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Marine Corps Historical CenterBuilding 58, Washington Navy Yard

Washirrgrorr, D.C. 20374-0581)

Telephone- (202) 433-3838, 433-3840, 433-3841

DIRECTOR

BGen Edwin El. Sirnrrrons, USMC (Ret)

Secretary to the Drs-ector Ms Carol C. Flori Si'cretat'y to the Deputy

DerectorsChrefHistonan: Ms. Jeanerre R. Pelron,

HISTORICAL BRANCHMr. Henry I Shaw, Jr

Acting Deputy Director for HistoryChief Hisrisrian

Hrstorre.i Sectr4n Mr. Jack Shnlimsorr: Ma1 Charles D. Melson, USMC,

Mr Cirarles B. Smith. Reference Section: Mr Danny) Crawford: MrRi,brrr V Aquilina, Mrs Ann A. Ferranre: Miss Lena M. KaIjot; Mrs.Regina Srrorher, Mrs. Shelia Gromblin. Oral History Section: Mr. Benis

M Frank: Mrs. Meredith P Hartley. Archives: Mrs. Joyce E. Bonnerr:Ms. Joyce C Conyc-rs: Sgr Kevin L. Parker, USMC.

MUSEUMS BRANCH

Col F B. Niharr, LJSMC (Ret)Depurs Director for Musenms

Mr. Charles A. WoodChief Curator

Artist-rn-Residence

Cal Charles H. Waterhouse, USMCR

'ilavrnc Barracks. Special Projects: Mr Richard A. Long Eehihito: Ms.Nancy F Chrisrin: Mr. Benny L. Lenox, Sr.: SSgi Leroy M. Dyus, USMC.

Art: Mr John T. Dyer,Jr. Personal Papers: Mr.J Michael Miller. Rrgis

tear Miss,Jennifer L. Gooding. Administrative clerk: [,Cpl Robert DMcKenzie. USMC

Museums Branch Activities, QuanrtcoLrCol William A. Beebe ii, USMC

Assistant Deputy Director for MuseumsOfficer-in-Charge

Assistant Ofjicer.in.Charge liar Branch Actis'stieo: Mr. Kenneth L.Smirk-Christmas Edncation OJ/icee Capt Cardell N. Parker, USMC.

Ordnance Mr. John G. Grrffirhs: SSgr Donald C. Martens, USMC.Rcssoratio,i, Mr. Joseph E. Payron: Mr. Sraolee M. Sokolowski: SgtJames L. Arnold, USMC: Sgr Raymond E. Kirsey, USMC: Cpl Len-srard G. DeWolfe. USMC: LCpI Barry T. Goldsborough. USMC Aer-onaotscr Vacant Eehrbrts Mr. RonaldJ. Perkins: Mr. Frank D. Howard

I/,si/orros: Mrs Nancy F King. Programs Assistant Mrs. Kathryn R.Trout. St-curiO GySgr William P Graybill, USMC: SSgi Mark Heather-

ron, USMC: Sgr Fredrick A Horrid Ii, USMC: Sgr Agusrin A. Sat-miessro, USMC, Sgr Matthew L Dula, USMC: Sgr Ivan Vasiles', USMC:

Cpl Rodney W. Wegher, USMC: Cpl David A. Nssvelh, USMC.

SUPPORT BRANCHMaj George B Durshant, USMCHead/Division Enecaris'e Offices

.'Idminslitratti't'. Capt John B. Dickssisn, Jr - USMC: SSgr BobbyI-Is,lmes, USMC: CpI Bribers F Clarke. USMC. LCpI KimberlyTisyekovah, USMC. Security: SSgr Randy Shouse, IJSMC Library" Miss

Ecelyis A. Englander: Mrs. Patricia E Morgats.

Publications l'rodiaction: Mr. Robert E. Siruder. Prodiaction Mrs.

Catherine A Ker,ss. Graphics: Mr. William S. Hill. Typesetting: CpI

Andre L. Owens III. USMC.

Editor, Fortits,dine

Mr. Robert E. Stroker

FORTITUD INEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.

Historical Bulletin Volume XVIII Spring 1989 No. 4

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program is published to edu-cate and train Marines on active duty in the uses of military and Marine Corps his-tory. Other interested readers may purchase single copies or one-year subscriptions(four quarterly issues) from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Memorandum from the Director Mission to Moscow 3

Longtime Museum Exhibits Chief Carl M. 'Bud' DeVere Retires 9

Acquisitions: Museum Is Enriched by Flurry of Donations 10

Costumer Rescues 100-Year-Old Marine Drum Major's Hat 11

Marine Generals Resurvey Lessons of Civil War Battles 12

Lejeune's Senior Officers Learn the Lessons of Bentonville 14

Historical Quiz: Commandants of the Marine Corps 15

Military Museum Heads Visit Russian Counterparts 16

Videotape Describes Marine Artist's 50-Year Career 17

Readers Always lVrite: It's World War I, ButThose Riflemen Are Not Marines 18

Answers to Historical Quiz: Commandants of the Marine Corps 18

Renowned Vietnam War Leader Gen Walt Dies at 76 19

Subscription Service Offered by GPO for Fortitudine Readers 20

Mentioned in Passing: Distinguished Senior MarinesBuried with Full Honors 21

Smedley Butler's Raid Subject for Marine Artist 24

THE COVER

On 25 October 1917, the Russian imperial cruiser Aurora fired a signal shot launchingthe "October Revolution" attack on the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. In com-memoration, the ship has been meticulously restored and maintained by the SovietNavy—so well, reports recent visitor to Leningrad, BGen Simmons, in his "Memoran-dum from the Director" beginning on page 3, that she can be underway in 30minutes. Another visitor to the Aurora, Col Nihart, describes his recent experienceof the Soviet Union beginning on page 16. The illustration is by John T. Dyer, Jr.

CORRECTION

The photograph of LtGen Henry W. Buse, Jr., ac-companying a notice of the death of the formerchief of staff at HQMC and Commanding Generalof Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, was incorrectly print-ed from the wrong side of the negative on page 19of the Winter 1988-1989 issue of Fortitudine. Thestaff regrets this error.

Fortztudzne is produced Ifl the Publications Production Section of the History and Museums Divi.sion, The text for Fortiludine is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in 18-pointor 24-point Garamond, The bulletin is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

2

HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

Memorandum from the Director

Mission to MoscowBGen Simmons

N ever a year or so ago could I haveimagined that I would one day see

the inside of the Frunze Military Acade-my, or the elegant headquarters of theLeningrad Military District, or visit thecantonment of the Tamansky Guards Di-vision, but all these things, plus more,happened in the course of an eight-dayJCS-sponsored exchange visit of U.S. mili-tary history chiefs to the Soviet Union.

We were the guests of the Institute ofMilitary History and our primary host wasColonel General (which is to say threestars) Dmitri A. Volkogonov who claimsa personal library of 15,000 volumes andwhose revisionist biography of Josef Sta-lin has attracted international attention.He is now at work on a biography ofTrotsky, a project which would have beeninconceivable in the pre-Gorbachev era.

There were 11 of us in the delegationwhich was headed by BGen William A.Stoift, USA, the U.S. Army's Chief of Mili-tary History. The Russians did not alwaysgrasp that we were a delegation of partsfrom separate historical agencies and notGen Stofft and his staff. The approach tomilitary history in the Soviet Union is

monolithic and not prone to understandvarying perspectives and different view-points.

T his exchange visit was just one of atwo-year series of such visits set into

motion by the visit of Marshal SergeiAkhromeyev hosted by JCS Chairman,Adm William J. Crowe, Jr., here in theUnited States last summer. The visit of theSoviet military museum directors in De-cember has already been covered in For-titudine (Spring 1989) and the return visitof our museum directors is reported uponelsewhere in this issue. By the time thispiece appears in print, Adm Crowe willhave made an 11-day June visit to theSoviet Union accompanied by the vice-chiefs of the four services, in our case, GenJoseph J. Went, as the Assistant Corn-m andant.

The other members of the pre-dominantly U.S. Army military historydelegation were:

Dr. Ronald H. Spector, Director ofNaval History.

Dr. Richard H. Kohn, Director, Officeof Air Force History.

Dr. Alfred Goldberg, Historian, Officeof the Secretary of Defense.

Mr. WillardJ. Webb, Chief, HistoricalDivision, Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Col Harold Nelson, USA, Director,Theory of War, U.S. Army War College.

Col John E Concannon, USA, formerU.S. Army Attache, U.S. Embassy, Moscow.

Dr. Bruce Menning, Historian, SovietArmy Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth.

Mr. Bernard Orenstein, Translator,Soviet Army Studies Office, FortLeavenworth.

Mr. Nicholas Orechof, Translator,Department of the Air Force.

Q ur odyssey began at Washington'sDulles Airport on Saturday, 1 April,

with a puddle-jumper connecting flightto Kennedy Airport in New York wherewe were put into a holding area for theonce-a-week departure of Pan AmericanFlight 30. PAA 30, which has a PanAmerican flight crew and a joint PanAmerican-Aeroflot cabin crew, has a badreputation, but actually is no more un-comfortable than any other cross-Atlanticflight in a Boeing 747 except that theflight time is twice as long. Moreover, wewere two hours late in getting off theground and equally late in arriving atMoscow's Sheremetyevo airport. Two-thirdsof the passengers seemed to be Russians,smoking very strong cigarettes and return-ing home with all sorts of consumer goodsin bulky packages. My own section of theauditorium-size economy-class cabin wasenlivened by the presence of a large con-tingent of high-school-age American gym-nasts on their way to a meet in Minsk.

A light snow was falling as we arrivedand our initial greeting was equally chil-ly. After being herded through several pas-sageways and lines we came into our firstexposure to Soviet authority in the formof a young soldier wearing the green col-lar tabs of the Border Guard who checkedour official passports. After staring un-smilingly and repeatedly, first at me and

ColGen Dmitri A. Volkogonov, third from left, meets with the US. delegation. GenVolkogonov, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War heads the Soviet Institute of MilitaryHistory in Moscow, The Institute has about 300 employees or scientific workers."

then my passport photographs, he finallydecided that I was the person I was sup-posed to be, and, removing one copy ofmy Soviet visa, wordlessly punched thebutton that opened the wicket and I wasallowed to pass into the Soviet Union.

Proceedings then thawed. We were metby an active-duty major general (one star),Anatoly G. Khor'kov, a smiling, handsomeman who is one of Gen Volkogonov'sdeputies, and a retired Navy captain (butback in uniform for the occasion), Igor A.Amosov, who spoke excellent English.Later when I complimented him on hisEnglish he said with a wry smile that wewere the first Americans with whom hehad spoken since he was declared personanon grata as naval attache in Washingtonin 1954.

A fter our baggage was collected andwithout a customs inspection, we

loaded on board a fine bus driven by awarrant officer and started on our way intoMoscow. Enroute, Gen Khor'kov, an experton the subject, lectured through an inter-preter on the heroic reversal of the Ger-man offensive against the city. We couldsee little because of the snow but thatmade it all the easier to visualize the pan-zers grinding to a frozen halt.

We were billeted in the Ministry ofDefense Hotel, an 11- or 12-story buildingin Lenin Hills, and comparable in accom-modations to an American commercial-class motor hotel. My room on the 9thfloor had a private bath, a small refriger-ator, a television, a balcony, and vaguely

Scandinavian-style furnishings. My singlebed was a foam rubber mattress on a ply-wood frame.

We took our meals in a large, ornatedining room at a long table with crossedU.S. and U.S.S.R. flags. On other tables inthe room the U.S.S.R. flags were crossedwith those of Cuba, East Germany, NorthKorea, and Vietnam. The meals wereserved with considerable style. The wait-ers were unsmiling, very young men inthree-piece gray business suits. We under-stood that they were conscript soldiers.The heaviest meal was at noon and typi-cally it would be zakouska (the Russianform of antztasto), soup (almost alwayssome kind of borscht), a main course(most often a small beefsteak with friedpotatoes and canned peas), and a dessertof excellent ice cream or pastries. At allmeals there was fine-grained white andbrown bread. The flags in the center of thetable shared space with ranks of bottledmineral water, fruit juices, and soft drinks.There was one pale green beverage called"Georgian grass." There was always achoice of tea or coffee with the tea beingmuch the better of the two. The sugarcubes came obviously from Cuba whichcaused me to say something under mybreath in Spanish to which Capt Amosovmade prompt reply in the same language.It developed that he had served in Cubafrom about 1968 to 1972.

M onday, 3 April, our first full day inRussia, was spent largely in a series

of formal meetings in the Institute of Mili-

4

tary History, a handsome, marble-facedbuilding immediately adjacent to thehotel. There was a good deal of talk about"true facts," the filling in of "blank spaces"in Soviet history, and the potential forwriting joint history. The Institute hasabout 300 employees or "scientific wor-kers:' Nearly that number were present inthe Institute's auditorium for the largestof the sessions which took the form of set-piece presentations by the principal mem-bers of the U.S. delegation.

