FORTITUD INEBULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAM

HISTORICAL BULLETIN VOLUME XIX SPRING 1990 NUMBER 4

FAMED ILUJSTRAIOR OF MARINES AT WAR JOHN CLYMER RECALLED. . . HISIORY DWECIOR HEINL GIvEsVIEWS ON MILITARY EDUCATION. . . MARINE AIR'S MAJOR PRESENCE IN THE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACEMUSEUM. . . Iwo JIMA TODAY. . . ThE MANY YEARS AND STYLES OF MARINES' 'VANDEGRIFT' JACKETS

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Marine Corps Historical CenterBuilding 58, Washington Navy Yard

Washington, D.C. 20374-0580

Telephone: (202) 433-3838, 433-3840, 433-3841

DIREC1DR

BGen Edwin H. Simmons, USMC (Ret)

Secretary to the Dire cto,- ICpl Kimberly L. Toyekoyah, USMC. Secre-tary to the Deputy Directors, Ms. Jeanette R. Pelron.

HIS1DRJCAL BRANCHCol Daniel M. Smith, USMCDeputy Director for History

Mr. Henry I Shaw, JrAssistant Deputy Director for History/Chief Historian

Histories Section: Mr. Jack Shulimson; LtCol Michael L Powell, USMC;

Ma) George R. Dunham, USMC (Ret); Ma) Charles D. Melson, USMC;

Mr. Charles R. Smith. Reference Section: Mr. DannyJ. Crawford; Mr.Robert V. Aqutlina; Mrs. Ann A. Ferrante; Miss Lena M. Kaljot; Mrs.Regina Strother; Mrs Shelia Gransblin Oral History Section. Mr. BenisM. Frank: Mrs. Meredith P. Hartley. Archives: Mrs. Joyce E. Bonnett;Ms. Joyce C. Conyers; Sgx Kevin L. Parker, USMC. Assistant to theDeputy Director' Capt Roberta E. Brrden, USMC.

MUSEUMS BRANCHCol F. B. Nihart, USMC (Ret)Deputy Director for Museums

Mr. Charles A WoodChief Curator

Artist-in-ResidenceCol Charles H. Waterhouse, USMCR

Mar,ne Barrack, Special Projects: Mr. Richard A. Long. Exhibits: Ms.Nancy E. Christi - Mr. Benny L. knox, Sr.; SSgx Leroy M. Dyas, USMC;Cpl Albert Ramos. USMC. Art: Mr. John T. Dyer,Jr. Personal Papers:Mr.J. Michael Miller. Registrar' MissJennifer L. Gooding. Admirns-tratiue Clerk: Vacant.

Museums Branch Activities, QuanricoLsCol William A. Beebe II, USMC

Assistant Deputy Director for MuseumsOfficer-in-Charge

Assistant Officer-in-Charge for Branch Activities: Mr. Kenneth L.Smith-Christmas. Education Officer' Capt Cardell N. Parker, USMC.

Ordnance: Mr. John G. Griffiths; GySgtJohn A. McCombs, USMC;SSgt Donald C. Martens, USMC. Restoration: Mr. Joseph E. Payton;Mr. Stanley M. Sokolowski; Sgt James L Arnold, USMC; Sgs Raymond

E. Kirsey, USMC; Sgt Ivan Vasilev, USMC; Cpl Lennard G. DeWolfe,

USMC. Aeronautics', Vacant. Exhibits', Mr. RonaldJ. Perkins. Unijirms:

Mrs. Nancy P King. Programs Ass,stanc Mrs. Kathryn R. hour. Secu-ris,y GySgt William P Graybill, USMC; SSgt Mark Heatherton, USMC;

SSgt Martin S. Gauna, USMC; Sgt Fredrick A. Harrid II, USMC; SgrAgustin A. Sarmiento. USMC; Sgt Matthew L. Dula, USMC; CplDavid A. Novelli, USMC; l.Cpl Samuel J. Monti, USMC.

SUPPORT BRANCHMa) Richard A. Clute, USMC

Head/Division Executive Officer

Administrative: Capt John B. Dickison, Jr., USMC; SSgt RobertHudson, USMC; Sgt Terry L Fuicher, USMC: Cpl Robert E. Clarke,USMC. Security: SSgt Randy Shouse, USMC. Library: Miss Evelyn A.Englander; Mrs. Patricia E. Morgan.

Publications Production: Mr. Robert E. Struder. Production: Mrs.Catherine A. Kerns. Graphics: Mr. William S. Hill. Typesetting: CplAndre L. Owens Ill, USMC.

Mr. Robert E StruderSenior Editor

Editor, Fortitudine

FORTITUD INIEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.

Historical Bulletin Volume XIX Spring 1990 No. 4

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program is published forMarines, at the rate of one copy for every nine on active duty, to provide educationand training in the uses of military and Marine Corps history. Other interested readersmay purchase single copies or one-year subscriptions (four issues) from the Superin-tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Memorandum from the Director Teaching History at Quantico 3

Saipan: Smith versus Smith 5

New Book Examines Marine Lawyers' Roles in Vietnam 6

Historical Quiz: U.S. and Marine Corps Flags 6

Lessons for Today's Marines Found in Visit to Iwo Jima 7

Famed iLeatherneck Illustrator John Clymer Mourned 10

Marine Aviation in the National Air and Space Museum 11

Answers to Historical Quiz: U.S. and Marine Corps Flags 14

Soviets Greet iTh President's Own' U.S. Marine Band 15

Oral History Report: Seven Retirees Record Oral Interviews in California - . 18

iVandegriftr Jacket Originally Australian Military Gear 19

New Books: Histories Report on Marine Roles in Modern Wars 20

Mentioned in Passing: Three Authors of Bookson the Marine Corps Recalled 21

Part III of a Chronology, May 1954-May 1975:The U.S. Marine Corps and the Vietnam War 22

Pilot, East Asia Scholar Heads Historical Training Unit 24

THE COVER

aiSchiller carried all the radio equipment and his own gear to shore under fire" isthe caption to this illustration by John F. Clymer for the article, iilhe ForgottenBattalion," in the February 1945 issue of The Leatherneck. (The unit in question wasthe 2d 15 5mm Howitzer Battalion, earlier designated the 3d Battalion, 10th Ma-rines, which—with 75mm howitzers—fought on Tulagi, Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Sai-pan, and Guam.) A Reserve artist who sometimes portrayed fellow World War IIMarines larger than life in an apparent gesture to capture their fighting spirit, Clymerproduced many covers and feature illustrations for Leatherneck. His recent deathand his long career as artist for such other periodicals as Saturday Evening Post andas famed painter of the American West are discussed by John T Dyer, Jr., on page 10.

Fortitudtne is produced in the Publications Production Section of the History and Museums Divi-sion, The text for Forittudine 15 set in 10-point and 8.point Garamond cypeface. Headlines are in 18-pointor 24-point Garamond. The bulletin is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, \shington, D.C. 20402.

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HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

Memorandum from the Director

Teaching History at QuanticoCol Robert D. Hezal, Jr

T HE ONLY MARINE CORPS SCHOOL I

ever attended was The Basic School.So I've always been, in some ways, an out-sider, at least from the point of view ofthe student. But I always assumed that aprofessional school such as ours would fol-low the Prussian model. The original Ger-man general staff had two functions, oneof which was the preparation of war plansand the acquisition of supporting intelli-gence for them, and the other was theanalysis and teaching and exposition ofmilitary history. So I always felt—and Ithink this is so in most military schoolsthroughout the world — that the teachingof military history is, or ought to be, a cen-tral and natural part of the process.

I was particularly surprised, after WorldWar II when I became officer-in-charge ofthe old Historical Section at Headquart-ers, to find out that history was not taughtat all at Quantico. The subject was noteven given a name. There were a fewhistorical examples that were used hereand there by instructors with some erudi-tion to liven up a period or drive a pointhome, but for all intents and purposes,history was disregarded.

My first attempt was to try to get somekind of a military history course agreed toin principle at Quantico. The answer, witha laugh, was, 'We don't have time forthat."

Of course, this is the big battle inQuantico, or in any of the schools. It's likein the newspaper business: You're alwaysfighting for space with the editors. So inthe schools, you're always fighting forhours for your subject. With the tremen-dous competition for time, no instructorever feels that his own subject is adequate-ly covered. With no one down there tospeak for history, it was simply bypassed.

B UT THE REQUIREMENT, by now, hadfirmly lodged in my mind. My next

assignment after the Historical Section atHeadquarters was the Naval Gunfire Sec-tion at Marine Corps Schools. That mademe a member of that elite — the Herren-

yolk—the Quantico instructors. I had be-come an insider, not an outsider. And Ibegan to think in more specific terms, asan instructor would, on how history shouldbe taught down there; how it could betaught in the most efficient way—efficientfrom the point of view of the school —and useful professionally for the student;and above all in a way so that as the aver-age Marine Corps student progressed fromlevel to level inside the Marine Corpsschooling system, his historical instructionwould be a kind of a continuum. He'd getcertain building blocks at the basic level.He'd get further building blocks at whatwas then the Junior School, or what wenow call the Amphibious Warfare Schoollevel. And he would get further blocks atthe top level—at the Senior School, orCommand and Staff College as it is nowcalled.

Both the shaping of this continuum and

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the division of its content at the variouslevels, that I arrived at then and which Istill hold to now, were roughly as follows:I said that while it would be a fine thingif every Marine officer knew the entire his-tory of war, and knew a great deal aboutthe history of his profession besides sim-ply what the Marine Corps had been andwas doing; that as a realistic thing, ourhistorical teaching ought to confine itselfto the demonstrated needs and activitiesof the Corps and things that we neededto know for a well-rounded professionalcareer as Marine officers.

So the organization for historical teach-ing that I arrived at was to have it start atThe Basic School level, with the lieu-tenants learning simply the facts of the en-tire history of the Marine Corps from itsbeginning up to whatever point in histo-ry they were when they were goingthrough Basic School. They would know,

Director Heini on Military History

T HIS ISSUE'S "Memorandum from the Director" is a posthumous essay bya former Director of Marine Corps History, Col Robert D. Heinl, Jr. It fol-

lows closely the transcript of an oral history session conducted with Col Heinlby Mr. Benis M. Frank on 25 October 1974. Some deletions have been madebut otherwise the editing has been minor. The session was prompted by a sug-gestion by the Deputy Director for Marine Corps Museums, Col Brooke Nihart,that Col Hem! sum up both his experience in trying to get military history intothe curriculum at Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, over a long period of years,and also his thoughts as to how it ought to be taught and organized. Althoughmuch progress has been made in the intervening 15 years—and most particular-ly in the last several years — a great deal of what Col Heinl had to say is stillhighly relevant.

Col Heinl, who died in 1979, was head of the Historical Section, then in theDivision of Information, at Headquarters, Marine Corps, from November 1946to June 1949 during which time he conceived the monograph series that coveredthe Pacific island campaigns of World War II and which were the basis for theeventual five-volume official Histoy of US. Marine Corps Operations in WorldWar II. He wrote many articles on the Marine Corps and its history, particularlyfor the Marine Corps Gazette and the US. Naval Institute Proceedings. Of hisnumerous books, perhaps the best known is his Soldiers of the Sea, publishedin 1962 by the U.S. Naval Institute and still the most provocative, stimulating,and readable general history of the Marine Corps. His influence on Marine Corpshistory remains very strong.—EHS

factually, what the Marine Corps was andhad been and had done and why. And se-cond, of course, to teach them the recog-nized traditions of the Corps. I felt thatthis was quite enough of a historical loadfor Basic School.

ISAID THAr WHEN they came back to

Amphibious Warfare School or JuniorSchool, which, even then and much moreso now, was literally an amphibious warfareschooling where the inculcation of am-phibious technique was paramount, thatthey ought to learn the history of am-phibious warfare; not just the Marines inamphibious warfare, but of amphibiouswarfare as a worldwide development, andtaking in the work that had been done un-der other flags: the British, the Japanese,the Germans—amphibious failures andsuccesses.

I would start them at some point whichhad a clear relevance to what they were do-ing, to modern times. One might very wellbegin in the 17th and 18th centuries whenthere were a lot of landing operations. Ialways thought an excellent early text forthis would be — at least chunks out of—Molyneux's Conjunct Operations, the firstbook ever written in the English languagethat I know of on amphibious warfare. Itwas written in the 18th century; written,I think, just before the Seven Years' War,a time when Britain was involved in a lotof these things. But in any case, one wouldwork forward to Gallipoli, and then buildup the post-Gallipoli story, arriving, even-tually, at Inchon, which is a kind of alatter-day Gallipoli which was made pos-sible by possession of the techniques andthe know-how which the guys at Gallipo-ii didn't have. In any case, they would be-come amphibious historians at JuniorSchool.

They should attain a knowledge of am-phibious warfare which would make them,in any interservice circle, automatically theprofessional authority on how amphibiouswarfare developed, what its lessons were,both technical and other, so that as Ma-rines they could speak very convincinglyas to their own specialty.

T O THIS SAME END, I recommendedthat the Marine Corps Museum es-

tablish an amphibious wing; a section ofour museum effort which devotes itself tothe collection of artifacts, photographs,and other museum items and memorabil-

ia associated with the development of am-phibious warfare. The British had such amuseum, a very nice little one at Freming-ton, at the School of Combined Opera-tions when I was teaching there.

