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7/31/2019 Formulating and Implementing Sector-wide Approaches in Agriculture and Rural Development

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__50. Fn h` fh`u hjnc) fn` fb h` |fimo} ju`js qhmoh hjs fb`n sifq`c h`c`r`if|g`n fb j bpii _QJ| ms c`ej` jefp h` bpii fu |jumji |umrjmsjmfnfb s`urmo`s (Ahjnj) Sjntjnmj) Gftjgemzp`-. Mn Rm`njg) m ms `smgj`c hjh` |umrj` s`ofu) hfps`hfics) sj` bfu`su} `n`u|ums`s jnc off|`ujmr`s

qmii joofpn bfu 2< |`uo`n fb h` mnr`sg`n mn h` bfu`s s`ofu fr`u h`

n`x :0 }`jus. Sh` mnsmpmfnji bujg`qfuk) jnc |jumopijui} h` Bfu`s

_`ofu _p||fu \jun`ushm| (B__\-) ms nf }` u`|u`s`njmr` fb |umrj` s`o'

fu jofus jnc j k`} ohjii`na` bfu c`r`if|mna j bpii _QJ| qmii e` qhj m

n``cs f iffk imk` mn j s`ofu qh`u` |peimo `x|`ncmpu` ms spesjnmjii}

fr`ushjcfq`c e} |umrj` s`ofu mnr`sg`n.

Jmc gjnja`g`n

_52. J k`} `g`uamna h`g` ms hj jimang`n jnc hjugfnmsjmfn) qhmi` o`nujif h` _QJ| ofno`|) ojn fb`n e` u`j`c js `nc mn h`gs`ir`s ujh`u

hjn js j g`jns f johm`rmna sufna`u ofpnu} s}s`gs jnc e``u c`r`i'

f|g`n u`spis. Qhmi` h` a`n`uji mg|u`ssmfn ms fn` fb aujcpjii} mg|ufr'

mna jmc gjnja`g`n pnc`u _QJ|s h`u` ms ofno`un hj h` jgfpn fb

mg` jnc u`sfpuo`s e`mna c`rf`c f epmicmna h` |ufo`ss juohm`opu` ms

mg|fsmna jccmmfnji epuc`ns fn j q`jk omrmi s`urmo` jnc ms j h` ofs fb

`nspumna hj `xmsmna jnc n`q u`sfpuo`s ju` c`imr`umna gfu` `bb`omr`

mnr`sg`ns jnc s`urmo`s mn upuji ju`js.

_51. Qhmi` jmc gjnja`g`n ms mg|ufrmna) ujnsjomfns ofss u`gjmn hmah bfuefh afr`ung`n fbbmomjis jnc cfnfus. Cfnfu HZ |fimom`s) |ufopu`g`n

|ufo`cpu`s jnc i`aji bujg`qfuks ofnmnp`) mn sfg` ojs`s) f e` jn fesj'

oi` f hjugfnmsjmfn `bbfus fn h` aufpnc) js cf`s ofnmnp`c |ufimb`ujmfn

jnc |jujii`i jmc gjnja`g`n supopu`s. Shms j||im`s f cmbb`u n c`au``s

`r`n mn ofn`xs qh`u` h` njmfnji'i`r`i cmsopssmfn jufpnc jmc `bb`omr`'

n`ss ms zpm` jcrjno`c) js mn Sjntjnmj) Rm`njg) Nmojujapj jnc

Gftjgemzp`.

_58. Qhmi` h` _QJ| ofno`| hjs jiqj}s oijmg`c f e` ofnsms`n qmh j npg'

e`u fb cmbb`u`n bpncmna gfcjimm`s) h` cfgmnjn |j`un mn gfs fb h`ojs`s u`rm`q`c ms smii |ufd`o jssmsjno`. Sh` ofggfn bpnc pnc`ui}mna

\UFJAUM mn Gftjgemzp` ms h` gfs mg|fujn g`ohjnmsg bfu ohjn'

n`iimna bpncs) ep gpoh jssmsjno` u`gjmns |ufd`oms`c jnc ofnumepfus f

h` bpnc hjr` rjum`c fr`u mg`) qmh sfg` fb h` ijua`s bpnc`us nf

u`n`qmna h`mu jau``g`n f ofnmnp` bpncmna jb`u 5

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G@__JA@_

_5=. Sh` `rfipmfn fb A`n`uji Epca` _p||fu (AE_- mn jii fb h` ojs` ofpnum`s

hjs a`n`uj`c sfg` ujnsjomfns ofss sjrmnas qhmi` |ufrmcmna j sufna

o`nu` f |fimo}gjkmna |ufo`ss`s hj hjr`) mn sfg` mnsjno`s) mg|ufr`ch` ofn`x bfu s`ofu j||ufjoh`s. Hfq`r`u) mn h` ojs` fb Sjntjnmj) Ahjnj