My "Ten Minutes on the U.S. MarineCorps Historical Program" was read intranslation by Mr. Orechof of our delega-tion. I spent half of my allotted time intrying to describe the Marine Corps itself,stressing that we are an air-ground organi-zation and that in addition to our own air-craft we have our own armor, artillery,logistic support, and so on, and that weare by law a separate service. How muchof this was comprehensible after transla-tion, I am not certain.

During the discussion period I ex-

pressed an interest in the Soviet experiencein North China at the end of World WarII and also raised the question of the oper-ational experience of the Soviets in Af-ghanistan. Neither then, nor at any timelater, was there any real discussion of Af-ghanistan, or for that matter, was there anygreat curiosity shown as to the Americanexperience in Vietnam. We met someofficers who had served in Afghanistan butany discussion of their experience wasclosed out abruptly with the statementthat Afghanistan had been a "mistake," amistake presumedly made by the poli-ticians.

In the late afternoon we went to theCentral Museum of the Armed Forces

where the military history of Russia beginswith the Revolution of 1917 and the sub-sequent Civil War and ends with the GreatPatriotic War, as World War II is univer-sally called. It is a magnificent museum.The leitmotif is the famed Red Bannerscarried by every Soviet combatant unit,company size or bigger, since the time ofthe Revolution. These are smallish squarebanners heavily embroidered with thehonors of the unit. Many are on displayand we were told that the museum has44,000 such banners. We were taken intothe storage area to see some of the prizeitems in the reserve collection, including

The headquarters of the Leningrad Military District occupies what was once the head-quarters of the Imperial General Staff This regally impressive crescent is across thesquare from the fVinter Palace. The Czarist household guard entered through this arch.

Hitler's white uniform jacket showingburn marks from the fire in the bunker.

That night there was a formal dinner inthe hotel hosted by ColGen Volkogonov.It was the only meal at which any amountof alcohol was served: vodka, Georgianwine, and brandy, in that order and inconservative amounts. From what we saw,the Soviet armed forces are serious in boththeir anti-alcohol and anti-tobaccoprograms.

T he next day, Tuesday, 4 April, wewent by bus, the same fine bus which

we were later told had been built in Hun-gary, with military police escort (a firstlieutenant in a sedan) to the cantonmentof the Tamansky Guards Division locatedsome 40 kilometers out of Moscow, offRoute 30, the road to Minsk. Route 30 wasa good macadam road still showing the ef-fects of winter. Most of the traffic, whichwas not heavy, was made up of medium-size trucks, many of them with army mark-ings. The countryside was flat and mud-dy, with the toad walled with scrubbywoods of white birch and pine trees (I wasreminded of my own native SouthJersey),and occasional villages which, with theirframe houses, could have been used asstage sets for "Fiddler on the Roof" or "Dr.Zhivago."

First stop within the division camp wasat an elaborate museum, just inside thegate, where we were oriented on the divi-sion's illustrious past. A reserve division,growing out of the Civil War, the divisionhad distinguished itself in the openingrounds of the Great Patriotic War in 1941at Smolensk and for it was given the covet-ed title of "2d Guards Division." Later inthe war, for a successful amphibious land-ing on Taman peninsula in the Black Sea,it was further rewarded with the title " 'Ta-

man' (or Tamansky) Division." The youngofficers we met, well turned out in hand-some red-piped, gray-blue uniforms, wereobviously proud of their unit and it wasjust as obvious that a primary mission ofthe division was to serve as a showplace.

Our own reception was somewhat dilut-ed (we met a regimental commander, forinstance, but not the division commander)because simultaneously with our visit thedivision was hosting a tour by the Frenchminister of defense. After the tour of themuseum, we were shown through a

regimental area, seeing the regimental dis-pensary (immaculate, but no patients) and

then, crossing the parade ground, visiteda barracks.

T he parade ground was obviously usedfor recruit training, being marked off

for the school of the soldier and close orderdrill. As the officers freely told us, one ofthe division's principal missions is to pro-vide troops for Moscow parades andceremonies. I understood the regimentalcommander, LtCol V. I. Nosikov, to saythat the current strength of his regimentwas about 700. This made me think ofMarine Barracks, Washington, which at

just about the same time of the year wouldbe filling its ranks with the recruits to pre-pare for the upcoming parade season.

We were told that we were the firstAmericans to visit the barracks. They areimpressive-looking, five-story buildings ofbrick and cement; on closer inspection, aswith most Soviet buildings, the construc-tion is serviceable but roughly finished.We were shown through what was purport-ed to be a company area, but which I sus-pect was kept in pristine condition withno company ever in residence. Accommo-dations and lay-out of the company area

The U'/inter Palace in Leningrad was a residence of Czar Nicholas II. In 1917 Kerenshy 'sProvisional Government was ejected from the palace and the Bolsheviks took over

Capt First Rank Aleksey M. Aleshin, director of the Central Navy Museum in Lenin-grad presents a book to Dr Ronald H. Spector Director of Naval History. The muse-um occupies a magnificent 18th Century building inspired by Athens' Parthenon.

5

were almost exactly as I had known themin the Marine Corps at Quantico, Lejeune,and Pendleton in the 1940s and 1950s be-fore we abandoned squad bays for in-dividual rooms.

One room, with its ironing boards,barber's chair, and cobbler's bench, andwith its walls hung with charts showinghow the uniform should be maintainedand worn, was particularly nostalgic forme. The Russian soldier still wears footcloths instead of socks ("Traditional andmore sanitary, washed twice a week," veri-fied one of the officers) and there was awall chart showing how the cloth was tobe folded around the foot.

D uring our tour of the company areawe were taken to a classroom where

an earnest young lieutenant just happenedto be giving his platoon (about 12 or 14very well-scrubbed Caucasians) a lectureon "perestroika." I peeked over the shoul-

ders of the motionless, well-scrubbed sold-iers and saw that their notebooks wereblank. We also visited classrooms withtanks (the T-62, I think), 122mm fieldguns, a tank gunnery simulator, and agymnasium where a very husky, enthusias-tic platoon in utility uniforms (I thoughtof Force Recon) put on a vigorous demon-stration of unarmed, hand-to-handcombat.

We then saw a well-done orientationfilm showing the division's wartime serv-ice and present mission. In addition to pa-rades, the division, which has twomechanized infantry regiments and a tankregiment, is good in the snow and stilldoes clearance of unexploded World WarII ordnance. We also had a splendid lunch,one of the most elaborate of the trip, inthe division "restaurant" which we weretold was open to all ranks.

That afternoon on returning to Moscowwe visited the museum dedicated to

The US. delegation and its hosts stand onthe deck of the meticulously restored cruis-er Aurora. It was the Aurora that fired the6-inch shell that signaled the beginningof the October Revolution in Leningrad

As the Russians See the US. MarinesHE I tcIsrnal esic cern ho the US Macc-ries, the ''le,irlii.' ici'i kS COrOel from

ll.iiiiIiflijli Ii. P Ii disc coded hour hO tallrth.recklrce'e of tIre 18th red 19th rector

Acrcr,cri ,rric iiijeirr'i,il,,iiir I the M,ccor ci in'ticolar. iAn b Arioit tbrrc ii arbtroos The

rlati,'iiroally gcvce fir, the vigor of the USManse Cocyc is Nieeclrec 10. 1 175. TheCcclii' (rio bled )thier€.rt cc n heiric sphere Sc perrc',posod nrc a lOot fbi liii aicil surmounted bya spinach eagle) was ailccpterl ii 1868 arirt itsrirotto. r I c )Alvsuyi Faithful),appeared 0dm lIce Cvri is' b,rooer in 1883 T heCur ps nr.ocfrrr I hi elaine title uvas coocyo tedIvy John Phi clip Solrs,r nbc e than 100 years agoPer ha1rs even euro ann ihuar us The Mar leeS'Fly ore,'' saver I for special occa srorrs arid lregi-rrrncrrq v.urilr tire worvis, 'Fioer the Halls ofMnic its,' ccliv tsr tIre shror es of Ti c1col c

Ccclv ry'olrl traditions are viny tire outwards5rcv rd tirecc iloscnrrt Them arc otlrnr less

urluvioss irsit lrr bald0 dare crrcpoctarct sigicoproving tirat lie Maccries are the Pnirtagorr'selite tcoo fSS It is above all the Cor pstIre Perita goir stivc lynn As distinct frorer theariiirsscrl othei cosrriti es, tire US Man ne CorPSare clot considered a part oi the Navy Theyale a special Service In line witir tins, theCorrrrccairsiarit of lie Cor1rs )as the MacoreCo pi c v crrcrr aridei-ar'c hcef is sal led) acts as aireulvial crceinlver ri the Jocirt Cindy of Staff aridcan cynic becorlre its ch a idol air 1 binor et cal I y),

fiat 5 oc cv try tee fiighevt posit in ci crc the USorilrtacy lcieraic,iry

U slIer US lavss, the Mac inn Cur irs ci tire arc iyelecrrerit cci t lie US army ysir cli the US Pr nyr-dent Carl Si Sn vsitbovit Crsrigressiona I sarrctcrrri incany pcipose Mac cires traditionally goaid theUS Enibassios aird iircisc Ohs th inc gfiivut tirewoc Ill. Tirny also act as irnlucerrceir on US shii,y.at slroin b.ryes and in iraval establrshrllerrty

A voirec fucial look at tire orore hair cnrrtviy-bug bostoiy 01 tIre ''Inatirerriecks'' coIl eaplaccievtcy they ace tIre appln cif the an rrlirirstiatiors's

ic I fin I 9tfr ceo tv i y. Macc icy leit a hlorrdytiace in niair p pacts ccl tIre woi Id, nicluchicyNor I Ii Africa. tile Ca i ibbeao arid tire Plc 1 rppc'

lies. Tbrenr 20tir ceotsi 10 copIous started esitbr

lotting cioovn the Chinese oyncscng in 1901Next followed Aivyssiric a, Cuiva, Pa riaoia, agai ci

Clii no arid Kcrc no

Maccries wni e tile fri it rein ioi ceoieriti dis-patched to I lie Sooth Kor eair Pu ytun I regucrc e Ii1950 Altec Dial irs lloc.resl tIre niassac in of

peaceful civilians in Lebanon. the DominicanRepublic and Guatemala The dirty Vietman waris the suitable crown of the history of the USMarines.

At p,eseet, Marines' male task is to take pactii landing operations, to engage in battles in'maritime ter,ito,res in coordination with theNaoy. Areiy and the An Poise, and to tabe partin a limited conuentional oi nuclear war

The Macinn Corp siirc ludes Some 200.000 ser-uicerrlen and all elenieirts necessary for indepeir-dent ly carrying oat or 1 itary opeiations faraway from the mainland, notably ground troops,aoiatlon and logistical se,oice The groundtroops include th,ee diorsions — one in theAtlantic and two in the Pacific Fleet, deployedcorrespondingly on the eastern and weste,n coa-sts of the US and on Obinawa A reseroe dioisionis stationed in New 0,feans Men ccx Bay.

Organisationally. a Marine drucsrnn includesan HQ. aIr HQ battalion, three infantry mgi.meets, an artillery regiment arid a light arrnnv-ied oehinle battalion, a tank battalion, a renon.oarssance battalion, a combat engineer batta.line, and arr assault amphrbious battalinn Amode,n Marine division has 18,500 servicemen,70 tanks. 250 aniphrbiuus combat oehrcles andareroured personnel careers, some 300 artilleryguns and mortars, and about 450 anti-tankmissile systems It also has individual oieans fordelioerreg nuclear weaporrs - ' 203.2 nixself-prnpelled howitzers adapted for the lnurpn-

It should be added that coerbat operation ofa Marine division is rein fn rcesi by two factorsTire first is curdependerrce. laigely determinedtry the very ce support groo p5 )orre lie dcv uscori)

which are called upocs to prouide all binds oflogistics, repairs of hardware, tire t r aesfnui ta

Ire xl cargoes a rid ned ca I assista rice Eac Il

service cc pport gc oo p consists of ii inn I ear u rr its

of d iffernirt purpose. w ur ir a Iota I rr i 10dm

10.000 serurseOieri

The secoiril factsrr us Iughirrcrrlvilcly. irchceverllbrrocglr lhn Inn rrf nrvcatiorr. M arirre aviation us

desrgrred to svpport gi000d troops clur ruglandings anil coastal opeiatcrvrrs Its drain tac-tic al on its are ai,ciatt wings. asuigned ) like theservice support groups) to each Ma rice divA Mar irre a is raft wing mc Irnrles ac HQ, two yrthree Marine aircraft groups. oire or two helico-pter groci ps, a nil coin Sat aird service 50 fitiOrt

units A wing includes 14.000 servicereren. andabout 400 planes and helicopters

An aircraft group includes 4.5 Ma,ine attanloand Ma,ine fighter attach squadrons 15-20 pla-nes each), rncludieg the Intruder, Skyhawb andHarrier assault planes, and Pharrtom and Hoinetfighters These nrndern aircraft can deliver missileand bomb strikes aga inrst targets sitv ated 1,000

crc away Iroiri thin base a iii iefd

In the last few years. tire US command hasgreatly increu.c re nobility of the Ma,rneCorps by establi hing naoal depots for rts unitsand by bringing therrr close, to possible operati'on Sites in the Mediterranean and NorwegianSeas, the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific Theconstruction of statIonary depots of heauy wea'ones in North Norway in 1988 has made itpossible to airlift a Marine brigade from the USto. say, the Polar frontiers of the Soviet Unionin a matter of days