If time were available at the JuniorSchool level, in addition to learning gener-al amphibious history, the student officerwould get at least a summary of the histor-ical evolution of each of the principalareas, call them amphibious specialties orareas of concentration. He would get, say,a summary lecture on the development ofair support in amphibious warfare by anaviator, learning particularly the success-es, the failures, the things that were tried,that fizzled out, the things thatsucceeded — in effect, giving him an in-stitutional memory.

He would be taught in the same way,a summary of the development of am-phibious command relations; of course, asubject of great sensitivity. Also to be co-vered would be the history of the develop-ment of the ship-to-shore movement andlanding craft — how we get forces ashore,starting in with the horse boats and mov-ing on up to the present, and the historyand development of ship's gunfire supportstarting when Nelson said a ship was a foolto fight a fort and ending up with thecrescendo at the end of World War II andKorea. And so on, so that each of themajor elements of amphibious operations.including amphibious logistics, is covered.In other words, building up the profes-sional institutional memory of the tech-nique ought to be part of education inamphibious warfare.

At this stage we have the mid-careerMarine officer knowing the history andtraditions of his own Corps, knowing thehistory and professional lessons of am-phibious warfare as a whole. Then hecomes up to Senior School or Commandand Staff College.

A T THE SENIOR LEVEL the studentwould be taught exclusively what eu-

phemistically one would call continuingproblems of the Marine Corps. He shouldbe taught in an analytical way, the storyof the Marine Corps' fight for survival, andthe attempts to abolish the Marine Corps;where they originated; why they originat-ed; stock arguments that have been usedto get the Marine Corps in trouble. Heshould be given a thorough look aroundthe horizon of current Marine Corps

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Then-LtColHeinl, at right in the first row,posed with British officers on the steps ofthe Senior School at Quantico in 1954.

problems with the other services. Youmight say the interservice, or the survivalproblems of the Corps. This is almost acourse in the theology of the MarineCorps. Some people have called it "Chow-der." And essentially, at the Senior Schoollevel, the student should really get a coursein "Chowder," but sharply defined in itshistorical aspects — the lessons of history.

I might say, incidentally, that many ofthe things that I have mentioned are builtone way or another into Soldiers of theSea. Not, obviously, the world amphibi-ous history or the amphibious specialties,although, even in Soldiers, I tried where-ver possible to record the important stepsforward and lessons learned — amphibiouslessons learned — in connection with majorbattles so that you have at least an indica-tion of things that worked and things thatfailed and things that ought to be in thetechnical stockpile or technical inventoryof the history of amphibious war.

To round this up, let me say that thereought to be a historical section in Quan-tico, suitably manned to handle all of thisteaching for greatest economy of manpow-er, and particularly to assure the continu-um from school to school. So you don'thave a historical section out at Basic Schoolteaching one brand of history and anotherone down in Breckinridge Hall teachinganother brand of history. There ought tobe one section.

Now, I put forward these proposals ev-ery time a Commandant, Marine CorpsSchools, came along whom I knew. I knewmost of them well enough that I couldcome in and deal with them personally.I put forward these ideas and I got a lotof demitakes on it because it's a difficultproposition to resist intellectually. But ithas never quite come off. L111775L11

Saipan: Smith versus Smithby Robert L. Sherrod

F OLLOWING THE Saipan battle I

returned to New York arid was therewhen Holland Smith held his press con-ference in Washington on 9 September.

I wrote an article, unsigned as all exceptoverseas reports were, entitled "TheGenerals Smith" for the 18 September1944 issue of Time and, burned up at theHearst newspapers' attacks on Navy-Marine Corps strategy, I went too far inquestioning the courage of 27th Divisionsoldiers ("froze in their foxholes").Whatever the weaknesses of this inept Na-tional Guard outfit, I should not havedone it and I'm sorry. The effect on themorale of the division, which was retrain-ing by this time on the South Pacific is-land of Espiritu Santo, was devastating.

Gen George C. Marshall, the Army'schief of staff, would permit no public an-swer to the Time article, fearing exacerba-tion of an already ugly interservicesituation. When I got back to Pearl Har-bor Adm Nimitz told me, 4 December,that he had approved the demand ofLtGen Robert C. Richardson, Army com-mander in the Central Pacific, that my cor-respondent's credentials be with-drawn—in other words, that I be fired."We [Army and Navy have got to livetogether out here," said the ruddy, white-haired admiral. He assumed that I hadbeen informed by Washington, but no-body had peeped to me or my editors.

Y EARS PASSED BEFORE I saw a copy of

the message, by then declassified,that rescued me. Adm ErnestJ. King, thebald eagle of Constitution Avenue was notone to mince words — one legend held thathe shaved with a blowtorch—in his dis-patch of 17 November to Pearl Harbor:

Eyes only for Nimitz from King.As explained in my serial

003233 of 6 November to Chiefof Staff Army, copy to you, thereis no valid reason for barringRobert Sherrod from your area.Mr. Sherrod desires to return toPearl Harbor in near future. Seethat he is accorded usualprivileges of an accredited cor-respondent.

I proceeded from Pearl Harbor to Ulithiand boarded the aircraft carrier Ticondero-

ga for the Fast Carrier Task Force's journeytoward the Philippines to support GenMacArthur's 15 December invasion ofMindoro. My friendly relationship withAdm Nimitz never wavered because of theGenerals Smith affair: at the end of thewar he signed a letter of commendationfor me and, after he became Chief ofNaval Operations, he invited me to lunchin his dining room in the Main NavyBuilding on Constitution Avenue.

W ITH GEN HOLLAND SMITH it wasdifferent. He wrote me in Shan-

ghai in December 1947 that he was writ-ing a book and "letting my hair down" onthe subject of Saipan, and also "paying myrespects" to the Navy: "the weak-kneedNimitz, the shy Spruance, and Kelly Turn-er have let me hold the sack. . . . The sto-ry will be brutal but the truth will be told."

So be it, I thought. We journalists rel-ish controversy. But when he sent me acopy of his manuscript after I returned toWashington in 1948 I was dismayed. Ob-viously, Howlin' Mad had given littlethought to his choice of a collaborator,Percy Finch, an Australian war correspon-dent who had covered parts of the Cen-tral Pacific drive, or to verifying facts.

The manuscript reflected little researchbeyond Gen Smith's own files. It was rid-dled with errors, and many of his wartimeopinions had been proven cockeyed. I en-listed the help of LtCol Robert DebsHem!, Jr., head of the historical section atMarine Corps Headquarters and a prolif-ic writer on military subjects. We did ahasty job of correcting the worst of the er-rors, and Smith replied in the summer of1948: "In trying to write the story I gotinto trouble over my head. I realize fromyour letter and [Heinl's] comments thatthe book can be materially strengthenedbut frankly I am almost helpless to do any-thing about it myself."

(" EN SMITH HAD SOUl) the book to the'..J Saturday Evening Post (for $20,000)and the magazine excerpted from it threeinstallments, beginning with "Tarawa Wasa Mistake" (5 November 1948), a themehe adamantly refused to change, despiteall the evidence to the contrary. Consider-ing the Post's long lead time, this first ar-ticle had almost certainly gone to presswhile Smith was still talking about start-

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ing all over, with a historian as collabora-tor. Never mind, I said, you can still makecorrections in the book, which is mote im-portant for posterity.

On 1 November, Holland Smith calledme from La Jolla. He had made his deci-sion: "I'm fed up with it. It has upset meterribly. It's driving my family crazy. I'mgoing to turn the manuscript over to thepublisher as is. I've let a couple of emi-nent men read it and they think it is allright. I'm not writing a history. I'm justtrying to give credit where it is due."

G EN SMITH AND I corresponded oc-casionally after his book was pub-

lished. I last wrote to him on 16 April1965, congratulating him on his eighty-third birthday, and had a warm reply 25May: "I am confident that you know I havean affectionate friendship for you." Heasked me to visit him again in La Jolla,where my wife and I had stopped over in1946 when en route to China, but I neverdid. Things simply weren't the same afterCoral and Brass. He died on 12 January1967, and was buried in the Fort RosecransNational Cemetery, with Marine howitzersbooming a seventeen-gun salute.

Holland Smith made a great contribu-tion to World War II, in developing am-phibious tactics and equipment, instanding up for the Marines when the likesof Kelly Turner and Robert C. Richardsonthreatened their function if not their ex-istence. He fully justified the cover storyI wrote about him for Time in early 1944during the Marshalls invasion. It is too badHolland Smith felt a compulsion to "geteven" when it was no longer necessary, andto seek the limelight when it was not ap-propriate. L111775E1

A noted author on World War IItopics, particularly for his History ofMarine Corps Aviation in World WzrII, Mr. Sherrod has written this ar-ticle as a new appendix to anotherof his books, On to Westward, be-ing reissued this year by Nauticaland Aeronautical Press. Its appear-ance in Fortitudine was prompted bythe feature, "Alabama's Holland M.Smith" ("Memorandum from theDirector," Fall 1989).

New Book Examines Marine Lawyers' Roles in Vietnam

A NEW VOLUME in the Marine Corps'series of operational and function-

al histories of the Vietnam War, the295-page Marines and Military Lw inVietnam: Thai By Fire, by LtCol Gary D.Solis, USMC, has just been published andsent out to Marine Corps organizations,libraries, and all active-duty Marine Corpslawyers and legal chiefs. It is available toothers from the Superintendent of Docu-ments, Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order No.008-055-00-177-3, $17.00) in the hard-cover edition.

The author of Thai by Fire was, untilhis retirement in 1989, a Marine Corpsjudge advocate with long experience in thecourtroom as a counsel and as a generalcourt-martial judge. In addition to toursas chief trial counsel of the 1st and 3d Ma-rine Divisions in the 1980s, LtCol Solis hadalso commanded Headquarters and Serv-ice Company, and later Company A, 1stAmphibian Tractor Battalion in Vietnam.The author holds law degrees from theUniversity of California at Davis and Ge-orge Washington University and is a mem-ber of the bars of the District of Columbia,Virginia, Pennsylvania, Texas, the U.S.Court of Military Appeals, and the U.S.Supreme Court. This background lends aspecial authority and perspective to thisstudy of Marines and military law duringthe Vietnam War.

B RIEFLY DETAILING the emergence oflawyers in the Marine Corps, the his-

tory covers their activities from their arrivalin Vietnam with the first ground combatelements in 1965 to their departure more

by Charles R. SmithHistorian

than six years later. Drawing on records oftrial, personal interviews, and the lettersand diaries of hundreds of Marine lawyers,a picture emerges of attorneys, for themost part young Reserve officers on theirfirst tours of duty, who worked hard whileexposed to the dangers of the combatzone, who sometimes achieved distin-guished combat records, and who also en-joyed, for the most part, the relative lux-ury of the "rear" areas.

While most Marines served honorablyand bravely in Vietnam, military lawyersdealt with the few who did not. Many ofthe cases they encountered in Vietnamwere unlike any tried before or since. Thehistory examines the disturbing record ofwrongdoers in uniform in a frank andstraightforward way: fraggings, in whichofficers and noncommissioned officerswere injured or murdered by their ownmen; racially-based assaults and killings;

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drug offenses so numerous they threa-tened to topple the military justice system;and the murders of Vietnamese civiliansand other noncombatants. Even after thefighting ended the judge advocates' war-time work continued as they prosecutedand defended American former prisonersof war charged with misconduct while incaptivity. Much of the material concern-ing this subject and also the case offormer-POW Robert Garwood has notbeen available to the public before.

T HE VOLUME CONCLUDES with thequestion as to whether or not Ameri-

ca's military justice system functioned ef-fectively in Vietnam. The reader may wellanswer that it did not, and would not infuture conflicts.

Although the history deals with subjectsmany would prefer to forget, initial reac-tions to its publication have been positiveand commendatory. The book, notes theArmy's former chief of military history, "isvery well done and very readable. I thinkit will be of great use to military lawyersas well as to commanders of all services."

More than any other History and Muse-ums Division publication, LtCol Solis' his-tory has benefited from the comments ofkey figures in the narrative. The book, il-lustrated with more than 200 photo-graphs, most taken by judge advocates inVietnam or from actual records of trial, hasan extensive index, and several useful ap-pendices, including two which list MarineCorps lawyers, naval law specialists, andnaval service judge advocates who servedas lawyers and staff legal officers/staffjudge advocates in Vietnam. L111775E

Historical Quiz: U.S. and Marine Corps Flagsby Lena M. Ka/jotReference Historian

Identify the following:1. When did the 50-star flag become the U.S. national flag?2. Flag Day is nationally observed on what date?3. Although scarlet and gold became the Corps' official colors

in 1925, they were not used on its standard until what year?4. What President signed the proclamation authorizing the

national flag displayed on the Marine Corps War Memorialin Arlington, Virginia, to be flown 24 hours a day?5. What is the Marine Corps policy regarding the use of

fringe on national colors or standards?

6. The three classes of Marine Corps standards authorizedto units are differentiated by the writing on the scroll belowthe Marine Corps emblem. What is written on these flags?7. Name one of the three methods of indicating battle

honors which have been used by the Marine Corps.8. What is the total number of different award, campaign,

and service streamers authorized for Marine Corps units?9. What types of units may display streamers on their colors?