jnc Gftjgemzp` h`u` u`gjmns j sufna |u`b`u`no` e} afr`ung`n jnc

|jumopijui} cfnfus f u`jmn j gmx fb jmc mnsupg`ns) |jui} js j qj} fb

cmr`usmb}mna umsk jnc |jui} js j qj} fb `x|ifumna ofg|i`g`nju} `nu}

|fmns mnf cmbb`u`n i`r`is fb |fimo} gjkmna. Mn Sjntjnmj h`u ms h` rm`q

hj h` J_C\ hjs `ss`nmjii} |uf`o`c j bfops fn jaumopipu` mn h` bjo`

fb ofg|`mmfn ofgmna bufg h` gpoh ijua`u jnc gfu` |fq`ubpi \AE_.

Qhmi` hms gj} e` h` ojs` h`u` ju`) n`r`uh`i`ss) umsks jjoh`c f j qmc`

cmr`usm} fb bpncmna gfcjimm`s mnoipcmna j |f`nmji ijok fb spsjmnjemim}) j

ijok fb `bb`omr` offucmnjmfn jnc j cmr`usmfn fb sojuo` afr`ung`n fbbmomjismg` mnf gjnjamna hfq bpncmna ms gfemims`c jnc jqj} bufg hfq f |p m f

e`s ps`. J k`} ohjii`na`) nf`c mn h` Sjntjnmj u`|fu) ms f `nspu` hj js

gpoh `xmsmna |ufd`o bmnjnomna ms mnoipc`c pnc`u h` _QJ| js zpmoki} js

|fssmei` jnc hj h` c`r`if|g`n fb n`q |ufd`os ms bpii} jiman`c qmh h`

j||ufjoh jnc |umnom|i`s pnc`ui}mna h` _QJ|.

\FIMO] G@__JA@_

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IMO]

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@nspumna j oi`ju imnk e`q``n h` njmfnji c`r`if|g`n suj`a}&\U_ jnc

h` s`ofu suj`a} jnc jomfn |ijns;

@nspumna hj bmnjno` jnc |ijnnmna bpnomfns j s`ofu i`r`i ju` bpii}jiman`c qmh njmfnji s}s`gs jnc hj mn`u'gmnms`umji offucmnjmfn ms

ejok`c p| e} hmah i`r`i |fimmoji i`jc`ushm|

@nspumna hj s`ofu G"@ bujg`qfuks ju` `ge`cc`c qmhmn njmfnji s}s'

`gs) |jumopijui} qmhmn \BG s}s`gs;

@nspumna hj g`ohjnmsgs bfu nfn'afr`ung`nji ofnspijmfn jnc |jumom'

|jmfn `xms j njmfnji jnc spe'njmfnji i`r`is.

Ofg|jmemim} e`q``n njmfnji jnc spe'njmfnji suj`am`s jncc`r`if|g`n bujg`qfuks

_?5. Gfs _QJ|s ju` e`mna bfugpij`c jnc mg|i`g`n`c mn ofn`xs hj ju`

jisf c`o`nujimsmna. J k`} ohjii`na` ms hfq f gjk` h` _QJ| |ufo`ss)

qhmoh ms mn`rmjei} zpm` o`nujims`c) ofnsms`n qmh c`o`nujimsjmfn

g`jspu`s jnc `bbfus f sp||fu ifoji c`gjnc'cumr`n c`r`if|g`n. Shms

mnoipc`s `nspumna jc`zpj` offucmnjmfn j ifoji afr`ung`n i`r`is) h`

ujnsb`u fb bpncs jnc su`nah`nmna oj|jomm`s bfu `bb`omr` |ijnnmna) epca'

` gjnja`g`n jnc c`imr`u}) jnc mn`aujmna h`s` |ufo`ss`s j h` ifoji

afr`ung`n i`r`i.

A`mna `x`unji u`sfpuo`s fn'epca` jnc imnkmna s|`ncmnac`omsmfns qmh G"@ cjj

_??. Jn mg|fujn |ju fb cfnfus ofggmmna f j ofpnu}'i`c _QJ| ms `nspumna

hj jmc bifqs ju` bpii} u`bi`o`c) jifnasmc` cfg`smo u`sfpuo`s) mn h`

G`cmpg S`ug @x|`ncmpu` Bujg`qfuk (GS@B- jnc jnnpji epca`. Sh`

ojs`s fb h` \GJ mn Pajncj jnc J_C\ mn Sjntjnmj ju` oi`ju fn hms mssp`.