The in terriatiorral corrimunity is norrcernednot so rrro dr ooer tIre rcorrr ber of Mar lire 4 iu si-ohs or fiardevarn but over tire fact that alt thisis being used to ho ether the neugbobal st alceisof the US rerpercaliser A case in point areihe 1982 deoeluperents in Lebanon, whore theUS Maiines supported Israeli aggression

In October 1983, Murcires toppled the legiti-mate Brsirop guvererrient in Grerrada, a tinyCaribbean state with a population of 110.000and a negligible regular aririy Six thousandMarines arid Rangers, supported by a navaluririada aesi ao lat ion, attacked the defencelessisland The lrrcals evere vic trrncsed and prngre.ssionorgarn satcons disbanded. The pro-Ameri-can poppets aniru lied all social prograrrirrces ofthe Bishop gnuerrirrc not TIre island has beconcea Peotagon crointacy base. The ciivascon ofGienada eras tIre coal sat in ri 01 tire pci I icy ofoeogl sri,a Usni by I bin ''leather oecbs'' and Ha rigers

Wheir I fin US dicta i led its athletes tsr tireSeoril Oly iripr cy, they were "tvottcessed" bytevo iraval grroifry lerl by the Itof,'nrir and \'uJricr'

ft oircrcnis, w'cthn Maiieres xci inoar si01mm woalnl the Marirmes aplre,n root'

Wh ccii ci thin lien I coil ii try to be enter nsf ie tolbn Marrire Corps' service recoid' Hopefully,loititical cncetbrods Oh settling Odin nkcts iilnvncitu ally cilia Ce ciocle iorc

Leoerd LEVADOV

This articler "The 'Leathernecks "appeared in the March 1989issue of Soviet Military Review. This magazine specializes in glow-ing accounts of the armed forces of the Soviet Union and othersocialistr states, and less glowing accounts, such as this histori-

6

cal profile of the US. Marines, of the forces of the "capitalist"states. The Soviet Military Review is published monthly in Rus-sian, English, Arabic, Dary (Persian), Spanish, Portuguese. andFrench by the Krasnaya Zvezda Publishing House in Moscow.

Borodino, the battle in which Napoleoneked out a Pyrrhic victory over Kutuzov.There is a magnificent collection of mili-tary portraits and battle paintings plusuniforms and artifacts, but the raisond'etre of the museum is the circular dio-rama, completed in 1912 under NicholasII by a French artist and his associates,which eclipses in my mind the similar cy-cloramas we have at Gettysburg andAtlanta.

That night at a buffet dinner given inthe quarters of the U.S. Army attache(across the street from the controversialnew embassy building), a senior Sovietofficer asked me with a mischievous grinhow we liked our visit to the Tamansky Di-vision. I said I had found it very in-teresting.

"Did you see any live soldiers?" heasked.

"I saw two," I said with some understate-ment, holding up two fingers.

The questioner thought my reply veryfunny and repeated it to his associates whoalso laughed.

T hat night we took the Red Arrowexpress, leaving at midnight, for

Leningrad. Nicholas I is supposed to havelaid out the route with a ruler, drawinga straight line from Moscow to what wasthen St. Petersburg. The Red Arrow is aworld-class train, travelling smoothly overthe Russian wide-gauge tracks at up to 200kilometers an hour. We were in a first-classcar, two bunks to a compartment. Secondclass has four beds to a compartment.Third class is, I suppose, like our chair cars.

I drew as a sleeping companion Dr.Ronald Spector, Director of Naval Histo-ry and lieutenant colonel, USMCR. Thestove at the end of the car warmed it andalso provided hot water for the tea servedin glasses held in traditional silver-platedholders.

I had learned that the Russians still readTolstoy and that Pasternak and Solzhenit-syn are increasingly available. Wellwarmed with tea and hurtling through theRussian night, my own fantasy identitiesvacillated between Prince Vronsky rushingto an assignation with Anna Karenina andDr. Zhivago searching for Lara.

Dawn saw us approaching Leningrad.Again I thought of New Jersey. Themarshes with their apparent chemicalplants reminded me of the aromatic ap-

proach to Newark. We were at the splen-didly ornate railroad station at about seven(but no Anna Karenina was on the plat-form to greet me), and were taken to theLeningrad Hotel, a large tourist-class hotelacross the Neva from the berth of thecruiser Aurora. It was the Aurora that be-gan the October 1917 Revolution with itsshelling of the Winter Palace. Later wewould visit the Aurora and I found it themost carefully restored and maintained ofany historic ship I have ever visited. I

thought of our own poor USS Olympia,a ship of almost exactly the same time andclass and just as historic, lying in almostsinking condition at Penns Landing,Philadelphia.

To compliment the captain, I said thatit looked to me as though he could be un-derway in 12 hours. He looked at me un-smilingly and said, "Thirty minutes."

I n addition to the ubiquitous Lenin,Peter the Great and Catherine the

Great are omnipresent in Leningrad(which every so often our hosts, perhapsto amuse us, would call "St. Petersburg").At the Naval Museum, a magnificent 18thcentury copy of the Parthenon which un-der Catherine was the Customs House,there is the lifeboat-size miniature frigatewith cannon to scale that Peter had sailedas a boy and in which he had dreamed hisdreams of a Russian Navy. On the banks

7

of the Neva is the great equestrian statueof Peter raised by Catherine and to whichwedding parties still pay homage withbrides in white dresses laying flowers. Inthe Hermitage, beyond the incredible co!-lections of Rembrandts, Monets, Picassos,and the rest, is a more homely exhibitdedicated to Peter, including the pair ofgreat jackboots he is credited with mak-ing after his incognito apprentice wander-ings through Europe. The boots stand veryhigh and support the claim that Peter wasseven feet tall.

Headquarters of the Leningrad MilitaryRegion is in the great crescent that oncehoused the headquarters of the ImperialArmy and which faces the Winter Palaceacross the square. We made an office callon the Acting Chief of Staff, ColGenYeromin, going up a great marble stair-case with booted sentries standing rigidlyalong the way, past alcoves holding heroic-sized bronze statues of Peter and othergreats of Czarist times. More modernstatues and paintings of Lenin seem almostan intrusion.

W e visited the Artillery Museum,once the Imperial Army's artillery

cantonment, and truly the most impres-sive collection of artillery and other ord-nance that I have ever seen. Devotees ofthe AK-47, for example, would be thrilled

Most somber moment of the entire trip was the ceremonial visit to the PiskaryovskoyeCemetery outside Leningrad where 482,000 victims of the Nazi siege of 19421943 areburied Most are civilians. Burials are in mass graves, each containing 15,000 bodies.Incised letters on the wall form a poem to the memory and indomitable spirit of thedead Funeral dirges are played through an excellent but unseen public address system.

to see the virtually complete collection ofKalashnikov's assault rifle development.

We also visited the Frunze Naval Acade-my. roughly the equivalent of our NavalAcademy, which occupies a palace built byPeter the Great for one of his nobles andthen taken back by Catherine the Greatfor use as a naval school. Our host was thecommandant, VAdm Koval'chuk, a

nuclear propulsion expert who was the firstcommander of the new battle cruiserKzrov. No cadets were in residence but wewere told there were about a thousand ofthem and that it was a five-year course.

It was pointed out that Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov was a graduate of the NavalAcademy. After several years' line service,he became inspector of naval bands. I

commented to one of our officer guides,as we went down the palace's long cor-ridors hung with portraits, that there werecertain parallels between Rimsky-Korsakovand our own John Philip Sousa, both intheir careers and in their work. Both, I

thought, were influenced by JacquesOffenbach. My guide smiled politely butdid not venture an opinion.

But the most moving and impressivevisit we made in Leningrad was to the

Piskaryovskoye Cemetery outside the citywhere 482,000 victims of the siege ofLeningrad are buried. Most died not ofbullets or the shelling, but of hunger. At

the entrance to the cemetery there is aneternal flame and an honor guard thatmarches with a stiff-legged parade step. Along walk leads to a long wall, not unlikeour Vietnam Memorial. The incised let-ters on the wall, however, are not thenames of the dead, but rather are a poemto their memory and indomitable spirit.Funeral dirges, played through an excel-lent but unseen public address system, fillthe air. Going down the long walk to laya wreath, as we did, you go past squareafter square of raised earth. These are themass graves, 15,000 bodies to a grave. Astone marks each square with theyear—1942 or 1943—with a star if service-men are buried in that square or a ham-mer and sickle if the dead are civilians.The names of the dead servicemen areknown. The names of the dead civilians,who greatly outnumber the soldier dead,are not known, but of Leningrad's popu-lation of 2.5 million at the war's begin-ning, 1 million were evacuated, and ofthose who remained in the city, at least600,000 died. Thousands of Soviet citizensvisit this cemetery each day just as we havethousands each day at Arlington. Many ofthem are brides and grooms who layflowers.

We roared back to Moscow on thereturning Red Arrow express the night ofThursday, 6 April. The next day we visit-ed the Frunze Military Academy, the

equivalent of the U.S. Army's Commandand Staff College at Fort Leavenworth. Wewould do well to give a little study to Mik-hail V. Frunze. He is one of the greatheroes of the Russian Revolution and CivilWar and is regarded as a founder of theRed Army and a great military theorist. Ahandsome and dashing figure, he is credit-ed with defeating Adm Kolchak on theeastern front in 1919 and Gen Wrangel onthe southern front in 1920. He replacedTrotsky as the people's commissar for warin January 1925 and died, following anoperation, in October of that year.

T he Frunze Military Academy is a hugebuilding occupying a solid block in

Moscow. I thought to myself that this wasthe fabled academy that trained not onlySoviet officers but also so many Soviet Blocand Communist-leaning Third Worldofficers. Soviet officers enter as captainsand majors and emerge three years lateras majors and lieutenant colonels. The firstyear's instruction is at the regimental lev-el, the second year's at the division level,and the third year's at the army or frontlevel. The graduates go on to commandregiments or to be principal staff officersof higher units.

The commandant of the academy isColGen Konchits, a tall, imposing manwho along with ColGen Volkogonov is oneof the 40 or so World War II officers stillon active duty.

Col Portugalisky heads the military his-tory department and, judging from theorientation lecture he gave us, is an in-spired teacher. His department not onlyconducts the history instruction at theacademy, but also gives advanced-degree-level training to the uniformed militaryhistorians, of which there are many, in theSoviet forces.

Next we made a formal call on ColGenBranislav A. Omlichev, a Deputy Chief ofthe General Staff. He is a short, dark-haired man, rather brusque in mannerand much younger than ColGensVolkogonov and Konchits. He received usin an elegant conference room in the oldMinistry of Defense building, a buildingin the old style which contrasts sharplywith the adjacent flat-sided marble-facednew Ministry of Defense which is called"Moscow's Pentagon." ColGen Omlichevwas one of those who chose to regard usas BGen Stoffi and his staff rather thana delegation representing separate and in-

The walls of Moscow i Kremlin (Citadel) enclose a number of carefully restored churches,some dating back to the 15th Century, each with its complement of traditional gold-leafed onion" domes. In the foreground is the famed 'Czar's Gun." "Uè preservethese things,"a guide said, "to do honor to the nameless craftsmen who createdthem."

8

dependent historical agencies. Dr. Gold-berg, the OSD historian, gave anexemplary exposition of the compositionof our delegation and our respective view-points, but ColGen Omlichev chose toshrug this off.

"Our way," he said, meaning a

monolithic approach to history, "I thinkis better."

T he day ended with another con-ference at the Institute of Military

History with Gen Volkogonov and theprincipal members of his staff. This con-ference included breaking up into smallgroups to discuss subjects of special in-terest. In extension of my remarks at theopening session, Dr. Spector and I metwith a genial, overweight colonel whospoke English; a rather reticient Navy cap-tain second-class; and an intense younglieutenant colonel. It soon became obvi-ous that none of the three had anyknowledge of the American post-war oc-cupation of North China which involvedthe III Amphibious Corps, or of thepresence of U.S. Marine and Navy ele-

ments in China until the Communists' fi-nal victory in 1949. Soviet militaryhistories, as translated into English, attrib-ute the defeat ofJapan to the destructionof the Japanese Kwantung Army by the"August Storm," the massive invasion ofManchuria, with the Pacific campaignsand the explosion of the atomic bombsbeing only incidental to the victory. Thoseof us who were in North China immedi-ately after the war saw no Russians,although we knew they were to our north,and to us the Kwantung Army appearedremarkably intact. This led to a long dis-cussion on importance of viewpoint andperspective in history.

This Friday meeting ended the businessof the conference. Saturday, 8 April, wasspent in a tour of the Kremlin, with em-phasis on the Armory which equates to theTower of London in that it houses thecrown jewels and other incredibly richicons and artifacts of Czarist days (as, forexample, Catherine the Great's gold-leafed summer coach).

"We preserve these things," said ourMarxist-oriented guide, "to do honor to

the nameless craftsmen who createdthem."