10. What are "heat condition" flags?(Answers on page 14)

Lessons for Today's Marines Found in Visit to Iwo Jima

SURIBACHI, ON REFLECTION, was a su-

perb place to begin a battle study, forour visit to its summit wiped away someerroneous preconceptions and set theproper tone for the rest of our tour of IwoJima. Standard photographs of Suribachitaken from the invasion beaches give theimpression of solidity, and hide the reali-ty that it is a hollow volcanic cone. Muchof the back side of the cone is missing, anda thin plume of steam rises from the bot-tom of the crater. The actual summit is aflat, narrow crescent. The final approachto the summit is from the rear, and thevisitor's first view provides tangible evi-dence that it is sacred ground to two na-tions. On the left is the monument to theflag-raising erected by Seabees duringWorld War II. Close by is a Japanese reli-gious shrine surrounded by recent offer-ings of flowers. A few yards farther is amonument with a map of Japan made ofa mosaic of stones from various parts ofthe country to symbolize that the 1945garrison came from many parts of Japan.

My three-day trip to Iwo Jima wasjoin a battle study on the island sponsoredby the III Marine Expeditionary Force andorganized by Maj Shawn M. Keefe, theMEF G-3. Maj AlanJ. Pingree, G-3 of the3d Marine Division, who had conductedprevious battle studies on the World WarII site and had spent time in detailed per-sonal inspection of the battlefield, wasofficer-in-charge of the study.

T HE VIEW FROM the summit of Sur-ibachi is superb. The invasion beaches

stretch out before you, their sand grayabove the high-water mark, black wherewashed by the surf. Green grass and scrubcover the center of the island. MotoyamaPlateau, the key terrain feature, is clearlydelineated, with buildings, antennas, andother facilities on the horizon marking theair station where the Japanese flag flies.From the summit, a visitor can see themajority of the island, pick out the land-marks, and mentally trace the course ofthe battle.

Along with Maj Keefe and Maj Pingree,I was in the company of 25 other Marineofficers. We had had a preliminary orien-tation, which included viewing wartime

by Dr. V Keith Fleming, JrUS. Marine Corps Warfighting Center

film on the battle for Iwo Jima, from MajPingree on Okinawa. He stressed currentJapanese sensitivities regarding the battleand the war. Flying by KC-130 to IwoJimaon Monday, 13 November 1989, we wentimmediately to the summit of Suribachito join about 40 officers from the Com-mand and Staff College of the JapaneseSelf-Defense Force.

Suribachi revealed some of the unex-pected surprises Iwo Jima had in store. Iwas not expecting it to be so beautiful aview; for former and present Marines IwoJima's image is one of hell on earth, notbeauty. And it is so small! An infantrycompany could hike from the summit ofSuribachi to the far end of the island inless than two hours, yet the battle took amonth of bitter fighting and cost one-fourth of all USMC dead and wounded inWorld War II! Two Marine divisions hadlanded on those beaches, and this smallspot of land had once seen three Marinedivisions on line. The tactical area assignedto the infantry company I commanded inVietnam had been about the same size.

approximately 26 feet higher and thelanding beaches are now high and dry.The edge of the vegetation marked the ap-proximate location of the surf zone of1945. The rock which was 250 yards off-shore in 1945 is now within the surf zone.The opposite side of the island has en-larged significantly, and those concrete"Mulberry" ships sunk to create an artifi-cial harbor are slowly rising from the sea.Those sunk closest to shore are at thewater's edge. The uplift continues, andhere and there on the island rising steamranging from small tendrils to sustainedbillows serve as reminders of the volcanicheat below.

Another reminder of the continuinguplift rests on the invasion beach. Therust-encrusted hulk of a Sherman tankshows about 18 inches above the darksand, a solitary flower growing out of theopening which was once an escape hatch.Given its location, the tank must havebeen among the mass of destroyed land-ing craft, vehicles, and equipment whichcrowded the surf in 1945. Now it is ahundred yards from the waves, and thebare terraces of 1945 are covered with vineswith red flowers like morning glories.

The famous sand of Iwo Jima has notchanged, and the terraces are still difficultto climb even without a combat load. One

M AJ PINGREE emphasized that the is-land before us had changed dramat-

ically since 1945. Iwo Jima—all of it—isa volcano which is still rising from the floorof the sea. Since the invasion it has risen

View from the summit of Mount Suribachi covers the invasion beaches to the modernJapanese air station on the horizon. The dark spots in the foreground are not shellholes, but round clu mps of brush. Visitors often take small amounts of the famous sand

7

A Japanese instructor observes while hiscommand and staff college students orientthemselves from the summit of Suribachi.

officer deliberately left his video camerarunning as he climbed the terrace and,back on Okinawa, related that his wife hadlaughed at the sound of his laboredbreathing by the time he reached the top.

T HE BEACH WAS the scene of an obliga-tory ritual performed, I am con-

vinced, by every Marine participating inthe battle study. Like medieval Europeansacquiring holy relics, we all bent down aridcollected Iwo Jima sand in some form ofcontainer. My haul, brought home in twoplastic bags, weighs about two pounds.(Many others have done the same thingover the years; our own depository for holyrelics, the Marine Corps Museum, has nointerest in acquiring still more sand fromIwo Jima.)

The soft sand, in spite of all the difficul-ties it caused, was one of the reasons theMarines managed to land and remain onIwo Jima's beaches. It absorbed much ofthe explosive force and steel splinters fromJapanese artillery rounds. While the car-nage on the beaches was high, it was noth-ing compared to what the Marines wouldhave experienced had the Japanese garri-son had artillery rounds capable of provid-ing air bursts.

While Iwo Jima favored the invaders inthat respect, the defenders could count onthe island itself as an ally in many otherways. For example, the land between

Mount Suribachi and the MotoyamaPlateau is coarse volcanic sand pushed intolong gentle ridges. These are not very ap-parent from Suribachi, but they run at90-degree angles to the Marines' line ofadvance. Pushing toward the MotoyamaPlateau, the Marines had to top a sandridge and then advance for severalhundred yards fully exposed to Japanesefire.

M OTOYAMA PLATEAU was another"ally" upon which the Japanese gar-

rison could depend. It is a creation of thevolcano: rock strong enough to withstandAmerican bombs and artillery, but softenough to make tunneling relatively easy.In almost a year of digging, the garrisoncompleted about 11 miles of tunnels outof their planned 17. The tunnels permit-ted the movement of troops from onefighting position to another, and backagain when necessary. Each exit or fight-ing position followed the same plan: downa few feet, then a sharp right turn, andthen back into the rock. This provided ameasure of protection from blast andflamethrowers. Movement in most tun-nels, except in the entrances to fightingpositions, was possible fully upright. Somelarge rooms, such as Gen Kuribayashi'sheadquarters, opened up to high ceilings.Supplies of food, water, and ammunitionwere stored for rapid access by the garrison.

Life in these tunnels was not idyllic.While the tunnels near the presentJapanese air station were cool, much of therock elsewhere on the island is heated bythe volcanic fires below. Japanese soldiersdigging in these areas prior to the Ameri-can invasion had to be relieved after onlya few minutes. Once the digging hadprogressed to the point that air vents couldbe cut to the surface, the temperaturedropped to "only" about 80 degrees.

Many tunnels are far hotter today be-cause the Marines blasted shut the airvents and every entrance they encoun-tered. Time spent in these tunnels mustbe carefully controlled. Maj Pingree en-forced the buddy system; no one was tobe in any tunnel alone. He counted us atthe entrance going and coming, and, forexample, allowed no more than 15

minutes in Gen Kuribayashi's headquart-ers tunnel. (The other imperative was totouch nothing, both for safety and out ofrespect to Japanese sensibilities.) In thenearby hospital tunnel, the heat in one an-

8

teroom perceptibly increased with eachstep forward. A sauna provides a goodanalogy. Another cave, which still con-tained steel tracks for a small mine cart,was far hotter, and the stay was muchshorter. Even so, Marines emerged soakedwith perspiration.

T HOSE TUNNELS MUST have become ahell for the garrison as the fighting

blocked air vents and other sources of cool-ing air. My own tolerance for the condi-tions in the tunnels proved quite low. Thelarge size of the hospital tunnel made iteasier to take, but the heat in Kuribayashi'sheadquarters, though intense, was exceed-ed by my rising sense of claustrophobia.A small cut and a goose-egg on my headwere the penalties for a too-hasty exit tofresh air. I passed up other chances toenter tunnels. But I still remember thefeeling.

Our group entered only well-knowntunnels which have been carefully checkedby Japanese authorities and from which allhuman remains have been removed forcremation. The location of these aremarked by inscribed stones along theroads. Only a very foolish individual wouldsearch through the underbrush to findand enter an uncleared tunnel or cave. Ex-plosive ordnance is extremely dangerousafter being in a hot cave for 45 years. MajsPingree and Keefe emphasized that point,but no one had any interest in such fool-hardy behavior anyway.

Volcanic uplift has raised an inverted Sher-man tank from the 1945 surfzone untilit is more than 100 yards from the water

If a short stint in Iwo Jima's tunnelsprovided an appreciation of the courageand fortitude of the Japanese garrison,that required of the American Marines wasapparent on virtually any spot on the is-land. A visitor simply has to stop walking,look around, and think of fields of fire.Given the lay of the land and the Japanesetunnel system, there are few areas whichwould permit an unobserved advance. Thestatistics provide the effects of thoseJapanese fields of fire. By D-plus-thineen,most original members of the assaultwaves were dead or wounded. For all prac-tical purposes, the second half of the bat-tle for Iwo Jima was largely fought byreplacements. By the end of the fighting,unit cohesion was low, and commandinggenerals were complaining of the difficultyin getting units to advance agressively.

TJ OW, DESPITE the difficulties, did]. the Marines manage to take the is-land? How, despite being engaged in aslugging match, did the 3d Marine Divi-sion still manage to bring off examples oftoday's doctrine of maneuver warfare? Theanswers are entirely relevant to today'sMarines.

The general sequence of weapons em-ployment began with artillery, followed bytanks and infantry, and ending withdemolitions. The preliminary artillerybombardment killed some Japanese sold-iers, particularly those outside as skirmish-ers, and drove others away from theembrasures of fighting positions and tun-nel openings. Precise fire by tanks,whether with guns or flame, killed someJapanese inside fighting positions, butdrove others deeper into the tunnel sys-tem. Under the protection of infantrysmall arms fire, man-packed flame throw-ers served to further neutralize Japanesefighting positions. The final step was toseal the opening with demolitions. Theprocess had to be repeated until every po-sition and tunnel entrance was sealed off.

The Marines followed this deliberateprocess, but did not forget to seek chancesto employ manueuver. The 3d Marine Di-vision, which occupied the center portionof the American lines, was particularly suc-cessful at this tactic. The division com-mander and his staff closely monitoredeach day's progress seeking evidence ofweaknesses in the Japanese defenses. Thedivision exploited such weaknesses byquickly moving units forward through

them. The 3d Division became the spear-head which split theJapanese lines—andthe island—in two. The Marines thengradually reduced the two pockets. Finalmopping up of the surviving Japanese fellto an Army regiment after withdrawal ofthe Marine divisions.

Analysts and researchers have long not-ed that the answers you get depend uponthe questions you ask. For that reason, ad-vocates of manueuver warfare would dowell to study the Iwo Jima example. Forexample, any amphibious assault mustorient on strategic objectives which facili-tate further operations, and that meansairfields and ports. These are located inurban areas, and combat in modern ur-ban areas can produce an environmentreminiscent of Iwo Jima. The current ex-ample is the city of Beirut, Lebanon,where essentially two decades of fighting,including artillery and air bombardment,have proved that while heavy weapons canknock holes in a modern, steel-framed,high-rise building, it might not fall. Theholes created by heavy weapons fire onlyprovide more fighting positions for thedefenders. Sewers and other tunnel sys-tems found in a modern city provide thedefenders — locals who know the city farbetter than an invader—with protectedavenues for movement. The inability forany side to conquer all of Beirut duringtwo decades of fighting indicates the va-lidity of the Iwo Jima analogy.

A NOTHER EQUALLY valid point is thatcourage is not confined to the sold-

iers of any one nation, a fact driven homeby a question asked of me by a Japaneseofficer at one of the vantage points dur-ing the battle study. Someone had men-tioned that, in addition to antitank guns,some American tanks had been destroyedby Japanese soldiers with explosive chargesstrapped to their bodies. One Japaneseofficer asked what I thought of Japanesetactics for destroying tanks. I pointed out,as others have done, that American ac-counts from World War II tended to usethe word "fanatical" to describe certainenemy acts and "courageous" in referenceto similar acts by Americans. Further, aportion of the Medals of Honor earned onIwo Jima were for falling on hand grenadesto protect others. There was courage onboth sides on Iwo Jima.

The Americans were also interested inthe meaning of Iwo Jima to the Japanese.

9

Maj Pingree said that while lingering bit-terness remained over the fire and atomicbombing of the home islands, theJapanese considered Iwo Jima a fair fight.It was, he said, like two Samurai who metin the street and fought until one died.Perhaps if we combine our American feel-ings for the Alamo and the USS Arizona,we will come close.

I w0JIMA ALSO provides lessons for thepresent generation of Japanese soldiers.