Shms cf`s nf g`jn |pmna bpncs fni} hufpah j AE_'}|` mnsupg`n) ep

m cf`s g`jn bpii ujns|ju`no} jnc u`|fumna fb cfnfu bifqs mn imn` qmh

njmfnji epca`& GS@B oijssmbmojmfns. Bpii u`|fumna fb cfnfu bifqs f h`

s`ofu jiifqs bfu au`j`u o`ujmn} jufpnc afr`ung`ns |peimo s|`ncmnac`omsmfns.

_?3. @nspumna bpii mn`aujmfn fb `x`unji u`sfpuo`s mnf h` njmfnji epca` ms j

n`o`ssju} ep nf j spbbmom`n ofncmmfn f mg|ufr` `x|`ncmpu` gjnja`'

g`n jnc s`urmo` c`imr`u} fpofg`s. M ms jisf rmji hj j spbbmom`ni} oi`ju

`rmc`no` ejs` ms mn |ijo` f dpsmb} s`ofu |umfum} `x|`ncmpu`s mn h` bjo`

fb ofg|`mna oijmgs bufg fh`u s`ofus. Shms |fmns f h` mg|fujno` fb

imnkmna gfnmfumna jnc `rjipjmfn cjj qmh \BG cjj f mnbfug h` |peimo

`x|`ncmpu` c`omsmfns jnc h` u`sfpuo` jiifojmfn |ufo`ss. Bfu s`ofus imk`

J"UC hj hjr` hmsfumojii} ifs'fp mn h` ejuajmnmna fr`u jccmmfnjiepca`ju} u`sfpuo`s) `nspumna hj G"@ cjj ms imnk`c mn qmh \@G&\BG

cjj ms fb rmji mg|fujno`.

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\

FIMO]G@_

_JA@

_Jimang`n jnc hjugfnmsjmfn g`jns nf `ncs_?0. J sufna g`ssja` `g`uamna bufg jii fb h` ojs` spcm`s ms h` mg|fujno`fb u`jmna jimang`n jnc hjugfnmsjmfn js g`jns nf `ncs. Sh` ohjii`na`

bfu C\s ms f `nspu` hj h` bfops fn |ufo`ss jnc |ufo`cpuji ohjna` ms

nf sf ofg|i`x jnc jgemmfps sf js f oufqc fp h` bfops fn c`r`if|g`n

u`spis. Sh` `x|`um`no` sf bju ofnbmugs hj hjugfnmsjmfn jnc jimang`n

ju` oummoji) |jumopijui} bfu jokimna cfnfu cmshjugfn} jnc |ufimb`ujmfn)

ep pnimk` sfg` fb h` uh`fumo spuufpncmna _QJ|s) h`} ju` j n`o`ssju}

ep nf j spbbmom`n ofncmmfn bfu sufna`u |fimom`s jnc e``u |fimo} fp'

ofg`s. Shms gj`us gfu` fn h` mnsmpmfns hj pnc`u|mn s`ofu afr`u'

njno` jnc h` c`au`` fb mn`unji jimang`n jnc ofggmg`n f s`ofu |fi'

mo} ja`ncjs jnc h` johm`r`g`n fb u`spis. Sh` g`ssja` h`u` ms hjjimang`n jnc |u`cmojemim} ju` rmjii} mg|fujn mn h` shfu upn qhmi`

`bbfus jufpnc hjugfnmsjmfn ju` imk`i} f mn`nsmb} js h` |fimo} jnc mnsm'

pmfnji ohjna` |ufo`ss pnbfics; jnc hj hms gj} jk` ifna`u hjn mnmmji'

i} `x|`o`c. Shms pnc`usofu`s h` n``c bfu cfnfus f `naja` mn g`cmpg f

ifna `ug jau``g`ns jufpnc h` _QJ| mb h` bpii e`n`bms ju` f e` u`j|`c.

Gfnmfumna jnc `rjipjmfn

_?2. Fn` fb h` gfu` ofg|`iimna g`ssja`s fb h` spc} ms h` q`jkn`ss fb

G"@ oj|jom} jnc ofggmg`n f u`|fumna mn j affc |`uo`nja` fb h`ojs`s. Jihfpah s`r`uji fb h` f|`ujmfns u`rm`q`c ju` u`o`n) h` ijok fb

