancho Santa Fe when he and Mrs.Shepherd were the guests of the 7th ROCat our annual reunion. He had, as acolonel, administered the oath of office tothe 7th ROC in January 1942 at Quanti-co, and was gracious enough to join us forthe evening. He spoke for about 10

minutes and concluded by saying, "WhenI gave you gentlemen the oath of office,I did a damn good job." I am certain healways did.MajGen Robert R. Fairburn, USMC (Ret)

Albany, Georgia

Honourary Commander of the Guard

I am the editor of the newsletter for theFort Henry Guard Club of Canada, andI wrote the two pieces on GeneralShepherd [in the enclosed copy]. It mayinterest Marines that the General had thisrelationship with a Canadian organization(and a civilian one at that!):

I first met General Shepherd in thespring of 1955 when I accompanied Mr.and Mrs. [Ronald] Way and George Lilleyto Washington to plan the first visit of theFort Henry Guard. I was to see much moreof him during the first week in July whenthe Guard performed at the newly builtMarine Corps "Iwo Jima" memorial andat 8th and I. At the time GeneralShepherd appeared as an awesome person.He was Commandant of the MarineCorps, and in his 38th year of service at59 years of age. He was a short, well-builtman who appeared to be taller because ofhis military bearing and eight rows ofribbons.

A special parade was called one morn-ing for General Shepherd to review theFort Henry Guard. When he inspected theGuard, he really looked at them. We musthave met his standard, however, becausehe accepted the position of HonouraryCommander (which he held for 35 years!).

I was not present the next time Gener-al Shepherd had a chance to meet with theGuard. In 1963 he came to Fort Henrywhen the Marines from Marine Barracks,Washington were making their second tripto Fort Henry. It was at this occasion thatthe General presented the silver bowl thatlater became the "Shepherd Bowl" award-ed each year to the senior student officer ofthe Guard. (In fact all of the commandingofficers of the Guard since 1938 have theirnames inscribed on the trophy . .

.

In 1964 when the Guard returned toWashington (by air—the one and onlytime), the Shepherds entertained at theirhome in Virginia. Ronald Way, each timehe met the General, never ceased to be

Fortitudine, Winter 1990-1991 3

Memorandum from the Director

Festschrift: General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr.

BGen Simmons

EDITOR'S NOTE: In the Fall 1990 issueof Fortitudine BGen Simmons invitedreaders of his "Memorandum from theDirector: Remembering GeneralShepherd" to join in a Festschrift (acelebration in writing given as a memori-alto a distinguished person) of the form-er Commandant, who died on 6 August1990 at the age of 94, by sending in theirpersona/recollections of Gen Shepherd forpossible publication in the historicalpro-gram bulletin, and for inclusion in his bi-ographical files at the Historical CenterAmong those responding were MajGenRobert R. Fairburn, USMC (Ret); BGenW'illiam J. Patterson, CF (Ret); Col W/ar-ren P Baker; USMC (Ret); BGen F P Hen-derson, USMC (Ret); and LCdr ThomasjPowell, USN (Ret).

'The Best Regiment of Marines'

As a company grade officer, I had littlecontact with then-Colonel Shepherd, butall of us knew he was there.

he was a leader who made thingshappen. In the early days of 1942 whenthe regiment was being formed at CampElliott, company officers school for theregiment was held every Thursday at about1600, and the instructor was alwaysColonel Shepherd.

The battalion officers standing officer-of-the-day watch frequently took notice ofthe fact that when the guard was inspect-ed during the mid-watch, that the lightin the regimental commander's office wason.

When the regiment hiked from CampElliott to Camp Pendleton, to be the firstunit stationed there, the lead Marine was,of course, our regimental commander withhis walking stick, which we all saw manytimes both in the states and in NewZealand.

So my recollection of General Shepherdis that of a leader who was always there.He was indeed the father of his regiment.

He wrote in a letter to Colonel Kenyon

on 7 August 1945, "To me there can neverbe another regiment like the 'StrikingNinth'. I saw it grow from infancy intomanhood and its accomplishments in bat-tle have more than justified my convictionthat it was the best regiment of Marinesthat ever left the United States."

I believe he was most sincere when hemade that statement, even though one canget into quite a discussion on the subject.

Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr.One evening at a reception at the Com-

mandant's Quarters, I was having a briefdiscussion with then-retired GeneralShepherd when General Julian Smithjoined the discussion on his own. Gener-al Shepherd stopped him by saying, "I amspeaking with General Fairburn. He wasa member of the Ninth Marines."

The last time I saw the General was in1983 at Rancho Santa Fe when he and Mrs.Shepherd were the guests of the 7th ROCat our annual reunion. He had, as acolonel, administered the oath of office tothe 7th ROC in January 1942 at Quanti-co, and was gracious enough to join us forthe evening. He spoke for about 10

minutes and concluded by saying, "WhenI gave you gentlemen the oath of office,I did a damn good job." I am certain healways did.MajGen Robert R. Fairburn, USMC (Ret)

Albany, Georgia

Honourary Commander of the Guard

I am the editor of the newsletter for theFort Henry Guard Club of Canada, andI wrote the two pieces on GeneralShepherd [in the enclosed copy]. It mayinterest Marines that the General had thisrelationship with a Canadian organization(and a civilian one at that!):

I first met General Shepherd in thespring of 1955 when I accompanied Mr.and Mrs. [Ronald] Way and George Lilleyto Washington to plan the first visit of theFort Henry Guard. I was to see much moreof him during the first week in July whenthe Guard performed at the newly builtMarine Corps "Iwo Jima" memorial andat 8th and I. At the time GeneralShepherd appeared as an awesome person.He was Commandant of the MarineCorps, and in his 38th year of service at59 years of age. He was a short, well-builtman who appeared to be taller because ofhis military bearing and eight rows ofribbons.

A special parade was called one morn-ing for General Shepherd to review theFort Henry Guard. When he inspected theGuard, he really looked at them. We musthave met his standard, however, becausehe accepted the position of HonouraryCommander (which he held for 35 years!).

I was not present the next time Gener-al Shepherd had a chance to meet with theGuard. In 1963 he came to Fort Henrywhen the Marines from Marine Barracks,Washington were making their second tripto Fort Henry. It was at this occasion thatthe General presented the silver bowl thatlater became the "Shepherd Bowl" award-ed each year to the senior student officer ofthe Guard. (In fact all of the commandingofficers of the Guard since 1938 have theirnames inscribed on the trophy . . .

.

In 1964 when the Guard returned toWashington (by air—the one and onlytime), the Shepherds entertained at theirhome in Virginia. Ronald Way, each timehe met the General, never ceased to be


amazed at how much history he knew. Atthe time Ron and Taffy were deeply im-mersed in the research of Louisbourg, andin conversation with the General dis-covered that as a Marine Corps amphibi-ous warfare instructor, he had studiedWolfe's campaigns against Louisbourg andQuebec.

My next meeting with GeneralShepherd was in 1973 when he came toFort Henry on the occasion of the secondre-union . . . At the final banquet forthe Guard, the General proudly wore hisidentity badge which proclaimed himFHG [Fort Henry Guard] 1 .

General Shepherd was the greatestsoldier I have ever met. He was a gentle-man in the true sense of the word.

The Guard will probably never knowjust how much General Shepherd did tofoster the FHG/USMC tradition ofceremonial visits. The General was morethan a friend, he was proud of his associ-ation with the Guard and his position asHonourary Commander. His son wrote,"my father had a great admiration over theyears for your elite organization. Heproudly wore a blazer with your crest onits pocket. A photograph of the fort, aswell as a plaque, hung on his bedroomwall. A miniature cannon was displayedon his bookcase."

BGen Villiam J. Patterson, CF (Ret)Kingston, Ontario

in improving the Sunset Parades (as theywere then called) at the Marine Barracks,8th and I. As executive officer of the Bar-racks from 195 1-1954, I worked closely withthe Commandant and with ColonelsJackJ uhan and Phil Berkeley, the command-ing officers during that period.

The Sunset Parades, which had beenheld at 5 p.m. on Thursday afternoon dur-ing the spring and summer, were movedto Fridays and opened to the general pub-lic. Hotels, tour agencies, radio and TVstations were notified, and the response

(notwithstanding the late afternoon rushhour) was so great that it became neces-sary to call on the Metropolitan Police todirect traffic on 8th Street.

The custom of honoring dignitaries atthe parades—the President, Vice Presi-dent, the Cabinet, Members of Congress,and senior military officers—was also in-itiated by General Shepherd. Vice Presi-dent Nixon was the senior governmentofficial to be honored in 1953. (The Eisen-howers had tentatively accepted but hadto cancel out due to a conflict.) Each weeka dignitary would be invited and appropri-ate photos were taken of the honoredguest reviewing the troops as they marchedpast and also when he signed the leather-bound guest book.

When the Commandant was concernedthat all Marines participating in the pa-rades were not wearing at least campaignribbons from the Korean War, instructionswent out to all MarCorps installations ad-ding this new requirement to the criteriafor transferring personnel to 8th and I. Onone occasion we came up with a planwhich assured us a regular input of Korean[War] veterans: an officer from the Bar-racks would fly to Korea and return on thesame troop transport with 2,000-3,000troops who were being rotated back to theU.S. During the return trip, he wouldscreen the Marines and select those who

Keeping an Eye on 8th & I

Shortly after becoming CMC in 1952,General Shepherd expressed his interest


Then-MayGen Shepherd, center, made time out from his IVorId IVar II command topresent a Purple Heart medal to Navy Radio Technician 3/C James j Moses ofChicago, who was wounded while serving on board a camer off the Philppines.

In September 1952, Gen Shepherd pauses on an official tour of 1st Marine AircraftIVing facilities in Korea to stroke a fawn rescued by members of Marine Air ControlGroup 2. The Commandant okayed the pet's Korean-style shelter and grass-strewn yard

A

1

Eqf" /-

/

amazed at how much history he knew. Atthe time Ron and Taffy were deeply im-mersed in the research of Louisbourg, andin conversation with the Genera! dis-covered that as a Marine Corps amphibi-ous warfare instructor, he had studiedWolfe's campaigns against Louisbourg andQuebec.

My next meeting with Genera!Shepherd was in 1973 when he came toFort Henry on the occasion of the secondre-union . . . . At the final banquet forthe Guard, the Genera! proud!y wore hisidentity badge which proclaimed himFHG [Fort Henry Guard] 1 .

General Shepherd was the greatestso!dier I have ever met. He was a gent!e-man in the true sense of the word.

The Guard wi!! probably never knowjust how much Genera! Shepherd did tofoster the FHG/USMC tradition ofceremonia! visits. The Genera! was morethan a friend, he was proud of his associ-ation with the Guard and his position asHonourary Commander. His son wrote,"my father had a great admiration over theyears for your e!ite organization. Heproudly wore a b!azer with your crest onits pocket. A photograph of the fort, aswe!! as a plaque, hung on his bedroomwa!l. A miniature cannon was displayedon his bookcase."

BGen William j Patterson, CF (Ret)Kingston, Ontario

in improving the Sunset Parades (as theywere then ca!!ed) at the Marine Barracks,8th and I. As executive officer of the Bar-racks from 195 1-1954, I worked closely withthe Commandant and with Colone!sJackJuhan and Phi! Berke!ey, the command-ing officers during that period.

The Sunset Parades, which had beenhe!d at 5 p.m. on Thursday afternoon dur-ing the spring and summer, were movedto Fridays and opened to the general pub-!ic. Hotels, tour agencies, radio and TVstations were notified, and the response

(notwithstanding the !ate afternoon rushhour) was so great that it became neces-sary to ca!l on the Metropolitan Police todirect traffic on 8th Street.

The custom of honoring dignitaries atthe parades — the President, Vice Presi-dent, the Cabinet, Members of Congress,and senior mi!itary officers—was a!so in-itiated by Genera! Shepherd. Vice Presi-dent Nixon was the senior governmentofficial to be honored in 1953. (The Eisen-howers had tentatively accepted but hadto cance! out due to a conflict.) Each weeka dignitary would be invited and appropri-ate photos were taken of the honoredguest reviewing the troops as they marchedpast and also when he signed the !eather-bound guest book.

When the Commandant was concernedthat a!! Marines participating in the pa-rades were not wearing at !east campaignribbons from the Korean War, instructionswent out to a!! MarCorps instal!ations ad-ding this new requirement to the criteriafor transferring personnel to 8th and I. Onone occasion we came up with a planwhich assured us a regular input of Korean[War) veterans: an officer from the Bar-racks would fly to Korea and return on thesame troop transport with 2,000-3,000troops who were being rotated back to theU.S. During the return trip, he wouldscreen the Marines and select those who

Keeping an Eye on 8th & I

Shortly after becoming CMC in 1952,General Shepherd expressed his interest


Then-MajGen Shepherd, center, made time out from his World War II command topresent a Purple Heart medal to Navy Radio Technician 3/C James J. Moses ofChicago, who was wounded while serving on board a camer off the Philppines.

In September 1952, Gen Shepherd pauses on an official tour of 1st Marine AircraftWing facilities in Korea to stroke a fawn rescued by members of Marine Air ControlGroup 2. The Commandant okayed the pet's Korean-style shelter and grass-strewn yard

met our "ceremonial qualifications." Itwasn't long before all Marines in the pa-rades were wearing ribbons!

General Shepherd also kept close tabson the Drum and Bugle Corps and theMarine Band with an eye on how theycould be spruced up. He arranged for usto send the two drum majors and two mu-sicians from each to London for a monthwith the Royal Marines musical organiza-tions. As a result of this visit, the "slowmarch," bearskin hat, the new baton, andthe colorful markings on the drums wereadded.

General Shepherd continued to take apersonal interest in just about everythingthat went on at the Barracks, and gave ushis full support in everything we did. Ashe once told us, "When I had duty at 8thand I as a major during the 1930s, I wasunable to make any changes."

At the end of the parade season wereceived a letter from one of the bus tourcompanies in Washington stating that itwas the consensus of the tourists that theSunset Parade was by far the best part ofthe tour.

Col Warren P Baker, USMC (Ret)Fairfax, Virginia

A Virginia Gentleman

Asarole model. When he was CO of 2/5in Quantico in the 1930s I was lieutenantin 1/10. He was admired by all of us kidsas the kind of a CO we wanted to be some-day. Sometimes, when all the crops were

in, the 1st Brigade would go up to Manas-sas for maneuvers in the late fall.

On one of these jack Tabor and I shareda two-man wall tent on the way to theofficers' shower. The water was unheated,except for what the sun would give it dur-ing the day. But every morning, right af-ter reveille, Lem would go by to take a

shower while we cowered under blankets.No one else ever did to my recollection,but we all admired him for his courage.(I never dreamed then that I would alsobe CO 2/5.)On making CMC. When he was sum-moned back to Washington to be inter-viewed by the President for CMC I was G-3FMFPac. CinCPac gave him his VIP planefor the trip and he took me along to dosome work for him at Hq, MarCorps. Ithink his aide, Jimmie Ord, was alongalso—or some other officer. We were inD.C. two or three days, as I recall. On theday of his interview we got word to meethim at the plane at a certain hour in thelate afternoon.

He arrived promptly on time, we board-ed the plane and took off. I asked how theinterview had gone and he replied that hethought very well. But when his stewardbrought us our dinner later I was sure thathe was going to be the next CMC. We hadbeautiful filet mignon and a bottle of fineFrench claret.Lem the Virginian. I got to see his devo-tion to people, places, and things Virgin-ian more than most. My wife, Eva

Holland, was a daughter of the Hollandfamily of Eastville, Virginia (FFV5 of theEastern Shore division. Eastville's popula.


On the same tour of the 1st MA W in Korea in September 1952, Gen Shep herd enjoysa chat over frontline sandbags with Sergeants Geraldj Jorgenson, center, and Wil-ham A. Beebe, both of whom belong to aforwardgroundcontrolintercept squadron.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower seated, presents the newly designed Marine Corpsseal, which the President autographed to Gen Shep herd during a W7hite House ceremo-ny on 22 June 1954 establishing the seal by executive order. Looking on are, from left,Assistant Secretary of Defense Fred A. Seaton; LtGen Gerald C. Thomas, USMC; Secre-tary of the Navy Charles S. Thomas; and Congressman DonaldL. Jackson of California.

'.\

! •

\ç :

met our 'ceremonial qualifications." Itwasn't long before all Marines in the pa-rades were wearing ribbons!

General Shepherd also kept close tabson the Drum and Bugle Corps and theMarine Band with an eye on how theycould be spruced up. He arranged for usto send the two drum majors and two mu-sicians from each to London for a monthwith the Royal Marines musical organiza-tions. As a result of this visit, the "slowmarch," bearskin hat, the new baton, andthe colorful markings on the drums wereadded.

General Shepherd continued to take apersonal interest in just about everythingthat went on at the Barracks, and gave ushis full support in everything we did. Ashe once told us, "When I had duty at 8thand I as a major during the 1930s, I wasunable to make any changes."

At the end of the parade season wereceived a letter from one of the bus tourcompanies in Washington stating that itwas the consensus of the tourists that theSunset Parade was by far the best part ofthe tour.

Col Warren P Baker USMC (Ret)Fairfax, Virginia

A Virginia Gentleman

As a role model. When he was CO of 2/5in Quantico in the 1930s I was lieutenantin 1/10. He was admired by all of us kidsas the kind of a CO we wanted to be some-day. Sometimes, when all the crops were

in, the 1st Brigade would go up to Manas-sas for maneuvers in the late fall.

On one of these jack Tabor and I shareda two-man wall tent on the way to theofficers' shower. The water was unheated,except for what the sun would give it dur-ing the day. But every morning, right af-ter reveille, Lem would go by to take a

shower while we cowered under blankets.No one else ever did to my recollection,but we all admired him for his courage.(I never dreamed then that I would alsobe CO 2/5.)On making CMC. When he was sum-moned back to Washington to be inter-viewed by the President for CMC I was G-3FMFPac. CinCPac gave him his VIP planefor the trip and he took me along to dosome work for him at Hq, MarCorps. Ithink his aide, Jimmie Ord, was alongalso—or some other officer. We were inD.C. two or three days, as I recall. On theday of his interview we got word to meethim at the plane at a certain hour in thelate afternoon.

He arrived promptly on time, we board-ed the plane and took off. I asked how theinterview had gone and he replied that hethought very well. But when his stewardbrought us our dinner later I was sure thathe was going to be the next CMC. We hadbeautiful filet mignon and a bottle of fineFrench claret.Lem the Virginian. I got to see his devo-tion to people, places, and things Virgin-ian more than most. My wife, Eva

Holland, was a daughter of the Hollandfamily of Eastville, Virginia (FFVs of theEastern Shore division. Eastville's popula-


On the same tour of the 1st MAW in Korea in September 1952, Gen Shep herd enjoysa chat over frontline sandbags with Sergeants Geraldj Jorgenson, center and Wil-liam A. Beebe, both of whom belong to a forward ground control intercept squadron.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower, seated, presents the newly designed Marine Corpsseal, which the President autographed to Gen Shep herd during a White House ceremo-ny on 22 June 1954 establishing the seal by executive order Looking on are, from left,Assistant Secretary of Defense Fred A. Seaton; LtGen Gerald C. Thomas, USMC; Secre-tary of the Navy Charles S. Thomas, and Congressman DonaldL. Jackson of California.

tion is still about 350 and as the countyseat of Northhampton County has theoldest continuous court records in theU.S.).

Her oldest brother Edward was a lieu-tenant in the Navy in \)VII and after-ward married a Driver girl from Norfolk,Virginia's [Mrs. Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr.]sister, I think. Anyhow the Shepherds andHollands became lifelong friends andvisited each other frequently. When Evagraduated from college in 1932 she wentto Quantico to teach 5th grade in the postschool. When the Shepherds came theysomehow knew through the "VirginiaCousin" grapevine that she was there andshe immediately became a frequent guestin their home. Lem would introduce heras "my cousin Eva Holland." How peoplebecame cousins in Virginia never ceasedto amaze me.

We were married at Christmas 1937while I was at Fort Sill and came back to

Quantico in the spring of'38 for duty with1/10. Soon after we got there we were in-vited to a cocktail party at the Shepherds.The guests were mostly lieutenantcolonels, majors, and couple of captainsand colonels, and me, a second lieutenant.I never felt so out of place in my life. Evaalready knew all of them and had a greattime.

For the rest of my time in the Corps Iadmired him as a true Virginia gentleman,as well as a splendid Marine.

BGen F P Henderson, USMC (Ret)Moorestown, New Jersey

Two Anglophiles

My regimental commander of the 3dMarines, 1952-54, was Colonel Robert H.Williams, USMC; he didn't carry a walk-ing stick, but was never without his "swag-ger stick."

When General Shepherd, the Com-mandant, returned from an inspection

trip to Korea he paid a visit to the 3d Ma-rines at Camp Fuji, Japan. Colonel Wil-liams honored him with a regimentalreview and a regimental mess night.

He was rewarded with a "Dear Bob"thank-you note upon the General's returnto Washington. Shortly after thisColonel Williams was ordered to 8th andI as commanding officer. Williams, likeShepherd, was influenced by British tra-dition.

JLdr Thomas]. Powell, USN (Ret)Brackettville, Texas

EDITOR'S NOTE: For commenting lettersand additional materials for GenShepherd's biograp hical files, thanks alsoto: Mr Henry Aplington II, Mr. Victor L.Betcher; Col Ed Condra, USMCR, May-Gen John S. Grinalds, USMC; Mr. R.Bruce Heilman; Mr Charles]. Leonard,GySgt Joseph G. Lommerse, USMC (Ret);and Mr Clarence IV Martin. L111775E111

Foundation Honors Quantico Historian, Veterans Group

D R. V. KEITH FLEMING, JR. was therecipient of the Marine Corps

Historical Foundation's 1990 General Wal-lace M. Greene, Jr. Award, for his book,The US. Marine Corps in Crisis: RibbonCreek and Recruit Training. Col John G.Miller, USMC (Ret), recipient of the awardin 1989 and chairman of the 1990 AwardsCommittee, presented the award to Dr.Fleming at the Foundation's annualAwards Dinner, held at Quantico's HarryLee Hall on 4 November 1990.