Theirs is a self-defense force and they arecharged with preventing an invasion oftheir country. Put another way, they arecharged with preventing the success ofsuch an invasion. In that respect, the IwoJima garrison should be emulated, for thatgarrison succeeded in its mission eventhough destroyed. They bought precioustime for Japan to continue to fortify thehome islands. In the process, the Iwo Jimadefenders severely depleted three Marinedivisions; the latter required reequippingand months of retraining before they wereready to participate in the planned inva-sion of Japan proper. A Japanese officertoday has only to go to Iwo Jima to seewhat is expected of him in the defense ofhis country.

If there are spirits or ghosts on Iwo Jima,they are mostly Japanese. Except for thoseAmericans listed as "killed in action, bodynot recovered," the United States broughthome its dead. Of the Japanese garrison,only about one-fourth of the remains havebeen recovered. The rest are still there onIwo Jima, in the sands or in the tunnels.Their successors, the men of the moderngarrison, are still there too, still defend-ing the Japanese homeland.

The Japanese flag flies over Iwo Jima;the island is theirs. With that ownershipgoes the responsibility for maintaining themonuments on Suribachi. The Japanesegarrison has more than fulfilled thatresponsibility; the American flag-raisingmonument is as well-preserved and well-maintained as theJapanese ones. It reflectsthe truth that honoring the courage andfortitude of the 1945 Japanese garrison re-quires a respect for the courage and forti-tude of their opponents. The Japanese dothat. Once a year, in February, theJapanese fly an American flag over thesummit of Suribachi in honor of thoseAmericans who fought and died on IwoJima. Eli 775E1

Famed 'Leatherneck' Illustrator John Clymer Mourned

T 1-IE ART wORI.D of the American Westreceived a jolt in November 1989

when one of its early, and most well-known, members passed away. John FordClymer, born in Ellensburg, Washington,and educated in art schools in Canada —where he painted his first magazineillustrations—died at the age of 82.

Clymer had gone on from Canada toget more training in Wilmington, Dela-ware, and New York City, launching himon a commercial art career that includedthe production of more than 80 SaturdayEvening Post covers (a Post cover a sign ofhaving arrived for many illustrators of theperiod) and assignments in advertisingand story illustration.

In 1964, after 40 years of commercialwork, Clymer decided to quit the field anddevote his energies to painting the westernlandscape as background (he felt an un-peopled work was naked and lacking inwhat he wished to convey) to whateverhistoric event or person he had decided topaint. His fine art approach to westernsubjects was both satisfying to him andfinancially rewarding as he became one ofthe most sought-after western artists.

T HE MAPNI CORPS Combat Art Col-lection's specific concern with John

Clymer (or "Klymer" as he was called byhis Selective Service Board), begins dur-ing World War II when he chose the U.S.Marine Corps Reserve after induction inMarch 1944. He and fellow Reserve artistTom Lovell were shipped to Parris Islandfor boot training on 15 April of that year.The two-day train trip left Hartford, Con-necticut, and stopped at New York City;Washington, D.C.; and Yemassee, SouthCarolina, before arriving at Port Royal,South Carolina, where a Marine drill in-structor took them in charge.

The civilian careers of Clymer and Lovellhad followed similar patterns and in theMarine Corps their military careers wereto be almost identical. After sharing thetrain ride, they graduated from Parris Is-land together and discovered that bothwere ordered to Marine Barracks,Washington, D.C., for duty with the Ma-rine Corps Institute. From there both wentto the staff of Leatherneck magazine —

by John T Dyer; Jr.Curator of Art

where both were promoted to staff ser-geant, along with Regular Marine Corpsartist John DeGrasse, all on the same day,9 October 1944. DeGrasse, who passedaway about a month before Clymer, re-mained a friend of the two other artists.

Clymer and Lovell both paintedLeatherneck covers and illustrated a greatmany inside stories during their brief stayat the magazine. Both were released fromactive duty in August 1945.

The two artists are perhaps best knownwithin the Corps for their series of oil-on-canvas paintings of important events inMarine Corps history which were usedboth as covers for the Marine CorpsGazette and to comprise a popular series

One from among the popular series of paintings produced by Clymer of events inCorps history sets the scene for "Marines Battle Seminole Indians in Florida, 1835."

of prints. These print sets were so wellreceived that they remained on sale for 30years and, now out of print, have becomecollector's items. E1775LJ

Illustration for "Lost—A True Adventureof a Marine"in the Pacific app eared in theJanuary 1945 number of The Leatherneck.

Marine Aviation in the National Air and Space Museumby Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret)

Deputy Director for Museums

T HE BIGGEST and most popular touristattraction in Washington is the Na-

tional Air and Space Museum, with an-nual attendance approaching 10 million.It has something for everyone interestedin aviation, rockets, or spaceexploration—including, in some ways es-pecially, Marines.

Let's take a Marine's-eye tour of NASM.One must remember that, as in any of

the Marine Corps' museums, there is asmuch or more good exhibit material instorage as there is on display. Materialfrom storage does rotate to give life to amuseum with frequently changing ex-hibits. This report represents NASM's ex-hibits in the spring of 1990; further on,the article lists the aircraft in storage whichmight be exhibited in the future.

NASM is part of the Smithsonian In-stitution's huge complex on Washington'sMall. One entrance is on IndependenceAvenue, the other on the Mall. Entering,the visitor finds himself in a three-storyatrium with several significant aircraft sus-pended in mid-air. The first is the Wrightbrother's 1903 Flyer, their first powered-flight aircraft. The second is an earlier po-wered aircraft which, although it has noMarine Corps connections, does have aQuantico relationship. It is ProfessorSamuel P. Langley's Aerodrome No. 5. It

is steam-powered and on 6 May 1896 it waslaunched by catapult from a houseboat inthe Potomac off Quantico. It flew for 3,300feet at 25 miles per hour, landed, was reco-vered and refueled, and repeated the per-formance. The Marine Corps Air-GroundMuseum at Quantico has a photographicexhibit of this exploit.

The third important aircraft is a RyanNYP, "The Spirit of Saint Louis," flown byCharles A. Lindbergh from Long Island to

Paris in 1927. It was powered by a WrightWhirlwind 223-horsepowerJ-5C radial en-gine. The light weight, high horsepower,and reliability of this type of enginecaused it to become the industry standardand launched America into the air age.Quantico's Air-Ground Museum exhibitsone of these technologically importantengines.

Trimotor in American Airlines livery.

Known as the RR5 in Marine Corps desig-nation, it served as a transport during thelate 1920s in Nicaragua and on into the1930s. (There are still some trimotors fly-ing in the world and needless to say wewould very much like to acquire one forthe planned Cherry Point command avi-ation museum.)

The other aircraft of Marine Corps in-terest in this gallery is a Douglas DC-3 inEastern Airlines livery. The "Gooney Bird"is better known in military parlance as theC-47 and to the Marine Corps as the R4D.The DC-3, first out in 1935, was a tech-nological breakthrough which, for the firsttime, permitted operators to make a profitwithout a government airmail subsidy.During World War 1111,000 military ver-sions were built and 1,200 still fly. The Air-

Together with a similar Fokker tnmotor these Ford RRSs of the late 1920s were thefirst Marine Corps transports, in Nicaragua and on into the 193 Os. In the backgroundis a Douglas DC-3; as the R4D it served the Corps' transport needs for 40 years.

M OVING WEST to the next gallery, alsothree stories high, the visitor can

view suspended overhead a 1925 Ford 5-ATProfessor Samuel P Langley's worthy Aerodrome No. 5 was unmanned; steam -powered;and catapult-launched from a houseboat in the Potomac off Quantico in May 1896.

All photos by Lena M. Kaljot

11

Ground Museum displays a Marine R4D-6in its 1942-43 MAG-25 colors. It was re-stored with funds raised by the MAG-25/SCAT Association. MCAF Quantico'smain gate displays a C-117 better knownas an R4D-8. The last C-117 to fly in theCorps, "834" is destined to join the newCherry Point museum.

C ONTINUING WEST to "VerticalFlight," the last gallery, we find lots

of items of Marine interest. At the en-trance is a photo exhibit of the MV-22AOsprey and its forerunners. Inside, themajor attraction is a Sikorsky H-34D orHR2S, Bureau Number 148768, squadronnumber YP-13. in HMM-163 markings.The main gate at MCAF Quanuco displaysa VH-34, formerly Marine Corps Twoand — in HMX-1 markings —one of thefirst "white tops" to serve the President.

Overhead is suspended a PentecostHoppi-copter of 1945 strapped on theback of a mannequin in full Marine Corpsfield gear of the period. It made 20tethered flights powered by a

20-horsepower engine, but the landinggear (the Marine's legs) proved too weak.

The gallery at the center west end of thebuilding currently presents an exhibit pay-ing tribute to the seaplane and helicop-ter design and manufacturing career ofIgor Sikorsky. Of interest here is a panelexhibit with a model of his S-43 twin-engined amphibian. The Marine Corpsoperated several in the 1930s as theJRS-1.The Air-Ground Museum has one (BuNo.1061) on loan to the Pima County AirMuseum at Tucson, where it is being re-stored.

Hanging overhead in this gallery is the

Grumman "Gulfhawk II," flown in the1930s by Maj Al Williams, USMCR, forGulf Oil Company. It is in Gulfs orangepaint but essentially is an F3F, the ulti-mate in biplane fighters and the direct an-cestor of the F4F Wildcat monoplanefighter.

M OVING 1D THE south side of thebuilding we enter the "Jet Aviation"

gallery where we find the Lockheed XP-80,prototype of the P-80 Shooting Star whichwas the first jet operated by the MarineCorps as the iD-i, then redesignated TV-i.The Air-Ground Museum has deliveredone to Cherry Point for its proposed com-mand museum. Also in the gallery is aMcDonnell FH-l Phantom, the firstaircraft-carrier-capable jet and the firstoperated by the Marine Corps. The onlyother Phantom extant was restored by the

Air-Ground Museum's Joseph E. Paytonand his restoration staff and is on loan toMacDonnell-Douglas in Saint Louis inconnection with its 50th anniversary. It willeventually join the Cherry Point museum.

Moving on to the next gallery, which istitled "Early Flight," we find a CurtissModel D Pusher of 1911. It is virtuallyidentical to the replica Model E (Navydesignation A-i) in the Air-Ground Muse-um. The Model D was powered by a50-horsepower Curtiss V-8 E-4 engine. OurModel E is engineless, but displayed withit is an 80-horsepower Curtiss V-8 OX-5,which powered some models. The A-i wasthe aircraft on which lstLt Alfred A. Cun-ningham and other early Marine aviatorslearned to fly.

The next gallery just east of the southlobby is "Flight Testing." It displays aHawker-Siddeley XV-6A Kestrel, one ofnine built, which first flew in 1964. It isa forerunner of the Harrier.

K OVING ALONG to the adjacentlYE gallery, called "Looking at Earth"and devoted to aerial photography, wefind a venerable, American-built, DH-4Liberty plane. The label states that it is thefirst one of 4,000 of the British-designedDeHavilands to be built in the States. Theobserver is hanging over the side operat-ing an A-2 Eastman Kodak camera whilein the cockpit is a Kodak L-4 shooting ver-tically through a window in the floor. TheDH-4 is fully armed with a Marlinmachine gun (a product improvement ofthe Marines' Colt-Browning "potato-digger" Mi895) firing through the prop

During World War I, the 1st Marine Aviation Force operated four squadrons flyingthe DeHavilandDH-4 Liberty, seen here as aphotoplane armed with a machine gun.

Boeing F4B-4 in Marine markings hangs in the Sea-Air Gallery — which suggests a han-gar deck of an aircraft carrier The 1930 biplane was a favorite ofMarinefighterpilots.

12

and twin Lewis guns on a Scarf-ring forthe observer. The 1st Marine AviationForce operated four squadrons of DH-4s innorthern France in September-November1918. 2dLt Ralph Talbot and his gunner,Cpl Guy Robinson, earned Medals ofHonor in a vicious dogfight with nine Al-batross fighters, shooting down two. ADH-4 in 1st MAF markings can be seenat the Air-Ground Museum.

We take the east escalator to the secondlevel where we see overhead a DouglasD-558-2 research aircraft of the early 1950sin NASA markings. This example wascompletely rocket-powered, but the threebuilt for the Navy were turbojets. One ofthese was the first jet to achieve Mach 2of more than 1,200 miles per hour on 20November 1953. On 21 August 1953 then-Maj Marion Carl, USMC, flew one to anunofficial world's altitude record of 83,235feet. The Air-Ground Museum has thataircraft at Quantico in a nearly restoredcondition and it also is planned for theCherry Point museum. The only otherD-558-l jet on display is at the NationalMuseum of Naval Aviation at Pensacola.

Again moving westward on the southside we come to the 'World War I" gallery.It is undergoing a new treatment but threefighters are on display, a SPAD VII in U.S.markings, an Albatross, and a FokkerDVII. The Fokker was considered the bestGerman fighter of the war. After the war142 were brought to the States by theArmy for testing and six were acquired bythe Marine Corps and based at BrownField, Quantico. Two bore the names Hansand Fritz in bold letters on the sides forthe "Katzundjammer Kids," even then apopular comic strip. One crash-landed offthe runway and is believed to be deep inthe mudflat of Chopawamsic Creek.