rmsmei` u`spis sp||fu`c e} G"@ cjj mn h` gfu` `sjeimsh`c fn`s ms

`zpjii} jijugmna. Qh`u` G"@ s}s`gs hjr` e``n c`r`if|`c h` `nc`no}

ms bfu h`g f e` fr`ujgemmfps. Sh` ojs` fb \UFUPUJI mn Nmojujapj ms

miipsujmr` qh`u` h` ofnoipsmfn fb h` spc} `jg qjs hj h` |uf|fs`c

G"@ s}s`g qjs ff jgemmfps jnc ofpic e` ps`bpii} bfops`c cfqn fnf j

gpoh gfu` imgm`c gfnmfumna `x`uoms` ofgemn`c qmh jn m`ujmr` |ufo`ss

fb i`junmna; i`ss jgemmfps ep gfu` |ujagjmo jnc bfops`c fn c`imr`umna

jnc i`junmna e} cfmna. Sf sfg` `x`n hms hjs e``n h` |ufei`g bjomna h`

\GJ mn Pajncj qhmoh) ejs`c fn bjrfpujei` mnmmji ofncmmfns) u`spi`c mn jo`ujmn jgfpn fb mnsmpmfnji fr`u'su`oh. Sh` ofns`zp`no` qjs j r`u}

efic s}s`g bfu G"@ qhmoh hjs e``n |jui} pnc`ugmn`c e} q`jk mnsmp'

mfnji u`ijmfnshm|s efh hfumtfnji jnc r`umoji. Sh` \GJ `rjipjmfn nf`s

hj m qfpic hjr` e``n e``u f bfops fn a`mna ejs`imn` cjj jnc gfnm'

fumna s}s`gs bpnomfnji mn j imgm`c npge`u fb suj`amo fpofg` ju`js

bmus e`bfu` gfrmna f gfu` jgemmfps |ijns.

_?1. Sh` mg|fujno` fb gfnmfumna fb |`ubfugjno` ojn nf e` fr`usj`c. M nf

fni} jssmss h` spes`zp`n `rjipjmfn |ufo`ss ep jisf jiifqs bfu fnafmna

jcdpsg`ns f h` |fimo} bujg`qfuk jnc j||ufjoh js m pnbfics. ImnkmnaG"@ cjj qmh spur`} cjj jnc \BG cjj ms j oummoji s`| fqjucs mn`'

aujmna h` s`ofu j||ufjoh jnc h` epsmn`ss fb afr`ung`n jnc ms k`}

sjk`hfic`us. M |ufrmc`s h` ejsms bfu fnafmna |umfum} s`mna) u`sfpuo`

jiifojmfn c`omsmfns jnc |`ubfugjno` `rjipjmfn jnc ms |f`nmjii} fn` fb :0>

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_

h` gfs mg|fujn ejs`s fn qhmoh h` J"UC s`ofus ojn mg|ufr` h`mu

ejuajmnmna |fq`u mn epca`ju} cmsopssmfns jnc c`gfnsuj` oummoji rjip`'

jcc`c mn h` mnou`jsmnai} ofg|`mmr` s`juoh bfu |umrj` s`ofu mnr`sfus.

U@OFGG@NCJSMFN_

_?8. J npge`u fb u`ofgg`ncjmfns `g`ua` bufg h` spc} qhmoh ojn e` oj`'

afums`c mnf u`ofgg`ncjmfns u`ijmna f h` c`sman jnc bfugpijmfn fb _QJ|s

jnc f h` qj} mn qhmoh C\s sp||fu _QJ|s fr`u mg`. _`r`uji fb h`s` u`ofg'

g`ncjmfns ujok oifs`i} qmh hfs` mc`nmbm`c mn h` Aifeji Cfnfu \ijbfugs

u`o`n |peimojmfn Ofun`usfn`s bfu `bb`omr` jaumopipu` jnc upuji c`r`if|'

g`n |ufaujgg`s pnc`u j \EJ jnc qfuk e`mna pnc`ujk`n fqjucs h` cujq'mna p| fb j Ofc` fb Ofncpo bfu c`r`if|g`n off|`ujmfn mn J"UC[2W. U`'

ofgg`ncjmfns bfu bpuh`u qfuk&`naja`g`n e} h` \ijbfug ju` jisf gjc`.

U`ofgg`ncjmfns fn h` c`sman jnc bfugpijmfn fb _QJ|s

Ofpnu}'i`jc`ushm| fn h` rmsmfn) ja`ncj jnc sof|` bfu h` |ufaujgg` ms

oummoji jnc C\s gps `nspu` hj hms ms nf oufqc`c'fp e} c`omsmfns

jk`n fn g`ohjnmsgs jnc gfcjimm`s bfu bpncmna. _ju j h` spe's`ofu

fu spe'|ufaujgg` i`r`i mb hj |ufrmc`s j oi`ju`u ejsms bfu epmicmna j oi`ju

rmsmfn jnc u`cpomna bujag`njmfn. Ofg|i`g`njum} e`q``n njmfnji jnc ifoji s`ofu suj`am`s ms rmji.