Dr. Fleming, a former historian with theHistory and Museums Division, is nowhead of the Historical Section, MAGTFWarfighting Center at Quantico. As a Ma-rine officer, he commanded a rifle platoonin the U.S. intervention in the Domini-can Republic in 1965, and the followingyear assumed command of a rifle compa-ny in the 1st Marine Division in Vietnam.

The Marine Corps in Crisis chroniclesthe Ribbon Creek incident of 1956, where-in a Marine drill instructor led his recruitplatoon into a tidal stream at Parris Island,resulting in the drowning of six men. Thebook not only examines the incident it-self, but also the social and political im-plications it had for the Marine Corpsduring the 1950s.

by Charles R. SmithSecretary, Marine Corps Historical Foundation

The General Wallace M. Greene, Jr.Award is named for the twenty-third Com-mandant of the Marine Corps, who duringhis distinguished career, gave stature to theCorps' historical program. Gen Greenewas also a founding member of the MarineCorps Historical Foundation. The awardis given to the author of each year's out-standing nonfiction book pertinent to Ma-rine Corps history as judged by theFoundation.

Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret),Deputy Director for Museums, presented

V Keith Fleming, Jr.

the 1990 Colonel John H. Magruder IIIMemorial Award. Named for the firstdirector of the Marine Corps Museum, theMagruder Award is given to an individual,institution, or organization for excellencein depicting Marine Corps history in ex-hibits or displays in a museum or similarsetting.

The recipient in 1990 was the Guadal-canal Memorial Museum of Kalamazoo,Michigan. The museum, an element ofthe Kalamzaoo Aviation History Museum,is an activity of the 2,800-memberGuadalcanal Campaign Veterans Associ-ation, which includes not only Marinesbut Army and Navy veterans of the cam-paign as well. Through the use of artwork,maps, photographs, and dioramas, themuseum tells the story of the fight forGuadalcanal and honors its heroes.

The 100 members and guests attending,including the guests of honor, LtGen andMrs. Ernest T. Cook, Jr., also heard apresentation by Col Donald S. Lopez,USAF (Ret), Deputy Director of the Airand Space Museum and former FlyingTiger, who provided insights into the airwar over China during World War II, inthe form of an anecdotal history of thecampaign. L111775L11


¶

tion is still about 350 and as the countyseat of Northhampton County has theoldest continuous court records in theU.S.).

Her oldest brother Edward was a lieu-tenant in the Navy in \X'II and after-ward married a Driver girl from Norfolk,Virginia's [Mrs. Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr.]sister, I think. Anyhow the Shepherds andHollands became lifelong friends andvisited each other frequently. When Evagraduated from college in 1932 she wentto Quantico to teach 5th grade in the postschool. When the Shepherds came theysomehow knew through the "VirginiaCousin" grapevine that she was there andshe immediately became a frequent guestin their home. Lem would introduce heras "my cousin Eva Holland." How peoplebecame cousins in Virginia never ceasedto amaze me.

We were married at Christmas 1937while I was at Fort Sill and came back to

Quantico in the spring of '38 for duty with1/10. Soon after we got there we were in-vited to a cocktail party at the Shepherds.The guests were mostly lieutenantcolonels, majors, and couple of captainsand colonels, and me, a second lieutenant.I never felt so out of place in my life. Evaalready knew all of them and had a greattime.

For the rest of my time in the Corps Iadmired him as a true Virginia gentleman,as well as a splendid Marine.

BGen F P Henderson, USMC (Ret)Moorestown, New Jersey

Two Anglophiles

My regimental commander of the 3dMarines, 1952-54, was Colonel Robert H.Williams, USMC; he didn't carry a walk-ing stick, but was never without his "swag-ger stick."

When Genera! Shepherd, the Com-mandant, returned from an inspection

trip to Korea he paid a visit to the 3d Ma-rines at Camp Fuji, Japan. Colonel Wil-liams honored him with a regimentalreview and a regimental mess night.

He was rewarded with a "Dear Bob"thank-you note upon the General's returnto Washington. Shortly after thisColonel Williams was ordered to 8th andI as commanding officer. Williams, likeShepherd, was influenced by British tra-dition.

JLdr Thomasj Powell, USN (Ret)Brackettville, Texas

EDITOR'S NOTE.' For commenting lettersand additional materials for GenShepherd's biograp hical files, thanks alsoto.' Mr. Henry Aplington II; Mr Victor L.Betcher; Col Ed Condra, USMCR,' May-Gen John S. Grinalds, USMC,' Mr R.Bruce Heilman; Mr Charles J. Leonard,'GySgt Joseph G. Lommerse, USMC (Ret),'and Mr. Clarence IV Martin. L111775E111

Foundation Honors Quantico Historian, Veterans Group

D R. V. KEITH FLEMING, JR. was therecipient of the Marine Corps

Historical Foundation's 1990 General Wal-lace M. Greene, Jr. Award, for his book,The US. Marine Corps in Crisis: RibbonCreek and Recruit Training. Col John G.Miller, USMC (Ret), recipient of the awardin 1989 and chairman of the 1990 AwardsCommittee, presented the award to Dr.Fleming at the Foundation's annualAwards Dinner, held at Quantico's HarryLee Hall on 4 November 1990.

Dr. Fleming, a former historian with theHistory and Museums Division, is nowhead of the Historical Section, MAGTFWarfighting Center at Quantico. As a Ma-rine officer, he commanded a rifle platoonin the U.S. intervention in the Domini-can Republic in 1965, and the followingyear assumed command of a rifle compa-fly in the 1st Marine Division in Vietnam.

The Marine Corps in Crisis chroniclesthe Ribbon Creek incident of 1956, where-in a Marine drill instructor led his recruitplatoon into a tidal stream at Parris Island,resulting in the drowning of six men. Thebook not only examines the incident it-self, but also the social and political im-plications it had for the Marine Corpsduring the 1950s.

by Charles R. SmithSecretary, Marine Corps Historical Foundation

The General Wallace M. Greene, Jr.Award is named for the twenty-third Com-mandant of the Marine Corps, who duringhis distinguished career, gave stature to theCorps' historical program. Gen Greenewas also a founding member of the MarineCorps Historical Foundation. The awardis given to the author of each year's out-standing nonfiction book pertinent to Ma-rine Corps history as judged by theFoundation.

Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret),Deputy Director for Museums, presented

V Keith Fleming, Jr.

the 1990 Colonel John H. Magruder IIIMemorial Award. Named for the firstdirector of the Marine Corps Museum, theMagruder Award is given to an individual,institution, or organization for excellencein depicting Marine Corps history in ex-hibits or displays in a museum or similarsetting.

The recipient in 1990 was the Guadal-canal Memorial Museum of Kalamazoo,Michigan. The museum, an element ofthe Kalamzaoo Aviation History Museum,is an activity of the 2,800-memberGuadalcanal Campaign Veterans Associ-ation, which includes not only Marinesbut Army and Navy veterans of the cam-paign as well. Through the use of artwork,maps, photographs, and dioramas, themuseum tells the story of the fight forGuadalcanal and honors its heroes.

The 100 members and guests attending,including the guests of honor, LtGen andMrs. Ernest T. Cook, Jr., also heard apresentation by Col Donald S. Lopez,USAF (Ret), Deputy Director of the Airand Space Museum and former FlyingTiger, who provided insights into the airwar over China during World War II, inthe form of an anecdotal history of thecampaign. L111775L11


C HIEF HISTORIAN Henry I. "Bud"Shaw,Jr., and Archives Section Head

Mrs. Joyce E. Bonnett have retired uponcompletion of long service as employeesof the History and Museums Division ofHeadquarters Marine Corps. At a jointretirement ceremony on 31 October 1990,Mr. Shaw could report 39 years of federalcivilian service, and Mrs. Bonnett couldtally 27 years.

Mr. Shaw is a veteran of World War IIwho served with the 1st Marine Divisionon Okinawa and in the occupation ofNorth China. He is a native of WestchesterCounty, New York, and a graduate ofHaddonfield, NewJersey High School. Hewent to The Citadel for a year—1943-1944—before joining Marines fighting inthe Pacific.

On his return from active duty servicehe attended Hope College in Michiganwhere he joined the Michigan NationalGuard. He reached the rank of sergeantfirst class in a heavy machine gun unit andtook his discharge when he graduatedfrom Hope with a bachelor of arts degreecum laude in history.

In 1949-1950 he was a candidate for amaster of arts degree, which he receivedin 1950 from Columbia University. He wascalled up by the Marine Corps Reserve thatsame year and assigned to Schools Troopsat Quantico, first as an infantry squadleader and then as an editorial assistant onthe staff of the Marine Corps Gazette.

U PON HIS SECOND RELEASE from ac-

tive duty in 1951, Mr. Shaw joinedwhat was then the Historical Branch, G-3Division, at HQMC, and continued toserve in the Marine Corps historical pro-gram through its many changes since. Hisfirst official publication was Okinawa: Vic-tory in the Pacific, which he co-authoredwith Maj Charles Nichols and which wasthe last of 15 World War II monographs

Henry I. Shaw, Jr.

by Benis M. FrankActing Chief Historian

published by the branch. He was co-author of four out of the five hardcoverofficial histories of Marine operations inWorld War II and also was chief editor ofthe last four volumes.

Mr. Shaw co-authored the division'stwice reprinted Blacks in the MarineCorps, and served as editor of all of theofficial operational and functional histo-ries of the war in Vietnam published todate. In addition, he wrote or edited alarge number of brief histories of Marineunits, bases, and activities.

He has written extensively in militaryhistory professional publications, and hashad 50-plus signed book reviews in histor-ical and general circulation periodicals andnewspapers. He also wrote Tarawa for aBallantine Books series on World War II.

Mr. Shaw is a member and officer orformer officer of a long list of profession-al and honorary societies. He is a found-ing member of the Marine CorpsHistorical Foundation and was its secretaryfrom 1979 to 1985. He is a life memberand is long-time secretary of the 1st Ma-rine Division Association.

T HE ORGANIZATION with which he hashad the longest and closest associa-

tion probably is the Company of MilitaryHistorians; he was editor of the Compa-ny's periodical, Military Collector &Historian; editor-in-chief of all its publi-cations; and consulting editor. He is a fel-low of the Company and has been agovernor and president. In 1988 he wasawarded the Company's DistinguishedService Award.

His other honors include two awards ofthe Marine Corps Superior Civilian Serv-ice Medal. Of Mr. Shaw, BGen Edwin H.Simmons, Director of Marine Corps His-tory and Museums, said:

If I had to choose a singleword to describe Bud Shaw, itwould be "integrity." This hasnever been more obvious than inhis performance as senior civilianand counsellor in the History andMuseums Division. It is also obvi-ous in the high professional stan-dards of our publications.

Joyce E. Bonnett is a native West Vir-ginian who began working at Headquart-

ers Marine Corps in 1959, and joined whatwas then the Historical Branch, when itwas situated in Building Number 3, Hen-derson Hall. She was appointed Head ofthe Archives Section in 1974 and has heldthose responsibilities since. As BGen Sim-mons said of Mrs. Bonnett at her and Mr.Shaw's luncheon:

Joyce's story of upward mobilityis one that she can very well beproud of and one from which theHistorical Program has profited

In the course of her 27 yearswith the History and MuseumsDivision, Joyce has received anumber of awards and commen-dations for outstanding perfor-mance. We have received manycompliments on the organizationand availability of our archives,and many personal complimentsfor Joyce . . . She has been ourEEO officer and we have benefit-ted from her counsel and advice

Some years ago I asked Joyceto work at a personal level in theprofessional development of theyoung women who were joiningour staff at the clerical level. Thisshe has done quietly and welland in so doing has herself beena superb role model . . . . I willmiss Joyce's cheerful, willingways. I will miss passing heroffice in the morning and catch-ing her smile and the wave of herhand.

Following Mr. Shaw's retirement, BenisM. Frank, head of the Oral History Sec-tion, is acting chief historian, while his as-sistant, Mrs. Meredith P. Hartley, is actingsection head. Replacing Mrs. Bonnett onan acting basis is Capt Roberta E. Breden,who is assisted by Ms. Joyce C. Conyers,former assistant to Mrs. Bonnett.L1J1775E1

Joyce E. Bonnett

Historical Program Stalwarts Shaw and Bonnett Retire

I

C HIEF HISTORIAN Henry I. "Bud"Shaw, Jr., and Archives Section Head

Mrs. Joyce E. Bonnett have retired uponcompletion of long service as employeesof the History and Museums Division ofHeadquarters Marine Corps. At a jointretirement ceremony on 31 October 1990,Mr. Shaw could report 39 years of federalcivilian service, and Mrs. Bonnett couldtally 27 years.

Mr. Shaw is a veteran of World War IIwho served with the 1st Marine Divisionon Okinawa and in the occupation ofNorth China. He is a native of WestchesterCounty, New York, and a graduate ofHaddonfield, NewJersey High School. Hewent to The Citadel for a year—1943-1944— before joining Marines fighting inthe Pacific.

On his return from active duty servicehe attended Hope College in Michiganwhere he joined the Michigan NationalGuard. He reached the rank of sergeantfirst class in a heavy machine gun unit andtook his discharge when he graduatedfrom Hope with a bachelor of arts degreecum laude in history.

In 1949-1950 he was a candidate for amaster of arts degree, which he receivedin 1950 from Columbia University. He wascalled up by the Marine Corps Reserve thatsame year and assigned to Schools Troopsat Quantico, first as an infantry squadleader and then as an editorial assistant onthe staff of the Marine Corps Gazette.

U PON HIS SECOND RELEASE from ac-

tive duty in 1951, Mr. Shaw joinedwhat was then the Historical Branch, G-3Division, at HQMC, and continued toserve in the Marine Corps historical pro-gram through its many changes since. Hisfirst official publication was Okinawa: Vic-tory in the Pacific, which he co-authoredwith Maj Charles Nichols and which wasthe last of 15 World War II monographs

Henry I. Shaw, Jr


published by the branch. He was co-author of four out of the five hardcoverofficial histories of Marine operations inWorld War II and also was chief editor ofthe last four volumes.

Mr. Shaw co-authored the division'stwice reprinted Blacks in the MarineCorps, and served as editor of all of theofficial operational and functional histo-ries of the war in Vietnam published todate. In addition, he wrote or edited alarge number of brief histories of Marineunits, bases, and activities.

He has written extensively in militaryhistory professional publications, and hashad 50-plus signed book reviews in histor-ical and general circulation periodicals andnewspapers. He also wrote Tarawa for aBallantine Books series on World War II.

Mr. Shaw is a member and officer orformer officer of a long list of profession-al and honorary societies. He is a found-ing member of the Marine CorpsHistorical Foundation and was its secretaryfrom 1979 to 1985. He is a life memberand is long-time secretary of the 1st Ma-rine Division Association.

T HE ORGANIZATION with which he hashad the longest and closest associa-

tion probably is the Company of MilitaryHistorians; he was editor of the Compa-ny's periodical, Military Collector &Historian; editor-in-chief of all its publi-cations; and consulting editor. He is a fel-low of the Company and has been agovernor and president. In 1988 he wasawarded the Company's DistinguishedService Award.

His other honors include two awards ofthe Marine Corps Superior Civilian Serv-ice Medal. Of Mr. Shaw, BGen Edwin H.Simmons, Director of Marine Corps His-tory and Museums, said:

If I had to choose a singleword to describe Bud Shaw, itwould be "integrity." This hasnever been more obvious than inhis performance as senior civilianand counsellor in the History andMuseums Division. It is also obvi-ous in the high professional stan-dards of our publications.

Joyce E. Bonnett is a native West Vir-ginian who began working at Headquart-

ers Marine Corps in 1959, and joined whatwas then the Historical Branch, when itwas situated in Building Number 3, Hen-derson Hall. She was appointed Head ofthe Archives Section in 1974 and has heldthose responsibilities since. As BGen Sim-mons said of Mrs. Bonnett at her and Mr.Shaw's luncheon:

Joyce's story of upward mobilityis one that she can very well beproud of and one from which theHistorical Program has profited

In the course of her 27 yearswith the History and MuseumsDivision, Joyce has received anumber of awards and commen-dations for outstanding perfor-mance. We have received manycompliments on the organizationand availability of our archives,and many personal complimentsfor Joyce . . . She has been ourEEO officer and we have benefit-ted from her counsel and advice

Some years ago I asked Joyceto work at a personal level in theprofessional development of theyoung women who were joiningour staff at the clerical level. Thisshe has done quietly and welland in so doing has herself beena superb role model . . . . I willmiss Joyce's cheerful, willingways. I will miss passing heroffice in the morning and catch-ing her smile and the wave of herhand.

Following Mr. Shaw's retirement, BenisM. Frank, head of the Oral History Sec-tion, is acting chief historian, while his as-sistant, Mrs. Meredith P. Hartley, is actingsection head. Replacing Mrs. Bonnett onan acting basis is Capt Roberta E. Breden,who is assisted by Ms. Joyce C. Conyers,former assistant to Mrs. Bonnett.L1J1775E1

Joyce E. Bonnett

Historical Program Stalwarts Shaw and Bonnett Retire

Command Museums and Historical Displays

Parris Island, Western Bases Boast Museum Aid Groups

M ARINE CORPS Recruit Depot, Par-ris Island sends good news. Area re-

tired Marines are organizing the Parris Is-land Historical and Museum Society.

Objectives of the society are "To pro-mote understanding of the history of Par-ris Island through its early discovery andexpansion with particular emphasis on therole of the Marine Corps in its develop-ment, and secondly, to render financialsupport and develop a Museum Gift Shopoperated by volunteers to be located in theexisting and very successful Parris IslandMuseum." Parris Island's famous "IronMike" statue has been adopted as the so-ciety's logo or totem.

Retired Marines and others who wish tojoin and participate may call the presi-dent, SgtMaj David Robles, at (803)522-1446; the secretary, Maj Peter S. Beck,at (803) 524-0007; or, on Hilton Head,LtCol Neele S. Barner, treasurer, at (803)842-5712. The Society's mailing address isP.O. Box 5202, Parris Island, South Caro-lina 29905.

The MCRD command museum mean-while continues to grow. The curator, Dr.Stephen Wise, has been joined by muse-um professional W. Allen Roberson, asregistrar and museologist.

The large World War II exhibit "FromDawn to Setting Sun," formerly at theHistorical Center in Washington, is ex-pected to attract increased interest as the50th anniversary of the war is upon us. TheKorean War exhibit, created at Parris Is-land, attracted interest last year, markingthe 40th anniversary of that war.

by Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret)Deputy Director for Museums

symposia at the museum. Mail address isP.O. Box 85, MCRD San Diego, Califor-nia 92140.

I N ADDITION TO standing exhibits onMarines at San Diego the museum is

featuring "The Eagle and The Dragon:Marines in the Boxer Rebellion" shown fortwo years to wide acclaim at the MarineCorps Historical Center. It is augmentedby Maj Arthur Weiss's collection of medalsissued by many countries to their troopsdefending the Peking Legations or withthe China Relief Expedition. Col CharlesH. Waterhouse's 12 paintings, "Marines inthe Conquest of California," are also ex-hibited, as are David Douglas Duncan'sfamous photographs of Marines in theKorean and Vietnam Wars.

Recent acquisitions include a 1918 FordModel-T ambulance ingeniously exhibit-ed on the second deck and a pair ofJapanese 70mm battalion howitzers cap-tured on Guam and donated by LtGenEdward A. Craig. Another prize is a

M1921 Thompson Sub-Machine Gun,serial number 1175. It was presented toLtCol Thomas C. Turner, director of Ma-rine Corps aviation in 1930, by NicaraguanPresident Jose M. Mancada. Upon Turn-er's death shortly after, his widow gave thegun to MajGen Walter G. Farrell, who do-nated it to the museum complete with allaccessories and web gear.

The 4th Marines was based at San Die-

go from 1914 until 1927 when it depart-ed for Shanghai. While the museum hasbeen scouting for material relating to the4th, the Museums Branch in Washingtonhas sent it the old blue color carried bythe 4th in those days. The Society hasraised money for a badly needed profes-sional job of restoration and framing.

The society's annual meeting was com-bined with its annual "Breakfast with theCommanding General" on 20 November.The society's second annual Oktoberfestto benefit the museum was a month earli-er, on 20 October in the museum court-yard. Featured was the MCRD Band andColor Guard, and a German band.

T HE COMMAND aviation museum atMCAS El Toro is in advanced stages

of completion under the leadership ofBGenJay Hubbard and a team of local re-tired and air station Marines. World WarII squadron headquarters building 243will house small exhibits and offices whileadjacent hangar 244 will shelter the morefragile of the 20 aircraft already in hand.

Historical displays include aircraft as"gate guards" at air stations and elsewhere.These aircraft are carried on the invento-ry of the Museums Branch but are main-tained in good appearance by the hostingstation. Eighteen historical aircraft are inthis category at 10 air stations and otherfacilities. L111775L11

T HE MCRD San Diego commandmuseum has burgeoned through the

activity of the West Coast retired Marinecommunity and the enthusiastic supportof Depot Commanding General, MajGenJohn S. Grinalds. They have organized theMCRD San Diego Museum Historical So-ciety, recruited a corps of volunteers to as-sist museum director George Kordela andoperate a museum store, published anewsletter, and sponsored a three-tier(staff NCOs, company grade officers, andfield grade officers) series of warfighting


This 1918 Ford Model-T ambulance, one of the latest acquisitions of the commandmuseum of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, is disp layed on the second deck.

Command Museums and Historical Displays

Parris Island, Western Bases Boast Museum Aid Groups

M ARINE CORPS Recruit Depot, Par-ris Island sends good news. Area re-

tired Marines are organizing the Parris Is-land Historical and Museum Society.

Objectives of the society are "To pro-mote understanding of the history of Par-ris Island through its early discovery andexpansion with particular emphasis on therole of the Marine Corps in its develop-ment, and secondly, to render financialsupport and develop a Museum Gift Shopoperated by volunteers to be located in theexisting and very successful Parris IslandMuseum." Parris Island's famous "IronMike" statue has been adopted as the so-ciety's logo or totem.