N EXT TO THE World War I gallery is"Pioneers in Flight." The Marine at-

traction here is the Curtiss R3C-2 Schneid-er Cup Racer. The R3C-2 designation isNavy, but in 1925 Army Air Service LtJim-my Doolittle won the Schneider Cup inthe racer. In 1926 it was flown to secondplace by a naval aviator, Marine Lt Chris-tian F. Schilt, at 231.4 miles per hour. TheCurtiss, aside from its pontoons necessaryfor a long water takeoff run, is perfectlystreamlined, with the appearance of aWorld War II in-line engined fighter.

Walking west past two galleries we canlook out over the "Air Transportation" atri-

urn gallery at the same level as the afore-mentioned Ford Trirnotor and the DC-3.

At the far west end of the building aretwo galleries of maximum interest, "WorldWar II Aviation" and "Sea-Air Operations."The first includes aircraft of the war with

the fighter of Marine Corps interest be-ing a Japanese A6M Zero. The Air-Ground Museum exhibited a Zero formany years. This Zero had been aban-doned on Ballale Island near Bougainvilleafter the intense October 1943 straffing

Marine Aircraft Treasures Waiting to Be SeenAt NASM's Paul E. Garber Facility at Silver Hill, Maryland, are stored a large

number of aircraft, restored, in restoration, or awaiting restoration. Many willappear at NASM as exhibits are rotated, while others may go into the NASMannex at Dulles Airport at some future date. Naturally, this holding includesaircraft of Marine Corps interest. These include:

• Bell VH-13J/HTL used by President Eisenhower and flown by HMX-1.• CurtissJN-4D Jenny. We are in the process of acquiring aJN-4H gunnery train-er actually used by the Marine Corps at NAS Anacostia; Brown Field, Quantico;and Miami. The JN-4HG was the Marine Corps' first close air support aircraftand was used in Haiti and the Dominican Republic before the DH4s arrived.• Curtiss F6C-1 "Gulfhawk" flown by Maj Al Williams, USMCR, for Gulf OilCompany. The Air-Ground Museum has just acquired an F6C-4 in Marine colors.• Grumman F8F-2 Bearcat converted to a racer. AES-12 at Quantico flew Bear-cats for school demonstrations in the late 1940s.• Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 jet fighter. Restoration of the Air-Ground Muse-urn's Chinese MiG-15 is almost complete and it will be seen this spring in thenew Korean War hangar.• Stinson L-510Y Sentinel. Ours is on exhibit picking up a wounded Marinein the World War II hangar at Quantico.• Douglas A-1H/AD Skyraider. Ours will be going to the Cherry Point museum.• McDonnell F-4A Phantom II. Our XF4H Phantom is at Quantico and even-tually will be restored either for the Air-Ground Museum or Cherry Point.• Piasecki XHRP-l. The HRP was the first Marine Corps transport helicopter.The HRP-1 had a capacity of a fire team and with it HMX-1 worked out verticalenvelopment methods at Quantico in the late 1940s. We haven't been able tolocate an HRP and would very much like to acquire one for our "Jets, Helicop-ters, and the Korean War" hangar.• Bell UH-1M Iroquois. This is the Marine Corps version of the famed UH-1E,nicknamed "Huey."• Grumman TBF-1 Avenger. Most Avengers seen are the General Motors-builtversion, the TBM, as is the example we exhibit at Quantico.• North American SNJ-4 Texan. We have both a cutaway fuselage on exhibitat Quantico as well as a fully restored SNJ-5.• SikorskyJRS-1 (S-43). As noted in the article the Marine Corps operated severalof these flying boats in the 1930s. We have one at the Pirna County Air Muse-um in Arizona where it is being restored.• Boeing-Stearman N2S-5 Kaydet. A beautifully restored example is at Quari-tico and another has been acquired for Cherry Point.• Cessna O-1A/L-19/OE-1 Bird Dog. Our Korean War OE-1 spotter plane willbe going to the Cherry Point museum.• Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat. One of ours was restored by the History of FlightMuseum on Long Island and remains on loan there. We have one at Quanticowhich will go to Cherry Point.• Finally, the Smithsonian's Vought F4U-1D Corsair remains in storage unap-preciated. It should grace either the Sea-Air or the World War II galleries whereit can take its rightful place as one of the top fighters of the war along withthe Spitfire VII, Messerschmitt 109, and P-S 1. Our FG-1D Corsair will remainat Quantico while our F4U-4 will go to Cherry Point.—BN

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and bombing by Marine planes prepara-tory to the Bougainville landing. Today itis at the Liberal Air Museum in Liberal,Kansas, where the director, former MarineJames Burt, is restoring it for the CherryPoint museum.

Q PP0SITh the World War II gallery isthe piece de resistance of the Air

and Space Museum, at least for Marinesand sailors. The Sea-Air gallery not only

suggests a hangar deck of an aircraft car-rier but PriFly as well, where movies oflandings and takeoffs can be seen. Sus-pended over the hangar deck is a 1930Boeing F4B-4 fighter in Marine Corpsmarkings and a Douglas SBD dive bom-ber. The Air-Ground Museum displays avery similar replica F4B-3 fighter, and anSBD-5. Only four other SBDs out of 5,500built are known to exist. The SBD beganthe war as the Navy-Marine Corps prin-

cipal dive bomber and remained in serv-ice throughout the war as the mostaccurate divebombing platform. Its finesthours were at the Battle of Midway in June1942 where it sank four Japanese aircraftcarriers and during the Marines' close airsupport of the Army's recapture of thePhilippines in 1944-45.

On the hangar deck are a Douglas A4attack aircraft which was so well designedand capable that it enjoyed a 20-yearservice-life with frequent modifications.Also on the deck is a Grumman-designed,General Motors-built FM-i Wildcat fight-er. Grumman-built F4F-4 Wildcats werethe defenders of Wake Island, Guadal-canal, and many other points during thefirst 18 months of the Pacific War. Whenthe Smithsonian acquired its FM-i it hadno engine cowling. Rather than fabricatea replica the Smithsonian restoration staffcame to us and asked for the F4F-4 cowl-ing from the Wake Island memorial thathad been returned to Quantico. We com-plied and the Smithsonian filled in themany bullet holes with a removable com-pound so it might someday be returnedto its battle-damaged state. The Air-Ground Museum's Wildcat is the onlyF4F-4 believed to exist in the UnitedStates. There are 11 FMs in museums orflying however. L111775E111

Grumman-designed FM-i lvildcat fighter's cowling was once on the IVake Island monu-ment and is from a VMF2I1 F4F-4. Only known F4F-4 in the US. is at Quantico.

U.S. and Marine Corps Flags(Questions on page 6)

Answers to Historical Quiz

1. With the admission of Hawaii as a state, the 50-star flag became the offi-cial flag on 4 July 1960. Hawaii was admitted on 21 August 1959, and alaw of 4 April 1818 requires that a star be added for each new state on the4th of July after its admission.2. The 14th of June of each year is designated Flag Day, recognizing theadoption of the first Stars and Stripes by the Continental Congress on 14June 1777.3. In January 1939, a new design incorporating the new colors was approved.The design is essentially that of today's Marine Corps standard.4. On 12 June 1961, PresidentJohn F. Kennedy signed the proclamation thatamended the joint resolution governing the custom of displaying the flagonly from sunrise to sunset. Prior to this date, the flag could only be dis-played at night, properly illuminated, upon special occasions when it wasdesired to produce patriotic effect.5. Although silken colon with gold fringe are carried by some military groupsin official ceremonies and parades, or are used for office display, the use offringe on national colors or standards within the Marine Corps is prohibited.6. The Battle and Organizational Standards (Type III, Class 1), authorizedfor designated units of the Fleet Marine Force and major non-Fleet MarineForce commands, require the organization's name embroidered on the scroll.The Organizational Standard, USMC (Type III, Class 2), authorized for ac-tive non-Fleet Marine Force activities and for general officers not authorizeda Class 1 Standard, has 'United States Marine Corps" on the scroll. The Or-

ganizational Standard, USMCR (Type III, Class 3), authorized for generalofficers of the Marine Corps Reserve in an active status and Reserve unitsnot authorized the battle standard, has "United States Marine Corps Reserve"on the scroll.

7. Following World War I, the Army practice of attaching silver bands carry-ing inscriptions was adopted. This practice was discontinued on 23 January1961. For a brief time following World War 1, the inscribing of battle honorsdirectly on the colors of a unit was in practice. Realizing that a multiplicityof honors and limited space on the colors made the system impractical, theprocedure was discontinued. In 1939, the current system of attachmg streamersto the staff of the organizational colors was authorized.8. There are currently 48 different streamers, the most recent being the JointMeritorious Unit Award Streamer, which was awarded for service in the Per-sian Gulf in April 1988.

9. In general, only those units authorized the battle standard or organiza-tional color with command designation embroidered on the scroll (Type III,Class 1) will display streamers. Other color bearing units may display specif-ically authorized award streamers.

10. Heat condition flags are required to be flown by each command to mdi.cate heat conditions for outside activity/training, etc. (Black flag: 90 degreesplus; red flag: 88-89.9 degrees; yellow flag: 85-87.9 degrees; and green flag:80-84.9 degrees).

14

Soviets Greet 'The President's Own' U.S. Marine Bandby SSgt Nancy S. Co/burn, USMC

US. Marine Band

I N THE SUMMER OF 1988, Soviet MarshalSergei Akhromeyev visited the United

States as the guest ofJCS Chairman AdmWilliam J. Crowe, Jr. Out of their talkscame an agreement concerning exchangevisits by Soviet and American militarymuseologists and historians as well as byrepresentative military musical units ofeach country. The exchanged visits of thetwo nations' museum specialists and thevisit of the American historians to theSoviet Union were covered in Fortitudine(Winter 1988-89 and Spring 1989). InApril this year, a delegation of six Sovietmilitary historians visited Washington andthe offices of the Services' historical agen-cies. Earlier, in January, the first exchangeof musical organizations occurred whenthe first Independent Performing Orches-tra of the USSR Ministry of Defense ar-rived for a series of concerts on the eastcoast, beginning in Washington. The hostfor this was the United States MarineBand, "The President's Own," and itsDirector, Col John R. Bourgeois.

In its turn, after flying 15 hours andcrossing eight time zones, on 6 February,the Marine Band landed in the SovietUnion—where it made history by becom-ing the first U.S. military band to tour theUSSR. The 18-day tour brought Col Bour-geois and 69 other Marine musicians tofive major cites in three republics of theSoviet Union.

During its tour, the Band visitedMoscow, Kiev, EVov, Minsk, and Leningradand performed to full-house audiences insome of the Soviet Union's foremost con-cert halls. In addition to its concerts, theband was given official guided tours of themajor cultural and historical attractions ineach city.

U PON LANDING IN Moscow the chillof the wind and snow was soon over-

come by the cheering voices and the smil-ing, familiar faces of the musicians of theFirst Independent Performing Orchestra ofthe USSR Ministry of Defense as they offi-cially greeted the band with ceremonialmusic including the two countries' nation-al anthems. "We were greeted with suchwarmth. It was exciting to see the militaryband of the district playing for us as wegot off the plane in each city:' said per-cussionist, MSgt Frank Del Piano.

One of the tour's highlights was the Ma-rine Band performance to an enthusiasticaudience at Tchaikovsky Hall, Moscow'sforemost concert site. As with all of theband's performances, this concert beganwith the Soviet and U.S. anthems, fol-lowed by John Philip Sousa's march,"Hands Across the Sea." The program alsoincluded both Russian and American clas-sics such as Glinka's "Russian and Ludmil-Ia" and Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue."The Marine Dixeland Band invariably

brought the house down with "When theSaints Go Marchin' In" and "St. LouisBlues." At every concert, the audience con-tinued to clap rhythmically (their signalthat they want the band to keep playing)until the band performed encore selec-tions. The crowd joined voices with thebandmembers as they sang the lyrics to thepopular Russian song "Moscow Nights." Awave of applause and cheering swept theaudiences as the band followed with "Fare-well to a Slavonic Woman," the officialmilitary march of the Soviet Union.

IN ADDITION TO THE Tchaikovsky Hallperformance, the Marine Band ap-

peared at Moscow's Theater of the SovietArmed Forces. The capacity audience wascomprised of prominent members of themilitary and music communities, includ-ing the deputy minister of defense, thechairman of the Council of Fine Arts inSoviet Armed Forces, and the chairmanand all representatives of the Council ofComposers. "The best gift that the Unit-ed States military could give to the Sovietmilitary is the music of this wonderful Ma-rine Band," said LtCol NikolayPonomaryov, conducter of the MoscowMilitary District Band. The Marine Bandwas joined for the final selection, Tchai-kovsky's "1812 Overture," by the First In-dependent Performing Orchestra. "One ofmy most exciting experiences was playing"1812" with our friends in the Moscowband," said MSgt Del Piano. Staff SergeantJohn Hagstrom, a trumpet player, added,"It was amazing. We communicated soeasily just by virtue of having the same joband the same love of music."

During its four-day stay in Moscow theMarine Band was given several officialguided tours. For the first sightseeing ex-cursion the band was taken to Red Square,which appeared to have been cleared ofall other people in preparation for thevisit. Marine bandsmen got their first lookat the colorful, onion-shaped domes of St.Basil's Cathedral, the oldest building inthe square (1555-1560), and filed silentlythrough Lenin's Tomb. The band steppedthrough the red-brick Kremlin walls whichhave stood practically unchanged since the15th century. Inside the Kremlin, the

Soviet musicians in traditional costumes welcome members of the Marine Band as theydescend from an Aerojiot plane at the city ofL'Vov in the Ukraine. Marines performedin a hail which "must be among the most beautiful in the world," according to one.