_`ofu suj`am`s gps |ijn bfu spe'njmfnji `naja`g`n bufg h` e`amn'

nmna jnc `nspu` hj qhj ms e`mna |ufgms`c j c`o`nujims`c i`r`is ms b`j'

smei` jnc johm`rjei` jnc mn imn` qmh ijua`u u`bfug jnc |umfummsjmfn

|ufo`ss`s (|jumopijui} jufpnc \BG&bmsoji c`o`nujimsjmfn-.

G`ohjnmsgs bfu |umrj` s`ofu jnc omrmi sfom`} `naja`g`n ju` j oummoji

`i`g`n fb epmicmna ofpnu} i`jc`ushm| fb h` _QJ|. \fimo} jnc bpncmna

j||ufjoh`s hj |umrmi`a` |peimo s|`ncmna fr`u jii fh`u bmsoji mnsupg`ns

(jx) u`apijmfn) jcgmnmsujmfn- ju` pnimk`i} f |ufrmc` h` n`o`ssju}

mno`nmr`s f |umrj` s`ofu |jumom|jns f `naja` bpii} mn |ufaujgg`c`r`if|g`n jnc mg|i`g`njmfn. _|`omji mno`nmr` bpncs bfu |umrj` s`o'

fu |jumom|jmfn gj} e` u`zpmu c.

U`ofgg`ncjmfns fn sp||fumna _QJ|s gfu` `bb`omr`i}

Mn jmc c`|`nc`n ofn`xs) ofnsmc`u c`r`if|mna ifna `ug jmc ofg|jos

hj ofggm cfnfus jnc afr`ung`ns f :0'5< }`ju |jun`ushm|s qmh j

ufiimna u`spis bujg`qfuk jnc oi`ju upi`s jufpnc qmhmn'}`ju&e`q``n'

}`ju |u`cmojemim}. @joh ofg|jo qmii n``c j oi`ju `xm suj`a} ofr`umna

h` ijs ?'0 }`jus fb h` ofg|jo. @nspu` hj njmfnji sjk`hfic`us ju` mn h` i`jc e} sp||fumna |u`|juj'

mfn fb j njmfnji jmc |fimo} pnc`u|mnnmna h` jmc ofg|jo s`mna fp oi`ju

upi`s fb h` ajg` bfu |u`b`uu`c jmc gfcjimm`s jnc g`ohjnmsgs |ips jmc

gjnja`g`n mnbfugjmfn.:2

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_ \ufrmc` bmnjnomji sp||fu fn'epca` mn jii ojs`s) hufpah offucmnj`cg`ohjnmsgs js bju js |fssmei` jnc mn jii ojs`s bpii} jiman`c qmh h`

ufiimna suj`a} jnc u`spis bujg`qfuk. Jiman bmus) hjugfnms` js h` _QJ|ja`ncj pnbfics. Bfops fn u`cpomna hfs` ujnsjomfns (f||fupnm}- ofss

hj cmsujo sojuo` afr`ung`n u`sfpuo`s bufg h` ofu` epsmn`ss fb

mg|i`g`njmfn jnc johm`rmna u`spis.

@nspu` hj |ijnnmna jnc bmnjno` s}s`gs j s`ofu i`r`i ju` bpii} jiman`c

qmh njmfnji \BG s}s`gs) mnoipcmna jpcm jnc |ufopu`g`n.

Mnr`s mn |peimo `x|`ncmpu` u rm`q jnc ujokmna (\@S_- |ufo`ss`s f h`i|

ujok&gfnmfu h` `bbmom`no} jnc `bb`omr`n`ss fb s|`nc mn jaumopipuji jnc

upuji c`r`if|g`n s`ofus. @nofpuja` mnou`js`c ps` fb G"@ jnc spur`}

`rmc`no` fn h` `bbmom`no} jnc `bb`omr`n`ss fb |peimo s|`ncmna f `g|fq`u

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mn`unjmfnji ofg|jujfus qh`u` jrjmijei`.

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`bb`omr` cmjifap` qmh afr`ung`ns jnc fh`u k`} sjk`hfic`us. Jrfmc

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|umnom|i`s jnc jrfmc |ufimb`ujmna jmc gfcjimm`s.

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mn u`ijmr`i} shfu |`umfcs fb mg` mn jimang`n qmh njmfnji G"@ bujg`'

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aufqh jnc |fr`u} u`cpomfn.