Retired Marines and others who wish tojoin and participate may call the presi-dent, SgtMaj David Robles, at (803)522-1446; the secretary, Maj Peter S. Beck,at (803) 524-0007; or, on Hilton Head,LtCol Neele S. Barner, treasurer, at (803)842-5712. The Society's mailing address isP.O. Box 5202, Parris Island, South Caro-lina 29905.

The MCRD command museum mean-while continues to grow. The curator, Dr.Stephen Wise, has been joined by muse-um professional W. Allen Roberson, asregistrar and museologist.

The large World War II exhibit "FromDawn to Setting Sun," formerly at theHistorical Center in Washington, is ex-pected to attract increased interest as the50th anniversary of the war is upon us. TheKorean War exhibit, created at Parris Is-land, attracted interest last year, markingthe 40th anniversary of that war.

by Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret)Deputy Director for Museums

symposia at the museum. Mail address isP.O. Box 85, MCRD San Diego, Califor-nia 92140.

IN ADDITION 10 standing exhibits onMarines at San Diego the museum is

featuring "The Eagle and The Dragon:Marines in the Boxer Rebellion" shown fortwo years to wide acclaim at the MarineCorps Historical Center. It is augmentedby Maj Arthur Weiss's collection of medalsissued by many countries to their troopsdefending the Peking Legations or withthe China Relief Expedition. Col CharlesH. Waterhouse's 12 paintings, "Marines inthe Conquest of California," are also ex-hibited, as are David Douglas Duncan'sfamous photographs of Marines in theKorean and Vietnam Wars.

Recent acquisitions include a 1918 FordModel-T ambulance ingeniously exhibit-ed on the second deck and a pair ofJapanese 70mm battalion howitzers cap-tured on Guam and donated by LtGenEdward A. Craig. Another prize is a

M1921 Thompson Sub-Machine Gun,serial number 1175. It was presented toLtCol Thomas C. Turner, director of Ma-rine Corps aviation in 1930, by NicaraguanPresident Jose M. Mancada. Upon Turn-er's death shortly after, his widow gave thegun to MajGen Walter G. Farrell, who do-nated it to the museum complete with allaccessories and web gear.

The 4th Marines was based at San Die-

go from 1914 until 1927 when it depart-ed for Shanghai. While the museum hasbeen scouting for material relating to the4th, the Museums Branch in Washingtonhas sent it the old blue color carried bythe 4th in those days. The Society hasraised money for a badly needed profes-sional job of restoration and framing.

The society's annual meeting was com-bined with its annual "Breakfast with theCommanding General" on 20 November.The society's second annual Oktoberfestto benefit the museum was a month earli-er, on 20 October in the museum court-yard. Featured was the MCRD Band andColor Guard, and a German band.

T HE COMMAND aviation museum atMCAS El Toro is in advanced stages

of completion under the leadership ofBGenJay Hubbard and a team of local re-tired and air station Marines. World WarII squadron headquarters building 243will house small exhibits and offices whileadjacent hangar 244 will shelter the morefragile of the 20 aircraft already in hand.

Historical displays include aircraft as"gate guards" at air stations and elsewhere.These aircraft are carried on the invento-ry of the Museums Branch but are main-tained in good appearance by the hostingstation. Eighteen historical aircraft are inthis category at 10 air stations and otherfacilities. L111775L11

T HE MCRD San Diego commandmuseum has burgeoned through the

activity of the West Coast retired Marinecommunity and the enthusiastic supportof Depot Commanding General, MajGenJohn S. Grinalds. They have organized theMCRD San Diego Museum Historical So-ciety, recruited a corps of volunteers to as-sist museum director George Kordela andoperate a museum store, published anewsletter, and sponsored a three-tier(staff NCOs, company grade officers, andfield grade officers) series of warfighting


This 1918 Ford Model-T ambulance, one of the latest acquisitions of the commandmuseum of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, is displayedon the second deck.

First Director's Actions Shaped Women's Future in Corpsby Col Mary V Stremlow, USMCR (Ret)

C OL RUTH CHENEY STREETER, first

director of the United States MarineCorps Women's Reserve (USMCWR),made Marine Corps and military historywhen she was commissioned a major andsworn in by Secretary of the Navy FrankKnox on 29January 1943. On 30 Septem-ber 1990, at the age of 94, she died of con-gestive heart failure at her home inMorristown, New Jersey.

Mrs. Ruth C. Streeter was not the firstwoman selected for active duty in theWorld War II Marine Corps. A few weeksearlier, a civilian clothing expert, Mrs.Anne A. Lentz, who had helped designthe uniforms for the Women's Reserve, be-came the first commissioned officer withthe rank of captain.

The selection of Ruth Streeter to headthe USMCWR came after months of dis-cussion and stalling. It was a well-knownfact that the Commandant, LtGen Tho-mas Holcomb, was opposed to the forma-tion of a women's reserve, but the urgentneed for combat troops caused the ques-tion to be restudied. In October 1942, act-ing on the recommendation of the M-1section of the Division of Plans and Poli-cies, Gen Holcomb wrote the Secretary ofNavy that, ". . . in furtherance of the wareffort, it is believed that as many womenas possible should be used in noncom-batant billets, thus releasing a greaternumber of the limited manpower availa-ble for essential combat duty."

Q N 7 NOVEMBER i941, just three daysbefore the 167th birthday of the Ma-

rine Corps, the Commandant signed thedocument that made the USMCWR offi-cial. The Corps was the last of the servicesto admit women. Early estimates called foran initial strength of 500 officers and6,000 enlisted women by 30 June 1943,with a total strength of 1,000 officers and18,000 enlisted women by 30 June 1944.

Ruth Cheney Streeter, who in 1940 want-ed to be a submarine spotter and so learn-ed to fly, relished her Marine commission.

It fell to Mrs. Streeter, a woman who hadnever before held a paying job, to facili-tate recruiting, training, administration,and uniforming of the new Women'sReserve.

Mrs. Streeter, 47, president of her classat Byrn Mawr despite completing only twoyears of college, wife of a prominent law-yer and businessman, mother of four in-cluding three sons in the service, and for20 years active in New Jersey health andwelfare work, was selected from a field of12 outstanding women recommended byDean Virginia C. Gildersleeve of BarnardCollege, Columbia University. Dean Gil-dersleeve chaired the Advisory EducationalCouncil, which had previously played arole in the selection of LCdr MildredMcAfee, Director of the WAVES.

Col Littleton W. T Wailer, Jr., Direc-tor of Reserve, and his assistant, Maj C.Brewster Rhoads, travelled across the coun-try to personally interview all candidates.Meanwhile, discreet inquiries were madeabout the nominees. Mrs. Streeter musthave seemed an obvious choice. She wasconfident, spirited, fiercely patriotic, andhigh-principled. Discussing the interviewin later life, she said, "As nearly as I canmake out, Gen Holcomb said, 'If I've gotto have women, I've got to have somebody

in charge in whom I've got complete con-fidence.' So he called on Gen Wailer. GenWailer said, 'If I've got to be responsiblefor the women, I've got to have somebodyin whom I have complete confidence.' Andhe called on Maj Rhoads. So then the twoof them came out to interview me."

H AVING PASSED MUSTER with bothCol Wailer and Maj Rhoads, Mrs.

Streeter was scheduled for an interviewwith Gen Holcomb. In the course of thefirst meeting, the question he askedrepeatedly was whether she knew any Ma-rines. Dismayed and sure she would bedisqualified because she didn't know theright people, she answered honestly thatshe knew no Marines. In fact, this was toher advantage, because the Commandantfeared that if she had friends in the Corps,she might have been inclined to circum-vent the chain of command. After the in-terview, Col Wailer told her that hethought it went well, but the appointmentwould have to await the approval of theSecretary of the Navy. Mrs. Streeter knewthat wouldn't be a problem since Secre-tary Knox was a close friend of hermother and her in-laws, and her husbandhad been the Secretary's personal coun-sel.

Throughout her life, Ruth Streeter wasa devoted Marine, but the Corps had notbeen her first choice. After the fall ofFrance in 1940, Mrs. Streeter was certainwe would be drawn into a war. Germansubmarines were sinking American shipsa mile or two off the shores of NewJerseyin plain sight of Atlantic City. So, fully in-tending to be a part of the war effort, shelearned to fly, earning a private and latera commercial pilot's license. Later, shebought her own small plane and joinedthe Civil Air Patrol in the summer of 1941.Although her plane was used to fly themissions aimed at keeping the enemy subsdown, Mrs. Streeter, to her enormous frus-tration, was relegated to the position ofadjutant, organizing schedules and doing

all the dirty work."Undaunted, she continued to hone her

skills, flying her plane that wouldn't goabove 8,000 feet and navigating by look-ing at terrain, especially ". . . any handy


Col Mary V Stremlow, USMCR(Ret), is the author of A History ofthe Women Marines, 1946-1977. Shecurrently is Deputy Director of theNew York State Division of VeteransAffairs in Albany.

First Director's Actions Shaped Women's Future in Corpsby Col Mary V Stremlow, USMCR (Ret)

C OL RUTH CHENEY STREETER, firstdirector of the United States Marine

Corps Women's Reserve (USMCWR),made Marine Corps and military historywhen she was commissioned a major andsworn in by Secretary of the Navy FrankKnox on 29January 1943. On 30 Septem-ber 1990, at the age of 94, she died of con-gestive heart failure at her home inMorristown, New Jersey.

Mrs. Ruth C. Streeter was not the firstwoman selected for active duty in theWorld War II Marine Corps. A few weeksearlier, a civilian clothing expert, Mrs.Anne A. Lentz, who had helped designthe uniforms for the Women's Reserve, be-came the first commissioned officer withthe rank of captain.

The selection of Ruth Streeter to headthe USMCWR came after months of dis-cussion and stalling. It was a well-knownfact that the Commandant, LtGen Tho-mas Holcomb, was opposed to the forma-tion of a women's reserve, but the urgentneed for combat troops caused the ques-tion to be restudied. In October 1942, act-ing on the recommendation of the M-1section of the Division of Plans and Poli-cies, Gen Holcomb wrote the Secretary ofNavy that, ". . . in furtherance of the wareffort, it is believed that as many womenas possible should be used in noncom-batant billets, thus releasing a greaternumber of the limited manpower availa-ble for essential combat duty."

Q N 7 NOvEMBER 1941, just three daysbefore the 167th birthday of the Ma-

rine Corps, the Commandant signed thedocument that made the USMCWR offi-cial. The Corps was the last of the servicesto admit women. Early estimates called foran initial strength of 500 officers and6,000 enlisted women by 30 June 1943,with a total strength of 1,000 officers and18,000 enlisted women by 30 June 1944.

Ruth Cheney Streeter, who in 1940 want-edto be a submarine sp otter and so learn-ed to fly, relished her Marine commission.

It fell to Mrs. Streeter, a woman who hadnever before held a paying job, to facili-tate recruiting, training, administration,and uniforming of the new Women'sReserve.

Mrs. Streeter, 47, president of her classat Byrn Mawr despite completing only twoyears of college, wife of a prominent law-yer and businessman, mother of four in-cluding three sons in the service, and for20 years active in New Jersey health andwelfare work, was selected from a field of12 outstanding women recommended byDean Virginia C. Gildersleeve of BarnardCollege, Columbia University. Dean Gil-dersleeve chaired the Advisory EducationalCouncil, which had previously played arole in the selection of LCdr MildredMcAfee, Director of the WAVES.

Col Littleton W. T. Wailer, Jr., Direc-tor of Reserve, and his assistant, Maj C.Brewster Rhoads, travelled across the coun-try to personally interview all candidates.Meanwhile, discreet inquiries were madeabout the nominees. Mrs. Streeter musthave seemed an obvious choice. She wasconfident, spirited, fiercely patriotic, andhigh-principled. Discussing the interviewin later life, she said, "As nearly as I canmake out, Gen Holcomb said, 'If I've gotto have women, I've got to have somebody

in charge in whom I've got complete con-fidence.' So he called on Gen Wailer. GenWailer said, 'If I've got to be responsiblefor the women, I've got to have somebodyin whom I have complete confidence.' Andhe called on Maj Rhoads. So then the twoof them came out to interview me:'

H AVING PASSED MUSTER with bothCol Wailer and Maj Rhoads, Mrs.

Streeter was scheduled for an interviewwith Gen Holcomb. In the course of thefirst meeting, the question he askedrepeatedly was whether she knew any Ma-rines. Dismayed and sure she would bedisqualified because she didn't know theright people, she answered honestly thatshe knew no Marines. In fact, this was toher advantage, because the Commandantfeared that if she had friends in the Corps,she might have been inclined to circum-vent the chain of command. After the in-terview, Col Wailer told her that hethought it went well, but the appointmentwould have to await the approval of theSecretary of the Navy. Mrs. Streeter knewthat wouldn't be a problem since Secre-tary Knox was a close friend of hermother and her in-laws, and her husbandhad been the Secretary's personal coun-sel.

Throughout her life, Ruth Streeter wasa devoted Marine, but the Corps had notbeen her first choice. After the fall ofFrance in 1940, Mrs. Streeter was certainwe would be drawn into a war. Germansubmarines were sinking American shipsa mile or two off the shores of NewJerseyin plain sight of Atlantic City. So, fully in-tending to be a part of the war effort, shelearned to fly, earning a private and latera commercial pilot's license. Later, shebought her own small plane and joinedthe Civil Air Patrol in the summer of 1941.Although her plane was used to fly themissions aimed at keeping the enemy subsdown, Mrs. Streeter, to her enormous frus-tration, was relegated to the position ofadjutant, organizing schedules and doing

all the dirty work:'Undaunted, she continued to hone her

skills, flying her plane that wouldn't goabove 8,000 feet and navigating by look-ing at terrain, especially ". . . any handy


Col Mary V Stremlow, USMCR(Ret), is the author of A History ofthe Women Marines, 1946-1977. Shecurrently is Deputy Director of theNew York State Division of VeteransAffairs in Albany.

railroad tracks going where I wanted togo." She enjoyed everything about flying,including the element of danger. Once,when flying in a thickening fog over theAllegheny Mountains, with the next ridgecompletely veiled, she suggested that they

go up in the clouds and count to tenand come down on the other side."

Early in the war in Europe, British wom-en were flying planes in England and shewas certain American women would be or-ganized to ferry planes to Europe. When,at last, the Women Air Service Pilots(WASPS) were formed under the leader-ship of Jackie Cochran, Mrs. Streeter was47 years old, 12 years beyond the age limit.She tried to enlist, but was rejected fourtimes before meeting Jackie Cochran andthen she was rejected the fifth time.

IN JANUARY before the publicknew about the Marine Corps' plan to

enlist women, Mrs. Streeter tried to jointhe WAVES. She asked if she could fly inthe Navy and was told she could be aground iitructor. She declined. A monthlater she found herself in Washington, thefirst director of the USMCWR. Col Street-er never lost interest in flying and waskeenly aware of the strides made by mili-tary women in the field of aviation in re-cent years. But, the restrictions imposedin World War II still rankled. Years later,when an interviewer suggested that it musthave been particularly pleasing that somany women reservists (WR5) were em-ployed in aviation billets, she was quickto respond, "It wasn't pleasing. It was ag-gravating." In her view, for WRs, the fieldof aviation had its feet firmly on theground.

Although she served on active duty justunder three years, and with tongue-in-cheek occasionally referred to herself as adirector with nothing to direct, Col Street-er nonetheless set an unmistakable stylefor women's service: she was a woman ofintegrity without accompanying stodgi-ness; she had a zest of life and adventurewithout recklessness; she was a confident,articulate leader unfettered by self-importance. She could laugh at herselfand recognized the humor inherent in theunlikely mission of melding 19,000 wom-en into the Marine Corps.

Col Streeter learned her first lesson inmilitary organization when, unable togarner support for innovative policies, shemade the mistake of going to Col Wailer

for sympathy, saying, "I've got so muchresponsibility and no authority." He re-plied, "Col Streeter, you have no respon-sibility either." Conceding that thisrevelation about her position was a severeblow, she rationalized that it was fortunatethat no one besides Col Wailer realizedhow little authority she had.

IT WAS COL STREETER'S FATE to be more

than the Corps bargained for. Her fast-burning energies, steady flow of sugges-tions, and habit of offering opinions net-tled some of the old salts. By her owncount, Col Wailer threw out 50 percent ofher "screwy ideas."

At the end of her first year as Director,she submitted an annual report as she hadbeen accustomed to while serving on var-ious civilian boards of trustees. GenWailer's executive officer, Col Gale, lookedat it and told her, "Col Streeter, the Ma-rine Corps doesn't issue annual reports. It's170 years old and it doesn't issue annualreports." She just said, "Well, you know,we're only a year old, and I just thoughtyou might be interested."

She never submitted another annualreport, but at the war's end, together withher assistant, LtCol Katherine A. Towle,she compiled "A History of the MarineCorps Women's Reserve—A Critical Anal-ysis of Its Development and Operation1943-1945." It's purpose was to avoid repe-tition of the errors made in the operationof the Women's Reserve. Col Streeter, inthe introduction, wrote, "It is certain thatno nation will again seek world domina-tion without first attempting to eliminatethe United States of America. Should thisresult in a long struggle, women will cer-tainly be used in the military services—probably more of them than have been soused in World War II."

T HREE THEMES OF THE REPORT would

continue to be matters of concern tofuture Directors of Women Marines forseveral decades: the role of women in theCorps, the position of the Director ofWomen Marines, and the responsibility ofwomen officers for enlisted womenMarines.

Asking the question, "Are they womenor are they Marines?," Col Streeterchallenged Marines to decide whether theyexpected women to be primarily useful orornamental. She found it demoralizing tohave carefully indoctrinated the WRs in

the customs of the Corps, when it was evi-dent that the Marine Corps had not beenindoctrinated on how to treat the WRs.Privates expecting to be addressed by mili-tary rank and their last name were morelikely to be called by their first name oraddressed as "Miss." Col Streeter observedthat this habit caused the women to reactas civilians and in turn it led to complaintsthat the women were not military enough.

As Director, Col Streeter was on thestaff of the Personnel Department. Whilegiving great credit to the courtesy andcooperation of all the men at Headquart-ers with whom she worked, she recognizedthe limitations of this arrangement. Sheargued that the Director would be in abetter position to deal with all branches,and that her cognizance over all womenMarines and all matters affecting themwould be better recognized if she did notcome under any particular branch. GenAlexander A. Vandegrift, then Comman-dant, agreed and based on Col Streeter'sstrong recommendation, helped ensurethat the Women's Armed Services Integra-tion Act, PL 625, contained a provisionthat the Director of Women Marineswould be detailed to duty in the Officeof the Commandant to assist him in theadministration of women's affairs.

W HILE IT IS accepted military tradi-tion that officers look out for their

troops, Col Streeter believed this is evenmore strongly so in the Marine Corps, andfurther, she felt it was critical that the pub-lic know that special care is taken of youngwomen enlistees. She credited her ownmotherly image for some success in thecountry's acceptance of women in the Ma-rine Corps and she admonished that allfuture women officers must recognizetheir responsibility to their troops.

In the years between the end of WorldWar II and the passage of PL 625 on 12June 1948, WRs were discharged, firstfrom posts and stations and later from as-signments in Washington, D.C. Whilepolicy dictated a rapid demobilization ofthe women, there was good deal of inde-cision as certain officers at Headquarterslobbied to retain WRs working on the ad-ministrative details of disbanding a war-time force. The pending legislation toform some sort of a permanent women'smilitary organization—a notion favored bythe Army and Navy but opposed by mostMarine leaders—led to a bewildering flur-


railroad tracks going where I wanted togo." She enjoyed everything about flying,including the element of danger. Once,when flying in a thickening fog over theAllegheny Mountains, with the next ridgecompletely veiled, she suggested that they

go up in the clouds and count to tenand come down on the other side."

Early in the war in Europe, British wom-en were flying planes in England and shewas certain American women would be or-ganized to ferry planes to Europe. When,at last, the Women Air Service Pilots(WASPS) were formed under the leader-ship of Jackie Cochran, Mrs. Streeter was47 years old, 12 years beyond the age limit.She tried to enlist, but was rejected fourtimes before meetingJackie Cochran andthen she was rejected the fifth time.

IN JANUARY 1943, before the publicknew about the Marine Corps' plan to

enlist women, Mrs. Streeter tried to jointhe WAVES. She asked if she could fly inthe Navy and was told she could be aground ii:tructor. She declined. A monthlater she found herself in Washington, thefirst director of the USMCWR. Col Street-er never lost interest in flying and waskeenly aware of the strides made by mili-tary women in the field of aviation in re-cent years. But, the restrictions imposedin World War II still rankled. Years later,when an interviewer suggested that it musthave been particularly pleasing that somany women reservists (WR5) were em-ployed in aviation billets, she was quickto respond, "It wasn't pleasing. It was ag-gravating." In her view, for WRs, the fieldof aviation had its feet firmly on theground.

Although she served on active duty justunder three years, and with tongue-in-cheek occasionally referred to herself as adirector with nothing to direct, Col Street-er nonetheless set an unmistakable stylefor women's service: she was a woman ofintegrity without accompanying stodgi-ness; she had a zest of life and adventurewithout recklessness; she was a confident,articulate leader unfettered by self-importance. She could laugh at herselfand recognized the humor inherent in theunlikely mission of melding 19,000 wom-en into the Marine Corps.

Col Streeter learned her first lesson inmilitary organization when, unable togarner support for innovative policies, shemade the mistake of going to Col Wallet

for sympathy, saying, "I've got so muchresponsibility and no authority." He re-plied, "Col Streeter, you have no respon-sibility either." Conceding that thisrevelation about her position was a severeblow, she rationalized that it was fortunatethat no one besides Col Wailer realizedhow little authority she had.

IT WAS COL STREETER'S FATE to be more

than the Corps bargained for. Her fast-burning energies, steady flow of sugges-tions, and habit of offering opinions net-tled some of the old salts. By her owncount, Col Waller threw out 50 percent ofher "screwy ideas."