Photo by MSgt Andrew R. Linden

band saw sections normally not open tothe public. Bandmembers toured severalof the chambers of the Grand KremlinPalace, including the opulent St. George'sHall. From this room the musiciansstepped through a beautifully carved giltdoor opening into the ancient chambersof the Palace of Facets (Granovitaya Pala-ta), built in 1473-1491. In addition, theband was brought into the SupremeSoviet's Council Chamber, the second lar-gest in the Kremlin, where party congress-es were held until 1967 when the modernsteel-and-glass Palace of Congresses wascompleted.

Q N ANOTHER EXCURSION the bandwas taken to the scenic

Novodievitchi Monastery and its cemeterywhich is the burial place of eminent ar-tists, scientists, generals, and political lead-ers. When Marine bandsmen came uponthe tombstone of the Russian composerProkofiev, members of his family wereplacing flowers. Through an interpreterthey asked if the band would be playingany Prokofiev compositions that eveningat Tchaikovsky Hall. A musician told themthat Prokofiev's "March, Opus 99" was onthe program, but the family memberswere not familiar with the title. The mu-sicians began humming the work and thenthe relatives smiled in recognition andjoined in.

In Moscow the band visited the first ofmany military museums they would see,the Red Star Central Museum of theArmed Forces of the USSR. During thetour the museum director, Col GennadyFedorov, said, "My hope is that there will

be a time when there is no war and noarmy. But my greatest wish is that mili-tary bands will always remain because theydo not only serve a military purpose—theyprovide culture to the people."

On the last evening in Moscow the bandwas given one of many official receptions.Among the hosts were prominent mem-bers of Moscow's military and musicalcommunities, including Col Evgenii Ak-syonov, director of the Tchaikovsky MoscowState Conservatory, who said, "The UnitedStates' heart of music is Washington, D.C.The Soviet Union's soul of music is

Moscow. Now heart and soul are com-bined." MajGen Nikolai Mikhaylov, direc-tor of military bands in the Soviet Union,added, "It has been such a pleasureto work with the band which I considerthe world's best. My hope is that this ex-change has opened the door to friendshipbetween our countries forever. While thebands are playing, the guns are silent. Letus always live in peace:'

F ROM Moscow THE BAND made itsfirst intercity flight on Soviet Aeroflot

planes to Kiev, the capital of the Ukraine.There they played to a standing-room-onlyaudience at the 4,000-seat Ukrainian Con-cert Hall, the foremost concert hall inthe Ukraine and one of the biggest in theSoviet Union. Among the audience werethe director of the Ukrainian State WindOrchestra, Sergii Ivanovich Ohkrinienko,and all of the orchestra members.

Marine bandsmen were taken on severalguided tours of Kiev during which theysaw the Russian Baroque cathedral of St.Andrews, with its silver-gilt domes and

16

turquoise and white outer walls, The bandalso viewed the 11th-century mosaics andfrescoes of the ancient Cathedral of St.Sophia (1037), where the first Russianlibrary was founded and the earliestchronicles written. Another attraction wasthe "Golden Gate" of Kiev, once part ofthe city's fortifications, dating back to1037. This landmark was the fitting sub-ject of one of the selections on the band'sconcert program in Kiev, "The Great Gateof Kiev" from Mussorgsky's "Pictures at anExhibition." The musicians also visited themost famous historical site in Kiev, theKievo-Pechersk Monastery, founded in1051. Most of the buildings on this site arenow used as museums. In addition to themuseums, the band went through themonastery's dark and winding under-ground catacombs.

After four days in Kiev the band movedon to L'Vov, the traditional economic,transport, cultural, and administrativecenter of the western Ukraine. The bandperformed two nights at the EVov StateTheater of Opera and Ballet, which is con-sidered one of the most beautiful build-ings in the Soviet Union. The architect ofthis highly ornate hall, Gorgolewski, alsodesigned the Odessa and Vienna operahouses. The band sat amidst gilded splen-dor as it performed. "What a surprise toperform in a city I had never heard of anddiscover that we were playing in a mag-nificent opera house, one that must beamong the most beautiful in the world,"said vocal soloist, MGySgt Michael Ryan."1 got a deep sense of the love of cultureand beauty and art that had made sucha building possible. What a thrill to bea small part of that cultural appreciation."

IN LVov THE BAND 1DOK a walking tour

through the winding cobblestonestreets of the ancient Rynok Square sec-tion where buildings display architectur-al styles from many centuries. Of thehouses in this area none is less than 200years old. In some cases an individualbuilding included Gothic arches and fly-ing buttresses of 1510, Renaissance porti-cos and window frames from the 17thcentury, and ornamentation dating fromthe Baroque period.

The bandmembers visited the Museumof Ukrainian Art which houses a collectionof 14th- and 18th-century icons as well as19th- and 20th-century works by Ukrain-ian artists. There the band was treated to

Photo by MSgt Andrew R. Linden

MajGen Nikolai Mikhaylov, director of militaty bands in the Soviet Union, secondfrom ight, greets Marine Band Director Co/John R. Bourgeois, left, during arrivalceremonies in Moscow on 6 February. Marines were to play at the city s Tchaikovsky Hall

a performance of Ukrainian folk music byan ensemble of women in brightly em-broidered folk costumes performing ontraditional instruments.

From the Ukraine the band flew toMinsk, the capital of Byelorussia. Theband performed to yet another enthusias-tic audience in Minsk's largest concert hall,The Great Concert Hall of the Byelorus-sian Philharmonic. "The warmth and ex-citement of the audiences wasoverwhelming," said band librarian, GySgtKathy Allen. "Sometimes the audience'sresponse was so enthusiastic that the bandwas forced to play a selection twice!"

In each city the band was taken tomemorial cemeteries and other monu-ments to those who died in World War II,known in the Soviet Union as the GreatPatriotic War. In Minsk, which was nearlycompletely destroyed in World War II, theband visited several of these sites, such asthe Khatyn Memorial Complex and theMound Of Glory Monument. Col Bour-geois placed wreaths and flowers at theseplaces in memoriam, as he did at all suchsites.

F ROM MINSK THE BAND moved to thelast city on the itinerary: Leningrad.

On the evening of their arrival, the band-members enjoyed American cuisine dur-ing a reception at the residence of theAmerican Consul General and Mrs.

Richard Miles.The concert highlight in this city was

the Marine Band's joint performance withthe Leningrad Military District Band at theOctober Concert Hall, Leningrad's largest(4,000 capacity). The Marine Band wasjoined by the Soviet musicians in open-ing the concert with national anthems andSousa's "Hands Across the Sea." The Ma-rine Band performed the remainder of thefirst half of the concert and then wasjoined by the Leningrad musicians for thesecond portion. The Soviet and Americanmusicians sat side by side under a back-drop of both nation's flags joined by a sin-gle olive branch and a musical lyre as theyperformed the music of Prokofiev, Shos-takovich, and Sousa. Featured was a Rus-sian performance of the American bari-tone horn solo, "Carnival of Venice." "Myadmiration for the soloist's performancechanged to astonishment when I learnedthat he had to transcribe the solo from atape because he couldn't obtain the sheetmusic," said SSgt Michael Colburn,

a Marine Band euphonium player. Onceagain, "1812 Overture" provided a stirringfinale for the joint performance.

Those familiar with the "1812 Overture"will recall that the music played during thegrand finale of the piece is the pre-Revolution Czarist national anthem ac-companied by bells and cannon. Whenthe Marine Band played the "1812 Over-ture" in Moscow with the First Indepen-dent Performing Orchestra, the music ofthe finale was some stirring music by Glin-ka instead of the anthem. When the over-ture was played in joint concert inLeningrad, Col Bourgeois was invited toconduct it, but this time the finale was theoriginal music as Tchaikovsky had writtenit. According to Col Bourgeois, this wasperhaps the first time since 1917 that theCzarist anthem had been played in Lenin-grad, and maybe in the whole of Russia.

T HE SIGHTSEEING HIGHLIGHT in Lenin-

grad was the State Hermitage, whichcontains the richest accumulation of paint-ings in the world. Throughout the 400 ex-hibition rooms the lavish setting ofmalachite, jasper, agate, and marble pro-vides an impressive showcase for more thanthree million works of art. Of these treas-ures the Band saw Greek and Roman

sculpture from the first century A.D. andworks by such masters as Leonardo Da Vin-ci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, Renoir, VanGogh, and Picasso. In addition the bandwas led through several of the 40 opulentrooms of the Winter Palace, which wasformerly the Russian czars' residence.

During the final sightseeing excursionof the tour, the band traveled from Lenin-grad to Petrodvoretz where they wentthrough the former summer residence ofthe czars, The Grand Palace. Althoughmost of this structure was destroyed inWorld War II, 70 percent of the palace hasbeen restored to its original grandeur. Thebandsmen went through the 23 lavishlydecorated rooms which are open to visi-tors at present.

On 23 February the Marine Band mem-bers bid farewell to their Soviet friends andboarded Marine Air to begin the long tripback to the U.S. "Traveling through theSoviet Union and meeting and perform-ing with musicians there is an experiencewe will never forget," said Col Bourgeoislooking back at the historic tour. "In my32 years with the Marine Band, nothinghas touched me more deeply than thefriendships we have established throughthe musical exchange between the twocountries." Eli 775L

On a tour of Moscow's Novodzevitchi Monaste'y, senior NCOs of the band saw theburial places of eminent Russians, including the famed composer Prokofiev, and metmembers of his family. The band played a Prokoflev work in concert that night.

Photo by MSgt Andrew R. Linden

Oral History Report

Seven Retirees Record Oral Interviews in Californiaby Benis M. Frank

Head Oral History Section

D URING ThE LAST two weeks ofOctober and the first few days of

November 1989, I was in the San Diego-Oceanside area conducting interviews forthe Oral History Program. The retired Ma-

rines who contributed their memoirs tothe Oral History Collection were GensJohn K. Davis and Kenneth McLennan(both former Assistant Commandants ofthe Marine Corps); LtGens David M.Twomey (CG, MCDEC at time of retire-ment) and Leslie E. Brown (who com-manded FMFPac when he retired);MajGens James L. Day (whose last com-mand was Camp Smedley D. Butler onOkinawa) and Hal W. Vincent (who re-tired as Deputy Commander, FMFLant);and BGen David M. Brahms (who wasDirector of the Judge Advocate Division,HQMC).

Of this group, Gens Brown and Day sawcombat in World War II as enlisted infan-try Marines, although Gen Brown wascommissioned from the ranks during thewar while Gen Day was commissioned af-ter completing college after the war. GensBrown, Davis, and Vincent went throughflight training in their early Marine Corpsyears; Gens Day and Twomey were primar-ily infantry commanders; Gen McLellanbecame a logistician early in his career;and Gen Brahms served as a Marine Corpslawyer during most of his career. In histwilight tour, he was Staff Judge Advocateand then Chief of Staff at Camp Pen-dleton.

During the course of the 46-plus hoursrecorded during the interviews, many in-sights into the Corps and the changes itwent through in the period 194 3-1986were discussed. The early days of GenBrown's career closely paralleled those ofBGen Jay Hubbard's — interviewed inFebruary 1986— for they were high schoolbuddies who enlisted together beforeWorld War II began, went through bootcamp at San Diego together, were assignedto sea duty on the same ship, were corn-

missioned under the same program, andentered aviation after the war.

G EN VINCENT PROVII)ED me a listingof the 165 aircraft he flew for a to-

tal of 7,115 hours while on active duty. Isuggested that he tape himself in a "do-it-yourself' oral history interview in whichhe would comment on each of the planes,and their flight characteristics, and discusswhat made each a success or failure whilein the Marine Corps inventory. In his in-terview, this Naval Academy graduatespoke at length about his Marine Corpscareer as an aviator.

While commanding MCDEC, GenTworney headed a study group which tooka very close look at the conduct of MarineCorps operations during the Grenadalandings in October 1983, and amongother things he discussed on tape thegroup's investigation and findings. He alsoprovided an overview of the Marinedeployment to Beirut. The rest of his in-terview concerned his various assignmentsduring 36 years of active service.

Following his retirement, Gen Brahmsjoined a law firm with offices in San Die-go and Oceanside. It was in his Oceansideoffice that he took time from a busy prac-tice to discuss his career and the chang-ing face of military justice during his 25years in the Corps, and especially of theVietnam War period. He also spoke of hisrole in the Marine Corps team which ad-ministered to the returning VietnamPOWs. When the transcripts of the inter-views with Gen Brahms and the others in-terviewed on this trip are accessioned intothe collection, the reminiscences con-tained in them will fill in voids which ex-ist in the Corps' written record of theperiod covered.