T hat evening we went to the BolshoiTheater and had box seats (once

again I was "Prince Vronsky") as the guestsof ColGen Volkogonov and his wife. Ga-lina, at a superb performance, coinciden-tally, of Rimsky-Korsakov's "The GoldenCockerel."

Next morning, as we prepared to departfor the airport, it was suggested that wevisit the Institute of Military History onceagain, this time to witness the ballotingthat was in progress. A red banner over theentrance proclaimed that this was a poll-ing place. Inside it could have been elec-tion day in an American schoolhouseexcept the surroundings were infinitelymore splendid and a continental break-fast was being served to the voters.

Quite by chance as we left the Institutewe met Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev, hewho along with Adm Crowe had put thisseries of exchange visits into motion, nowretired but in full uniform, on his way tovote in the election. L1131775L11

Longtime Museum Exhibits Chief Carl M. 'Bud' DeVere Retires

A fter 14 years with the MuseumsBranch as exhibits chief, Carl M.

"Bud" DeVere retired last December. Dc-Vere, also a retired Marine Corps mastersergeant, was responsible for redesigningand reinstalling the exhibits from the oldmuseum at Quantico into the new MarineCorps Historical Center in the Washing-ton Navy Yard.

Bud's accomplishments were legion. Hedesigned and mounted numerous majorexhibitions in the Museum's special ex-hibits gallery, including "Through theWheat," on Marines in World War I;"From Dawn to Setting Sun," on Marinesin World War II; "Arms and Men," a his-tory of infantry weapons; and the currentlyshowing "The Eagle and the Dragon," onMarines in the Boxer Rebellion of 1900.Additionally, a number of large art ex-hibits were shown in the gallery with hisassistance.

Too numerous to detail were his smallerexhibits which were mounted in the Muse-um, at Headquarters Marine Corps, theNaval Academy at Annapolis, the Penta-gon, Quantico, and elsewhere in the

by Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret)Deputy Director for Museums

Washington area. Most important was hisdevelopment of modular exhibits con-tained in easily portable, 3x4-foot casesand dealing with themes on Corps histo-ry and tradition.

F inally, on staff visits to both theParris Island and San Diego command

museums, he assisted in gallery and ex-hibit design and construction and movedand reinstalled the entire "From Dawn toSetting Sun" exhibit at Parris Island.

DeVere placed an indelible stamp onthe Museum with his artistic, tasteful, andimaginative exhibits which received ac-claim from all quarters. He was recognizedofficially for all of these superlativeproductive efforts by the award of theMeritorious Civilian Service Medal andunofficially by a retirement luncheon atwhich he received many testimonials andmementoes from his friends andcoworkers.

After the usual period for advertising avacant civilian position and making aselection, Ms. Nancy Christin reported onboard 22 May. She brings with her a

9

wealth of hands-on display constructionand artistic design experience from the re-tail store world. Her most recent positionwas head of displays at the Woodward andLothrop department store at Tyson's Corn-er, Virginia. Before that she headed dis-plays for the Army-Air Force ExchangeSystem for the Southeastern United States.

1111775 El

Carl M. 'Bud' DeVere, Sr., left, is congratu-lated on retirement by BGen Edwin H.Simmons at a Historical Center assembly.

Acquisitions

Museum Enriched by Flurry of Donations

T he Marine Corps Museum recentlyhas received several significant dona-

tions of uniforms, medals, accoutrements,and personal papers, among which is a re-cent gift made by Dr. William M. Dittoof Greensboro, North Carolina. Dr. Dit-to donated a footlocker with the Ameri-can Expeditionary Forces Indian-headinsignia painted on it, formerly belong-ing to his father, lstLt Holton Y. Ditto,USMC. It contains a soap dish, the sew-ing kit Lt Ditto was issued at boot campat Parris Island, and his campaign hat,Sam Browne belt, brown leather leggings,khaki summer-service and green winter-service uniforms, and his personal papersand memoir, which document his ex-periences and career in the Marine Corps.

Lt Ditto served with the 97th Compa-ny, 6th Regiment, 2d Division, AmericanExpeditionary Forces, and fought in thebattles of Verdun, St. Mihiel, Blanc Mont,and the Meuse-Argonne. He was awardedthe Silver Star for his heroism in the bat-tle of Blanc Mont.

Mrs. Ruth Richards Cummings ofWashington, D.C., donated a silver-tippedbamboo swagger stick. This swagger stickwas carried by her father, MajGen GeorgeRichards, USMC, as a young officer dur-

BGen Edson L. Lyman's medals includedthe elegant Chinese and Netherlands Ord-ers, respectively, at bottom right.

ing the Boxer Rebellion. Then-MajRichards was awarded the Brevet Medaland promotion to lieutenant colonel in1901 for his performance of duty in thatexpeditionary tour in China. Gen Richardsserved for 43 years and was Paymaster ofthe Marine Corps from 1916 to 1936, whenhe retired. Gen Richards' swagger stick isamong the oldest in the Museum's col-lection.

T he Museum received a donation oftwo other unusual swagger sticks from

Mrs. Ruth Coleman Bogert of Stafford,Virginia. These wooden swagger stickshave silver tips and at the top of each isa Haitian coin, one a twenty-cent coin andthe other a ten-cent coin. The swaggersticks were acquired by Mrs. Bogert'sfather, former Marine Mr. Joseph L. Cole-man, when he was stationed in Haiti. Boththe Richards and Coleman swagger stickshave been exhibited recently, along withother important sticks.

From the estate of recently deceasedBGen Edson L. Lyman, USMC, the Muse-

10

um received uniforms that span his careerin the Marine Corps from Nicaragua toWorld War II and the Korean War. Alsoreceived were Gen Lyman's impressive col-lection of medals and decorations, amongthem the Legion of Merit with Combat"V,' Navy-Marine Corps Medal,Nicaraguan Medal of Merit, Chinese Ord-er of the Cloud and Banner, and theNetherlands Order of Orange-Nassau withSwords.

Then-LtCol Lyman received the Orderof Orange-Nassau with Swords in 1946from Queen Wilhelmina of the Nether-lands "in recognition of his distinguishedand outstanding service rendered to theNetherlands government in connectionwith the organization and training of theRoyal Netherlands Marine Brigade in theUnited States during World War II." Asa colonel, Gen Lyman was awarded theLegion of Merit with Combat "V' for hisservice on Okinawa in World War II. TheMarine Corps Museum's Personal PapersCollection received the general's personalpapers, officers' commissions, and the roy-

by Jennifer L. GoodingRegistrar

From his personalphotograph album, then-2dLt James P. Berkeley, third from right,posed with colleagues in Peiping, China, in 1932. LtGen Berkeley, retired and livingin Virginia, also provided a rare book of snapshots taken in Nicaragua in 1 927-28.

a! decree and other papers relating to theOrder of Orange-Nassau.

M r. Philip C. Frey of Randolph, Ver-mont, donated a large photograph

taken in 1886 of Marines at the tomb ofPresident Ulysses S. Grant. This is one ofthe older nineteenth century photographsin the Personal Papers Collection, andamong the rarer in that it shows Marinesof the period performing ceremonialduties.

The Personal Papers Collection alsoreceived several fine collections of personalpapers, photograph albums, diaries, andscrapbooks from various donors. The es-tate of BGen Victor F. Bleasdale, USMC,donated his medals, memorabilia, andpersonal papers, which include then-CaptBleasdales's photographs and patrol note-books from Nicaragua. These notebooksdate from 1927 to 1929 and provide in-sight into Bleasdale's experiences while sta-tioned in Nicaragua fighting Sandino andother bandits. Also in the collection arephotographs of Bleasdale and members of

his company in World War 1. Some showthe remaining members of his companyafter heavy fighting in the battles ofBel!eau Wood, Soissons, Meuse-Argonne,and Blanc Mont. Gen Bleasdale's medalsand some of his photographs were recentlyput on exhibit.

F rom LtGen James P. Berkeley, USMC(Ret), of Virginia Beach, Virginia, the

Museum received a variety of personalpapers, photographs, and memorabiliadocumenting his 38 years in the MarineCorps. Included in the donation were twophotograph albums, one containing snap-shots taken in Nicaragua when Berkeleywas an enlisted Marine from 1927-28, andthe other containing pictures of Peiping,China, when then-2dLt Berkeley was amember of the Marine detachment at theAmerican Legation there.

The Nicaragua album consists of pho-tographs of Marines going about theirdaily routines, as well as in training, andphotographs of the inhabitants of thecountry. In China Berkeley took pictures

of many of the temples, palaces, and othersights around Peking.

These photographs dramatically illus-trate the interaction of the Marines andthe inhabitants of Nicaragua and Chinain their day-to-day lives.

Col Henry S. Miller, USMC (Ret), ofJ enkinstown, Pennsylvania, sent the Per-sonal Papers Collection a transcript of a di-ary from 3 March to 13 November 1943and a copy of a personal 'Records of Oper-ation" journal he kept from 28 November1943 to 5 January 1944 as executive officerof VMF-214 in the Solomon Islands. Thetranscript and journal are significant be-cause they are contemporary accounts ofthe period, unclouded by passing time.Col Miller kept day-to-day accounts of pi-lot's missions, daily rosters, records of dailyflights, and experiences of several wellknown Marine Corps aviators. One pagein the "Record of Operations" journaldescribes the day, 3 January 1944, whenMaj Gregory "Pappy" Boyington was shotdown by Japanese aircraft over Rabaul,New Britain. L111775L1

Costumer Rescues 100-Year-Old Marine Drum Major's Hat

T he Theatre Development Fund ofNew York City recently donated a

circa 1875 drum major's busby (referred toas a hat in various official Marine CorpsUniform Regulations) to the Marine CorpsMuseum. Ms. Lynn Hoffman was workingfor Costume Collection, a non-profittheatrical costume service, when the bus-by was given to the Museum. She recog-nized the busby as a rare piece and spokewith her husband, Peter Dervis, about it.Mr. Dervis, a recognized authority on mili-tary uniforms, confirmed her suspicionsabout the busby through preliminaryresearch. They then contacted the Muse-um and took the necessary steps to haveit donated to the Museum from theTheatre Development Fund.

The collection rarely receives nineteenthcentury artifacts, especially one-of-a-kinditems. The busby has been modified asseen in the photograph, most probably bya costumer. Originally, this astrakhanlambskin busby would not have had theU.S. Army infantry insignia, tassel, andplume as shown. In its original configu-ration, it would have the gilt chin strap;scarlet cloth "bag" on top and partially

by Nancy F KingCurator of Uniforms

down the left side; gilt cord and tassel; anda red, white, and blue plume on the rightside. According to successive Marine CorpsUniform Regulations, this particular bus-by was used from at least 1875 to 1916.From 1859 until the adoption of this bus-by, a slight variation was used. It sporteda red pompon in center front instead ofa plume and had a leather chin strap.

In December 1916 the busby wasdropped and a visored frame cap, thesame type and dimensions as the regularenlisted dress cap, was adopted. It wasmade of scarlet cloth with a band of mo-hair braid between the welts at the top andbottom of the band. There was black braidon the top of the crown that was patternedthe same as the undress commissionedofficers' cap — the traditional quatrefoil.The visor, buttons, chin strap, and Corpsdevice were all the same as the regular en-listed dress cap.

T he disappearance of the busby fol-lowed prevailing practices in Europe,

as the colorful uniforms of the nineteenthcentury were replaced by the drab, utilitar-ian garb of modern warfare. Aside from

11

Made of astrakhan lambskin, the busbywould have had a red white, and blueplume on the right when used by Marines.

a very few ceremonial units, their fate wassealed by World War I. However, thisdirection was reversed when the MarineBand's drum major again changed fulldress headdress in 1968. The headdressadopted then and still worn today is thebearskin busby which is similar to thoseworn by the five guard infantry regimentsof the British Army. 1111 775U

Marine Generals Resurvey Lessons of Civil War Battlesby J. Michael Miller

Curator of Personal Papers

T he bloodiest day in American mili-tary history occurred on 17 Septem-

ber 1862 along the banks of AntieamCreek in western Maryland. The armies ofGen Robert E. Lee and MajGen GeorgeB. McClellan battled to a bloody stalemateat a combined cost of 23,110 casualties ofapproximately 100,000 men engaged.

This battle was chosen by the Comman-dant, Gen Alfred M. Gray, as the first"staff ride" in a series of battle studies forgeneral officers in the Washington-Quantico area. Conduct of the programwas tasked to the History and MuseumsDivision, headed by BGen Edwin H. Sim-mons, USMC (Ret).

At 0630, 16 April 1988, three busloadsof 44 Marine officers, including 23 gener-al officers, departed from HeadquartersMarine Corps for Antietam to participatein the staff ride and to apply the lessonslearned to today's Marine Corps. Each par-ticipant had been provided an individu-alized read-ahead package containingbooks, extracts of after-action reports,memoirs, personal letters, and other piecesof data relating to the battle. During theday the Marine officers played the roles ofthe civil-war-era officers they had been as-signed, such as Gen Lee and MajGenMcClellan, and other less well known lead-ers from each army, and used the infor-mation from their notebooks to "refight"the battle from their individual per-spectives.