At the end of her first year as Director,she submitted an annual report as she hadbeen accustomed to while serving on var-ious civilian boards of trustees. GenWailer's executive officer, Col Gale, lookedat it and told her, "Coi Streeter, the Ma-rine Corps doesn't issue annual reports. It's170 years old and it doesn't issue annualreports." She just said, "Well, you know,we're only a year old, and I just thoughtyou might be interested."

She never submitted another annualreport, but at the war's end, together withher assistant, LtCol Katherine A. Towle,she compiled "A History of the MarineCorps Women's Reserve—A Critical Anal-ysis of Its Development and Operation194 3-1945." It's purpose was to avoid repe-tition of the errors made in the operationof the Women's Reserve. Col Streeter, inthe introduction, wrote, "It is certain thatno nation will again seek world domina-tion without first attempting to eliminatethe United States of America. Should thisresult in a long struggle, women will cer-tainly be used in the military services—probably more of them than have been soused in World War II."

T HREE THEMES OF THE REPORT would

continue to be matters of concern tofuture Directors of Women Marines forseveral decades: the role of women in theCorps, the position of the Director ofWomen Marines, and the responsibility ofwomen officers for enlisted womenMarines.

Asking the question, "Are they womenor are they Marines?," Col Streeterchallenged Marines to decide whether theyexpected women to be primarily useful orornamental. She found it demoralizing tohave carefully indoctrinated the WRs in

the customs of the Corps, when it was evi-dent that the Marine Corps had not beenindoctrinated on how to treat the WRs.Privates expecting to be addressed by mili-tary rank and their last name were morelikely to be called by their first name oraddressed as "Miss." Col Streeter observedthat this habit caused the women to reactas civilians and in turn it led to complaintsthat the women were not military enough.

As Director, Col Streeter was on thestaff of the Personnel Department. Whilegiving great credit to the courtesy andcooperation of all the men at Headquart-ers with whom she worked, she recognizedthe limitations of this arrangement. Sheargued that the Director would be in abetter position to deal with all branches,and that her cognizance over all womenMarines and all matters affecting themwould be better recognized if she did notcome under any particular branch. GenAlexander A. Vandegrift, then Comman-dant, agreed and based on Col Streeter'sstrong recommendation, helped ensurethat the Women's Armed Services Integra-tion Act, PL 625, contained a provisionthat the Director of Women Marineswould be detailed to duty in the Officeof the Commandant to assist him in theadministration of women's affairs.

W HILE IT IS accepted military tradi-tion that officers look out for their

troops, Col Streeter believed this is evenmore strongly so in the Marine Corps, andfurther, she felt it was critical that the pub-lic know that special care is taken of youngwomen enlistees. She credited her ownmotherly image for some success in thecountry's acceptance of women in the Ma-rine Corps and she admonished that allfuture women officers must recognizetheir responsibility to their troops.

In the years between the end of WorldWar II and the passage of PL 625 on 12June 1948, WRs were discharged, firstfrom posts and stations and later from as-signments in Washington, D.C. Whilepolicy dictated a rapid demobilization ofthe women, there was good deal of inde-cision as certain officers at Headquarterslobbied to retain WRs working on the ad-ministrative details of disbanding a war-time force. The pending legislation toform some sort of a permanent women'smilitary organization — a notion favored bythe Army and Navy but opposed by mostMarine leaders—led to a bewildering flur-


ry of contradictory announcements. Even-tually, recognizing that women were goingto be granted career status, at least in aninactive reserve, the Marine Corps rescind-ed the requirement that Women Reserveofficers resign.

Those on active duty were allowed to re-quest assignment to inactive duty andthose already separated were sent a letterasking them to rejoin the Reserve. Uponrequest they could be reappointed to thepermanent rank held upon resignation.

Former colonel, Mrs. Streeter appliedfor a Reserve commission but her requestwas denied because of a legal restrictionthat precluded the appointment of morethan one woman colonel in the Reserve.Thus, Mrs. Streeter, who shepherded thewartime Women's Reserve from its incep-tion to its initial demobilization and, atthe end, voluntarily gave up terminal leaveso her successor, LtCol Towle, might as-sume the position of Director with itsrightful rank of colonel, became the onlywoman denied the privilege to be reap.pointed to her rank. The Commandant,Gen Vandegrift, made a recommendationin her favor, but the Navy Judge AdvocateGeneral insisted there would be no excep-tions. He later revised his decision andMildred H. McAfee Horton, the WAVEDirector, was given Reserve status as acaptain.

SUBSEQUENT, FUTILE EFFORTS weremade by Col Towle and two Comman-

dants, Gen Vandegrift and Gen LemuelC. Shepherd. It was not until 1959,through the persistence of Col Julia E.Hamblet, Director of Women Marines,that the situation was satisfactorilyresolved. In a letter to the Chairman,Board of Corrections of Naval Records,then-Commandant Gen Randolph McC.Pate, wrote, "Correction of Mrs. Streeter'srecords would erase an apparent inequityand allow her to be affiliated with the Ma-rine Corps Women's Reserve which she wasso instrumental in establishing. This cor-rection would afford the Commandant ofthe Marine Corps great satisfaction." Healso wrote to Mrs. Streeter, "In view of youroutstanding contribution to the Corps, Isincerely hope you will not deprive me ofthe opportunity of recommissioning youas a Colonel in the Marine Corps Reserve."

On 25 June 1959, Ruth Cheney Street-er was reappointed a colonel in the Ma-rine Corps Reserve and retired.

That was, by no means, the end of herlifelong interest in the Corps that gave herthe opportunity to serve her country as fewwomen of her time could hope to do. Shecarefully followed new developments andpolicy changes until the end of her life.And for their part, the Marines never for-got the feisty, level-headed woman who setthe course for women Marines—a coursethat hardly wavered from 1943 until 1977.Directors of Women Marines sought heradvice and kept her informed; WRs wroteto her years after the war; and when shewas hospitalized in her mid-eighties, shecherished messages from the Comman-dant and women recruit platoons.

I T IS FITTING THAT the final tribute ColStreeter received from her beloved

Corps was bestowed by the Marine CorpsReserve Officers Association at its annualconference in the spring of 1990. It wasdelivered to her daughter, Lillian, and itread, "Colonel Streeter's uncommon dedi-cation to our country, her high order ofprofessionalism, and her unswerving sup-port for the Marine Corps and its Reservecomponent epitomize those personalqualities and the deep-felt patriotism em-bodied in the meaning of the MarineCorps Reserve Officers Association highestaward: Non Sibz Sed Patriae —"Not forself, but for Country."

Col Streeter was active in volunteer,community, and political organizations in

New Jersey after the war, serving as adelegate to the state's constitutional con-vention in 1947 and a Presidential electorin 1960. She donated an air raid shelterto her township in 1948 and served as chiefof civilian defense. As a member of thestate's Veteran's Service Council, ColStreeter was a strong advocate for veterans'benefits, most particularly in the areas ofmedical care, housing, education, andtraining, but she caused a political stirwhen she spoke out against the flat bo-nus asserting that a price cannot be puton patriotism. She was vilified by veteransorganizations and received hundreds ofdamning letters; but she also receivedmessages of support from veterans andtheir families. Although the governor wasbesieged with demands for her removalfrom office, he ignored her letter of resig-nation. In the end, a silent majority inNewJersey, all veterans or families of vete-rans, resoundingly defeated the referen-dum for a bonus.

C OL STREETER'S HUSBAND, ThomasW. Streeter, a lawyer and banker,

died in 1965. Her survivors include threesons, Thomas S., Frank S., and Henry S.;a daughter, Lillian S. L. Chance; 17 grand-children; and 15 great-grand-children.

As the colonel wished, the Women Ma-rines Association provided the guard ofhonor at her funeral. L11775E1


Historical Quiz

Marine Authorsby Lena M. KaIjot

Reference Historian

Match the following Marine authors with the titles of their books:1. The Reminiscences of a Marine. a. LtGen Victor H. Krulak2. Baa, Baa Black Sheep. b. Col John W. Thomason3. Soldiers of the Sea: The United c. Gen Lewis W. Walt

States Marine Corps, 1775-1962. d.4. John Glenn: Astronaut.

e5. Fix Bayonets!6. Strange W7ar, Strange Strategy:

fA General's Report on Vietnam

7. Fields of Fire g.

8. Semper Fidelis: The History of Fi.

the United States Marine Corps I.

9. First to Fzght: An Inside View j.

of the US. Marine Corps

MajGen John A. LejeuneCol Gregory "Pappy"BoyingtonBill D. RossHon. James H. WebbCol Robert D. Heinl, Jr.Col Allan R. MillettLtCol Philip N. Pierce andKarl Schuon

10. Iwo Jima: Legacy of Valor (Answers on page 20)

ry of contradictory announcements. Even-tually, recognizing that women were goingto be granted career status, at least in aninactive reserve, the Marine Corps rescind-ed the requirement that Women Reserveofficers resign.

Those on active duty were allowed to re-quest assignment to inactive duty andthose already separated were sent a letterasking them to rejoin the Reserve. Uponrequest they could be reappointed to thepermanent rank held upon resignation.

Former colonel, Mrs. Streeter appliedfor a Reserve commission but her requestwas denied because of a legal restrictionthat precluded the appointment of morethan one woman colonel in the Reserve.Thus, Mrs. Streeter, who shepherded thewartime Women's Reserve from its incep-tion to its initial demobilization and, atthe end, voluntarily gave up terminal leaveso her successor, LtCol Towle, might as-sume the position of Director with itsrightful rank of colonel, became the onlywoman denied the privilege to be reap-pointed to her rank. The Commandant,Gen Vandegrift, made a recommendationin her favor, but the Navy Judge AdvocateGeneral insisted there would be no excep-tions. He later revised his decision andMildred H. McAfee Horton, the WAVEDirector, was given Reserve status as acaptain.

SUBSEQUENT, FUTILE EFFORTS weremade by Cot Towle and two Comman-

dants, Gen Vandegrift and Gen LemuelC. Shepherd. It was not until 1959,through the persistence of Cot Julia E.Hamblet, Director of Women Marines,that the situation was satisfactorilyresolved. In a letter to the Chairman,Board of Corrections of Naval Records,then-Commandant Gen Randolph McC.Pate, wrote, "Correction of Mrs. Streeter'srecords would erase an apparent inequityand allow her to be affiliated with the Ma-rine Corps Women's Reserve which she wasso instrumental in establishing. This cor-rection would afford the Commandant ofthe Marine Corps great satisfaction." Healso wrote to Mrs. Streeter, "In view of youroutstanding contribution to the Corps, Isincerely hope you will not deprive me ofthe opportunity of recommissioning youas a Colonel in the Marine Corps Reserve."

On 25 June 1959, Ruth Cheney Street-er was reappointed a colonel in the Ma-rine Corps Reserve and retired.

That was, by no means, the end of herlifelong interest in the Corps that gave herthe opportunity to serve her country as fewwomen of her time could hope to do. Shecarefully followed new developments andpolicy changes until the end of her life.And for their part, the Marines never for-got the feisty, level-headed woman who setthe course for women Marines — a coursethat hardly wavered from 1943 until 1977.Directors of Women Marines sought heradvice and kept her informed; WRs wroteto her years after the war; and when shewas hospitalized in her mid-eighties, shecherished messages from the Comman-dant and women recruit platoons.

I T IS FITTING THAT the final tribute ColStreeter received from her beloved

Corps was bestowed by the Marine CorpsReserve Officers Association at its annualconference in the spring of 1990. It wasdelivered to her daughter, Lillian, and itread, "Colonel Streeter's uncommon dedi-cation to our country, her high order ofprofessionalism, and her unswerving sup-port for the Marine Corps and its Reservecomponent epitomize those personalqualities and the deep-felt patriotism em-bodied in the meaning of the MarineCorps Reserve Officers Association highestaward: Non Sibi, SedPatriae—"Not forself, but for Country."

Cot Streeter was active in volunteer,community, and political organizations in

New Jersey after the war, serving as adelegate to the state's constitutional con-vention in 1947 and a Presidential electorin 1960. She donated an air raid shelterto her township in 1948 and served as chiefof civilian defense. As a member of thestate's Veteran's Service Council, ColStreeter was a strong advocate for veterans'benefits, most particularly in the areas ofmedical care, housing, education, andtraining, but she caused a political stirwhen she spoke out against the flat bo-nus asserting that a price cannot be puton patriotism. She was vilified by veteransorganizations and received hundreds ofdamning letters; but she also receivedmessages of support from veterans andtheir families. Although the governor wasbesieged with demands for her removalfrom office, he ignored her letter of resig-nation. In the end, a silent majority inNew Jersey, all veterans or families of vete-rans, resoundingly defeated the referen-dum for a bonus.

C OL STREETER'S HUSBAND, ThomasW. Streeter, a lawyer and banker,

died in 1965. Her survivors include threesons, Thomas S., Frank S., and Henry S.;a daughter, Lillian S. L. Chance; 17 grand-children; and 15 great-grand-children.

As the colonel wished, the Women Ma-rines Association provided the guard ofhonor at her funeral. Eli 775 El


Historical Quiz

Marine Authorsby Lena M. Kaljot

Reference Historian

Match the following Marine authors with the titles of their books:1. The Reminiscences ofa Marine. a. LtGen Victor H. Krulak2. Baa, Baa Black Sheep. b. Col John W. Thomason3. Soldiers of the Sea: The United c. Gen Lewis W. Walt

States Marine Corps, 1775-1962. d.4. John Glenn: Astronaut.

e5. Fix Bayonets!6. Strange Ur Strange Strategy: f

A General's Report on Vietnam7. Fields of Fire g.

8. Semper Fidelis.' The History of Ii.

the United States Marine Corps i.

9. First to Fght: An Inside View j.

of the US. Marine Corps

MajGen John A. LejeuneCol Gregory "Pappy"BoyingtonBill D. RossHon. James H. WebbCol Robert D. Heinl, Jr.Col Allan R. MillettLtCol Philip N. Pierce andKarl Schuon

10. Iwo Jima: Legacy of Valor (Answers on page 20)

Historians, Artists Record Events in the Middle East Warby Benis M. Frank

Acting Chief Historian

W ITH THE LAUNCHING of Operation

Desert Shield, the Marine CorpsHistory and Museums Division reviewedand set in motion its contingency plans forthe coverage of such events. One of thefirst steps taken was to identify the Ma-rine units deployed to Saudi Arabia, to re-mind them of the historical reportingrequirements of the Manual for the Marine Corps Historical Program (MCOP57 50. iF).

Perhaps the most important aspect ofthe historical collection effort is the "com-mand chronology," a documented reportto the Commandant of the Marine Corpscovering the significant events of Marineorganizations. This is the basic historicalrecord of the character and experience ofeach reporting unit and reflects the mis-sions and tasks assigned to and executedby it Normally, each Fleet Marine Forceunit down to and including battal-ion/squadron and separate compa-ny/battery level is required to submit acommand chronology semiannually. Inthe present circumstances of Operation

Desert Storm, reporting FMF units mustsubmit their chronologies monthly.

In addition to the command chronolo-gies, the record of Desert Storm also willbe found in situation reports and messagetraffic and other documentation, as well

as in the oral history interviews conduct-ed in Saudi Arabia and at stateside bases,which eventually will be sent to the His-tory and Museums Division.

In addition to preparing and submit-ting command chronologies, commandersalso are required to collect and preservematerial which will document the activi-ties of their individual commands for thehistorical record. To fulfill these require-ments, commands establish commandhistorical programs which assign com-mand historians, maintain unit historicalsummary files, keep an account of MarineCorps historical properties under the cog-nizance of the command, and, as ap-propriate, establish local oral historyinterview centers.

M EMBERS OF THE Reserve Mobiliza-tion Training Unit (History) DC-7

were alerted by the division to their im-minent orders to active duty. The M1Uhas two missions: to provide specialized as-sistance to the division with respect tohistorical research and writing, archivalcataloging, museums design and manage-ment, and art; and to prepare selectedmembers of the unit for service as fieldhistorians with the Fleet Marine Forcesduring contingency operations or mobili-zation.

Accordingly, the commanding officer


LtCol Keith A. McConnell, USMCR, who lives and works in California, headed forthe Persian Gulf in the period of the ground campaign and, on 28 February, drewthis Saudi officer riding atop his armored vehicle through liberated Kuwait City.

Col H. Avery Chenoweth, USMCR (Ret), field coordinator for the Combat Art Pro-gram, sketched ColJohn F Stennick studying newspapers from home. Col Chenowethvolunteered for the overseas asszgnment during the earliest days of Desert Shield

*

Historians, Artists Record Events in the Middle East Warby Benis M. Frank

Acting Chief Historian

W ITH THE LAUNCHING of OperationDesert Shield, the Marine Corps

History and Museums Division reviewedand set in motion its contingency plans forthe coverage of such events. One of thefirst steps taken was to identify the Ma-rine units deployed to Saudi Arabia, to re-mind them of the historical reportingrequirements of the Manual for the Ma-rine Corps Historical Program (MCOP57 50. iF).

Perhaps the most important aspect ofthe historical collection effort is the "com-mand chronology," a documented reportto the Commandant of the Marine Corpscovering the significant events of Marineorganizations. This is the basic historicalrecord of the character and experience ofeach reporting unit and reflects the mis-sions and tasks assigned to and executedby it Normally, each Fleet Marine Forceunit down to and including battal-ion/squadron and separate compa-ny/battery level is required to submit acommand chronology semiannually. Inthe present circumstances of Operation

Desert Storm, reporting FMF units mustsubmit their chronologies monthly.

In addition to the command chronolo-gies, the record of Desert Storm also willbe found in situation reports and messagetraffic and other documentation, as well

as in the oral history interviews conduct-ed in Saudi Arabia and at stateside bases,which eventually will be sent to the His-tory and Museums Division.

In addition to preparing and submit-ting command chronologies, commandersalso are required to collect and preservematerial which will document the activi-ties of their individual commands for thehistorical record. To fulfill these require-ments, commands establish commandhistorical programs which assign com-mand historians, maintain unit historicalsummary files, keep an account of MarineCorps historical properties under the cog-nizance of the command, and, as ap-propriate, establish local oral historyinterview centers.

M EMBERS OF THE Reserve Mobiliza-tion Training Unit (History) DC-7

were alerted by the division to their im-minent orders to active duty. The MTUhas two missions: to provide specialized as-sistance to the division with respect tohistorical research and writing, archivalcataloging, museums design and manage-ment, and art; and to prepare selectedmembers of the unit for service as fieldhistorians with the Fleet Marine Forcesduring contingency operations or mobili-zation.

Accordingly, the commanding officer


LtCol Keith A. McConnell, USMCR, who lives and works in California, headed forthe Persian Gulf in the period of the ground campaign and, on 28 February, drewthis Saudi officer riding atop his armored vehicle through liberated Kuwait City.

Col H. Avery Chenoweth, USMCR (Ret), field coordinator for the Combat Art Pro-gram, sketched ColJohn F Stennick studying newspapers from home. Col Chenowethvolunteered for the overseas assignment during the earliest days of Desert Shield

of the MTU, Col Charles J. Quilter II,USMCR, and LtCol Charles H. Cureton,USMCR, were ordered to active duty forassignment in Saudi Arabia; they left theUnited States on 9 November 1990 to jointhe staff of I Marine Expeditionary Force.Col Quilter is a naval aviator who flewfighter-attack aircraft in Vietnam, and incivilian life is a captain for Delta Airlines.LtCol Cureton in civilian life is the prin-cipal staff officer on museum affairs at theArmy Training and Doctrine Command.Both Quilter and Cureton are publishedhistorical writers. Following briefings atthe Marine Corps Historical Center andbefore leaving for Saudi Arabia, each wasgiven a letter of instruction by the Direc-tor of Marine Corps History and Museumsdetailing their duties while in the field.Col Quilter was designated the deputydirector for field activities. LtCol Curetonwent out as a field historian. The I MEFcommander additionally designated ColQuilter an assistant chief of staff, G-3 (his-

Col Chenoweth visited the Marines' Thun-derbolt Range, sketching well-used targetsand comical "Camel Crossing" warnings.


tHYRTE CAMEL/

Sgt Charles Grow, who did sheaves ofseri-ous sketches, made some humorous—asin his "How do you supplement a MRE?"

Strong Backs As Well As Sketchbooks Needed by Artists in Combat

by John T Dyer, Jr.Curator of Art

T HE FIRST TWO U.S. Marine active-duty combat artiststo be sent to the Southwest Asia (SWA) reported to the

Marine Corps Historical Center on 30 November 1990, forbriefings and letters of instruction.

Col H. Avery Chenoweth, USMCR (Ret), volunteered forassignment as field coordinator of the Combat Art Program.He already has turned in 16 drawings and paintings of Ma-rines embarking from Beaufort, South Carolina, by air, andMorehead City, North Carolina, by ship. Chenoweth complet-ed these as a civilian volunteer before, but in anticipation of,his request for active duty being approved by the Secretaryof the Navy. The pieces were installed as a timely show inthe foyer gallery at HQMC along with 11 paintings and draw-ings from Operation "Just Cause" in Panama by former Ma-rine Tony Stadler.

Sgt Charles Grow, USMC, with four paintings finished andfour almost so from his earlier "Portraits of Vehicles" projectfor the historical art program is the first enlisted Marine ar-tist to cover "Desert Shield" and "Desert Storm." He joinedCol Chenoweth, who was then laying the groundwork for allartists, civilian and military who might follow to SWA.

stuff. Throw th' joker outta yer decka cards." If Sgt Grow car-ries cards he should eliminate the whole deck. In additionto his duffle bag holding two pairs of boots, underwear (ther-mal and regular), socks, towels, toilet items, eye glasses (2),wooley-pulley sweater, green jungle utilities, PT gear, pack-ets of powdered Gatorade and beef jerky, Christmas and birth-day cards, a "Charlie" uniform (green trousers and khaki shirt),civilian clothing (dreams of liberty) and a whistle, he some-times will tote an M17A1 field protective gas mask, decon-tamination kit with hood and extra filters, a chemicalprotective suit with gloves and boots, an ALICE pack withframe, web belt, ammunition pouches, canteens, first aidpacket, shelter half, tent pegs and poles, Kevlar helmet andbody armor (flak vest), sleeping bag, poncho, combat utilityknife (K-Bar), waterproof bags (2), desert camouflage utili-ties, scarf, night desert parka with liner and trousers, desertcamouflage covers for pack and flak vest, a 9mm Beretta au-tomatic pistol, and a most important compass.