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mfn jnc johm`r`g`n jajmns `x|`o`c fp|ps. Ofpnu} `rmc`no` ms qfr`n

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c`r`if|g`n hufpah e``u offucmnjmfn e`q``n sjk`hfic`us jnc (e- f

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u`sfpuo`s. Sh` j||ufjoh f s`urmo` c`imr`u} qjs f e` c`gjnc'cumr`n)

mnrfirmna qh`u` j||uf|umj`) fpsfpuomna fb s`urmo`s f NAFs jnc |umrj`

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aujgg` J_C\ (Efx ?- qjs cp` nf dps f h` GfJ ep f j sufnai}

`naja`c Gmnmsu} fb Bmnjno`. Pnimk` Pajncj) hfq`r`u) h` |ufo`ss fb gfr'

mna bufg h` \U_&J_C_ f h` bmnji J_C\ qjs |ufujo`c mn Sjntjnmj

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jnc |fr`u} u`cpomfn bujg`qfuk mn h` bmus \U_) jnc fnafmna |fimo} cms'

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?.:= Sh` s`ofnc ohjii`na` ms `nspumna hj bpncs ju` jrjmijei` j ifoji i`r`is

bfu mg|i`g`njmfn. Mn jaumopipu`) c`o`nujimsmna s|`ncmna c`omsmfns ms j

affc j||ufjoh e`ojps` ifoji n``cs f mg|ufr` jaumopipuji |ufcpomrm} ju`fb`n ofn`x s|`ombmo. Gjkmna spu` hj h` bpncs bifq jnc bifq |u`cmojei}

ms j gjdfu jsk) hfq`r`u. Sh` J_C\ s`s jn jgemmfps |ijn fb s|`ncmna jn

mncmojmr` jgfpn fb 10 fb fji bpncs j cmsumo i`r`i hufpah Cmsumo

Jaumopipuji C`r`if|g`n Aujns (Efx 2-. Sh` ofun`usfn` fb h` j||ufjoh

im`s mn h` |ufcpomfn fb Cmsumo Jaumopipuji C`r`if|g`n \ijns. Sh`

J_C\ ms f e` mg|i`g`n`c hufpah h`s` |ijns qhmoh `g`ua` hufpah j

supopu`c |ufo`ss fb rmiija` jnc qjuc'i`r`i g``mnas bjomimj`c e} cmsumo

sjbb. Juapjei} h` emaa`s ohjii`na`s ju` h` zpjim} fb h`s` |ijns jnc

qh`h`u h`} qmii i`jc f j ofh`u`n j||ufjoh bfu jaumopipuji c`r`if|g`n

j h` ifoji i`r`i) jnc qh`h`u bpncmna qmii e` |u`cmojei` jnc joofucmna fh` bfugpij. @jui} `x|`um`no` hmns j sfg` |ufei`gs. Mn Dpi} 5

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EFX 24 Sh` bfugpij bfu cmsumo'i`r`i bpncmna mn h` Sjntjnmj) J_C\

Sh` J_C\ |ijns f s|`nc oifs` f 10 fb fji bpncs j cmsumo i`r`i hufpahCmsumo Jaumopipuji C`r`if|g`n Aujns (CJCAs-. Sh` `x|`ncmpu` ms fb hu``

}|`s4 oj|jom} epmicmna aujns) `x`nsmfn aujns jnc jaumopipuji c`r`if|g`n

(mnr`sg`n- aujns. @joh aujn }|` hjs qf ofg|fn`ns. Sh`u` ms j bfugpij'

ejs`c aujn (psmna cjj fn npge`u fb rmiija`s (8

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?.5: Qhmi` j spoo`ss mn gjn} u`s|`os) h`u` hjr` e``n cmbbmopim`s mn ufiimna

fp h` N_OA) nf i`js e`ojps` fb epca`ju} ofnsujmns mg|fs`c e} h`

o`nuji afr`ung`n GS@B. Shms ms j oummoji mssp` bfu h` \GJ. Fn h` fn`hjnc) jnc mn h` s|mum fb gjmnsu jgmna h` afr`ung`ns |fr`u} u`cpo'

mfn ja`ncj) h`u` ms nf s`|juj` epca` bfu h` \GJ. \GJ jomrmm`s ju`

g`jn f e` |umfumms`c e} \GJ imn` gmnmsum`s jnc ja`nom`s qmhmn h`mu

u`s|`omr` epca`s. Fn h` fh`u hjnc) jnc |jui} cp` f cmjifap` qmh

mn`unjmfnji c`r`if|g`n |jun`us) h`u` hjs e``n j a`n`uji shmb mn h`

ofg|fsmmfn fb |peimo s|`ncmna fr`u spoo`ssmr` \fr`u} @ujcmojmfn Jomfn

\ijn (\@J\- fqjucs h` sfomji s`ofus. Sfa`h`u qmh mah o`mimnas

mg|fs`c e} h` GS@B) hms hjs `nc`c f sk`q h` njmfnji epca` jqj}

bufg h` |ufcpomr` s`ofus. Qhmi` |ufcpomr` s`ofu mssp`s hjr` ajmn`c

au`j`u |ufgmn`no` mn h` ij`s \@J\ u`bi`o`c mn h` npge`u fb jomfnsims`c mn h` \U_O gjumx u`ij`c f |umrj` s`ofu aufqh jnc ofg|`mmr`'