T he participants were divided onto twobuses carrying the officers studying

the Confederate command, and a thirdthose involved with the Union's Army ofthe Potomac. Each bus was guided by agroup leader assigned by Dr. Jay Luvaasof the Army War College, the ac-knowledged dean of Civil War fieldstudies, who provided expert assistancethroughout the project. Each bus retracedas far as was possible the route used by therespective commands to the battlefield,and participants were able to view the ter-rain as had, in 1862, the particular armyto which they were assigned.

At 1300, the three groups joinedtogether for the seminar portion of theday. Gen Simmons headed a modern ver-sion of the Congressional Joint Commit-tee on the Conduct of the War, as SenatorBen Wade, chairman of the committee.Each officer responded to questions tak-ing the role of his particular assignments,including those playing Presidents Abra-

ham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis.Although several of the Civil War officersactually were killed in action, theirmodern counterparts still had to answerfor their actions at Antietam to this com-m i ttee.

Gen Gray closed the day by summariz-ing the many lessons learned from the bat-tle. He reminded his assembled officersthat the value of studying history cannotbe underestimated. The use of terrain ap-preciation by Lee is still of interest to theMarine Corps today, as is the great mo-bility of the Confederate army despite itslack of equipment and provisions.

The Valley Campaign

Q n 27 March 1989, five helicopterslifted off from Brown Field, Quan-

tico, Virginia, to fly through 127 years ofmilitary history, back to the year 1862. Thehelicopters flew almost due west to tourand study the celebrated campaign ofMajGen ThomasJ. "Stonewall" Jackson inthe Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Thecampaign has been examined by militarymen of many nations as a classic exampleof an inferior army defeating a far superi-or one by maneuver and leadership.

On board the helicopters were GenGray and 31 other general officers fromHeadquarters Marine Corps and Quantico.The group again was escorted by Gen Sim-mons and members of the History andMuseums Division. Gen Simmons and hisstaff had been challenged by the Com-mandant to create a succinct ShenandoahValley battle study.

Gen Gray, fourth from right, questioned officers representing both Union and Con-federate armies over their analyses of the battles, following the lunch served at VMI'sLejeune Hall Host for the visit to VMI was Col William H. Dabney, second from right.

The Commandant andthe other general ojficers participating in the Valley 6'ampaignstaff ride touch down in their CH-46 helicopters on the parade deck of the ViiginiaMilitary Institute in Lexzngtc:i, where a tour and the concluding seminar were held

12

Recognized as one the great campaignsin military history, the Shenandoah Val-ley Campaign is also one of the most con-fusing of all Civil War operations.Preparation of the study presented a realproblem of briefly interpreting events ina logical and understandable way. Thecampaign consisted of six distinct battlesand numerous skirmishes and cavalry ac-tions. Three separate Union armies wereinvolved in the campaign at differenttimes and the small Confederate force Un-derJackson marched over 250 miles in lessthan a month, often doubling back on it-self to defeat the Union hosts.

Logistical problems for the staff ridealso had to be met. Crowded sched-

ules of the general officers involved meantthat the ride had to be restricted to oneworking day. Sixteen officers were to betransported from HQMC and an equalnumber from Quantico. To reach the Val-ley from the Washington, D.C., area overland represented a considerable expendi-ture of time even to visit the nearest batt-lefields. A suitable location also wasneeded for the seminar to amplify the fun-damentals of the campaign and to sum upthe lessons of the ride as they apply to theMarine Corps today.

The time and space factors were solvedby HMX-1, The squadron provided thebasic transportation and observation plat-forms, CH-46 helicopters. Routes werechosen that reconstructed those marchedby Jackson's forces and historically impor-tant sites selected for overflight. Commu-nication inside the noisy "birds" was to befacilitated by the use of printed signs, heldin the passenger cabin by preselectedflight monitors.

Prominent Civil War historians, includ-ing Dr. Luvaas; Col Richard Smith, USMC(Ret), of the Lee-jackson Foundation; andMr. Keith Gibson and Dr. Cash Koenigerof the VMI faculty. were asked to partici-pate and lend their knowledge and exper-tise. The staff of the Marine CorpsHistorical Center began to research and

prepare complex read-ahead notebooks toprepare each officer well in advance of theride. Ms. Evelyn A. Englander and J.Michael Miller provided much of theimpetus for the gathering of relevant in-formation. Paul W. Hallam and Mrs.Patricia E. Morgan provided crucial serv-ices in finding repositories around thecountry which would lend books and Xe-rox rare manuscripts. Each notebook con-tained maps specially created by Mr. W.Stephen Hill of the battle areas, back-ground reading on the campaign, andschedules of events.

T he participants first were divided intotwo groups, Union and Confederate,

allowing each officer the opportunity tosee the campaign from the point of viewof a particular side. To further place them-selves in the characters of Civil Warofficers, members of the North and Southgroups were then subdivided into fourteams to each side, each team playing therole of a particular general or other perso-nality prominent in the battle. The note-book presented to each participantcontained information on the general thathis group was to represent, such as offi-cial reports, personal letters, and bi-ographical information.

With read-ahead packages complete,the Marine generals were prepared for afull day in the Shenandoah Valley. Thehelicopters touched down near Harrison-burg, Virginia, at 0800 and each par-ticipant promptly boarded either a Unionor Confederate tour bus for a view of thebattlefields of Cross Keys and Port Repub-lic, the concluding actions of the Valleycampaign. The Union tour was led by Dr.Luvaas, with the Confederate tour beingled by Mr. Miller.

For the next three hours, the Marineswalked and rode through the battlefields,tracing the routes of their respective ar-mies. In contrast the Antietam staff ride,most of the land occupied by the Valleybattlefields is in private hands. However,the local citizens appeared more than hap-

13

py to allow the visitors to walk the bat-tlefields. The officers on the Confederatetour dodged cattle as they hiked acrossfarm fields and splashed across coursingmountain streams, tracing the exact loca-tion of the Confederate attacks, to see theterrain exactly as the armies did in 1862.The Union tour used back roads to exa-mine the Northern perspective with sixdifferent stops at critical points on thebattlefields.

After the bus tours, the Marine gener-als re-boarded the helicopters for an aeri-al reconnaissance of the ShenandoahValley, to view the confluence of rivers andmountain passes and to overfly principaltowns and road networks. The culmina-tion of the flight was the view of themountainous battlefield of McDowell, oneof the most inaccessible sites of the CivilWar.

T he choppers then set down on theparade deck of the Virginia Military

Institute for the concluding seminar anda tour of the campus and the nearbygrounds of Washington and Lee College,where the officers saw the burial place ofGen Lee and the classroom of Gen Jack-son. The tours were given under theauspices of Col William H. Dabney,USMC, head of the NROTC unit. Thegenerals received tours personally guidedby cadets who had chosen to enter the Ma-tine Corps upon graduation.

The seminar took place in VMI'sLejeune Hall, where the participants hearda discussion of Jackson by author ByronFarwell, and a review of VMI's relationshipto the Civil War by Gen Simmons. Thetour leaders were then called upon tomake short summations of the campaignfrom their respective sides, followed by theCommandant, who made his own sum-mation of the value of studying the Val-ley campaign for the modern-day MarineCorps.

He began by questioning the differentgroups on each side over their analysis ofthe battle. Gen Gray pointed out that theMarine Corps has often been called uponto fight in situations where friendly forcesare heavily outnumbered. It is these timeswhen the qualities of leadership whichwon the Valley Campaign for Jacksoncome into play. Such effective disciplinewithin the ranks and knowledgeable useof terrain asJackson's are elements whichwould influence the outcome of any bat-tle at anytime, he said. L111775L1J

Assisting in the extensive arrangements and in conducting the i-ide was Col Marguerite

I. ('amphel/. seated at /e/ center /ormer Deputy Director for Marine Corps History.

Lejeune's Senior Officers Learn the Lessons of Bentonville

rave Union troops who fought atBentonville," rang out the toast,

followed by complementary, "Brave Con-federate troops who fought at Benton-ville." These salutations were given duringa mess night hosted by then-BGen DonaldR. Gardner, Commanding General, Ma-rine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, on thebattlefield of Bentonville, North Caroli-na. The mess night was a component ofa professional military seminar, also knownas a "staff ride," presented by Gen Gard-ner for the senior officers of CampLej eu ne.

Following the toasts, the assembled Ma-rine officers listened to remarks by theguest of honor, MajGen Orb K. Steele,Commanding General, 2d Marine Divi-sion, and were then treated to music bythe reconstructed band of the 11th NorthCarolina Infantry regiment, a body ofCivil War enthusiasts who play authenticinstruments and use period arrangementsand instrumentation. With the at-mosphere of the Civil War well estab-lished, the officers retired to their tents toponder the lessons of the battle and pre-pare for a battlefield tour and variousbriefs on the fighting the following day.

Each participant had long before begunto study the Bentonville campaign, foughtabout 70 miles west of Camp Lejeune. The

by j Michael MillerCurator of Personal Papers

battle was the largest and bloodiest to oc-cur in North Carolina, taking place on20-21 March 1865. Approximately 60,000Union troops commanded by MajGenWilliam T. Sherman marched into thestate, continuing their devastation of theheartland of the Confederacy. This samearmy had conducted the famous "Marchto the Sea" through Georgia in the lastmonths of 1864 and had continued almostunopposed into South Carolina.

Sherman was now opposed by theConfederate Army of Gen Joseph E.

Johnston comprised of 25,000 men. Clear-ly heavily outnumbered, Johnston gam-bled on halting the Union advance bystriking the Federals at Bentonville.Although initially the Confederate ad-vance was successful, Sherman was able tobring the full force of his army to bluntJohnston's attack. The movements that ledto the battle of Bentonville foreshadowedthe end of the Confederacy outside Vir-ginia. as Sherman cut the rail lines lead-ing to the Confederate capital atRichmond and the army of Gen Robert E.Lee. Johnston surrendered his force toSherman on 26 April 1865.

To effectively study the campaign andbattle, Gen Gardner started the formalphase of the staff ride with a presentation

of the details of the battle by the Finan-cial Management School's officer class. Thepresentation was prepared with computergraphics equipment which allowed themovement of forces to be projected on alarge screen while officers in period uni-forms provided narration and analysis ofthe battle. The mission of the class hadbeen to come up with a thesis as to whythe Confederacy lost the battle and to findthe lessons of warfighting that can be ap-plied today.

The class concluded that the Confeder-ate commander, Gen Johnston, lost thebattle by failing to provide proper avenuesof logistical support for his army and, in-deed, by poorly fighting his army duringthe campaign itself, forgetting many of thefundamental principles of war. Theseprecepts were brought home by GenGardner, who summed up the session bysaying, "This was not just to study histo-ry, but moreover to see how we as com-manders can draw some conclusions fromlessons learned at the battle of Bentonvilleand apply them strategically to thefuture."

T he seminar continued in animportant phase of individual study,

using a prepared reading list. Eight titleswere selected, with over half concentrat-ed on the Union commander, Gen Sher-man, and his march to the sea. One of thebooks was devoted exclusively to the sub-ject of supply by the infamous Civil War"sutler," a civilian contractor who followedthe armies selling all manner of goods tothe soldiers to supplement their regularsupply system, the PX of the day.

Both of the initial phases of study ledto a visit to the battlefield itself. Theofficers composing the study group leftCamp Lejeune at 1300 on 7 March and ar-rived at the site of the battle two hourslater. The staff ride began with an in-troduction to the battlefield park and atour of its museum, both conducted bythe park historian, John C. Goode, inperiod costume.

Mr. Goode then presented an explana-tion of the operation of Civil War fieldhospitals, at the Harper House, actuallyused as a hospital by the Union's XIV

Staff ride participants prepare to fire a Civil War-era artillery piece without the as-sistance of modern computers. Ride sponsor BGen (now MajGen) DonaldR. Gardnertold the men they well might apply the operational lessons learned to the future.

14

Corps at the time of the battle. Operat-ing tables covered with straw, bandages,woolen batting to stuff into wounds, aswell as period surgical instruments,

.orought alive the grim cost of the battle.More than 4,000 casualties were sufferedby both armies during the battle.

The evening was concluded by the messnight, which included the period bandconcert, enabling the assembled officersto further imagine themselves as being in-volved in the battle of 124 years before.

Reveille sounded at 0600 and the as-sembled officers began the day with a two-hour brief summarizing the situations ofboth armies, as well as a detailed blow-by-blow presentation of the battle itself. Thegroup heard two appraisals, Confederateand Union, examining the campaign fromthe strategic, operational, and tactical per-spective and with appropriate analysis.Also included in the brief was biographicalinformation concerning the prominentgenerals on both sides, sutlers, chaplains,engineers, the ambulance corps, and thepolitical situation in North Carolina at thetime of the battle.

W ith the details of the battle freshin their minds, the officers em-

"barked on a two-hour tour of the grounditself, conducted by Mr. Goode. The par-ticipants walked the fields and pine forest,

examining the gun pits and artillery posi-tions on both sides. Gen Gardner summedup the tour, saying, "By coming out onthe battlefield, we can see the terrain asthe commanders saw it in 1865. You canapply the same tactical considerations tosituations you might find yourself in now,situations like how to move your LAVs andartillery across the one bridge on MilesCreek, or where you can deploy your in-fantry battalions."