A NEW TRANSCRIPT in the collectionis the issue-oriented interview with

Maj William H. Sager, USMCR (Ret), whoentered the Corps in 1939 as a memberof the Eastern Platoon Leaders' Classat Quantico. Upon completion of the 2d

18

Reserve Officers' School at Philadelphia,he joined the 1st Marine Division at NewRiver and went to war with it, participat-ing in the Guadalcanal operation. Afterbeing invalided home with a bad case ofmalaria, in 1944, Maj Sager volunteeredfor duty with the United States NavalGroup, China, also known as SACO (Sino-American Cooperative Organization) or"Rice Paddy Navy." This was a clandestineorganization comprised of volunteers fromthe Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and CoastGuard engaged in a number of covert ac-tivities, including radioing reports ofweather conditions in inland China sinceWestern Pacific weather was formed overAsia. SACO personnel also trainedChinese guerrillas, acted as coastwatch-ers, and collected detailed intelligence onpossible landing beaches along the Chi-na coast. Maj Sager tells of his trip toChungking via Cairo, Karachi, New Del-hi, and Calcutta, and his assignment ascommander of the American officers whotrained Chinese troops at a place inlanddesignated Camp 10. Maj Sager also tellsabout some of the legendary personalitiesin SACO—Commo Milton E. "Mary"Miles, American head of SACO, and themysterious Tai Li, Chiang Kai-shek's intel-ligence chief.

M ORE INFORMATION about Marine in-

volvement in SACO can be foundin the transcript of MajGen John H.Masters' interview— now in the Oral His-tory Collection—and in Gen Robert H.Barrow's transcript, once his interview iscompleted, transcribed, and accessioned.Both of these officers also served withSACO.

In the Oral History Section, editor Mrs.Meredith Hartley has embarked upon along-term project which will prove help-ful to users of the collection. Working witha computer-based indexing program, Mrs.Hartley is preparing a master index to thecollection — actually a compendium of allthe indexes of all the interview transcriptscomprising it. Eli 775E

'Vandegrift' Jacket Originally Australian Military Gear

A S THE CLOUDS of war gathered inthe late 1930s, the United States

Marine Corps was operating with nearlythe same equipment that it had used inFrance during World War I. World War II,as most periods of national emergency,would become an era of both experimen-tation with and rapid development of uni-forms and other military equipment.

The Marine of World War I, like theArmy "Doughboy," had one basic uniformwhich was used for both garrison and fieldservice in the winter months. It was aforest-green wool coat which was closedby six buttons down the front and hadfour pockets: two on the breast and twoon the skirts. Straight-legged trousers ofthe same material and a heavy, full-lengthovercoat rounded out the basic uniform.However, the Marines who served in Francewere not resupplied with these uniformswhen they wore out, but instead were is-sued standard Army uniforms. These Ma-rines were given green service uniformsupon their return from France after post-Armistice occupation duty.

In the interwar period, the high stand-ing collar of both the winter and cottonkhaki summer service coats was changedto an open, rolled collar with lapels.

by Glenn HyattVolunteer, Marine CorpsAir- Ground Museum

Otherwise, the uniform remained essen-tially the same. It was this uniform whichwas being issued to all Marines at the out-break of World War II.

A T THE END of the Guadaicanal Cam-paign in the early months of 1943,

the 1st Marine Division was sent to Mel-bourne, Australia, for much-needed rest.Autumn was approaching in the southernhemisphere and the supply of winter serv-ice coats available to the Marines was verylow, many having been left behind in seabags. However, there was a quantity ofAustralian jackets on hand which hadbeen designed as battledress. Since thebulk of the Australians were serving in theSahara, there was little demand for thesejackets. These distinctive khaki woo1 jack-ets were very similar in appearance to Brit-ish Pattern 1937 "Battledress" jacketswhich, in turn, were later used as modelsfor the U.S. Army's "Ike" jacket. TheseAustralian jackets and trousers were issuedto the division and individual Marines ad-ded the enlisted rank insignia specified forthe winter service coats and the newly-designed 1st Marine Division shoulderpatch to the jackets. At this time, the jack-et was dubbed the "Vandegrift" jacket indeference to the division's commander.

The jacket was a success. In May 1944,the Commandant of the Marine Corpsdirected that officers could replace theirwinter service coats with a green wool jack-et based on the Australian design.Authorization for the enlisted troops wasforthcoming the following October whenthe Clothing Depot at Philadelphia wasnotified by the Quartermaster of the Ma-rine Corps that enlisted troops could wearjackets if they were made according to thespecifications approved for officers. A var-iety of jackets were worn by enlisted Ma-rines up to the end of the war: some werecut-down service coats; others were madefrom blankets; and at least one was madefrom captured cloth intended forJapaneseofficers' uniforms.

Although the jackets were permitted forofficers as early as December 1944, enlist-ed Marines had to wait until the end ofthe war to receive theirs. On 27 Janu-

19

ary 1945, a letter from the Commandantof the Marine Corps to the Marine CorpsUniform Board urged testing of an "Ike-type jacket" for enlisted personnel. By May1945, testing was completed and the Ma-rine Corps' Equipment Board at Quanti-co, Virginia, favorably passed the design.On 21 August 1945, Letter of InstructionNo. 1111 authorized the new jacket foruniversal issue to enlisted troops.

T ilE WMST-LENGTH jacket was made offorest-green kersey wool and had six

flat green plastic buttons hidden underthe front fly. On the shoulders were twostraps, or tabs, double-sewn at the sleeveseam and attached with a single, flat plas-tic button near the collar. On each breastwas a bellows pocket and two inner pock-ets were contained in the forest-greentwilled-cotton lining. Like the service coat,it had a rolled lapelled collar, but hadplain cuffs, each with two buttons and atightening strap. The waist of the jackethad an integral belt, with two buttons forclosure and a snap to secure the end. The

"IVinter Service 'B' (Enlisted) (Master Ser-geant)," was Plate No. 34 in the UniformRegulations issued on 22 April 1966.

The author is a Navy Vietnamveteran and a noted collector of bothCivil War and World War I artifacts.During our ongoing reorganizationand recataloging of the uniform col-lection, Mr. Hyatt volunteered towork in the afternoon after his "real"job as a government accountant.When his work schedule changed,he transferred to our restoration unitand now works in the evenings andon Saturdays restoring aircraft andvehicles. While working in our col-lection of "Vandegrift" jackets, hesynthesized the research notes com-piled by former interns and volun-teers into this brief history of thegarment. As always, we are lookingfor volunteer enthusiasts who can as-sist us in more effectively catalogingour holdings. — KLS-C

waist also had two buckle adjustments oneach side to ensure a snug fit. Since thejacket was primarily designed for fieldservice, it also had a series of button holesin suspender tabs to keep the jacket fromseparating from the trousers. By 14 Febru-ary 1946, the final specifications for the"Enlisted Jacket, Service, Wool, Green,"

were completed and it was retroactivelydesignated as the M1945. However, as earlyas December 1946, the jacket was alreadybeing modified. For the next two years, asufficient number of upgrades had beeneffected to warrant a new designation, theM1948. The new jacket was a result ofPermanent Marine Corps Uniform Board

Study 13A-1948. It had a wider frontpanel, an extended panel lining, and a dotfastener between the fifth and sixth but-tons. At this time, the cuff adjustmentstrap went from two buttons to one. Inlater years, there were further minormodifications. In the mid-1950s, thetwilled cotton lining was replaced withrayon, the shoulder straps were single-stitched, and the suspender tabs wereeliminated. The jacket, by now almostuniverally known to Marines as the "IkeJacket," was finally declared obsolete in1968. It had become redundant becausewhile it had originally been intended asa field service garment, it was instead be-ing used as an alternative to the close-fitting service coat. Coincidentally, whenit was phased out, Marines were instruct-ed to wear service coats with a looser fit.

E1775E1

New Books

Histories Report on Marine Roles in Modern Wars

T HE LIBRARY of the Marine CorpsHistorical Center searches out books

of professional interest to Marines. Thesebooks are available from local bookstoresor libraries:

World War II

Across the Reef The Amphibious TrackedVehicle at War Victor J. Croizat, Bland-ford Press, 256 pp., 1984. Principally thestory of World War II in the Pacific as seenby the Marines of the amphibian tractorunits. Includes also the role of LVTs in theEuropean theater during World War IIand the use of amtracs in Korea and inVietnam; it concludes by describing thecurrent status of amphibious vehicles.$27.95

The Second World War: A Complete His-tory. Martin Gilbert, Henry Holt & Co.,846 pp.' 1989. The author has consideredall aspects of the war—political, military,diplomatic, and civilian. In addition, Gil-bert's book offers a global perspective onthe war. Includes maps, bibliographies,and black-and-white photographs.$29.95

Korean War

Reprints available from R. J. Speights: US.Marine Operations in Korea, Volumes I-

by Evelyn A. EnglanderHistorical Center Librarian

V. $22.50 each. (Available from R. J.Speights. P.O. Box 140773, Austin, Texas78714-0733. Postage $2.50 first book, $75each additional book.)

Vietnam

The Limits of Air Power: The AmericanBombing of North Vietnam. Mark Clod-felter. The Free Press, 297 pp., 1989. Theauthor evaluates three air campaignsagainst the North—Rolling Thunder (2March 1965-31 October 1968), Lineback-er 1(10 May 1972-2 3 October 1972), andLinebacker 11(18-29 December 1972)—in terms of how they supported severalAmerican war aims. He also places the airwar in its historical setting by analyzingU.S. air campaigns in World War II andKorea. $22.95.

One Day in along War: May 10, 1972. AirWar, North Vietnam. Jeffrey Ethell andAlfred Price. Random House, 217 pp.,1989. Recreates 10 May 1972, the launchday of Linebacker which marked theresumption of U.S. bombing raids onNorth Vietnam. In writing this, the authorused first-hand accounts, cockpit voicerecordings, and official documents. Black-and-white photographs. $18.85.

The Bridge at Dong Ha. John Grider

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Miller, Naval Institute Press, 200 pp.,1989. The story of "Ripley at the Bridge:'that day in April 1972 when Marine MajJohn Ripley braved intense enemy fire todestroy a strategic bridge and halt a majorNorth Vietnamese invasion into the south.$16.95.

Lebanon

From Beirut to Jerusalem. Thomas L.Friedman. Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 525 pp.,1989. Mr. Friedman, a Middle East cor-respondent for UPI, 1979-1981, and theNew York Times, 1982-1989, has drawn onhis knowledge of the area gained from his10 years of living there and his years of ex-tensive study to write of the Middle Easttoday, of Palestinian-Israeli relations, andof the hopes and possibilities for the fu-ture. $22.95

Today's Marines in Photographs

Two new books about the Marine Corpswith text and photographs:

The Marines. John de St. Jorre, with pho-tographs by Anthony Edgeworth. Double-day, 256 pp., 1989. $40.00

Warriors: The United States Marines.Agostino von Hassell with Keith Crosley.Howell Press, 199 pp., 1988. $37.00.

Not wearing one himself is MajGen Alexander A. Vandegrift left, but Col MerrittEdson, Lt Mitchell Paige, and PlSgt John Basione appear in Australian jackets in 1943.

Mentioned in Passing

Three Authors of Books on the Marine Corps Recalledby Benis M. Frank

Head, Oral History Section

Col Kenneth J. CliffordCol KennethJ. Clifford, USMCR (Ret),

65, died in Bradenton, Florida, on 5November 1989 after a long bout withcancer. He was buried with full militaryhonors in St. Charles Cemetery, Long Is-land, New York, on 9 November. ColClifford was born in Brooklyn in 1924, andgraduated from St. Bonaventure Univer-sity. He was a special agent of the FBI forseven years and a professor of social andpolitical history at St. John's University for15 years.

Long a member of the Marine CorpsReserve, Col Clifford served on active dutyas an infantry platoon leader with the 2dBattalion, 1st Marines in the Korean Warand was awarded the Silver Star Medal forhis heroic actions. He took leave from St.John's in the mid-1960s to return to activeduty and serve two years in the HistoricalDivision to research and write Progress andPurpose: A Developmental History of theUS. Marine Corps, 1900-1970, as well aswrite and edit several monographs. ColClifford also served a year in Vietnam asassistant to the assistant chief of staff, G-l,III Marine Amphibious Force.

After his release from active duty, heobtained his Ph.D. in American studiesfrom the University of London, and pub-lished a book, Amphibious W/arfare De-velopment in Britain and America from1 920-1 940, which was derived from his dis-sertation. Dr. Clifford was a civilianhistorian for the Army Signal Corps at FortMonmouth, New Jersey, from 1981 to1983, when he retired.

Col Robert H. RankinCol Robert H. Rankin, USMCR (Ret),

a widely published military historian, diedon 26 March at the age of 80 from com-plications following exploratory surgery. Anative of Ohio, he attended both MarshallUniversity in West Virginia and EasternKentucky State University, from which hewas graduated in 1935. He was commis-sioned an Army second lieutenant in 1937and was assigned to the Civilian Conser-

vation Corps. In 1942, he resigned hisArmy commission to be commissioned inthe Marine Corps. He spent most of WorldWar II as a recruiting officer in the mid-west. From 1948 until 1966, when he re-tired, Col Rankin was assigned to theSelective Service System in Washington,where he served as a planning officer. Hewas an authority on military uniforms andweapons, and the author of Uniforms ofthe Sea Services, Helmets and other Head-dress of the Imperial German Army, TheStory ofArmy Uniforms, Guide to ArmyInsignia, Guide to Navy and Marine CorpsInsignia, as well as many articles for mili-tary and weapons journals. He was a Fellowof the Company of Military Historians. ColRankin was buried in Arlington Cemeteryon 2 April with full military honors.