SGT GROW, assembling his gear, reminded me of aWorld War II cartoon by Bill Mauldin showing Willy and

Joe—two heavily laden, exhausted, World War II GI's—trudging along a dirt road in France. The caption has Willysaying toJoe: "Ya wouldn't git so tired if ya didn't carry extra

SGT GROW CARRIES A special sketch kit for art supplies.Trimmed to a minimum, it still weighs 25 pounds. The

kit holds flash light, sketchpads, a small watercolor block,pens, pencils, watercolor pallette, paints, and brushes. He'llcarry a Pentax K-bOO camera with a 3 5-70mm zoom lens anda number of rolls of film. Col Chenoweth is outfitted simi-larly and with his combat art experience in Korea and Viet-nam, advised Sgt Grow on what to assemble and carry.

of the MTU, Go! Gharles J. Quilter II,USMGR, and LtGol Gharles H. Gureton,USMGR, were ordered to active duty forassignment in Saudi Arabia; they left theUnited States on 9 November 1990 to jointhe staff of I Marine Expeditionary Force.Go! Qui!ter is a naval aviator who flewfighter-attack aircraft in Vietnam, and incivilian life is a captain for Delta Airlines.LtGol Gureton in civilian life is the prin-cipal staff officer on museum affairs at theArmy Training and Doctrine Gommand.Both Quilter and Cureton are publishedhistorical writers. Following briefings atthe Marine Gorps Historical Genter andbefore leaving for Saudi Arabia, each wasgiven a letter of instruction by the Direc-tor of Marine Gorps History and Museumsdetailing their duties while in the field.Gol Quilter was designated the deputydirector for field activities. LtGol Guretonwent out as a field historian. The I MEFcommander additionally designated Go!Quilter an assistant chief of staff, G-3 (his-

Col Chenoweth visited the Marines' Thun-derbolt Range, sketching well-used targetsand comical "Camel Crossing" warnings.


tHYRTE ' CAMEL/Sgt Charles Grow, who did sheaves of seri-ous sketches, made some humorous—asin his "How do you supplement a MRE?"

Strong Backs As Well As Sketchbooks Needed by Artists in Combat

by John T Dyer, Jr.Curator of Art

T HE FIRST TWO U.S. Marine active-duty combat artiststo be sent to the Southwest Asia (SWA) reported to the

Marine Gorps Historical Genter on 30 November 1990, forbriefings and letters of instruction.

Go! H. Avery Ghenoweth, USMGR (Ret), volunteered forassignment as field coordinator of the Gombat Art Program.He already has turned in 16 drawings and paintings of Ma-rines embarking from Beaufort, South Garolina, by air, andMorehead Gity, North Garolina, by ship. Ghenoweth complet-ed these as a civilian volunteer before, but in anticipation of,his request for active duty being approved by the Secretaryof the Navy. The pieces were installed as a timely show inthe foyer gallery at HQMG along with 11 paintings and draw-ings from Operation "Just Gause" in Panama by former Ma-rine Tony Stadler.

Sgt Gharles Grow, USMG, with four paintings finished andfour almost so from his earlier "Portraits of Vehicles" projectfor the historical art program is the first enlisted Marine ar-tist to cover "Desert Shield" and "Desert Storm." He joinedGo! Ghenoweth, who was then laying the groundwork for allartists, civilian and military who might follow to SWA.

stuff. Throw th' joker outta yer decka cards." If Sgt Grow car-ries cards he should eliminate the whole deck. In additionto his duffle bag holding two pairs of boots, underwear (ther-mal and regular), socks, towels, toilet items, eye glasses (2),wooley-pulley sweater, green jungle utilities, PT gear, pack-ets of powdered Gatorade and beef jerky, Ghristmas and birth-day cards, a "Gharlie" uniform (green trousers and khaki shirt),civilian clothing (dreams of liberty) and a whistle, he some-times will tote an M17A1 field protective gas mask, decon-tamination kit with hood and extra filters, a chemicalprotective suit with gloves and boots, an ALIGE pack withframe, web belt, ammunition pouches, canteens, first aidpacket, shelter half, tent pegs and poles, Kevlar helmet andbody armor (flak vest), sleeping bag, poncho, combat utilityknife (K-Bar), waterproof bags (2), desert camouflage utili-ties, scarf, night desert parka with liner and trousers, desertcamouflage covers for pack and flak vest, a 9mm Beretta au-tomatic pistol, and a most important compass.

SGT GROW, assembling his gear, reminded me of aWorld War II cartoon by Bill Mauldin showing Willy and

Joe—two heavily laden, exhausted, World War II GI's—trudging along a dirt road in France. The caption has Willysaying toJoe: "Ya wouldn't git so tired if ya didn't carry extra

SGT GROW CARRIES A special sketch kit for art supplies.Trimmed to a minimum, it still weighs 25 pounds. The

kit holds flash light, sketchpads, a small watercolor block,pens, pencils, watercolor pallette, paints, and brushes. He'llcarry a Pentax K-bOO camera with a 3 5-70mm zoom lens anda number of rolls of film. Go! Ghenoweth is outfitted simi-larly and with his combat art experience in Korea and Viet-nam, advised Sgt Grow on what to assemble and carry.

tory), to act as the command's advisor onhistorical matters. Col Quilter was taskedwith contacting the commanders, com-mand historians, and staffs of all subor-dinate units in I MEF to advise themregarding their support of the historicalprogram. Both he and LtCol Cureton areconducting oral history interviews, screen-ing and designating documents to bepreserved, collecting artifacts, and ensur-ing that Marine Corps still and motionpicture and videotape coverage meetshistorical documentation needs.

Upon their arrival, the two historicalofficers visited deployed Marine units toobtain a first-hand account of activitiessince their initial landings. Besides takingresponsibility for preparing the I MEFcommand chronology, Quilter and Cure-ton developed a guide to preparing com-mand chronologies for commandingofficers and their staff historians. A newmember of the team is LtCol Dennis P.Mroczkowski, USMCR, a museumsspecialist and curator of the Army's Case-mate Museum at Fortress Monroe, who,upon arrival in late January 1991, was as-signed by Col Quilter as staff historian ofthe 2d Marine Division, with LtCol Cure-

ton similarly assigned to the 1st MarineDivision. Subsequently, in February, twoadditional Reserve historical officers weresent to join I MEF: LtCols RonaldJ. Brownand Frank V. Sturgeon, the former a schoolteacher and football coach from Michiganand the latter a Washington, D.C. ar-chitect. Brown was to be assigned to coverthe Marine forces afloat while Sturgeonwas to cover the 1st Force Service SupportGroup.

IN EARLY DECEMBER 1990, anotherimportant element of the Marine Corps

Historical Program, combat art, was to be-gin being collected under the direction ofCol H. Avery Chenoweth, USMCR, (Ret).An experienced combat artist who wasrecalled to active duty to become the artprogram field coordinator, he and SgtCharles Grow, USMC, an emerging mili-tary artist, were both sent to Saudi Ara-bia. These two, in turn, were joined inFebruary 1991 by LtCol Keith McConnell,an artist by profession. Like the historicalofficers, Col Chenoweth and Sgt Grow co-vered Operation Desert Shield and theopening days of Operation Desert Storm.LtCol McConnell arrived in Saudi Arabia

LtGen Walter E. Boomer, I MEF's popu-lar commanding general, is the subject ofa good-natured portrait by Sgt Grow.

in time to join the others in covering theground operation. In March, bothChenoweth and McConnell returned tothe Historical Center to convert their fieldsketches into finished artwork.

With the end of the ground operationsof Desert Storm, the Reserve historiansand artists have been amassing importantdocumentation, photographs, videotapes,oral history interviews, and artifacts forshipment to the Marine Corps HistoricalCenter in the Washington Navy Yard.They have assisted reporting units inpreparing their command chronologies.When they return to the Historical Centerthey will begin collating and putting intoorder the Operations Desert Shield/DesertStorm documents they collected and alsobegin writing brief monographs about theoperations of each of the respective unitsto which they were assigned. In the end,these monographs and other primarysource materials will be used in the prepa-ration of an official history of MarineCorps operations in the Persian Gulf.

N tJJF SINCE THE Korean War, when theMarine Corps assigned teams from

the 1st Provisional Historical Platoon tothe 1st Marine Division and 1st MarineAircraft Wing in Korea, has there beensuch a large-scale collection effort, or haveMarine Corps historians, as such, been as-signed to cover combat operations on thescene. LI1775LIIJ


LtCol McConnell portrayed some of the dismay Marines felt at the destruction wroughton Kuwait by Iraqi occupiers, in this drawing of two members of the 1st Marine Divi-sion trying to wash soot and oil from hands and faces at Kuwait InternationalAirport.The airborne grime from burning oil wells fouled bodies, uniforms, and equiOment.

•.*t

—

tory), to act as the command's advisor onhistorical matters. Col Quilter was taskedwith contacting the commanders, com-mand historians, and staffs of all subor-dinate units in I MEF to advise themregarding their support of the historicalprogram. Both he and LtCol Cureton areconducting oral history interviews, screen-ing and designating documents to bepreserved, collecting artifacts, and ensur-ing that Marine Corps still and motionpicture and videotape coverage meetshistorical documentation needs.

Upon their arrival, the two historicalofficers visited deployed Marine units toobtain a first-hand account of activitiessince their initial landings. Besides takingresponsibility for preparing the I MEFcommand chronology, Quilter and Cure-ton developed a guide to preparing com-mand chronologies for commandingofficers and their staff historians. A newmember of the team is LtCol Dennis P.Mroczkowski, USMCR, a museumsspecialist and curator of the Army's Case-mate Museum at Fortress Monroe, who,upon arrival in late January 1991, was as-signed by Col Quilter as staff historian ofthe 2d Marine Division, with LtCol Cure-

ton similarly assigned to the 1st MarineDivision. Subsequently, in February, twoadditional Reserve historical officers weresent to join I MEF: LtCols RonaldJ. Brownand Frank V. Sturgeon, the former a schoolteacher and football coach from Michiganand the latter a Washington, D.C. ar-chitect. Brown was to be assigned to coverthe Marine forces afloat while Sturgeonwas to cover the 1st Force Service SupportGroup.

I N EARLY DECEMBER 1990, anotherimportant element of the Marine Corps

Historical Program, combat art, was to be-gin being collected under the direction ofCol H. Avery Chenoweth, USMCR, (Ret).An experienced combat artist who wasrecalled to active duty to become the artprogram field coordinator, he and SgtCharles Grow, USMC, an emerging mili-tary artist, were both sent to Saudi Ara-bia. These two, in turn, were joined inFebruary 1991 by LtCol Keith McConnell,an artist by profession. Like the historicalofficers, Col Chenoweth and Sgt Grow co-vered Operation Desert Shield and theopening days of Operation Desert Storm.LtCol McConnell arrived in Saudi Arabia

LtGen W/alter E. Boomer, I MEF'S popu-lar commanding general, is the subject ofa good-natured portrait by Sgt Grow.

in time to join the others in covering theground operation. In March, bothChenoweth and McConnell returned tothe Historical Center to convert their fieldsketches into finished artwork.

With the end of the ground operationsof Desert Storm, the Reserve historiansand artists have been amassing importantdocumentation, photographs, videotapes,oral history interviews, and artifacts forshipment to the Marine Corps HistoricalCenter in the Washington Navy Yard.They have assisted reporting units inpreparing their command chronologies.When they return to the Historical Centerthey will begin collating and putting intoorder the Operations Desert Shield/DesertStorm documents they collected and alsobegin writing brief monographs about theoperations of each of the respective unitsto which they were assigned. In the end,these monographs and other primarysource materials will be used in the prepa-ration of an official history of MarineCorps operations in the Persian Gulf.

N IJF SINCE THE Korean War, when theMarine Corps assigned teams from

the 1st Provisional Historical Platoon tothe 1st Marine Division and 1st MarineAircraft Wing in Korea, has there beensuch a large-scale collection effort, or haveMarine Corps historians, as such, been as-signed to cover combat operations on thescene. LI1775LIIJ


LtCol McConnellportrayed some of the dismay Marines felt at the destruction wroughton Kuwait by Iraqi occupiers, in this drawing of two members of the 1st Marine Divi-sion trying to wash soot and oil from hands andfaces at Kuwait InternationalAirport.The airborne grime from burning oil wells fouled bodies, uniforms, and equibment.

Marine Flyers Make Peace with Planters in Wartime Efateby Elizabeth H. Quilter

A FTER A BRIEF stay on Midway in early1942 with Squadron 221, and before

the battle of Midway, Capt Charles J.Quilter and a few other flymates weretranferred to Ewa, Oahu, where a newsquadron, 212, was being formed underthe command of LtCol Harold W. "Joe"B au e r.

We Marine wives, of course, were notsupposed to know the future destinationof the squadron. However, Quilter and Ihad established a code of sorts which ledme to the library to look up likely spots.I chose Tongatabu. I was wrong. Efate wasthe correct answer, located below Guadal-canal with Espiritu Santo somewhere inbetween.

Enroute and within flying distance ofNew Caledonia, Quilter lifted off the car-rier Hornet in his Wildcat. In transit, hisfuel line broke. As the plane began its in-exorable descent, Quilter spotted the out-line of aJapanese sub in the water below.The plane skimmed the waves, belly-landed, and began to sink. Quilter barelyhad time to crawl out of the cockpit andto snatch his inflatable rubber raft. As herowed towards nearby land, a crowdgathered on the shore. Arms waving fran-tically, they shouted, "Regardez les pois-sons!" which Quilter gathered to meansharks, although he never saw any.

On shore, he was given dry clothes andescorted to the office of the local gen-darmes where he reported his plight to theproper authorities. He also reported hissighting of the sub.

The world is indeed a small foxhole. Atthat time, my brother, Ens Mort Howe,USNR, was on duty at CinCPac in Makala-

pa across from Pearl Harbor. He worked inCommunications. As he was watching the"ticker tape" spew out its news, he caughtthe name "Quilter." The message told ofthe ditching of the Wildcat. The messageabruptly broke off. Howe, not knowingthe fate of the pilot, scrambled throughthe tapes on the floor, finally found "pi-lot safe and on shore."

Quilter reported back to his squadron,which was temporarily bedded down atTontutu, New Caledonia. Upon arrival, hewas greeted with hoots and jeers from fel-low officers who couldn't wait to tell himthat his "sub" was nothing more than asunken islet.

A FEW DAYS LATER, he was summarily

ordered to a secret U.S. Army campwhose commander was a well-known gen-eral. Quilter flinched: "I'm going to bebawled out and deranked. My career isfinished!" He borrowed a Jeep, got direc-tions, and pressed on to the unknownhideaway. The only thing he had not bar-gained for was the popping out of wellarmed sentries from bushes along the nar-row roads.

Destination arrived at, he was usheredinto the general's command center.Quilter came smartly to attention. Thegeneral spoke in a gruff voice: "Well,Quilter, by now you know what your subturned out to be. But don't feel too bad.I had a unit sent into that area and theycaught a couple of 'Nips' operating a ra-

dio. Thought you'd like to know. Dis-missed!"

During this interim, preparations werebeing made on Efate for the squadron's ar-rival. This was at Roses Field, later knownas Bauer Field after Joe was killed in ac-tion. A runway was formed by cuttingdown coconut trees on a copra plantationbelonging to a Mme. Bladiniere. Madamewas furious at the wanton destruction toher property and let it be known she con-sidered the Marines to belong to a sub-human, unmentionable species, and thatshe, her daughters, and her house werestrictly off limits.

Now all this took place before the bigbattles up at Guadalcanal, and time, forthe moment, hung heavily. I received apicture of a light-skinned, small-breastedPolynesian girl whom Quilter claimed waskeeping his tent neat. But any survivingsquadron mates will tell you that thisyoung woman doesn't have the appearanceof the dark-skinned natives of Efate, whowere said also to have phenomenal prowesswhile nursing babies.

Q NE DAY THE still-irate Madame wasoverheard to lament the fact that her

boar had gone sterile for lack of propernourishment. This was considered a dis-aster because there would be no piglets forthe future Bastille Day celebration.Quilter got the bright idea of cordoningoff a garbage area. Orders went out thatall slops and leftovers from the Mess Hall


Then- Capt Quilter is sixth from right in this group portrait of Marine Fsghting Squa-dron 212 taken at Roses Field on Efate in the summer of 1942. The airfield was laterrenamed for LtCol Harold U2 'Joe" Bauer, standing to the left of Quilter after Bauerwas killed in action in November lstLt R. E "Cowboy" Stout kneels secondfrom left.

Elizabeth H. Quilter lives inLaguna Beach, California. Thewidow of MajGen Charlesj QuilteiUSMC, she writes occasionally forFortitudine to remind readers thatMarine wives have shared signsjicantly in the making of the Corps'history. Her son, Col Charles J.Quilter II, USMCR, is in SaudiArabia as History and Museums Di-vision Deputy Director for Field Ac-tivities.

Marine Flyers Make Peace with Planters in Wartime Efateby Elizabeth H. Quilter

A FTER A BRIEF stay on Midway in early1942 with Squadron 221, and before

the battle of Midway, Capt Charles J.Quilter and a few other flymates weretranferred to Ewa, Oahu, where a newsquadron, 212, was being formed underthe command of LtCol Harold W. "Joe"Bauer.

We Marine wives, of course, were notsupposed to know the future destinationof the squadron. However, Quilter and Ihad established a code of sorts which ledme to the library to look up likely spots.I chose Tongatabu. I was wrong. Efate wasthe correct answer, located below Guadal-canal with Espiritu Santo somewhere inbetween.

Enroute and within flying distance ofNew Caledonia, Quilter lifted off the car-rier Hornet in his Wildcat. In transit, hisfuel line broke. As the plane began its in-exorable descent, Quilter spotted the out-line of aJapanese sub in the water below.The plane skimmed the waves, belly-landed, and began to sink. Quilter barelyhad time to crawl out of the cockpit andto snatch his inflatable rubber raft. As herowed towards nearby land, a crowdgathered on the shore. Arms waving fran-tically, they shouted, Regardez les pois-sons!" which Quilter gathered to meansharks, although he never saw any.

On shore, he was given dry clothes andescorted to the office of the local gen-darmes where he reported his plight to theproper authorities. He also reported hissighting of the sub.

The world is indeed a small foxhole. Atthat time, my brother, Ens Mort Howe,USNR, was on duty at CinCPac in Makala-

pa across from Pearl Harbor. He worked inCommunications. As he was watching the"ticker tape" spew out its news, he caughtthe name "Quilter." The message told ofthe ditching of the Wildcat. The messageabruptly broke off. Howe, not knowingthe fate of the pilot, scrambled throughthe tapes on the floor, finally found "pi-lot safe and on shore."

Quilter reported back to his squadron,which was temporarily bedded down atTontutu, New Caledonia. Upon arrival, hewas greeted with hoots and jeers from fel-low officers who couldn't wait to tell himthat his "sub" was nothing more than asunken islet.

A FEW DAYS LATER, he was summarily

ordered to a secret U.S. Army campwhose commander was a well-known gen-eral. Quilter flinched: "I'm going to bebawled out and deranked. My career isfinished!" He borrowed ajeep, got direc-tions, and pressed on to the unknownhideaway. The only thing he had not bar-gained for was the popping out of wellarmed sentries from bushes along the nar-row roads.

Destination arrived at, he was usheredinto the general's command center.Quilter came smartly to attention. Thegeneral spoke in a gruff voice: "Well,Quilter, by now you know what your subturned out to be. But don't feel too bad.I had a unit sent into that area and theycaught a couple of 'Nips' operating a ra-

dio. Thought you'd like to know. Dis-missed!"

During this interim, preparations werebeing made on Efate for the squadron's ar-rival. This was at Roses Field, later knownas Bauer Field after Joe was killed in ac-tion. A runway was formed by cuttingdown coconut trees on a copra plantationbelonging to a Mme. Bladiniere. Madamewas furious at the wanton destruction toher property and let it be known she con-sidered the Marines to belong to a sub-human, unmentionable species, and thatshe, her daughters, and her house werestrictly off limits.

Now all this took place before the bigbattles up at Guadalcanal, and time, forthe moment, hung heavily. I received apicture of a light-skinned, small- breastedPolynesian girl whom Quilter claimed waskeeping his tent neat. But any survivingsquadron mates will tell you that thisyoung woman doesn't have the appearanceof the dark-skinned natives of Efate, whowere said also to have phenomenal prowesswhile nursing babies.

Q NE DAY THE still-irate Madame wasoverheard to lament the fact that her

boar had gone sterile for lack of propernourishment. This was considered a dis-aster because there would be no piglets forthe future Bastille Day celebration.Quilter got the bright idea of cordoningoff a garbage area. Orders went out thatall siops and leftovers from the Mess Hall


Then-Capt Quilter is sixth from right in this group portrait of Marine Fighting Squa-dron 212 taken at Roses Field on Efate in the summer of 1942. The airfield was laterrenamed for LtCol Harold U2 'Joe" Bauer standing to the left of Quilter after Bauerwas killed in action in November lstLt R. F "Cowboy" Stout kneels secondfrom left.

Elizabeth H. Quilter lives inLaguna Beach, California. Thewidow of MajGen Charlesj QuilterUSMC, she writes occasionally forFortitudine to remind readers thatMarine wives have shared signifi-cantly in the making of the Corps'history. Her son, Col Charles J.Quilter II, USMCR, is in SaudiArabia as History and Museums Di-vision Deputy Director for Field Ac-tivities.

were to be dumped into the pit. The boarknew a good thing when he saw thesalubrious mess, and waded in. Soon lit-tle piglets made their way into the world.

Madame thawed ever so slightly. She in-vited Quilter for coffee. Quilter never tooksugar or cream with his "java." Unfamiliarwith the French cafe au Ian', he accepteda cup of thick black syrup. To the astonish-ment betrayed by the raised eyebrows ofhis hosts, he drank the concoction straightand had the caffeine jitters for the next 24hours.