The day was concluded by an artillerydemonstration conducted by Mr. Goode,using members of the seminar to form thegun crew. The "volunteers," undaunted bythe lack of any computerized firingmechanism on the Civil War artillerypiece, performed admirably.

"We can see lessons to be learned fromthe past," according to now-MajGenGardner, through reading, research, anda lot of hard work." Eli 775E1

Guided through historic Harper House by park historian John C. Goode, center werethen-BGen DonaldR. Gardner Camp Leleune Commanding General, left, and messnight guest of honor MajGen Orb K. Steele, 2dMarzne Division Commanding General

Historical Quiz

Commandants of the Marine Corpsby Lena M. Kattot

Reference Historian

Name the officers who were Commandants of the MarineCorps when the following events occurred:

1. The British marched into Washington, burning publicbuildings, but spared the Commandant's House.2. Marines captured John Brown at Harpers Ferry.3. The Marine Corps emblem, the eagle, globe, and anchor,

was approved.4. First Lieutenant Alfred A. Cunningham became the first

Marine Corps aviator.5. Marines were first assigned to guard the mails as a result

of a rash of mail robberies.

6. Marines raised the flag atop Mt. Suribachi during the bat-tle for Iwo Jima.

7. The amphibious landing by the 1st Marine Division atInchon during the Korean War.

8. Colonel John H. Glenn, Jr., made the first manned or-bital flight.

9. The Commandant of the Marine Corps became a full,voting member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

10. Marines of the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit made anassault landing on the island of Grenada.

(Answers on page 18)

15

Military Museum Heads Visit Russian Counterparts

E ight American Service museumdirectors and staff members, includ-

ing the Deputy Director for Marine CorpsMuseums, visited Moscow and Leningradin late February and early March. Theywere guests of the Russian delegationwhich visited U.S. museums last Decem-ber, as reported in Fortitudine (Winter1988-1989).

The visit was the first of a series of "mili-tary contact activities" between the U.S.Department of Defense and the SovietMinistry of Defense arranged by Adm Wil-liam 3. Crowe, Jr., and Marshal Sergei F.Akhromeyev. (See also "Memorandumfrom the Director" on page 3 of this issue.)

After a lengthy air trip delayed byweather the Americans arrived severalhours late in Moscow and almost immedi-ately were whisked off to the BolshoiTheater where, from a State Box, they wit-nessed a beautiful rendititon of the Frenchballet "Giselle."

I n subsequent days we experiencedbehind-the-scenes visits to the Central

Museum of the Armed Forces, KremlinArmories Museum, and the Battle ofBorodino Panorama and Museum. A highpoint was a visit to the Institute of Mili-tary Art where we viewed the paintings of35 artists and visited them in their studios

by Col Brooke NihartDeputy Director for Museums

where they were painting reconstructionsof historical events, portraits, and currentmilitary activities including events in Af-ganistan and Nicaragua.

A trip of about 40 kilometers southeastof Moscow brought us to "Star City," theCosmonaut training center and museumincluding the Mir space station trainer andthe office of lost Cosmonaut Gagarin. Atthe nearby town of Moino in a snowfall wefound the Soviet Air Force Museum un-der the direction of LtGen Sergei Y. Fed-erov, who had visited us in December. The

museum offered many exciting aircraft;the vaunted Stormovik tank killer ofWorld War II; the TU-144 supersonictransport; the world's largest helicopter;Russian copies of our B-29 and C-47/R4D;as well as complete collections of MiGsfrom the MiG-3 of World War II to thecurrent MiG-25 and MiG-29.

A quick flight to Leningrad introducedus to the new AN-72 twin-jet STOL

transport. Once there we visited theCzarist period Admiralty building; theCentral Naval Museum; the Museum ofArtillery, Engineer, and Signal Troops;Peter and Paul Fortress; Winter Palace andHeritage Museum; Catherine the Great'sSummer Palace; and the historic cruiserAurora. The Aurora, built in the 1890s,participated in the Battle of TsushimaStraits against the Japanese in 1905. Wewere informed that it was damaged, butescaped to Manila where it was repairedin an American shipyard while an Ameri-can hospital treated the crew's wounded.This revelation was in keeping with glas-nost, as it was not mentioned during thewriter's previous visit to the cruiser. In 1917the Aurora's crew fired the shot from itsforward 6-inch gun that signaled the startof the October Revolution.

During the visit we met on three occa-sions with senior, colonel-general level,military officers. Their message was the

(Continued on page 23)

The Americans visited 'Star City," 40 kilometers south of Moscow. and saw the Mirspace station trainer above, and other features of the Soviet cosmonaut training centerThe Soviet Air Force Museum in nearby Moino has a complete collection of MiG aircraft.

With Soviet hosts on Red Square are Col Nihart. fifth from right, and other membersof the US. delegation. In the background are St. Basil's Cathedral and Lenin 'c Tomb.

16

Videotape Describes Marine Artist's 50-Year Career

ackson, Harry Andrew PFC,USMCR 519123," born 18 April

1924 at Chicago, Illinois, was neatly filedbetween "Jackson, Harry Andrew" ofPhiladelphia and "Jackson, Harry, Jr." alsoof Chicago, all Marines wounded in action.The buff-colored, 4" x 6" card in thecasualty files in the library of the MarineCorps Historical Center also shows "ENL:11 Dec 1942 at Chicago, Illinois. KIN: Mrs.Ellen G. Jackson, mother, 5210 DorchesterAvenue, Chicago, Illinois." And "HISTO-RY: 20 Nov 43 Wounded in action at Tara-Wa, Gilbert Islands—shrapnel wound,head."

While drawing was a passion forChicago-born Jackson since age five, healso rode and loved horses, and at age 14he ran away from home to go out Westand become a cowboy. Many a young laddreams of this; young Harry did it. Heworked as a lumberjack and ranch hand.He also continued to draw and improvedon his natural talent—honing skillslearned at the Chicago Art Institute atSaturday classes—when he wasn't bone-tired, soaked, saddle-sore, or frost-bitten.

When as a young adult he became aMarine, his art talents were immediatelyput to use during the campaign at Tara-wa. Jackson, attached to 2d Marine Divi-sion intelligence operations, made terrainreconnaissance sketches. He doubtlesslydrew his fellow Marines and scenes of bat-tle on his own time, for at the age of 20he was appointed the Corps' youngestcombat artist, a sort of "battlefield com-mission," which he exercised at Roi-Namurand Saipan.

some, in effect, "volunteer caretakers" ofthis precious Marine Corps legacy.

In 1945, jackson was represented in apowerful exhibit of Marine Corps combatart, opening at the Corcoran Gallery of Artin Washington, D.C., then travelling tothe Museum of Modern Art, New YorkCity, and the Tate Gallery in London.While he was "being shown" he was also"being heard," as the narrator for thedocumentary film To The Shores of IwoJima and, after discharge in October 1945,as an actor on radio.

Recently, the Marine Corps HistoricalFoundation purchased for the HistoricalCenter the University of Wyoming video-tape Harry Jackson: 50 Years ofArt. Jack-son narrates most of it in a voicereminiscent of that of authorJohn Stein-beck reading one of his short stories or arumbling in the bottom of a wooden rainbarrel. The tape has already been used asa tutorial for one young combat-artistaspirant and three veteran combat artistswho may disagree on many things exceptHarryJackson being "one hell of an artist."

A fter the war, Jackson went to NewYork to study with Jackson Pollack

and gain exposure to non-representationalart, went back to art school on the GI Bill,and traveled to Mexico where recurring

In the 1944 ink sketch with watercolor wash, 'Hot Sand—Tarawa, 'Jackson includedMarine BAR man, grenadier radioman, and wounded in a coconut -log formerJapaneseposition. Jackson also portrayed Marines in the Roi-Namur and Saian campaigns.

T he reproductions of Jackson's draw-ings and paintings illustrating this ar-

ticle are some of the very few of his in theMuseum's Art Collection. After WorldWar II and the Korean War, with no offi-cial repository for art available to theCorps, many pieces were returned to theartists and many others were somehow "ac-quired" by others after use for exhibit, orsimply retained after use for publication.Luckily, some—but far too few—itemshave been returned to the Art Collectionby the artists themselves, as well as by

17

by John T Dyer JrCurator of Art

Almost recovered from a head woundreceived at Tarawa. PFC Harry A. Jacksonposed/or a snapshot in 1943. At age 20and attached to the 2d Marine Division,he was appointed the Corps youngestcombat artist, a 'battlefield commission.'

pains related to his Tarawa wound and thestress of intense study decided him toreturn to New York. He had two one-manshows and quit art school to wash dishesand work on construction jobs in order toeat and purchase art materials. In 1954,Jackson travelled to Europe to study theold masters. He studied by drawing fromthe museum-hung works, not copying butinterpreting, mentally rejecting and ac-cepting, allowing he had just whiffed thebreeze of artistic knowledge.

Jackson's honest humility and the factthat he sought and chose his own path andhad the courage to follow it, gain himmany admirers. He is counted as one ofthe foremost painters and sculptors of theAmerican West today. He'll finish a sculp-ture to serve as a model for a painting, andportions of the finished painting will sug-gest more sculptures. He was a gnat's hairaway from going to Vietnam for the Ma-rine Corps as a civilian artist in 1967 andmight have bowed to the persuasion ofprogram director Col Raymond Henri,USMCR, had Jackson not already beencommitted to finishing his 56-foot-widemural "River, Road and Point" for the FortPitt Museum in Pittsburgh. Today HarryJackson has studios in Italy and Wyomingand splits his time between them.

LIl1 775 LII

In a role similar to that of artist PFC Jackson was this Combat Photographer onSaipan in 1944. Jackson off cially made terrain reconnaissance sketches during intelli-gence operations and on his own drew his professional co/leagues and fe/low Marines.

Readers A/ways Write

It's World War I, But Those Riflemen Are Not MarinesBRITISH RIFLES

You'll probably get a hundred letters onthis one, but the caption in the last For-titudine (Chronology: The Marine Ex-perience in World War I," Winter1988-1989) is in error.

Those are British soldiers because of theSMLE II rifles. There is only one weaponwhich could be considered like the pro-file of a 1903 rifle. Hence, they could notbe U.S. Marines.

Robert J. BoydOffutt AFB, Nebraska

EDITOR'S NOTE: Mr Boyd who is Chiefof the History Division for the StrategicAir Command with his letter provokedreexamination of the photo, and its appar-ently erroneous caption. in the Center'sreference files. Material History CuratorKenneth L. Smith-Christmas believes theindividuals pictured may be US. Army in-

fantrymen of the either the 27th or 30thDivision, who are known to have usedBritish- manufactured rifles.

UNDERAPPRECIATED OFFICER

The article by Benis M. Frank, "Nota-ble Amphibious Doctrine Papers Given toCenter" (Fortitudine, Winter 1988-1989),was well written and extremely accurate.Gordon Craig did us a valuable service ata time when we needed it. He made othercontributions as well.

Enjoyed the appreciation of JulianSmith ("Memorandum from the Director,"Winter 1988-1989), a much under-appreciated officer due to lack of flamboy-ance. Interesting photo portrait of him onpage 3. We seldom saw the old specialfull-dress except on pot-bellied formerCommandants. I remember Goettge inthat uniform in the early Thirties —White

18

House aide. An inspiring sight. However,the uniform shown onjulian C. is not thatof a first lieutenant but a second lieu-tenant.

Gen Merrill B. Twining, USMC (Ret)Fallbrook, California

Answers to Historical Quiz

Commandants of the Marine Corps(Questions on page 15)

1. LtCol Franklin Wharton (1814)2. Col John Harris (1859)3. BGen Jacob Zeilin (1868)4. MajGen William P. Biddle (1912)5. MajGen John A. Lejeune (1921)6. Gen Alexander A. Vandegrift (1945)7. Gen Clifton B. Cates (1950)8. Gen David M. Shoup (1962)9. Gen Louis H. Wilson (1980)

10. Gen Paul X. Kelley (1983)

Renowned Vietnam War Leader Gen Walt Dies at 76by LtCoI James D. Rogers, USA (Ret)

G en Lewis W. Walt, USMC (Ret),died on Easter Sunday, 26 March,

at the Naval Home in Gulfport, Mississip-pi. Gen Walt, the first four-star AssistantCommandant of the Marine Corps, wasborn on a farm near Harleyville, Kansas,on 16 February 1913, one of 13 children.He lost both of his parents by the time hewas 16 years of age and worked his waythrough high school and college.

His involvement with the military be-gan at age 16 upon enlistment in theColorado National Guard, where hewould be wearing the chevrons of a firstsergeant in six years.

Before completing his studies at Colora-do State University, where he received adegree in chemistry, the future general ofMarines gained recognition as an athleteand as a leader. He was twice president ofhis class and, as a senior, was the presidentof the student body, co-captain of thefootball team, captain of the wrestlingteam, president of the chemistry club,captain of the Scabbard and Blade ROTCfraternity, and was the lieutenant colonelof the Army ROTC program. Playingguard and tackle on the football team, hewas selected as an all-conference guard. Hewas the javelin hurler on the track teamand the heavyweight entry on the wrest-ling team.