W'illiam Keyes BeechWilliam Keyes Beech, a Marine Corps

combat correspondent in World War IIand a foreign correspondent coveringmajor wars during the rest of his news-paper career, died of emphysema at theage of 76 in Washington, D.C., on 15February.

As he recalled in his interview for theMarine Corps Oral History Program,"Shortly after Pearl Harbor, I was overcomewith patriotism." He traveled to Clevelandto enlist in the Marine Corps, there beingno recruiting station in Akron, where heworked. At the recruiting station, "a cou-ple of smart-ass recruiting sergeants tookone look at this ancient, shambling frameof mine and practically threw me out ofthe office. 'Your teeth aren't any good.You'd be completely over age.' They justlooked at me and said to 'buzz off,' in ef-fect." A short time after this, he heard ofthe Marine Corps Combat CorrespondentProgram, applied for it, was accepted, andwent to Parris Island in 1943.

As a combat correspondent, Beechlanded on Tarawa with the 10th Marinesand on Iwo Jima with the 28th Marines.At Iwo, he climbed Mt. Suribachi with thesecond flag-raising crew. Towards the end

21

of the Iwo operation, he and several othercombat correspondents were brought backto Washington to write The US. Marineson Iwo Jima. Immediately after he wrotehis portion. Beech was detailed toshepherd Rene Gagnon, John Bradley, andIra Hayes, the three survivors of the sec-ond Iwo Jima flag raising, around thecountry for appearances at war bondrallies.

He returned to civilian life and hisprofession as a reporter upon his releasefrom active duty, working briefly for theHonolulu Star Bulletin, and then movingto the Far East in 1947, covering all coun-tries between India and Japan for theChicago Daily News. Thus he was in placeto go immediately to Korea when the warbroke out there in 1950. For his reportingfrom Korea he was awarded the PulitzerPrize in 1951. Similarly, he was in placeto cover the Vietnam War from the begin-ning to the very end. In a letter he wroteto Robert Sherrod from Hongkong in May1975 he described his escape from Saigon:"I'm sitting here on the 19th floor of theHilton Hotel thinking that eight days agoI was climbing the embassy wall in Saigonto get a helicopter that took me out to theHancock to Subic, and Manila, fromwhich I flew here. If it hadn't been for along-armed Marine sergeant, I wouldnever have made it over that wall. Godbless the Marines!"

His last post was in Bangkok, where heserved as bureau chief for the Los AngelesTimes. He retired in the Washington areain 1981. In 1984, Beech was a member ofthe Sidle Commission, established by theSecretary of Defense following the Grena-da operation, when civilian journalistswere not allowed to accompany the assaultforces. The purpose of the commission wasto examine military-media relations.

A memorial service for Keyes Beechheld in the Westmoreland CongregationalUnited Church of Christ in Bethesda,Maryland, on 26 February was attended byhis many friends and former colleagues.

L111775L1J

P ART III of Fortitudine 's continuing chronological series onMarine Corps participation in the Vietnam War focuses on

1967 and the increasing participation of Marine Corps units inlarge-scale combat operations against the North VietnameseArmy (NVA). Readers desiring a more detailed treatment of theevents covered in this selected chronology are encouraged to con-sult the monograph, published by the History and Museums Di-vision, US. Marines in Vietnam. Fighting the North Vietnamese,1967.

ijan—Ill Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) strength totaled70,378: 67,729 Marines and 2,649 sailors.5 Jan — BGen Louis Metzger relieved BGen Michael P. Ryan asCommanding General of the 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade(9th MAB).6Jan—Operation Deckhouse V, the first major use of U.S. com-bat forces in the Mekong Delta, began with helicopter and water-borne landings about 62 miles south of Saigon by the SeventhFleet's Special Landing Force (1st Battalion, 9th Marines, rein-forced, and Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 362) and Viet-namese Marines. Results of the operation were disappointing,as enemy intelligence had learned of the operation in advanceand enemy forces departed before the Marines landed.26 Jan — Operation DeSoto, a search and destroy mission, be-gan about 25 miles southeast of Quang Ngai City, and involvedthe 3d Battalion, 5th Marines, and the 3d Battalion, 7th Ma-rines, with the 7th Marines regimental headquarters in charge.The operation lasted 73 days.1 Feb—The 3d Marine Division began Operation Prairie II, acontinuation of the multi-battalion Operation Prairie.

Coming under fire as helicopters try to evacuate Marines injuredby mines, men of Company A, 1st Battalion, 9th Marines takecover during Operation Chinook II on 21 February 1967.

A North Vietnamese Army soldier walks through the sweep lineto surrender to Marines of Company A, 1st Battalion, 9th Ma-rines in Operation Prairie II south of the DMZ on 3 March 1967.

12-22 Feb—The 1st Marines began Operation Stone in QuangNam Province. Although initial enemy contact was light, thesecond phase of the operation resulted in the Marines destroy-ing a vast network of Viet Cong caves, tunnels, and bunkers.21 Feb—Dr. Bernard Fall, noted historian of the French combatexperience in Indochina, was killed in the explosion of an ene-my mine. At the time of his death, Dr. Fall was accompanyingthe 1st Battalion, 9th Marines on Operation Chinook II.18 Mar—The first woman Marine to report to Vietnam for duty,MSgt Barbara J. Dulinsky, arrived in Saigon for assignment tothe MACV combat operations center.18 Mar—The 3d Marine Division ended Operation Prairie II,after 46 days, and almost 700 enemy killed. Operation PrairieIII began immediately and would last until 20 April.20 Mar—MajGen Bruno A. Hochmuth relieved MajGen WoodB. Kyle as the commanding general of the 3d Marine Division.

A rest break is called for a watchful patrol of the 2d Battalion,5th Marines, 1st Marine Division enroute to its mountaintop out-post in the area of Nong Son, South Vietnam, in July 1967.

Part III of a Chronology, May 1954-May 1975

The U.S. Marine Corps and the Vietnam Warby Robert V Aquilina

Assistant Head Reference Section

22

A CH-53 helicopter resupplzes members of the 1st Battalion, 7thMarines, 1st Marine Division during Operation Pecos 30 miles

24 Apr—The First Battle of Khe Sanh began when a patrol fromthe 1st Battalion, 9th Marines made contact with an enemy forcefive miles northwest of Khe Sanh. Units of the 3d Marine Divi-sion subsequently engaged enemy forces in bitter fighting forcontrol of Hills 881S, 881N, and 861. This first battle for KheSanh continued until 12 May. The 26th Marines then relievedthe 3d Marines at Khe Sanh (13 May).13 May—The 26th Marines began Operation Crockett in the KheSanh area. The operation terminated 16 July, with slightly morethan 200 enemy reported killed.18 May—Units of the 3d Marine Division, in conjunction witha landing by Special Landing Force Alpha (1st Battalion, 3d Ma-rines) and coordinated with the 1st ARVN Division, initiatedOperation Hickory in the southern portion of the DemilitarizedZone.26 May—The 5th Marines began Operation Union II, which con-tinued until 5 June.31 May—LtGen Robert E. Cushman,Jr., succeeded LtGen LewisW. Walt as Commanding General, III Marine Amphibious Force.

14-22 Jun—The 7th Marines conducted Operation Arizona,which relocated 1,650 refugees to camps at Duc Duc, about 15miles south of Da Nang.

2-l4Jul—In Operation Buffalo, bitter fighting resulted in thedeaths of 1,300 enemy troops, as Marine aviation and Marineand U.S. Army artillery supported 3d Marine Division forces.15 Jul—An early morning enemy rocket attack heavily damagedaircraft at the southern end of the Da Nang Air Base.7-11 Aug—The 1st Battalion, 3d Marines, of Special LandingForce Alpha, conducted Operation Beacon Gate southeast of HoiAn along the coastal boundary of Quang Nam and Quang TinProvinces.10-28 Aug — Special Landing Force Alpha shifted to the opera-tional control of Task Force X-Ray of the 1st Marine Division forthe start of Operation Cochise (11 Aug) in Quang Tin Province.

23

south of Da Nang in July 1967. Brush-clearing work has just beencompleted for a supply and medical evacuation landing zone.

BLT 1/3 conducted search-and-destroy operations in conjunctionwith the 5th Marines during the 18-day operation.

4 Sep—Navy Chaplain Vincent R. Capodanno was killed in ac-tion while serving with the 3d Battalion, 5th Marines. He wasposthumously awarded a Medal of Honor for sacrificing his lifein order to shield a wounded Marine.

4-15 Sep—In Operation Swift, Task-Force X-Ray pitted elementsof the 5th Marines against North Vietnamese forces northwestof Tam Ky. ARVN forces and elements of Task Force Oregonfought simultaneous operations in conjunction with OperationSwift.

7 Sep—The U.S. Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara, an-nounced a decision to construct a barrier along the northern por-tion of South Vietnam, to be filled with barbed wire heavilyseeded with sensors and mines.

11-20 Oct—The 1st Marines conducted Operation Medina nearQuang Tn, in a III MAF drive to clear enemy base areas in thethick Hai Lang forest.

31 Oct—Operations Ardmore, Fremont, and Kingfisher, whichbegan in mid-July, ended in northern I Corps.

6-17 Nov—The 5th Marines conducted Operation Essex southof An Hoa in Quang Nam Province.

14 Nov—MajGen Bruno A. Hochmuth was killed in a helicop-ter crash near Hue. BGen Louis Metzger assumed command ofthe 3d Marine Division pending the arrival of MajGen RathvonMcC. Tompkins.

13-30 Nov—The 7th Marines conducted Operation Foster north-west of An Hoa, while the Special Landing Force (Battalion Land-ing Team 2/3) carried out a supporting action, Operation BadgerHunt. Over 100 enemy were killed in the combined operations.

31 Dec—As of this date, the strength of III MAF stood at 81,115:77,679 U.S. Marines and 3,436 U.S. Navy. L111775E1

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHEADQUARTERS U.S. MARINE CORPS

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20380

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Pilot, East Asia Scholar Heads Historical Training Unit

C OL CHARLES J. QUILTER II,USMCR, a pilot who has flown

more than 13,000 hours in 70 differentaircraft models will be the next com-manding officer of Mobilization Train-ing Unit (Historical) DC-7. Col Quilterenlisted in the Marine Corps in 1960, atage 17. He graduated from the Univer-sity of California at Berkeley with adegree in East Asian history in June1964. He also attended a Japaneseuniversity in Tokyo during the 1962-1963academic year.

After graduating from college, he wascommissioned and went on to flighttraining at Pensacola. He was designat-ed a Naval Aviator in November 1965and was then assigned briefly to MarineAircraft Group 24 as the air combat in-telligence officer. Next he was assignedto Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 531and deployed with it, in July 1966, toRoosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, at the endof the Dominican Republic crisis.

In December 1966, lstLt Quilter wastransferred to Marine Fighter AttackSquadron 323 in Chu Lai, Vietnam.During this tour of duty he flew 252combat missions over Laos and Northand South Vietnam, earning 17 Air Me-dals and the Combat Action Ribbonamong other awards. Upon his return tothe U.S., Capt Quilter was assigned toMarine Aircraft Group 33 in February

by Capt Meredith P Hartley, USMCRAdministrative Officer, MTU DC- 7

1968. In July 1968 he was reassigned toMarine Fighter Attack Squadron 531,then reorganizing at Marine Corps AirStation, El Toro.

Released from active duty in Decem-ber, 1969, Capt Quilter accepted a one-year appointment as director of the U.S.Department of Commerce exhibit at the1970 World's Fair in Osaka, Japan. Af-ter returing to the States, he underwentcivil flight training, receiving the FAA'ssenior pilot's license in April 1971. InNovember 1971, he transferred from theIndividual Ready Reserve to Marine Ob-servation Squadron 8, a Selected MarineCorps Reserve unit. When the squadronwas decommissioned in September1975, he was transferred back to the In-dividual Ready Reserve.

Col Charles j Quilter II, USMCR

24

In civilian life, he became a pilot forWestern Airlines (now part of DeltaAirlines) in May 1972 and has sinceflown more than 8,000 hours for it. InDecember 1973, in addition to his po-sition with Western Airlines, he joinedthe Aircraft Ferrying Division of Sky-ways, Inc., which specializes in overwaterdelivery of tactical and other aircraft. Heis now their chief pilot.

As a Reservist, Maj Quilter joinedMobilization liaining Unit 47 at MarineCorps Air Station, El Toro, in 1979. Inthe 1980s he completed Reserve Coun-terpart Training with Marine Fighter At-tack Squadron 314 and the 3d MarineAircraft Wing. Additionally, he wasreassigned to the Selected Marine CorpsReserve and joined Marine AircraftGroup 46 in 1981. In March 1984, LtColQuilter assumed command of MarineFighter Attack Squadron 134.

C OL QUILTER AS promoted to hispresent rank and transferred back

to the Individual Ready Reserve in 1986.He joined Mobilization Training Unit(Historical) DC-7 in January of thatsame year. His projects as a member ofthe unit include a monograph, "ByNight and All Weathers," about the firstdecade of USMC aerial night fighting,and "A History ofVMFA-531," the Corps'pioneer night fighter squadron.

E1775E1

BULK RATE

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

USMC

PERMIT NO. G-63