Quilter's next project, as an ardentCatholic, was to get Madame's permissionto take her youngest daughter, Henriette,to church, from whence she had slightlylapsed. He had noticed that Henriette hadone crossed eye. He talked to Dr. Martin,the squadron doctor, whose only busy-nessat that time was handing out atabrinepills. Overcoming Madame's extremereluctance, the doctor operated on Hen-riette's eye with great success.

Eh bien! Madame was so pleased she in-vited the entire squadron to her house tocelebrate Bastille Day. It was une fete su-perbe: roast piglets and five kinds of icecream! It probably was on this occasionthat Henriette fell into unrequited lovewith "Cowboy" Stout who, alas, was lostat Peleliu. I began to receive many lettersfrom Henriette written in half English andhalf French, to which I replied in halfFrench and half English.

A FEW YEARS AGO, my South Pacificcruise ship stopped at Efate. While

visiting some tourist trap, I approached animposing islander who spoke quite goodEnglish. I asked him if he knew anythingabout the Bladiniere family. "Oh yes," hereplied, "my father knew them all. Hehelped build all the roads and BauerField. Madame, she leave the plantationand she die last year in Paris." But whydidn't I ask specifically for Henriette? Agrave sin of omission! L111775L11

"To Captain Quilter, an affectionate sou-venir from a little girl," is the photo in-scriOtion penned by Henriette Bladiniere.

New Books

World War II Studies Continue to Be Favored Readingby Evelyn A. Englander

Historical Center Librarian

T HE LIBRARY of the Marine CorpsHistorical Center, searches out re-

cently published books of professional in-terest to Marines. These books areavailable from local bookstore or library:

Histories

Life, World War H. Philip B. Kunhardt,Jr.,editor. Little, Brown, 446 pp., 1990. Aphotographic history of the war with morethan 1,000 photos from the original issuesof Life magazine. It is arranged chrono-logically with an introductory text for eachof the seven years covered from 1939-1945.$50.00

The Second World War. John Keegan, Vik-ing Penguin, 608 pp., 1990. John Keegan,formerly lecturer at the Royal MilitaryAcademy at Sandhurst, is now defense cor-respondent of the London Daily Tele-graph. His previous books include TheFace of Battle, Six Armies in Normandy,and The Mask of Command. He dividesthis single-volume history into four topics:narrative, strategic analysis, battle analy-sis, and "themes of war." Each of the bat-

tIes chosen illustrates the nature of adistinctive form of warfare: air warfare (theBattle of Britain); airborne warfare (theBattle of Crete); carrier warfare (Midway);armored warfare (Falaise); city warfare(Berlin); and amphibious warfare(Okinawa).

The "themes of war" include war sup-ply, war production, occupation, strateg-ic bombing, resistance and espionage, andsecret weapons. $29.95

Biographies

Eisenhower: Soldier and President.Stephen E. Ambrose, Simon and Schuster,635 pp., 1990. A one-volume version ofthe author's earlier two-volume biographyof Eisenhower, published in 1983-84. Theauthor is professor of history and directorof the Eisenhower Center at the Universi-ty of New Orleans. He covers Eisenhow-er's war years, his tour as Supreme AlliedCommander, and his years in the WhiteHouse. $29.95

God's Samuraz Lead Pilot at Pearl Har-bor. Gordon W. Prange with D. M. Gold-

stein and K. V. Dillon, Brassey's (US), Inc.,349 pp., 1990. The story of Mitsuo Fuchi-da, the naval aviator who led the Japaneseair attack on Pearl Harbor and participat-ed in many of the fiercest battles of thePacific (including Midway, the Marianas,and Leyte Gulf). He was in Hiroshima inthe days immediately before and after thebombing and was aboard Missouri at thesurrender ceremonies.

In conversations with Gordon Prange,Fuchida gave a memorable portrait of hismentor, Adm Yamamoto, and vivid ac-counts of the Tokyo war crimes trials andthe occupation. Fuchida himself returnedfrom the war a changed man, spending hislater years as a Christian evangelist.

The late Professor Prange taught histo-ry at the University of Maryland. DonaldM. Goldstein, a retired Air Force officer,teaches at the University of Pittsburgh.Katherine V. Dillon is retired from the AirForce. Dillon and Goldstein both workedwith Prange on all five of his previousbooks, including At Dawn We Slept andMiracle at Midway. $21.95


were to be dumped into the pit. The boarknew a good thing when he saw thesalubrious mess, and waded in. Soon lit-tle piglets made their way into the world.

Madame thawed ever so slightly. She in-vited Quilter for coffee. Quilter never tooksugar or cream with his "java." Unfamiliarwith the French cafe au lait, he accepteda cup of thick black syrup. To the astonish-ment betrayed by the raised eyebrows ofhis hosts, he drank the concoction straightand had the caffeine jitters for the next 24hours.

Quilter's next project, as an ardentCatholic, was to get Madame's permissionto take her youngest daughter, Henriette,to church, from whence she had slightlylapsed. He had noticed that Henriette hadone crossed eye. He talked to Dr. Martin,the squadron doctor, whose only busy-nessat that time was handing out atabrinepills. Overcoming Madame's extremereluctance, the doctor operated on Hen-riette's eye with great success.

Eh bien! Madame was so pleased she in-vited the entire squadron to her house tocelebrate Bastille Day. It was une fete su-perbe: roast piglets and five kinds of icecream! It probably was on this occasionthat Henriette fell into unrequited lovewith "Cowboy" Stout who, alas, was lostat Peleliu. I began to receive many lettersfrom Henriette written in half English andhalf French, to which I replied in halfFrench and half English.

A FEW YEARS AGO, my South Pacificcruise ship stopped at Efate. While

visiting some tourist trap, I approached animposing islander who spoke quite goodEnglish. I asked him if he knew anythingabout the Bladiniere family. "Oh yes," hereplied, "my father knew them all. Hehelped build all the roads and BauerField. Madame, she leave the plantationand she die last year in Paris." But whydidn't I ask specifically for Henriette? Agrave sin of omission! L111775L1

"To Captain Quilter, an affectionate sou-venir from a little girl," is the photo in-scrition penned by Henriette Bladiniere.

New Books

World War II Studies Continue to Be Favored Readingby Evelyn A. Englander

Historical Center Librarian

T HE LIBRARY of the Marine CorpsHistorical Center, searches out re-

cently published books of professional in-terest to Marines. These books areavailable from local bookstore or library:

HistoriesLife, World War H. Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr.,editor. Little, Brown, 446 pp., 1990. Aphotographic history of the war with morethan 1,000 photos from the original issuesof Life magazine. It is arranged chrono-logically with an introductory text for eachof the seven years covered from 1939-194 5.$50.00

The Second World War. John Keegan, Vik-ing Penguin, 608 pp., 1990. John Keegan,formerly lecturer at the Royal MilitaryAcademy at Sandhurst, is now defense cor-respondent of the London Daily Tele-graph. His previous books include TheFace of Battle, Six Armies in Normandy,and The Mask of Command. He dividesthis single-volume history into four topics:narrative, strategic analysis, battle analy-sis, and "themes of war." Each of the bat-

ties chosen illustrates the nature of adistinctive form of warfare: air warfare (theBattle of Britain); airborne warfare (theBattle of Crete); carrier warfare (Midway);armored warfare (Falaise); city warfare(Berlin); and amphibious warfare(Okinawa).

The "themes of war" include war sup-ply, war production, occupation, strateg-ic bombing, resistance and espionage, andsecret weapons. $29.95

Biographies

Eisenhower: Soldier and President.Stephen E. Ambrose, Simon and Schuster,635 pp., 1990. A one-volume version ofthe author's earlier two-volume biographyof Eisenhower, published in 1983-84. Theauthor is professor of history and directorof the Eisenhower Center at the Universi-ty of New Orleans. He covers Eisenhow-er's war years, his tour as Supreme AlliedCommander, and his years in the WhiteHouse. $29.95

God's Samurai: Lead Pilot at Pearl Har-bor. Gordon W. Prange with D. M. Gold-

stein and K. V. Dillon, Brassey's (US), Inc.,349 pp., 1990. The story of Mitsuo Fuchi-da, the naval aviator who led the Japaneseair attack on Pearl Harbor and participat-ed in many of the fiercest battles of thePacific (including Midway, the Marianas,and Leyte Gulf). He was in Hiroshima inthe days immediately before and after thebombing and was aboard Missouri at thesurrender ceremonies.

In conversations with Gordon Prange,Fuchida gave a memorable portrait of hismentor, Adm Yamamoto, and vivid ac-counts of the Tokyo war crimes trials andthe occupation. Fuchida himself returnedfrom the war a changed man, spending hislater years as a Christian evangelist.

The late Professor Prange taught histo-ry at the University of Maryland. DonaldM. Goldstein, a retired Air Force officer,teaches at the University of Pittsburgh.Katherine V. Dillon is retired from the AirForce. Dillon and Goldstein both workedwith Prange on all five of his previousbooks, including At Dawn We Slept andMiracle at Midway. $21.95


Colonel Charles Waterhouse, Artist-in-Residence, Retires

C OL CHARLES H. WATERHOUSE,

USMCR, the Marine Corps Histori-cal Center's artist-in-residence, retiredfrom active duty on 19 February after 18years of graphically portraying much of theMarine Corp's early history. At a ceremo-ny that evening which also marked theopening of a retrospective exhibition of hisofficial paintings, Col Waterhouse waspresented the Legion of Merit by the Com-mandant, Gen Alfred M. Gray. He addi-tionally received the Distinguished ServiceAward of the Marine Corps HistoricalFoundation.

A Marine veteran of World War II,wounded as a young corporal on Iwo Jima,Waterhouse was a freelance artist, maga-zine and book illustrator, art teacher, andveteran civilian combat artist of the Viet-nam War when he was selected for aspecialist commission in the Reserve toprepare a series of color prints for the Ma-rine Corps' observance of the U.S. bicen-tennial.

W ATERHOUSE WAS BORN in Colum-

bus, Georgia, on 22 September1924. He attended public schools in PerthAmboy, New Jersey, and the NewarkSchool of Fine and Industrial Arts, wherehe eventually would become an instruc-tor. He enlisted in the Marine Corps in

by John T Dyer JrCurator of Art

August 1943 and soon was assigned to the5th Marine Division at Camp Pendleton,California. Taking part in the invasion ofIwo Jima on 19 February 1945, he waswounded on D-Day plus two. When hismilitary service eventually was completedhe worked as a staff artist for an insurance

company and, from 1950 to 1973, pursuedhis career as a freelance artist, in particu-lar as illustrator of adventure books andmagazines. He volunteered for the U.S.Navy Art Program and went to Vietnamunder its auspices, producing works whichnow also are in the art collections of theU.S. Marine Corps, Army, Air Force, andCoast Guard.

In May 1973 Waterhouse accepted hiscommission as a Marine major and beganan intense two years at the drawing boardand easel, with pauses for trips to researchlibraries and to historic sites for visualreferences. The product of this early activi-ty will be, for future historians, writers,and researchers, a guide to what the Ma-rines of the Revolutionary War looked like:uniforms or their lack, and weapons andequipment, at the scenes of the battlesand amid the bloodshed. The series is

composed of 14 large works in acrylicpaints on Masonite panels, accompaniedby 14 pen-and-ink maps locating each ofthe historic actions shown in the paintings.Additionally, Waterhouse produced morethan 70 drawings on 11 plates to illustratethe official written history Marines in theRevolution. Four smaller, related paintings


Col Waterhouse in 1967 pauses for a photograph next to a prisoner-of war hut madefrom a "Conex box" in Vietnam. During his visit in March 1967, Waterhouse drewmore than 300 sketches, many of them now part of the Marine Corps Art Collection.

Marines in the Conquest of California," second of Col Waterhouse's historical series,illustrates Marine activity in Southern California in the mid-1840s. Here, landingat Monterey, 7 July 1846," shows Marines and sailors preparing to secure the town.

Colonel Charles Waterhouse, Artist-in-Residence, Retires

C OL CHARLES H. WATERHOUSE,

USMCR, the Marine Corps Histori-cal Center's artist-in-residence, retiredfrom active duty on 19 February after 18years of graphically portraying much of theMarine Corp's early history. At a ceremo-ny that evening which also marked theopening of a retrospective exhibition of hisofficial paintings, Col Waterhouse waspresented the Legion of Merit by the Com-mandant, Gen Alfred M. Gray. He addi.tionally received the Distinguished ServiceAward of the Marine Corps HistoricalFoundation.

A Marine veteran of World War II,wounded as a young corporal on Iwo Jima,Waterhouse was a freelance artist, maga-zine and book illustrator, art teacher, andveteran civilian combat artist of the Viet-nam War when he was selected for aspecialist commission in the Reserve toprepare a series of color prints for the Ma-rine Corps' observance of the U.S. bicen-tennial.

W ATERHOUSE WAS BORN in Colum-

bus, Georgia, on 22 September1924. He attended public schools in PerthAmboy, New Jersey, and the NewarkSchool of Fine and Industrial Arts, wherehe eventually would become an instruc-tor. He enlisted in the Marine Corps in

by John T Dyer ftCurator of Art

August 1943 and soon was assigned to the5th Marine Division at Camp Pendleton,California. Taking part in the invasion ofIwo Jima on 19 February 1945, he waswounded on D-Day plus two. When hismilitary service eventually was completedhe worked as a staff artist for an insurance

company and, from 1950 to 1973, pursuedhis career as a freelance artist, in particu-lar as illustrator of adventure books andmagazines. He volunteered for the U.S.Navy Art Program and went to Vietnamunder its auspices, producing works whichnow also are in the art collections of theU.S. Marine Corps, Army, Air Force, andCoast Guard.

In May 1973 Waterhouse accepted hiscommission as a Marine major and beganan intense two years at the drawing boardand easel, with pauses for trips to researchlibraries and to historic sites for visualreferences. The product of this early activi-ty will be, for future historians, writers,and researchers, a guide to what the Ma-tines of the Revolutionary War looked like:uniforms or their lack, and weapons andequipment, at the scenes of the battlesand amid the bloodshed. The series iscomposed of 14 large works in acrylicpaints on Masonite panels, accompaniedby 14 pen-and-ink maps locating each ofthe historic actions shown in the paintings.Additionally, Waterhouse produced morethan 70 drawings on 11 plates to illustratethe official written history Marines in theRevolution. Four smaller, related paintings


Col Waterhouse in 1967 pauses fora photograph next to aprisoner-of war hut madefrom a "Conex box" in Vietnam. During his visit in March 1967, Waterhouse drewmore than 300 sketches, many of them now part of the Marine Corps Art Collection.

'Marines in the Conquest of California," second of Col Waterhouse c historical series,illustrates Marine activity in Southern California in the mid-1840s. Here, 'Landingat Monterey, 7 July 1846," shows Marines and sailors preparing to secure the town.

were finished to complement exhibitionof the entire series, now on long-term loanto the National Park Service for display atNew Hall, part of the Independence Hallhistorical area in Philadelphia.

R ECEPTION FOR THE various pieces ofthe "Marines in the Revolution" ser-

ies was so warm that Waterhouse was askedto accept a five-year extension of his ac-tive duty, and repeat extensions kept himat his easel until his retirement. The serv-ice time he accumulated includes his twoyears spent in World War II. Waterhouserevisited Iwo Jima under more peacefulcircumstances during his later active duty,and subsequently rendered 14 paintingsrecalling his own experience and the sto-ry of the island battle. Over the years thatWaterhouse spent as artist-in-residence hecompleted several longterm projects, mostaimed at making available art which por-trays the major events in Marine Corps his-tory not otherwise well-represented in theCorps' art collection. Among these are"Marines in the Conquest of California,"12 large panels in acrylics with 12 relatedpen-and-ink maps and smaller supportworks. After display in Washington, D.C.,and at Camp Pendleton, California, theynow are on long-term loan to the MarineCorps Recruit Depot Museum at San Die-go. "Marines in the Frigate Navy," Water-house's third series on a major theme, like"Marines in the Revolution," also is com-posed of 14 acrylic paintings and associat-ed pen-and-ink maps, and also became a

set of color prints well known to Marinesas decorative and educational art in mostbarracks.

Since the completion of "Marines in theFrigate Navy," Waterhouse has finishedfive other equally painstakingly researchedpaintings on Marine historical themes:quelling John Brown's raid at Harpers Fer-ry, in the attack on Fort Fisher during theCivil War, in battle at Cuzco Wells inCuba during the Spanish-American War,on patrol in Panama in 1885, and withCommodore Perry on his early visit toJapan and Okinawa.

Other projects have included 10 acrylics-

on-Masonite panels inspired by the influxof Vietnamese refugees to Camp Pendle-ton in 1975, and the acrylics-on-canvasmural, nearly 11 feet long, of the Battleof Tarawa, meant as a commissioning giftto the USS Tarawa from the Commandantof the Marine Corps, but now a part of theCommandant's Corridor outside theoffices of the Secretary of the Navy at thePentagon.

The retrospective exhibit of Col Water-house's work currently in the Special Ex-hibits Gallery of the Marine CorpsMuseum contains nearly 160 paintings, 55of them salon-size, most of themproduced in acrylic paints on Masonitepanels. They are accompanied by a largeselection of drawings and sketches. Near-ly all allude to events in Marine Corpshistory.

Upon entering the Gallery, viewers seethe first major series for the Marine Corpsto emerge from the Waterhouse studio,"Marines in the Revolution." Following isthe smaller grouping of 10 paintings ofnew arrivals to America from South Viet-nam at Camp Pendleton in 1975, and theartist's second series of large, historicalpaintings, the 12 panels of "Marines in theConquest of California:' Next is ColWaterhouse's third and final major series,familiar to most current Marines from thewalls of barracks and offices, the 14 paint-ings of "Marines in the Frigate Navy:' Thefinal segment of the show is comprised ofthe five last projects, including the just-completed study of Commo Perry and hisMarines on Okinawa. L111775L1J


"Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man "shows then-Cpl Waterhouse just after he receiveda gunshot wound to his left arm during the battle for Iwo Jima in February 1945.Waterhouse enlisted in August 1943 and was assigned to the 5th Marine Division

Vietnamese refugees in May 1975 were quartered in temporary tent camps set up byCamp Pen dleton Marines. Col Waterhouse travelled to Camp Pendleton for firsthandresearch; this painting from a resulting set is entitled, "Lost, Found and Wanted"

r

'a... ..-. ..

F

-,V.—

1•'•g ,:

were finished to complement exhibitionof the entire series, now on long-term loanto the National Park Service for display atNew Hall, part of the Independence Hallhistorical area in Philadelphia.

R ECEPTION FOR THE various pieces ofthe "Marines in the Revolution" ser-

ies was so warm that Waterhouse was askedto accept a five-year extension of his ac-tive duty, and repeat extensions kept himat his easel until his retirement. The serv-ice time he accumulated includes his twoyears spent in World War II. Waterhouserevisited Iwo Jima under more peacefulcircumstances during his later active duty,and subsequently rendered 14 paintingsrecalling his own experience and the sto-ry of the island battle. Over the years thatWaterhouse spent as artist-in-residence hecompleted several longterm projects, mostaimed at making available art which por-trays the major events in Marine Corps his-tory not otherwise well-represented in theCorps' art collection. Among these are"Marines in the Conquest of California,"12 large panels in acrylics with 12 relatedpen-and-ink maps and smaller supportworks. After display in Washington, D.C.,and at Camp Pendleton, California, theynow are on long-term loan to the MarineCorps Recruit Depot Museum at San Die-go. "Marines in the Frigate Navy," Water-house's third series on a major theme, like"Marines in the Revolution," also is com-posed of 14 acrylic paintings and associat-ed pen-and-ink maps, and also became a

set of color prints well known to Marinesas decorative and educational art in mostbarracks.

Since the completion of "Marines in theFrigate Navy," Waterhouse has finishedfive other equally painstakingly researchedpaintings on Marine historical themes:quelling John Brown's raid at Harpers Fer-ry, in the attack on Fort Fisher during theCivil War, in battle at Cuzco Wells inCuba during the Spanish-American War,on patrol in Panama in 1885, and withCommodore Perry on his early visit toJapan and Okinawa.

Other projects have included 10 acrylics-

on-Masonite panels inspired by the influxof Vietnamese refugees to Camp Pendle-ton in 1975, and the acrylics-on-canvasmural, nearly 11 feet long, of the Battleof Tarawa, meant as a commissioning giftto the USS Tarawa from the Commandantof the Marine Corps, but now a part of theCommandant's Corridor outside theoffices of the Secretary of the Navy at thePentagon.

The retrospective exhibit of Col Water-house's work currently in the Special Ex-hibits Gallery of the Marine CorpsMuseum contains nearly 160 paintings, 55of them salon-size, most of themproduced in acrylic paints on Masonitepanels. They are accompanied by a largeselection of drawings and sketches. Near-ly all allude to events in Marine Corpshistory.

Upon entering the Gallery, viewers seethe first major series for the Marine Corpsto emerge from the Waterhouse studio,"Marines in the Revolution." Following isthe smaller grouping of 10 paintings ofnew arrivals to America from South Viet-nam at Camp Pendleton in 1975, and theartist's second series of large, historicalpaintings, the 12 panels of "Marines in theConquest of California." Next is ColWaterhouse's third and final major series,familiar to most current Marines from thewalls of barracks and offices, the 14 paint-ings of "Marines in the Frigate Navy." Thefinal segment of the show is comprised ofthe five last projects, including the just-completed study of Commo Perry and hisMarines on Okinawa. L111775L1J


"Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man "shows then-Cpl W/aterhouse just after he receiveda gunshot wound to his left arm during the battle for Iwo Jima in February 1945.IVaterhouse enlisted in August 1943 and was assigned to the 5th Marine Division

Vietnamese refugees in May 1975 were quartered in temporary tent camps set up byCamp Pendleton Marines. Col W/aterhouse travelled to Camp Pendleton for first handresearch; this painting from a resulting set is entitled, "Lost, Found and Vanted"

Mentioned in Passing

Officers Who Fought Century's Early Wars Mourned

LtGen Joseph C. Fegan, Jr.LtGenJoseph C. Fegan,Jr., 71, died in

San Diego, California on 2 January after along bout with cancer. Gen Fegan wasborn on 21 December 1920 in Los Angeleswhen his father, then-Maj Joseph C. Fe-gan, USMC, was serving there. While astudent at Princeton University, he joinedthe Marine Corps Reserve and was a mem-ber of the first NROTC unit at Princeton.Commissioned in 1942, Gen Fegan servedin three wars and at many posts in his36-year career which ended in 1978.