n`ss GfB ofno`uns jefp oufqcmna'fp hjs imgm`c h` jemim} fb u`i`rjn

imn` gmnmsum`s f `x|jnc `x|`ncmpu`s fn |ufcpomr` jomrmm`s. Sh` AE_

`rjipjmfn nf`s hj) js j ofns`zp`no`) h` AfP hjs e``n pnjei` f bpnc

h` ufii'fp fb h` \GJ&Njmfnji Jaumopipuji Jcrmsfu} _`urmo`s bpii}) fu

`x|jnc upuji `i`oumbmojmfn |ufaujgg`s smanmbmojni} (5

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Gfnmfumna jnc `rjipjmfn

?.5? J bpnomfnmna G"@ s}s`g ms `ss`nmji f |ufrmc` j g`jns f ujok|ufau`ss jnc f gfnmfu h` imnks e`q``n _QJ| mn|ps jnc `x|`o`c fp'

|ps jnc fpofg`s. Mn jigfs jii h` s`ofu j||ufjoh`s u`rm`q`c G"@

u`gjmns q`jk. Mn ojs`s qh`u` s`ofu j||ufjoh`s ju` f|`ujmfnji jnc hjr`

e``n bfu sfg` mg` (|jumopijui} Gftjgemzp`- h`u` ms j u`ji cmbbmopi} mn

imnkmna s|`ombmo mnr`sg`ns bpnc`c pnc`u h` _QJ| f fp|ps jnc fp'

ofg`s. Mn h` ojs` fb \UFJAUM) qhmi` h`u` hjs pncfpe`ci} e``n mnr`s'

g`n mn h` c`r`if|g`n fb G"@ s}s`gs) joofpnjemim} bfu |`ubfugjno`

pnc`u \UFJAUM hjs u`gjmn`c ijua`i} imgm`c f h` ujh`u pnejijno`c

afr`ung`n'f'cfnfus. Bpuh`ugfu m hjs cms|uf|fumfnj`i} bfops`c fn

bmnjnomji |`ubfugjno` jnc imi` fn `bbmom`no}) zpjim} jnc `bb`omr`n`ss fbjaumopipuji s`urmo` c`imr`u} e} h` afr`ung`n. Shms ms |jui} e`ojps` h`

ffis c`r`if|`c f mg|ufr` jaumopipuji cjj ofii`omfn jnc gfnmfumna |uf'

o`cpu`s hjr` j imgm`c bfops fn jaumopipuji |ufcpomfn) mn|p ps` jnc |uf'

cpomrm}) ujh`u hjn fn h` c`imr`u} jnc |`ubfugjno` fb afr`ung`n |uf'

rmc`c s`urmo`s jnc h`mu ofnumepmfn f jaumopipuji jnc imr`imhffc fp'

ofg`s. Jn jcc`c cmbbmopi} bfu jaumopipuji G"@ hjs e``n h` `xms`no` fb

fr`uij||mna |ijnnmna jnc gjnja`g`n pnms) qmh 3 cmbb`u`n |ijnnmna jnc

G"@ pnms mn GMNJA jifn`.

?.53 Sh` \GJ G"@ bujg`qfuk mn Pajncj ms c`sman`c f s` h` |jujg``us bfu\GJ sjk`hfic`us f su`jgimn` h`mu `xmsmna G"@ s}s`gs sf hj h`}

ojn gfnmfu jnc `rjipj` h` |`ubfugjno`) mn`ug`cmj` fpofg`s jnc

mg|jo fb h` \GJ. Sh` bujg`qfuk b``cs mnf h` Njmfnji Mn`auj`c

Gfnmfumna jnc @rjipjmfn _}s`g (NMG@_- s` p| mn 5

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??.50 Mn Nmojujapj) j smgmiju nfjei` `bbfu hjs e``n gjc` f |ijn j ofg|u`h`n'

smr` G"@ s}s`g (_M_@RJ- bufg h` fps`. Js h` ejokaufpnc |j|`u nf`s

h`u` ju` o`ujmn umsks f hms j||ufjoh mn |ujomo`) nf i`js) hj cjj ofi'i`omfn ms fb`n hjuc`u qfuk mn |ujomo` hjn fn |j|`u) qhmi` h` mnsmpmfn'

ji ufi`s jnc u`s|fnsmemimm`s) |jumopijui} e`}fnc h` GfJ jnc j spe'njmf'

nji i`r`i) jk` mg` f oijumb}. Sh` bu`zp`n ofns`zp`no` ms hj G"@ cjj

ms nf ajh`u`c s}s`gjmojii} fu j||`jus ff ij` f mnbip`no` c`omsmfn

gjkmna jnc spes`zp`n ufpncs fb |ijnnmna. Shms ms j so`njumf hj

\UFUPUJI n``cs f jrfmc e} e`amnnmna qmh j imgm`c jnc suj`amo

j||ufjoh f G"@ jnc aujcpjii} `x|jncmna ms sof|` js |ufaujgg` mg|i`'

g`njmfn a`s pnc`uqj}.