U pon graduation from college, he was:offered a position with du Pont as a

chemist; in line for a tryout with theChicago Bears football team; received acommission in the Army as a distin-guished ROTC graduate; offered a positionas the assistant football coach at theColorado School of Mines under his form-er high school coach and Sunday Schoolteacher; and, as the result of being con-tacted by a Marine Corps representative.given the opportunity to enter the Corpsas a commissioned officer. The decisionwas made to enter the Marine Corps and,

LtCoI James D. Rogers. USA (Ret,), wasUS. Army liaison officer to the III MarineAmphibious Force in Vietnam. and laterwas Army representative to the EducationCenter, Marine Corps Development andEducation Command Quantico. Virginia.

1 Jul 1936, a distinguished career was be-gun which would entail service in threewars and in "every clime and place" as aleader of Marines.

Lieutenant Walt's instructor and pla-toon leader at the Basic School was thelegendary Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller (Theywould serve Corps and country togetheragain.). After graduating with honors,Walt's first foreign duty was in Shanghai,China, where as a platoon leader, hehelped to protect the International Settle-

Gen Lewis l P7a11, USMC (Ret)

ment. He next served as a platoon com-mander at the Marine Barracks on Guamfrom 1939-40. In 1941, he reported forduty as a company commander at theOfficer Candidate School at Quantico,Virginia. He volunteered to join the 1stMarine Raider Battalion in 1942, and, asthe commanding officer of Company A,led the first company into combat on theisland of Tulagi and received the Silver Starfor his first day in combat. In September1942 he was transferred to the 5th MarineRegiment and after six weeks of intensivecombat as a battalion commander, waspromoted to lieutenant colonel for distin-guished leadership and gallantry in com-bat and was awarded the Navy Cross. Therecommendation for his field promotionto lieutenant colonel, signed by Col Mer-ritt A. Edson, stated in part: "Through-out the entire period that Major Walt hasbeen under my observation, he has proved

19

himself to be an aggressive leader, abso-lutely fearless in combat and a most abletactician. In every case, he has handled histroops and the weapons under his controlso that his unit has had fewer casualtiesthan any other organization of compara-ble size engaged in the operations."

R eturning to combat in 1944, follow-ing recovery from wounds, he led the

2d Battalion, 5th Marines in the assaultagainst enemy forces on Cape Gloucester,New Britain, and shortly thereafter was as-signed as the executive officer of the 5thMarines. In the middle of this campaign,he was ordered to take command of the3d Battalion, 5th Marines, during its in-tense battle for Aogiri Ridge. A Gold Starin lieu of a second Navy Cross was award-ed to LtCol Walt in recognition of his"tireless, aggressive, and skillful leadershipin inspiring the officers and men of thebattalion as he visited the companies, un-der constant heavy enemy fire, and reor-ganized the battalion, enabling it torepulse an enemy counterattack". Later,again as the regimental executive officer,LtCol Walt personally emplaced a 37mmgun into position, enabling the neutrali-zation of an enemy position which hadblocked the advance of the unit. In hishonor, "Aogiri Ridge" was named "Walt'sRidge" by BGen Lemuel C. Shepherd, theassistant division commander.

Post-war assignments included duty asthe chief of tactics instruction, OfficerCandidate School, Quantico, and as theG-3 of the 1st Marine Division. Hereturned to Guam to serve as the G-3 ofthe Marine Brigade and as the brigadechief of staff. Promoted to colonel in 1951at the Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, hereturned to combat, this time in Korea,in 1952, as the commanding officer of the5th Marines and as the chief of staff andG-3 of the 1st Marine Division. During hiscommand of the 5th Marines, the regi-ment was the target of some of the blood-iest Chinese attacks against the 1st

Division.Subsequent post-Korean War assign-

ments included service as the command-ing officer of the Basic School at Quantico;assistant director of personnel at Head-

quarters Marine Corps; member of theJoint Advanced Study Group of the JointChiefs of Staff; assistant division com-mander, 2d Marine Division; and direc-tot of the Landing Force DevelopmentCenter, Quantico.

In 1965, he was promoted to majorgeneral and assigned as the commandinggeneral, 3d Marine Division; commander,III Marine Amphibious Force; senior ad-visor, I Corps, for the Vietnamese forces,and also as I Corps naval force com-mander, all in Vietnam. He was promot-ed to lieutenant general in 1966 byPresident Johnson, during a brief officialtrip to the United States. His commandin Vietnam included all Army, Navy, AirForce, and Marine units in the I Corps Tac-tical Zone.

It was during his two-year assignmentin Vietnam that his name became synony-mous with his Marines in combat. As dur-ing his previous combat assignments, hewas devoted to spending as much time aspossible with the combat units and ensur-ing that the morale, comfort, and supportof his men were all as high as possible.Upon completion of his assignment inVietnam, LtGen Walt was assigned toHeadquarters Marine Corps as the deputychief of staff for manpower.

In 1968, he was promoted to generaland assigned as the Assistant Comman-dant of the Marine Corps. Gen Walt re-tired from active duty in 1971, but notfrom a full-time schedule of public speak-ing and service to his country.

In addition to the two Navy crosses andthe Silver Star Medal, Gen Walt wasawarded two Distinguished Service Me-dals; the Legion of Merit with Combat"V"; two Purple Hearts; two PresidentialUnit Citations; the Navy Unit Commen-dation; and numerous other awards fromthe United States, Korea, and Vietnam.He was a graduate of the National WarCollege and received an honorary doctorof laws degree from his alma mater,Colorado State University, and from Bar-ry College, Miami, Florida.

G en Walt, who at the time of hisretirement had more combat on the

battlefield than most other living Marines,now rests in combat utilities among manyof his Marines at the Quantico NationalCemetery. Th775L11

F urthermore, the campaigns werecarefully selected to fill gaps in the

Museum's art collection. As a secondaryselection criterion, recipients who hadbuildings named for them received pri-ority, in expectation that the placing ofa new painting in the building wouldstrengthen the Marine Corp's com-memorative naming program.

A list of possible candidates wasdrawn up by ad hoc committees com-posed of division staff members. TheFort Riviére scene was chosen as a pilotbecause it satisfied all the requirementsand covered a period which was not wellrepresented in the art collection.

Research began shortly thereafterand continued for some months. Bu-tler's autobiography, Old Gimlet Eye,was used as the basic storyline, but thisaccount was double-checked for accura-cy by the examination of other sources.In the Personal Papers Collection, Bu-tler's own letters to his family, CaptChandler Harris' diary, and the origi-nal map of the fort were the corner-stones of the research, as was a

document from the Reference Sectionfiles which detailed the uniforms,equipment, and weapons used in thisfight. Maj Thomas Thrasher's article,"The Taking of Fort Riviére" in the 1931issue of Marine Corps Gazette was agreat help, as it also showed pictures ofthe fort within hours of its capture andshortly before it was completely des-troyed by Marine dynamite.

A fter the research had beencompiled in the Division's stan-

dard art research script format, the ar-tist began to conceptualize the sceneand produce several sketches whichblocked out the individuals and thebasic design. Once approved, thedetailed work began in earnest, as pho-

Then-BGen Smedley D. Butlertographic sessions with appropriatelyuniformed models and artifact selectionwere planned. From this series of pho-tographs, taken on a morning at theMuseum's storage and research facility,the artist was able to start on the de-tails of the scene.

At her studio, the artist had a sam-pling of the artifacts from the Muse-um's collection to be shown in thepainting, as well as several small armson temporary loan from local privatecollections. At each stage of the paint-ing, comments were invited and the en-tire work was reviewed on a monthlybasis at Historical Art Committeemeetings.

The final result was unveiled thisspring. A reproduction of it has beenmounted in the Commandant's Cor-ridor at the Pentagon (see Fortitudine,Winter 1988-1989) in the section devot-ed to MajGenComdtJohn A. Lejeune.The original is slated to hang in the oldPost Headquarters and former MarineCorps Museum at Quantico, when it islater formally designated as Smedley D.Butler Hall.

Neary Painting Illustrates Smedley Butler's Sneak Attack(Continued from page 24)

Subscription Service Offered by GPO for Fortitudine ReadersThe U.S. Government Printing Office is now offering single copies and one-year

(four-issue) subscriptions to Fortitudine, Bulletin of the Marine Corps HistoricalProgram.

There are varying charges for both the individual issues and subscriptions. Informa-tion for ordering either is available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern-ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The basic order number forsubscriptions is 708-084-00000-0. L11775L11

20

Mentioned in Passing

Distinguished Senior Marines Buried with Full Honors

MajGen Henry Reid PaigeMajGeri Henry Reid Paige, USMC

(Ret), whose last assignment before retir-ing in 1961, was as commander of the 1stMarine Division, died on 22 April inCarlsbad, California, at the age of 85. GenPaige was born in Ogdensburg, New York,and was commissioned in the MarineCorps after he graduated from the NavalAcademy in 1927. Following Basic School,he tried out for the 1928 Olympic teamas a hammer thrower. In the 1930s, GenPaige served two tours at sea and spent twoyears at Marine Barracks, Guam. Early on,he became involved with the Marine Corpsdefense battalion program, serving withthe 3d, 4th, and 5th Defense Battalionsbefore the war. Gen Paige was deployedto Iceland with the 5th Defense Battalionbefore returning to the States and otherassignments with Marine Corps artillery.In November 1943, he took command ofthe 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion inthe Pacific, and after the Peleliu operationhe returned to Pearl Harbor to form the1st Antiaircraft Artillery Group. Postwarassignments included tours at HQMC;National War College; Troop TrainingUnit, Atlantic Fleet; and Camp Lejeune,where he was base Chief of Staff and theAssistant Division Commander of the 2dMarine Division. He joined the 1st MarineDivision in Korea in 1954 as ADC and alsoserved as the Navy member of the UnitedNations Armistice Commission. Hereturned to Camp Pendleton with the 1stMarDiv and in 1955 became Director of

MayGen Henry R. Paige BGen

by Benis M. FrankHead Oral History Section

the Education Center at Quantico. Maj-Gen Paige was made G-4 at HQMC in1957. He took command of the 1st Ma-rine Division at Camp Pendleton in 1959and held that command until retiring. Hewas buried with full military honors inEternal Hills Cemetery, Oceanside,California.BGen Herbert J. B/aba

BGen Herbert J. Blaha, USMC (Ret),who was assistant wing commander of the3d Marine Aircraft Wing at the time ofhis retirement in 1977, died at the age of65 in San Antonio, Texas, on 13 April. Agraduate of the Naval Academy, he wascommissioned in 1946. Before receivinghis wings in 1951, Gen Blaha served inChina and Guam with the 5th Marines,and with the 9th Marines at CampLejeune. In 1953 he began a tour in Korea,first with VMF-311 and then withMAG-33. The following year, he was as-signed as project officer with Marine CorpsGuided Missile Unit 1, Point Mugu,California. Tours at the U.S. Naval Post-graduate School at Monterey and the Mas-sachusette Institute of Technologyfollowed. In 1959, he became air-to-surface weapons project officer in theoffice of the Chief of Naval Operations.Three years later, he went to Okinawa asexecutive officer and then commander ofMarine Air Support Squadron 2. Beforeassignment to the U.S. Arms Control andDisarmament Agency in 1965, he com-manded Marine Air Base Squadron 36 andMarine Medium Helicopter Squadron 164.

Herbert J. Blaha Then- Col Richard U2

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Gen Blaha served in Vietnam in 1968-1969as XO and CO of MAG-36. Following hispromotion to brigadier general, he was as-signed as DeputyJ-3, U.S. European Com-mand. Before his last tour of duty with the3d Marine Aircraft Wing, he was DeputyChief of Staff to CinCLant. Gen Blaha wasburied with full military honors at FortSam Houston National Cemetery on 19April 1989.

BGen Richard W HaywardBGen Richard W. Hayward, USMC

(Ret), 83, died 2 February at Fairfax, Vir-ginia, Hospital. The cause of death washeart failure. A native of New York City,Gen Hayward attended Cornell Universi-ty before enlisting in the Marine Corps in1926. He was commissioned from theranks while serving in Nicaragua in theearly 1930s. Before World War II, he servedin China and the Philippines, and com-manded Marine detachments in ships ofthe Asiatic and U.S. Fleets. He was one ofthe first officers to volunteer for the Ma-rine Corps' parachute program, and com-manded the 2d Parachute Battalion incombat. He also was executive officer ofthe 1st Parachute Regiment before theseunits were disbanded and the programended. Gen Hayward commanded the 1stBattalion, 8th Marines in the Saipan, Tin-ian, and Okinawa operations and partici-pated in the occupation ofjapan. In theinterwar period, he saw duty in the Officeof Naval Intelligence and served as chiefof staff officer of the JCS. In FebruaryHayward Then-LtCol Edson L. Lyman

Then-ColStj. R. Marshall, Jr. Then-ist LtJohn U Sapp, Jr BGen Samuel R. Shaw Col John F Hough

1951, he assumed command of the 5thMarines in Korea and fought his regimentagainst the Chinese Communist Force's"Fifth Phase Offensive" in April of thatyear. Before his retirement in March 1958,Gen Hayward served as Deputy Chief ofStaff, FMFPac; was a member of the Ad-vanced Study Group at the Naval WarCollege; was a strategy analyst on the staffof SACLant; and completed his career onthe joint Staff of theJCS. For having beendecorated in combat, he was promoted tobrigadier general on his retirement. GenHayward was buried with full militaryhonors in Arlington Cemetery on 7

February.