Early in his Marine Corps service, he wasan artilleryman, serving as a battery com-mander in the 14th Marines, with whichhe landed with the Marshalls and on Sai-pan, Tinian, and IwoJima. He was award-ed a Silver Star Medal for his heroic actionson Saipan. Gen Fegan commanded Com-pany H, 5th Marines in Korea, where hewas wounded and received a second SilverStar Medal for heroic achievements. Uponhis return to the United States, he was as-signed as executive officer of the RecruitTraining Command at MCRD, San Diego,where he remained for a short time beforehe was ordered to Yale University as an in-structor in the NROTC unit there duringthe period 1951-1953. Following a numberof short tours elsewhere, and assignmentto a Spanish language course, Gen Fegan

LtGen Joseph C. Fegan, Jr in 1975


was assigned as Assistant Naval Attache inMadrid. At the end of this tour, hereturned to Washington to become aideto Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., USMC(Ret), Chairman of the Inter-AmericanDefense Board. While here, in 1958, GenFegan was selected to become executiveofficer of the Marine detachment consist-ing of the Parris Island Band, the Drumand Bugle Corps and the Silent Drill Teamfrom MB, 8th and I, invited to participatein the Edinburgh Tattoo that year.

After he graduated from the NationalWar College in 1966, he was ordered toVietnam to become deputy director of theCombat Operations Center, MACV, inSaigon. A colonel in 1967, he returnedhome to assume command of the MB, 8thand I. After selection and promotion tobrigadier general, he was assigned toCamp Lejeune to become, first, ADC ofthe 2d Marine Division, and then, withpromotion to major general, he took com-mand of Force Troops, FMFLant. His suc-ceeding commands were the 3d MarineDivision on Okinawa and the San DiegoRecruit Depot. With his promotion tolieutenant general, he took over commandof the Marine Corps Development andEducation Command at Quantico, fromwhich he retired in 1978.

Services for Gen Fegan were held in thechapel of the San Diego Recruit Depot on5 January 1991, following which, his asheswere interred the same day in the FortRosecrans National Cemetery with fullhonors.

in 1897, but was raised in Chicago. He wasactive in athletics and hunting, and wasto remain so almost to the end of his life.He joined Battery B, 1st Illinois Field Ar-tillery, on 14 July 1916, the day it wascalled into federal service for duty on theMexican border, and was mustered out inOctober to begin college that fall. InJune1917, after the United States declared waron Germany, he enlisted in the MarineCorps, went through boot camp at ParrisIsland, was discharged as a private on 8October, and was commissioned the nextday. He attended the Marine Officers'School at Quantico and after graduationwas retained as a bayonet and knife-fight-ing instructor. He left for France in Au-gust 1918 after many requests for assign-ment to combat duty, and soon joined the51st Company, 2d Battalion, Fifth Regi-ment as executive officer. He fought in theMeuse-Argonne offensive and then partic-ipated in the occupation of Germany.

After returning to the States, Lt Farrellrequested and was assigned to duty in Hai-ti, where he remained until 1920, when hewas detailed to flight training at Pensaco-la. His records indicate that while at Pen-sacola, he was restricted for five days for'unauthorized hunting on base." He be-came a naval aviator in 1922 and returnedto Haiti. A championship-class swimmer,

Then-B Gen Walter G. Farrell in 1946

MajGen Walter G. FarrellMajGen Walter Greatsinger Great"

Farrell, 93, died 11 October 1990 in SanDiego. Gen Farrell, also nicknamed 'He-bolicker" for some unknown reason, camefrom a family of soldiers: two unclesfought in the Crimean War; his grand-father was a major general in the IndianArmy; and his father, Patrick J. H. Far-rell, fought as a British cavalry officer inthe Egyptian, Sudan, and Afendi Wars,1882-1886, and came to America in theearly 1890s.

Gen Farrell was born in San Francisco


—

it'

Mentioned in Passing

Officers Who Fought Century's Early Wars Mourned

LtGen Joseph C. Fegan, Jr.LtGenJoseph C. Fegan,Jr., 71, died in

San Diego, California on 2 January after along bout with cancer. Gen Fegan wasborn on 21 December 1920 in Los Angeleswhen his father, then-Maj Joseph C. Fe-gan, USMC, was serving there. While astudent at Princeton University, he joinedthe Marine Corps Reserve and was a mem-ber of the first NROTC unit at Princeton.Commissioned in 1942, Gen Fegan servedin three wars and at many posts in his36-year career which ended in 1978.

Early in his Marine Corps service, he wasan artilleryman, serving as a battery com-mander in the 14th Marines, with whichhe landed with the Marshalls and on Sai-pan, Tinian, and Iwo Jima. He was award-ed a Silver Star Medal for his heroic actionson Saipan. Gen Fegan commanded Com-pany H, 5th Marines in Korea, where hewas wounded and received a second SilverStar Medal for heroic achievements. Uponhis return to the United States, he was as-signed as executive officer of the RecruitTraining Command at MCRD, San Diego,where he remained for a short time beforehe was ordered to Yale University as an in-structor in the NROTC unit there duringthe period 195 1-1953. Following a numberof short tours elsewhere, and assignmentto a Spanish language course, Gen Fegan

LtGen Joseph C. Fegan,Jr in 1975


was assigned as Assistant Naval Attache inMadrid. At the end of this tour, hereturned to Washington to become aideto Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., USMC(Ret), Chairman of the Inter-AmericanDefense Board. While here, in 1958, GenFegan was selected to become executiveofficer of the Marine detachment consist-ing of the Parris Island Band, the Drumand Bugle Corps and the Silent Drill Teamfrom MB, 8th and I, invited to participatein the Edinburgh Tattoo that year.

After he graduated from the NationalWar College in 1966, he was ordered toVietnam to become deputy director of theCombat Operations Center, MACV, inSaigon. A colonel in 1967, he returnedhome to assume command of the MB, 8thand I. After selection and promotion tobrigadier general, he was assigned toCamp Lejeune to become, first, ADC ofthe 2d Marine Division, and then, withpromotion to major general, he took com-mand of Force Troops, FMFLant. His suc-ceeding commands were the 3d MarineDivision on Okinawa and the San DiegoRecruit Depot. With his promotion tolieutenant general, he took over commandof the Marine Corps Development andEducation Command at Quantico, fromwhich he retired in 1978.

Services for Gen Fegan were held in thechapel of the San Diego Recruit Depot on5 January 1991, following which, his asheswere interred the same day in the FortRosecrans National Cemetery with fullhonors.

in 1897, but was raised in Chicago. He wasactive in athletics and hunting, and wasto remain so almost to the end of his life.He joined Battery B, 1st Illinois Field Ar-tillery, on 14 July 1916, the day it wascalled into federal service for duty on theMexican border, and was mustered out inOctober to begin college that fall. In June1917, after the United States declared waron Germany, he enlisted in the MarineCorps, went through boot camp at ParrisIsland, was discharged as a private on 8October, and was commissioned the nextday. He attended the Marine Officers'School at Quantico and after graduationwas retained as a bayonet and knife-fight-ing instructor. He left for France in Au-gust 1918 after many requests for assign-ment to combat duty, and soon joined the51st Company, 2d Battalion, Fifth Regi-ment as executive officer. He fought in theMeuse-Argonne offensive and then partic-ipated in the occupation of Germany.

After returning to the States, Lt Farrellrequested and was assigned to duty in Hai-ti, where he remained until 1920, when hewas detailed to flight training at Pensaco-la. His records indicate that while at Pen-sacola, he was restricted for five days for'unauthorized hunting on base." He be-came a naval aviator in 1922 and returnedto Haiti. A championship-class swimmer,

Then-B Gen Walter G. Farrell in 1946

MajGen Walter G. FarrellMajGen Walter Greatsinger "Great"

Farrell, 93, died 11 October 1990 in SanDiego. Gen Farrell, also nicknamed "He-bolicker" for some unknown reason, camefrom a family of soldiers: two unclesfought in the Crimean War; his grand-father was a major general in the IndianArmy; and his father, PatrickJ. H. Far-rell, fought as a British cavalry officer inthe Egyptian, Sudan, and Afendi Wars,1882-1886, and came to America in theearly 1890s.

Gen Farrell was born in San Francisco


he was in the trials for the 1924 U.S. Olym-pic swim team. During the interwar peri-od, Farrell served at stateside bases andoverseas—Central and Latin America,Guam, and China—as well as on carriers.

While serving with the 2d Marine Air-craft Group on the west coast in early 1941,together with fellow aviator Col Perry Par-melee, he was assigned to temporary dutyat the American Embassy in London as As-sistant Naval Attache/Assistant Naval At-tache for Air. Together, both Marines flewto London via the Pacific route, stoppingoff along the way at British air bases in In-dia, the Mediterranean war zone, and theMid-East to observe Royal Air Force oper-ations in combat.

Gen Farrell was the chief of staff andoperations officer of the 2d Marine Air-craft Wing on the West Coast when theUnited States declared war on Japan. Hedeployed with the wing to the Pacific andtook part in the battles for Guadalcanal,Rendova, and New Georgia. For "conspic-uous gallantry and intrepidity" as chief ofstaff and operations officer of the 1st Ma-rine Aircraft Wing on Guadalcanal, he wasdecorated with the Silver Star Medal. Healso was a member of the reconnaissanceteam which surveyed the Russell Islands inFebruary 1943 before they were occupied.

He returned to the States in November1943 for a short period before going backout to the Pacific to become commanderof all Marine air in the Hawaiian area andthen commander of MAG-32. He wasdeputy commander of the 1st Marine Air-craft Wing in Tientsin in early 1946, andreturned to the States to retire inJune fol-lowing 29 years of active service. Becausehe had been decorated in combat, he wasadvanced to the rank of major general onthe retired list. Memorial services with fullhonors were held for Gen Farrell on 17 Oc-tober at the chapel of the San Diego Ma-rine Recruit Depot. He was buried thenext day in Fort Rosecrans MemorialCemetery.

BGen Richard P Ross, Jr.

BGen Richard P Ross, Jr., who was twiceawarded both the Legions of Merit and theBronze Star Medal, died 6 October 1990at the age of 84 at his home in LagunaHill, California. A native of Maryland,Gen Ross was a member of the NavalAcademy Class of 1927, and was commis-

Then-LtCol Richard P Ross in 1944

sioned a Marine second lieutenant inJuneof that year. During his 30-year career, heserved in Nicaragua and China, and atstateside posts and stations as well as atsea. He was on the Oklahoma when PearlHarbor was attacked. After a short timeat Marine Barracks, Pearl Harbor with hisdetachment, Ross spent a year with Ma-rine defense battalions before he went toJohnston Island in command of the 16thDefense Battalion.

He joined the 1st Marine Division atPavuvu in June 1944 and fought with itas executive officer of the 5th Marines onPeleliu and in the landing on Okinawa.In May, during the course of the battle,he was given command of the 3d Battal-ion, 5th Marines on Okinawa, which cap-tured Shun Castle. LtCol Ross placed theAmerican flag on its battlements, and wasrewarded for his efforts with a tremendousbarrage of incoming Japanese small armsand artillery fire.

Upon his promotion to colonel in Au-gust 1945, he took command of the 7thMarines in Tientsin, China. He was as-signed to a number of commands, staffbillets, and a tour at the National WarCollege following the end of the war, andwhen he retired in June 1957, he was astaff member of the Net Evaluation Sub-committee, National Security Council. Forhaving been decorated in combat, he wasadvanced to brigadier general on the re-tired list. Gen Ross was buried in Arling-ton National Cemetery on 12 Octoberwith full military honors.

BGen John R. GroffBGen John R. Groff, who, at his death

at 100, was perhaps the oldest survivingMarine general officer, died 2 October1990 at Oceanside, California. Born inSyracuse, New York, on 14 February 1890,he enlisted in the Corps in 1912. He land-ed in Vera Cruz in 1914 and served withthe Sixth Regiment in France in WorldWar I where he earned the Navy Cross andthe Army Distinguished Service Cross,while participating in all the major actionsof the regiment. Commissioned in thefield in 1918, he marched with the FourthMarine Brigade across the Rhine and to oc-cupation duty in Germany. In the post-war years, he served in Haiti and at variousMarine Corps posts and stations in theUnited States. During World War II, hewas chief of staff of Marine Corps Base,San Diego, where he retired in 1946, af-ter 34 years of active service. Gen Groff wasburied in Riverside National Cemetery,Riverside, California, on 5 October withfull military honors. L111775L11

BGen John R. Groff in 1990


Answers to Historical Quiz

Marine Authors(Questions on page 11)

1.d 6.c2. e 7. g3.h 8.i4.j 9.a5.b 10.f

' ?—,

,AN

he was in the trials for the 1924 U.S. Olym-pic swim team. During the interwar peri-od, Farrell served at stateside bases andoverseas — Central and Latin America,Guam, and China — as well as on carriers.

While serving with the 2d Marine Air-craft Group on the west coast in early 1941,together with fellow aviator Col Perry Par-melee, he was assigned to temporary dutyat the American Embassy in London as As-sistant Naval Attache/Assistant Naval At-tache for Air. Together, both Marines flewto London via the Pacific route, stoppingoff along the way at British air bases in In-dia, the Mediterranean war zone, and theMid-East to observe Royal Air Force oper-ations in combat.

Gen Farrell was the chief of staff andoperations officer of the 2d Marine Air-craft Wing on the West Coast when theUnited States declared war on Japan. Hedeployed with the wing to the Pacific andtook part in the battles for Guadalcanal,Rendova, and New Georgia. For "conspic-uous gallantry and intrepidity" as chief ofstaff and operations officer of the 1st Ma-rine Aircraft Wing on Guadalcanal, he wasdecorated with the Silver Star Medal. Healso was a member of the reconnaissanceteam which surveyed the Russell Islands inFebruary 1943 before they were occupied.

He returned to the States in November1943 for a short period before going backout to the Pacific to become commanderof all Marine air in the Hawaiian area andthen commander of MAG-32. He wasdeputy commander of the 1st Marine Air-craft Wing in Tientsin in early 1946, andreturned to the States to retire in June fol-lowing 29 years of active service. Becausehe had been decorated in combat, he wasadvanced to the rank of major general onthe retired list. Memorial services with fullhonors were held for Gen Farrell on 17 Oc-tober at the chapel of the San Diego Ma-rine Recruit Depot. He was buried thenext day in Fort Rosecrans MemorialCemetery.

BGen Richard P Ross, Jr.

BGen Richard P. Ross, Jr., who was twiceawarded both the Legions of Merit and theBronze Star Medal, died 6 October 1990at the age of 84 at his home in LagunaHill, California. A native of Maryland,Gen Ross was a member of the NavalAcademy Class of 1927, and was commis-

Then-LtCol Richard P Ross in 1944

sioned a Marine second lieutenant in Juneof that year. During his 30-year career, heserved in Nicaragua and China, and atstateside posts and stations as well as atsea. He was on the Oklahoma when PearlHarbor was attacked. After a short timeat Marine Barracks, Pearl Harbor with hisdetachment, Ross spent a year with Ma-rine defense battalions before he went toJohnston Island in command of the 16thDefense Battalion.

He joined the 1st Marine Division atPavuvu in June 1944 and fought with itas executive officer of the 5th Marines onPeleliu and in the landing on Okinawa.In May, during the course of the battle,he was given command of the 3d Battal-ion, 5th Marines on Okinawa, which cap-tured Shun Castle. LtCol Ross placed theAmerican flag on its battlements, and wasrewarded for his efforts with a tremendousbarrage of incoming Japanese small armsand artillery fire.

Upon his promotion to colonel in Au-gust 1945, he took command of the 7thMarines in Tientsin, China. He was as-signed to a number of commands, staffbillets, and a tour at the National WarCollege following the end of the war, andwhen he retired in June 1957, he was astaff member of the Net Evaluation Sub-committee, National Security Council. Forhaving been decorated in combat, he wasadvanced to brigadier general on the re-tired list. Gen Ross was buried in Arling-ton National Cemetery on 12 Octoberwith full military honors.

BGen John R. GroffBGen John R. Groff, who, at his death

at 100, was perhaps the oldest survivingMarine general officer, died 2 October1990 at Oceanside, California. Born inSyracuse, New York, on 14 February 1890,he enlisted in the Corps in 1912. He land-ed in Vera Cruz in 1914 and served withthe Sixth Regiment in France in WorldWar I where he earned the Navy Cross andthe Army Distinguished Service Cross,while participating in all the major actionsof the regiment. Commissioned in thefield in 1918, he marched with the FourthMarine Brigade across the Rhine and to oc-cupation duty in Germany. In the post-war years, he served in Haiti and at variousMarine Corps posts and stations in theUnited States. During World War II, hewas chief of staff of Marine Corps Base,San Diego, where he retired in 1946, af-ter 34 years of active service. Gen Groff wasburied in Riverside National Cemetery,Riverside, California, on 5 October withfull military honors. L111775L11

BGen John R. Groff in 1990


Answers to Historical Quiz

Marine Authors(Questions on page 11)

1.d 6.c2.e 7.g3.h 8.i4.j 9.a5.b lo.f

Flight Lines

H ELICOPTERS LAND regularly each dayat the Quantico Marine Corps Air

Facility, but on 31 August, a landing tookplace which was far from routine. An AH-1JBell helicopter, an aircraft which dates backto the Vietnam War, arrived on the runwayafter a cross-country flight from the NavalWeapons Center at China Lake, California.

Negotiations for the acquisition of thishelicopter started early this year when theOfficer-in-Charge of the Marine Corps AirGround Museum, LtCol William A. BeebeII, discovered the existence of the helicop-

AH-1J Sea Cobraby Kenneth L. Smith- Christmas

Curator of Material History

ter, which had been relegated to the task offlying target drones for Navy tests. LtColBeebe found out that it was to be sent tothe aircraft "boneyard" at Davis-MonthanAir Force Base in Arizona, and made ar-rangements to acquire it beforehand fromthe Navy. Although the AH-1J was not themost commonly used attack helicopter ofthe Vietnam War, it represented the cul-mination of helicopter design efforts whichtook place during the war.

In the early days of the war, the U.S.Army realized the need for a more efficient

attack helicopter than the converted UH-1BBell "Iroquois" then being used. These util-ity helicopters converted into gunships sup-ported Army ground operations whichcould not be supported as well by fixed-wing aircraft. The Bell Helicopter Compa-ny responded by designing a new fuselagearound the engine, transmission, and ro-tors of the UH-1E, calling the new helicop-ter the UH-1H "Cobra."

The new helicopter bore little resem-blance to the UH-1E in that, instead of be-ing seated side-by-side, the pilot now wasseated behind and above the gunner in thesleek, streamlined fuselage. The amountof attack armament (machine gun, rock-ets, and 40mm grenade launchers) wasalso increased. The U.S. Army in Vietnamreceived its first Cobras in August 1967.In order to avoid confusion, the aircraftwas assigned a new nomenclature ofAH-1G, "AH" being the new acronym for"attack helicopter."

The Marine Corps, which had been fly-ing converted UH-1B gunships, tried toobtain a number for close-air-support mis-sions. Four AH-1G gunships arrived earlyin 1969 and Marines were flying thesehelicopters in combat by April of that year.

But the Marine Corps had a need for adual-engine aircraft because of the Corps'amphibious mission. Although a disabledhelicopter can sometimes auto-rotate to arelatively safe landing over land, it is gener-ally lost if it loses power at sea. The Ma-rine Corps identified this need as early as1968, but had to wait until 1971 to deployits first dual-engine AH-1J "Sea Cobra" inVietnam. Powered by two Canadian-builtPratt and Whitney engines instead of thesingle Lycoming T-53-L-13 of the AH-1G,the new helicopter could fly faster than theAH-1G and deliver more firepower, sincethe AH-1J had a 20mm cannon in the noseturret in lieu of a machine gun and was alsocapable of carrying more rockets.

After its service in Vietnam, the AH-1Jhelicopter was flown until recent years. Animproved version, the AH-1T, which had alonger fuselage and TOW missiles, was in-troduced in 1975. The "Sea Cobras" nowin use are "W" models. L111775L11J


This Sea Cobra is the first of49 readiedfor delivery to the Marine Corps by Bell Helicop-ter in Texas in 1969. Itfeatureda three-barrel, turret-mounted 20mm cannon capableof firing 750 rounds per minute and could cruise at 185 mph and dive at 219 mph.

Technical Data

Manufacturer: Bell Helicopter Corporation, Fort Worth, Texas.

Type: Armed tactical helicopter.

Accommodation: Pilot and gunner or copilot.Power Plant: Two 1,800 h.p. United Aircraft of Canada (Pratt & Whitney)T400-CP-400 engines.

Dimensions: Rotor diameter, 44 ft.; Length, 44 ft., 6 in.; Height, 13 ft., 6 in.;Span 10 ft., 3 in.Weights: Empty, 6,503 lbs.; Heavy Combat, 9,821 lbs.

Performance: 142 knots at 2,000 ft.; Service ceiling, 10,000 ft.; Range, 131 nautical

miles (medium combat load).Armaments: 20mm gun in nose turret with 750 rounds. A combination of thefollowing on the outer and inner pylons: LAU 68 rockets; LAU 61-A rockets; and

5MM-hA miniguns.

Flight Lines

H ELICOPTERS LAND regularly each dayat the Quantico Marine Corps Air

Facility, but on 31 August, a landing tookplace which was far from routine. An AH-1JBell helicopter, an aircraft which dates backto the Vietnam War, arrived on the runwayafter a cross-country flight from the NavalWeapons Center at China Lake, California.