BGen Edson L. LymanBGen Edson L. Lyman, USMC (Ret),

85, died 22 April in El Paso, Texas. A na-tive of Michigan, he served in the Michi-gan National Guard for four years beforeenlisting in the Marine Corps in 1926. Hewas stationed in Nicaragua for two years,1927-1929, and was commissioned in 1930.In the prewar period, he served two sea-going tours and also was stationed for atime with the Marine detachment at theNew York World's Fair in 1939. Gen Ly-man commanded the 155mm Group ofthe 7th Defense Battalion in AmericanSamoa, 1941-1943, and after a short tourin the States, returned to the Pacific to be-come executive officer of the 11th Marinesfor the Peleliu and Okinawa battles. From1951 to 1953, Gen Lyman was a memberof the U.S. Naval Advisory Group to Ar-gentina and served as an advisor to the Ar-gentine Naval Academy and the ArgentineMarine Corps. His last assignment beforeretiring in 1958 was as commander of theMarine Barracks, Yokosuka, Japan. Gen Ly-man was buried with full military honorson 8 May in the Fort Bliss NationalCemetery in El Paso.

BGen St. Julien R. Marshall, Jr.BGen St. Julien R. Marshall, Jr., USMC

(Ret), who headed the Discipline Branchat HQMC at the time of his retirement in1955, died at his home in Arlington, Vir-ginia, at the age of 85 on 24 March. Agraduate of VMI (Class of 1924) and Har-vard Law School (1934), he was commis-sioned in 1924. He was assigned primarilyto JAG duties in the pre-World War IIperiod. In World War II, Gen Marshallserved as G-2 of the 1st Marine Brigade,1st Marine Division, and V AmphibiousCorps in succession, during which assign-ments he participated in the Kiska, Attu,Saipan, Tinian, and Guam landings. Af-ter the war, he was G-2 of FMFPac andserved for three years, 1947-1950, with theCIA. Gen Marshall was buried in Arling-ton Cemetery with full military honors on30 March.

BGen John W Sapp, Jr.BGen John W. Sapp, Jr., USMC (Ret),

died at his home in Dover, New Hamp-shire, on 8 April at the age of 78. He wasa member of the Naval Academy Class of1934. In 1937, he received his wings andserved as a Marine aviator until 1952,when he reverted to general service. InMarch 1943, while commandingVMTB-143 at Guadalcanal, he led a flightof 42 torpedo-bombers on a 300-mileflight to Kahili harbor, at the southernend of Bougainville, in the first aerialmine-laying operation in the Pacific. Hereturned to the States in March 1944 totake command of the Cadet Regiment atthe Corpus Christi Naval Air TrainingCenter. From 1946 to 1948, he was suc-cessively XO and CO of the air station atQuantico. After attending Senior School,he first commanded MAG-24 at CherryPoint and then became G-4 of the 2dMAW. From there he went to Naval War

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College at Newport, and following gradu-ation, he was ordered to the office of theChief of Naval Operations as a specialweapons planning officer. Before retiringin 1957, Gen Sapp served at the MarineCorps Recruit Depot, San Diego, as G-3and Chief of Staff, followed by a three-yeartour as CO of the Marine Barracks, Quon-set Point, Rhode Island. Gen Sapp was bu-ried in Pine Hill Cemetery in Dover withfull military honors.

BGen Samuel R. ShawBGen Samuel R. Shaw, USMC (Ret),

charter member and former member ofthe Board of Directors of the Marine CorpsHistorical Foundation, died at the age of78 at DeWitt Army Hospital, Fort Belvoir,Virginia, on 4 April, after a heart attack.He was born in Cleveland in 1911, enlist-ed in the Marine Corps in 1928, was ap-pointed to the Naval Academy from theranks in 1930, and was commissioned inMay 1934 upon his graduation. FollowingBasic School, he had a tour of sea duty onboard the Tuscaloosa, and joined the 5thMarines in 1936. About this time, he be-came interested in competition shooting,and was a member of the Marine CorpsRifle and Pistol Teams of 1937, 1938, and1940. He fired a" Distinguished" with therifle in 1938. At the time of the attack onPearl Harbor, then-Capt Shaw command-ed a company at Marine Barracks, PearlHarbor. In his oral history memoirs, GenShaw tells of going on horse patrol in thehills overlooking the naval base in an at-tempt to findJapanese who allegedly werespying on naval activities and flashingmessages to Japanese aircraft from theheights. LtCol Shaw returned to the Statesin 1943, and was assigned as Operationsand Training Officer, FMF, San Diegoarea. In 1944, he attended the Commandand General Staff College short course at

Fort Leavenworth. Later that year, hejoined the newly formed 6th Marine Di-vision on Guadalcanal in time to take partin the invasion of Okinawa as commanderof the 6th Pioneer Battalion. Shortly af-ter the war's end and the division's land-ing at Tsingtao, LtCol Shaw becamedivision G-4. Upon his return to the Unit-ed States in 1946, he was assigned as amember of the Marine Corps Board atQuantico, which was then very busy sup-porting the Commandant in the MarineCorps' fight for survival in the postwarunification struggles. LtCol Shaw re-mained at Quantico until 1949, when hewas assigned as Marine liaison officer toRAdm Arleigh A. Burke's OpNav23 (Or-ganization Research and Policy Division),which also was deeply involved in anotherphase of the unification fight. In late1949, he was transferred to the Plans andPolicies Division at HQMC, where he re-mained for three years, first as the shoreparty officer and then as chief of the jointAction Panel. He left for Little Creek, Vir-ginia, in 1952 to become Marine Corpsrepresentative on the Joint AmphibiousBoard, where he remained for a year, andthen was transferred to Quantico to be-come a member of the Advanced ResearchGroup, a prestigious group of colonels,who were selected for this duty to providesolutions to problems given them direct-ly by the Commandant. His subsequentassignments were to the 1st Marine Divi-sion in Korea as G-4; to HQMC as Direc-tor, Policy Analysis Branch; and then

Deputy Chief of Staff, Research and De-velopment. Col Shaw was promoted tobrigadier general in 1957 and the follow-ing year he reported in at Quantico asDirector of the Development Center andeditor in chief of Marine Corps Gazette.In 1959, Gen Shaw took command of theLanding Force Training Unit, Pacific, inCoronado, where one of the operations hiscommand studied had then-French In-dochina as its target. He retired in 1962,and was recalled to active duty and ap-pointed director of programs on the staffof the Preparedness Subcommittee, SenateArmed Services Committee. He alsoserved as an advisor to President Kenne-dy in the Cuban Missile Crisis. While withthe committee, he travelled to Vietnam 13times. In 1972, Gen Shaw became chieflegislative liaison officer for the SelectiveService System. He retired for a secondtime in 1972, when President Carter deco-rated him with the Distinguished CivilianService Award. Gen Shaw was buried withfull military honors in the Quantico Na-tional Cemetery on 10 April.

Col Lawrence H. BosshardCol Lawrence H. Bosshard, USMC

(Ret), died on 3 June of congestive heartfailure at the Veterans Medical Center inBay Pines, Florida. He was commissionedin 1942, and participated in the Tarawaand Saipan operations, and was woundedin both battles. He served in Korea as asupply officer. He retired in 1964, butreturned to active duty in 1967 to become

a financial officer during the VietnamWar. He retired a second time in 1972. ColBosshard was buried with full militaryhonors in Arlington National Cemetery.

Co/John F "Tony" HoughCol John F. "Tony" Hough, who played

on and coached the notable Marine Corpsfootball teams of the late 192 Os and early1930s, died 3 May at Olney, Maryland, atthe age of 87. A graduate of the Universityof Maryland in 1925, together with thelate LtGens Robert B. Luckey and JosephC. Burger, who also were noted MarineCorps football players, his early assign-ments were divided between normaljunior officer tours and playing and coach-ing football. He coached the Florida teamto the Fleet championship. In the 1930s,Col Hough served on the Arkansas, withthe 4th Marines in Shanghai, and with theAmerican Embassy Guard in Peking. InWorld War II, he was assigned to the 7thDefense Battalion in American Samoa,and was an observer with the 3d MarineDivision in the Bougainville operation.Following the end of the war, he was as-signed first to V Amphibious Corps in theoccupation of Japan, and then to com-mand of the 6th Marines. Before he retiredin 1956, Col Hough commanded the Ma-rine Barracks at Guantanamo Bay and wasdirector of the 6th Marine Corps Reserveand Recruitment District in Atlanta. Hewas buried with full military honors inArlington National Cemetery on 9 May.

Ei1775E1

Soviet Treatment 'First-Class'(Continued from page 16)

same: we were allies once, we should beso again; we should cooperate for peaceand economic progress; the Yalta Treaty(which gave the Soviets hegemony overeastern Europe) was a grand thing andshould be maintained and extended.

One of our most interesting visits wasto the Kantamirovsky Tank Division about50 kilometers southwest of Moscow. It isa Category 2 division, about 50 percentmanned, but it is also a show unit and oneof those which parades through RedSquare. We visited barracks, guard house,sick bay, laundry, club, and theater, andhad an opportunity to talk with soldiersat almost every stop. High points were aregimental training building with 27 class-

rooms, one of which contained a T-64 tankand another a tracked APC; the divisionfarm where much of the unit's food isgrown; and a regimental theater which in-cluded the unit's "Hall of Battle Glory,"which is a small motivational museumtracing the regiment's participation in the"Great Patriotic War"—World War II—with maps, photographs, and battlefieldrelics.

Our reception and treatment was firstclass throughout with military and museo-logical comradeship the theme. We werebilleted in the Ministry of Defense hotelin Moscow and the naval dacha in Lenin-grad. Meals were in the Russian mode andin good quality and sufficient quantity.Travel by car was preceded by a militarypolice escort with blue and red lightsflashing, all giving us a feel for how thenomenclature dines and travels. Vodka was

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strangely absent from all official meals andreceptions, although Soviet wine andchampagne was available. Upon inquiryit was explained that the military was set-ting an example in support of PresidentGorbachev's anti-strong drink campaign.

R ussian military museums are impres-sive in size, excellence of presenta-

tion, and depth of collections—44,000flags and 14,000 small arms at the Cen-tral Armed Forces Museum alone. Staffsare more than commensurate with muse-um size, with 70 professionals out of a to-tal of 300 in the principal museum.

The exchange was an exciting experiencein comparative museology, military sys-tems, economy, and culture. Whether thebilateral military exchange program,however, produces any serious or long last-ing result remains to be seen. L111775E1

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHEADQUARTERS U.S. MARINE CORPS

\2LASHINGTON. D.C. 20380

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Smedley Butler's Raid Subject for Marine Artistby Kenneth L. SmithChristmas

Curator of Material History

T he first Marine historical battlescene painted by noted artist Maj

Donna J. Neary, USMCR, has recentlybeen accessioned by the Marine CorpsMuseum's art collection. Maj Neary hascompleted other battle art for the Na-tional Guard Association, and she is wellknown as a painter of military portraitsand highly detailed prints and illustra-tions of military subjects.

The subject of the Marine battle sceneis the capture of Fort Riviére by Marinesunder then-Maj Smedley D. Butler in1915. In the foreground of the painting,Maj Butler and two of his men burst intothe derelict mountain fort which was be-ing used as a hideout by a band of Hai-tian bandits or "Cacos."

While the attacking force was tem-porarily stalled outside a debris-chokeddrainage tunnel, Sgt Ross Jams crawledthrough the tunnel, firing at the sur-prised Caco sentry. Butler's orderly, PvtSamuel Gross, followed Jams, with Bu-tler close behind.

Once into the sunlit fort, the threekept up a sustained fire on the surprisedgarrison until the balance of Butler'sforce could claw through the tunnel andforce the surrender of the insurgents.

This action, on the morning of 16November 1915, capped Butler's three-pronged assault on Fort Riviére and sig-nalled the end of the First Haitian Cam-

paign. All three men subsequently wereawarded the Medal of Honor for theirheroism.

The idea for this work came as theresult of a meeting held to select MajNeary's ongoing Reserve project while amember of Mobilization Training UnitDC-7. It was determined that Maj Nearywould undertake a series of historicalpaintings, similar to those of Col Charles

H. Waterhouse, USMCR (see Fortitu-dine, Fall 1986 and Spring 1987).However, whereas Col Waterhouse'spaintings focus on 19th century am-phibious and expeditionary operations,Maj Neary's series would highlightselected Marine recipients of medals ofvalor in the actions for which the deco-rations were awarded.

(Continued on page 20)

BULK RATE

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

USMC

PERMIT NO 0-63

Portrayed by Maj Neary, Maj Butler, flanked by Sgt Jams and Pvt Gross, burstsinto the Haitian fort in the 16 November 1915 action against the bandit 'Cacos.

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