Negotiations for the acquisition of thishelicopter started early this year when theOfficer-in-Charge of the Marine Corps AirGround Museum, LtCol William A. BeebeII, discovered the existence of the helicop-

AH-1J Sea Cobraby Kenneth L. Smith-Christmas

Curator of Material Histoiy

ter, which had been relegated to the task offlying target drones for Navy tests. LtColBeebe found out that it was to be sent tothe aircraft "boneyard" at Davis-MonthanAir Force Base in Arizona, and made ar-rangements to acquire it beforehand fromthe Navy. Although the AH-1J was not themost commonly used attack helicopter ofthe Vietnam War, it represented the cul-mination of helicopter design efforts whichtook place during the war.

In the early days of the war, the U.S.Army realized the need for a more efficient

attack helicopter than the converted UH-1BBell "Iroquois" then being used. These util-ity helicopters converted into gunships sup-ported Army ground operations whichcould not be supported as well by fixed-wing aircraft. The Bell Helicopter Compa-ny responded by designing a new fuselagearound the engine, transmission, and ro-tors of the UH-1E, calling the new helicop-ter the UH-1H "Cobra."

The new helicopter bore little resem-blance to the UH-1E in that, instead of be-ing seated side-by-side, the pilot now wasseated behind and above the gunner in thesleek, streamlined fuselage. The amountof attack armament (machine gun, rock-ets, and 40mm grenade launchers) wasalso increased. The U.S. Army in Vietnamreceived its first Cobras in August 1967.In order to avoid confusion, the aircraftwas assigned a new nomenclature ofAH-1G, "AH" being the new acronym for"attack helicopter."

The Marine Corps, which had been fly-ing converted UH-1B gunships, tried toobtain a number for close-air-support mis-sions. Four AH-1G gunships arrived earlyin 1969 and Marines were flying thesehelicopters in combat by April of that year.

But the Marine Corps had a need for adual-engine aircraft because of the Corps'amphibious mission. Although a disabledhelicopter can sometimes auto-rotate to arelatively safe landing over land, it is gener-ally lost if it loses power at sea. The Ma-rine Corps identified this need as early as1968, but had to wait until 1971 to deployits first dual-engine AH-lJ "Sea Cobra" inVietnam. Powered by two Canadian-builtPratt and Whitney engines instead of thesingle Lycoming T-53-L-13 of the AH-1G,the new helicopter could fly faster than theAH-1G and deliver more firepower, sincethe AH-1J had a 20mm cannon in the noseturret in lieu of a machine gun and was alsocapable of carrying more rockets.

After its service in Vietnam, the AH-1Jhelicopter was flown until recent years. Animproved version, the AH-1T, which had alonger fuselage and TOW missiles, was in-troduced in 1975. The "Sea Cobras" nowin use are "W" models. L111775L11J


This Sea Cobra is the first of49 readiedfor deliveiy to the Marine Corps by Bell Helicop-ter in Texas in 1969. It featured a three-barrel, turret-mounted 20mm cannon capableof firing 750 rounds per minute and could cruise at 185 mph and dive at 219 mph.

Technical Data

Manufacturer: Bell Helicopter Corporation, Fort Worth, Texas.

Type: Armed tactical helicopter.

Accommodation: Pilot and gunner or copilot.Power Plant: Two 1,800 h.p. United Aircraft of Canada (Pratt & Whitney)T400-CP-400 engines.

Dimensions: Rotor diameter, 44 fr. Length, 44 fr., 6 in.; Height, 13 fr., 6 in.Span 10 ft., 3 in.Weights: Empty, 6,503 lbs.; Heavy Combat, 9,821 lbs.Performance: 142 knots at 2,000 ft.; Service ceiling, 10,000 ft.; Range, 131 nautical

miles (medium combat load).Armaments: 20mm gun in nose turret with 750 rounds. A combination of thefollowing on the outer and inner pylons: LAU 68 rockets; LAU 61-A rockets; and

SMM-I1A miniguns.

P art VI of Fortitudine's continuing chronological series onMarine Corps participation in the Vietnam War focuses on

1969, a period in which newly elected President Richard M. Nix-on adopted a policy of seeking to end active United States mili-tary involvement in the Vietnam War. Although the full rangeof Marine Corps military and pacification efforts continued with-in the I Corps Tactical Zone, the year 1969 also witnessed thegradual "Vietnamization" of the war, which would slowly reduceand ultimately end the Marine Corps' combat role. The majori-ty of the following entries were excerpted from the History andMuseums Division monograph, US. Marines In Vietnam: HighMobility and Standdown, 1969, which contains detailed exami-nation of Marine Corps activities and operations in that countryduring 1969.

IJan—South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu suggest-ed that the ARVN was "ready to replace part of the allied forces"in 1969.5 Jan—U.S. President-elect Nixon named Ambassador HenryCabot Lodge to succeed Ambassador W. Averell Harriman as chiefU.S. negotiator at the Paris talks. He also continued AmbassadorEllsworth Bunker at his post at Saigon.20 Jan—Richard M. Nixon was inaugurated President of theUnited States.

As a victor surveying the spoils, Marine PFC Bernardo A.Blazek stands atop a wrecked prime mover for an enemy 122mmfield artillery piece captured by the 9th Marines in Operation

22Jan—Operation Dewey Canyon, perhaps the most successfulhigh-mobility, regimental-size action of the Vietnam War, be-gan in the Da Krong Valley of Quang Tn Province. Elementsof the 9th Marines, with supporting artillery, were lifted intothe enemy's Base Area 611. By the end of the operation (19March), estimated enemy dead reached more than 1,600, andhundreds of tons of enemy weapons and supplies were taken.31 Jan—U.S. military strength in South Vietnam numbered539,000, of which 81,000 were Marines.23 Feb — Communist forces launched a major offensive through-out South Vietnam, one day following the expiration of the VietCong-proclaimed seven-day truce for Tet.25 Feb—Fire Support Bases Neville and Russell came under heavyenemy ground and mortar attacks, resulting in the loss of 30Marines and the wounding of 79.28 Feb—The 3d Marine Division ended Operations Scotland IIand Kentucky. During Scotland 11(15 April 1968-28 February1969) more than 3,300 enemy troops were claimed killed, whileMarine casualties included 463 killed. Operation Kentucky (1November 1967-28 February 1969) resulted in over 3,900 claimedenemy killed, while 478 Marines were killed in action.3 Mar—The Marine Corps received its first CH-53D assaulthelicopter. The helicopter, intended to replace the CH-53A in-

Dewey Canyon in January. The enemy destroyed two such largeartillery pieces and their prime movers while fleeing the Marineadvance. An estimated 1,600 enemy troops died in the operation.

Part VI of a Chronology, May 1954-May 1975

The U.S. Marine Corps and the Vietnam War: 1969by Robert V Acjuiina

Assistant Head, Reference Section

44

P art VI of Fortitudine's continuing chronological series onMarine Corps participation in the Vietnam War focuses on

1969, a period in which newly elected President Richard M. Nix-on adopted a policy of seeking to end active United States mili-tary involvement in the Vietnam War. Although the full rangeof Marine Corps military and pacification efforts continued with-in the I Corps Tactical Zone, the year 1969 also witnessed thegradual "Vietnamization" of the war, which would slowly reduceand ultimately end the Marine Corps' combat role. The majori-ty of the following entries were excerpted from the History andMuseums Division monograph, US. Marines In Vietnam: HighMobility and Standdown, 1969, which contains detailed exami-nation of Marine Corps activities and operations in that countryduring 1969.

1 Jan — South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu suggest-ed that the ARVN was "ready to replace part of the allied forces"in 1969.5 Jan—U.S. President-elect Nixon named Ambassador HenryCabot Lodge to succeed Ambassador W. Averell Harriman as chiefU.S. negotiator at the Paris talks. He also continued AmbassadorEllsworth Bunker at his post at Saigon.20 Jan—Richard M. Nixon was inaugurated President of theUnited States.

As a victor surveying the spoils, Marine PFC Bernardo A.Blazek stands atop a wrecked prime mover for an enemy 122mmfield artillery piece captured by the 9th Marines in Operation

22Jan—Operation Dewey Canyon, perhaps the most successfulhigh-mobility, regimental-size action of the Vietnam War, be-gan in the Da Krong Valley of Quang Tn Province. Elementsof the 9th Marines, with supporting artillery, were lifted intothe enemy's Base Area 611. By the end of the operation (19March), estimated enemy dead reached more than 1,600, andhundreds of tons of enemy weapons and supplies were taken.31 Jan—U.S. military strength in South Vietnam numbered539,000, of which 81,000 were Marines.23 Feb—Communist forces launched a major offensive through-out South Vietnam, one day following the expiration of the VietCong-proclaimed seven-day truce for Tet.25 Feb—Fire Support Bases Neville and Russell came under heavyenemy ground and mortar attacks, resulting in the loss of 30Marines and the wounding of 79.28 Feb—The 3d Marine Division ended Operations Scotland IIand Kentucky. During Scotland 11(15 April 1968-28 February1969) more than 3,300 enemy troops were claimed killed, whileMarine casualties included 463 killed. Operation Kentucky (1November 1967-28 February 1969) resulted in over 3,900 claimedenemy killed, while 478 Marines were killed in action.3 Mar—The Marine Corps received its first CH-53D assaulthelicopter. The helicopter, intended to replace the CH-53A in-

Dewey Canyon in January. The enemy destroyed two such largeartillery pieces and their prime movers while fleeing the Marineadvance. An estimated 1,600 enemy troops died in the operation.

Part VI of a Chronology, May 1954-May 1975

The U.S. Marine Corps and the Vietnam War: 1969by Robert V Acjuiina

Assistant Head, Reference Section

troduced into Vietnam in late 1966, could transport four tonsof cargo or 39 fully equipped combat troops.9 Mar—ist Marine Division Operation Taylor Common endedin Quang Nam Province. The operation, which began on 7 De-cember 1968, accounted for 610 captured and an estimated 1,400enemy killed.16 Mar—The U.S. battleship New Jersey (BB-62) departed thecoast of Vietnam. Since her arrival in late September 1968, theNew Jersey had fired 3,615 16-inch shells and nearly 11,000rounds of 5-inch shells, mostly in support of 3d Marine Divi-sion operations along the DMZ.26 Mar—LtGen Herman Nickerson,Jr., replaced LtGen RobertE. Cushman, Jr., as CG, III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF).LtGen Nickerson had commanded the 1st Marine Division inhis previous Vietnam tour.30 Mar—Ill MAF engineers and Navy Seabees completed theconstruction of Liberty Bridge, which spanned the Song ThuBon, south of Da Nang.10 Apr—The first four AH-1G "Cobra" gunships arrived at DaNang to begin air operations with Marine Observation Squa-dron 2.15 Apr—MajGen William K. Jones replaced MajGen RaymondG. Davis as CG, 3d Marine Division.27 Apr—A grass fire spread to Navy/Marine Ammo Supply Point1, two miles southwest of Da Nang airfield, resulting in the des-truction of 38,000 tons of ammunition.30 Apr—Operation Virginia Ridge formally began with the 9thMarines encountering heavy resistance in the area between CamLo and the Rockpile.10 May—Operation Apache Snow began in the southern DaKrong and northern A Shau Valleys, involving the 9th Marinesand elements of the Army's 101st Airborne Division.26 May—The 1st Marine Division, along with Korean and South

In camouflaged utility uniforms and face paint, members of aMarine patrolfrom Company B, 3dRecon Battalion, 3dMarineDivision, warily stalk the jungle south of the DMZ in January.

Cpls Robert G. Olson and Charles S. Yeamen rumble into Oper-ation Pspestone Canyon, eight miles south of Da Nang in June.

Vietnamese troops, began Operation Pipestone Canyon in theGo Noi island area, and ended in early November with an esti-mate of nearly 500 enemy killed.29 May—The 7th Marines multi-battalion Operation OklahomaHills ended. Enemy deaths during the two-month operation wereplaced at 596, while friendly casualties numbered 53 killed and487 wounded.8 Jun—President Nixon announced that 25,000 troops wouldbe withdrawn from South Vietnam by the end of August.13 Jun — Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced thatthe 9th Marines, in addition to Army and Navy units, wouldbe withdrawn beginning in mid-July.llJul—MajGen Charles]. Quilter was relieved by MajGen Wil-liam G. Thrash as CG, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1st MAW).l4Jul—BLT 1/9 sailed from Da Nang for Okinawa, initiatingPhase 1 of President Nixon's 25,000-troop withdrawal plan.14 Aug—The 9th Regimental Landing Team completed itsredeployment from Vietnam with the departure of the 3d Bat-talion, 9th Marines.18 Aug— Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 362, the first unitof the 1st MAW to serve in Vietnam (arriving in April 1962),departed Vietnam.3 Sep—North Vietnamese President Ho Chi Minh died.7 Sep—Battalion Landing Team 1/26, lifted by Marine Medi-um Helicopter Squadron 265, began Operation Defiant Stand,in conjunction with the Korean Marines.16 Sep —The second increment of the U.S. troop withdrawal fromVietnam which included more than 18,000 Marines, was an-nounced by President Nixon.15 Oct—Vietnam Moratorium demonstrations held through-out the United States.7 Nov—The 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade was deactivated;I Marine Expeditionary Force was created as an amphibious readyforce in the Western Pacific; and 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (Rear)was activated in Japan.26 Nov—The 5th Marine Division was deactivated and the 5thMarine Amphibious Brigade came into existence.15 Dec—MajGen Edwin B. Wheeler relieved MajGen OrmandR. Simpson as CG, 1st Marine Division.15 Dec—President Nixon announced that the third round ofAmerican troop withdrawals from Vietnam was to be complet-ed by 15 April 1970.31 Dec—Marine Corps strength in South Vietnam stood at54,559, down from a peak strength of 85,755 reached in 1968.

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troduced into Vietnam in late 1966, could transport four tonsof cargo or 39 fully equipped combat troops.9 Mar—ist Marine Division Operation Taylor Common endedin Quang Nam Province. The operation, which began on 7 De-cember 1968, accounted for 610 captured and an estimated 1,400enemy killed.16 Mar—The U.S. battleship New Jersey (BB-62) departed thecoast of Vietnam. Since her arrival in late September 1968, theNew Jersey had fired 3,615 16-inch shells and nearly 11,000rounds of 5-inch shells, mostly in support of 3d Marine Divi-sion operations along the DMZ.26 Mar—LtGen Herman Nickerson, Jr., replaced LtGen RobertF. Cushman, Jr., as CG, III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF).LtGen Nickerson had commanded the 1st Marine Division inhis previous Vietnam tour.30 Mar—Ill MAF engineers and Navy Seabees completed theconstruction of Liberty Bridge, which spanned the Song ThuBon, south of Da Nang.10 Apr—The first four AH-1G "Cobra" gunships arrived at DaNang to begin air operations with Marine Observation Squa-dron 2.15 Apr—MajGen William K. Jones replaced MajGen RaymondG. Davis as CG, 3d Marine Division.27 Apr—A grass fire spread to Navy/Marine Ammo Supply Point1, two miles southwest of Da Nang airfield, resulting in the des-truction of 38,000 tons of ammunition.30 Apr—Operation Virginia Ridge formally began with the 9thMarines encountering heavy resistance in the area between CamLo and the Rockpile.10 May—Operation Apache Snow began in the southern DaKrong and northern A Shau Valleys, involving the 9th Marinesand elements of the Army's 101st Airborne Division.26 May—The 1st Marine Division, along with Korean and South

In camouflaged utility uniforms and face paint, members of aMarine patrol from Company B, 3d Recon Battalion, 3d MarineDivision, warily stalk the jungle south of the DMZ in January.

Cpls Robert G. Olson and Charles S. Yeamen rumble into Oper-ation PiOestone Canyon, eight miles south of Da Nang in June.

Vietnamese troops, began Operation Pipestone Canyon in theGo Noi island area, and ended in early November with an esti-mate of nearly 500 enemy killed.29 May—The 7th Marines multi-battalion Operation OklahomaHills ended. Enemy deaths during the two-month operation wereplaced at 596, while friendly casualties numbered 53 killed and487 wounded.8Jun—President Nixon announced that 25,000 troops wouldbe withdrawn from South Vietnam by the end of August.13 Jun — Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced thatthe 9th Marines, in addition to Army and Navy units, wouldbe withdrawn beginning in mid-July.llJul—MajGen CharlesJ. Quilter was relieved by MajGen Wil-liam G. Thrash as CG, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1st MAW).14Ju1—BLT 1/9 sailed from Da Nang for Okinawa, initiatingPhase 1 of President Nixon's 25,000-troop withdrawal plan.14 Aug—The 9th Regimental Landing Team completed itsredeployment from Vietnam with the departure of the 3d Bat-talion, 9th Marines.18 Aug— Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 362, the first unitof the 1st MAW to serve in Vietnam (arriving in April 1962),departed Vietnam.3 Sep—North Vietnamese President Ho Chi Minh died.7 Sep—Battalion Landing Team 1/26, lifted by Marine Medi-um Helicopter Squadron 265, began Operation Defiant Stand,in conjunction with the Korean Marines.16 Sep—The second increment of the U.S. troop withdrawal fromVietnam which included more than 18,000 Marines, was an-nounced by President Nixon.15 Oct—Vietnam Moratorium demonstrations held through-out the United States.7 Nov—The 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade was deactivated;I Marine Expeditionary Force was created as an amphibious readyforce in the Western Pacific; and 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (Rear)was activated in Japan.26 Nov—The 5th Marine Division was deactivated and the 5thMarine Amphibious Brigade came into existence.15 Dec—MajGen Edwin B. Wheeler relieved MajGen OrmandR. Simpson as CG, 1st Marine Division.15 Dec—President Nixon announced that the third round ofAmerican troop withdrawals from Vietnam was to be complet-ed by 15 April 1970.31 Dec—Marine Corps strength in South Vietnam stood at54,559, down from a peak strength of 85,755 reached in 1968.

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DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHEADQUARTERS U.S. MARINE CORPS

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20380

OFFICIAL BUSINESS


BULK RATE

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

USMC

PERMIT NO. G-63

Acquisitions

Enlisted Marine's 1839 'Goatee' Bought for Museumby Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret)

Deputy Director for Museums

A N ENLISTED MARINE'S "coatee" of1839 has been acquired with the

help of the Marine Corps HistoricalFoundation and other benefactors. Acoatee was a mid-l9th century waist-length jacket, buttoned across the frontand with tails at the back.

from the Museum Store were finally ac-cumulated to a point where a check forthe other two-thirds could be written.

The coatee will be used in an upgrad-ing of the Museum's Time Tunnel caseon the 1840s and Mexican War. The

1839 model coatee was worn for 20 yearsuntil a change in uniform regulations in1859.

The model of this nineteenth centurytailcoat was worn by Marines for 20 yearsuntil 1859 uniform regulations changes.

Occasionally a rare Marine Corps arti-fact comes on the market. Sometimes, aswas the case with the 1839 coatee, it issought avidly by other museums andcarries a high price tag. The MarineCorps Museum was favored by a dealerwho thought that the Marine coateeshould be in the Marines' museum. Hewaited patiently for several months whilethe museum raised the wherewithal.The Foundation offered to purchase thecoatee but with its reorganization andmove to Quantico found itself unable tomeet the full amount. An appeal wasmade to a generous Foundation sustain-ing member, Clifford V. Brokaw III, whocame up with a third of the price. Profits

T HE FOUNDATION budgets sub-stantial amounts annually for vari-

ous activities in the Marine Corps histor-ical program which either cannot befunded with appropriated funds or aremore expeditiously funded than withappropriated funds when time is of theessence. The first category includesgrants for research resulting in publish-able manuscripts or for masters theses ordoctoral dissertations. The amounts ear-marked for museum purchases are in thelatter category. The few and rare 19th-century items coming on the marketfrom a Marine Corps that seldom num-bered more that 3,000, are often quicklysnapped up by eager collectors. Thesegrants and acquisitions are some of themain reasons behind creation of theHistorical Foundation. L1J1775L111

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHEADQUARTERS U.S. MARINE CORPS

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20380

OFFICIAL BUSINESS


BULK RATE

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

USMC

PERMIT NO. G-63

Acquisitions

Enlisted Marine's 1839 'Goatee' Bought for Museumby Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret)

Deputy Director for Museums

A N ENLISTED MARINE'S "coatee" of1839 has been acquired with the

help of the Marine Corps HistoricalFoundation and other benefactors. Acoatee was a mid-l9th century waist-length jacket, buttoned across the frontand with tails at the back.

from the Museum Store were finally ac-cumulated to a point where a check forthe other two-thirds could be written.

The coatee will be used in an upgrad-ing of the Museum's Time Tunnel caseon the 1840s and Mexican War. The

1839 model coatee was worn for 20 yearsuntil a change in uniform regulations in1859.

The model of this nineteenth centurytailcoat was worn by Marines for 20 yearsuntil 1859 uniform regulations changes.

Occasionally a rare Marine Corps arti-fact comes on the market. Sometimes, aswas the case with the 1839 coatee, it issought avidly by other museums andcarries a high price tag. The MarineCorps Museum was favored by a dealerwho thought that the Marine coateeshould be in the Marines' museum. Hewaited patiently for several months whilethe museum raised the wherewithal.The Foundation offered to purchase thecoatee but with its reorganization andmove to Quantico found itself unable tomeet the full amount. An appeal wasmade to a generous Foundation sustain-ing member, Clifford V. Brokaw III, whocame up with a third of the price. Profits

T HE FOUNDATION budgets sub-stantial amounts annually for vari-

ous activities in the Marine Corps histor-ical program which either cannot befunded with appropriated funds or aremore expeditiously funded than withappropriated funds when time is of theessence. The first category includesgrants for research resulting in publish-able manuscripts or for masters theses ordoctoral dissertations. The amounts ear-marked for museum purchases are in thelatter category. The few and rare 19th-century items coming on the marketfrom a Marine Corps that seldom num-bered more that 3,000, are often quicklysnapped up by eager collectors. Thesegrants and acquisitions are some of themain reasons behind creation of theHistorical Foundation. L1J1775L111