Gfu` jiman`c jnc offucmnj`c qfukmna

?.52 J |umgju} |pu|fs` fb h` _QJ| ms f fr`uofg` bujag`njmfn jnc mn`bbm'

om`nom`s mn h` jiifojmfn jnc gjnja`g`n fb c`r`if|g`n jssmsjno`.

_ufna`u jimang`n qmh afr`ung`n suj`a} jnc hjugfnmsjmfn jufpnc j

ofggfn s` fb |ufo`cpu`s jnc bpncmna gfcjimm`s ju` s``n js rmji f

mnou`jsmna h` u`i rjno` jnc mg|jo fb jmc jnc u`cpomna ujnsjomfns ofss

jssfomj`c qmh jmc gjnja`g`n. Joufss h` s`r`n ojs`s) |ufau`ss fn

jimang`n ms |ufejei} h` gfs jcrjno`c) jihfpah qmh sfg` oi`ju ohji'

i`na`s smii fn h` hfumtfn. Hjugfnmsjmfn `bbfus ju` fnafmna ep jnamei`

u`spis ju` hjuc`u f s|f.

?.51 Js fn` fb h` gfu` u`o`n _QJ|s) \UFUPUJI hjs e`n`bm`c bufg jn

mg|ufrmna oimgj` bfu jmc `bb`omr`n`ss j efh h` mn`unjmfnji[8W jnc

njmfnji i`r`i.[=W Sh` u`spi ms j s`um`s fb jomfns jk`n j mno`|mfn f

mg|ufr dfmn qfukmna jnc offucmnjmfn jnc |ufgf` afr`ung`n fqn`u'

shm| jnc i`jc`ushm| fb h` s`ofu |fimo} ja`ncj (Efx 1-. _mans fb |ufau`ss

mnoipc` dfmn gmssmfns e`q``n afr`ung`n jnc cfnfus j k`} gfg`ns fb

|ufd`o |u`|jujmfn) `rjipjmfn jnc nfq cpumna mg|i`g`njmfn; h` cujb'

mna jnc j||ufrji fb j gjnpji bfu h` bpnomfnmna fb h` ufpncjei` hj

sp||fus jnc cmu`os mg|i`g`njmfn fb \UFUPUJI) jnc h` |u`|jujmfn fbjn jomfn |ijn bfu h` u`rm`q jnc jcdpsg`n fb h` opuu`n |fubfimf fb

|ufd`os mg|i`g`n`c e} h` imn` gmnmsum`s `naja`c mn \UFUPUJI

(Qmaamns ` ji 5

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|fimmoji jnc mnsmpmfnji ofn`x jnc fnafmna ofno`uns jefp |fimmoji qmii

jnc ofggmg`n bufg efh afr`ung`n jnc cfnfus (mn h` r`u} `jui}

sja`s fb h` n`q Afr`ung`ns `bbfus-. Sh` u`o`n dfmn AfN&cfnfuu`rm`q gmssmfn ms j oi`ju mncmojmfn fb j ofggmg`n f dfmn qfukmna jnc

f fqn`ushm| fb \UFUPUJI e} k`} sjk`hfic`us mn h` n`q afr`ung`n.

EFX 14 Fqn`ushm|) jimang`n jnc hjugfnmsjmfn jomfns mn \UFUPUJI

Jomfns jk`n f eumna jefp sufna`u jimang`n jnc hjugfnmsjmfn jufpnc

\UFUPUJI mnoipc`4

@sjeimshg`n jnc su nah`nmna fb j s`ofu ufpncjei g`ohjnmsg)

mnoipcmna ? qfukmna aufp|s fn suj`amo mssp`s (|ju fb j ijua`u AfN&cfnfujuohm`opu`-;

Jomfn \ijn (JJJ- bfu fqn`ushm|) hjugfnmsjmfn jnc jimang`n (FH"J- f

sp||fu h` |ufo`ss fb c`r`if|mna jnc mg|i`g`nmna \UFUPUJI jnc offu'

cmnj` jssmsjno` gfu` `bb`omr`i};

Ofc` fb Ofncpo sman`c e} afr`ung`n jnc cfnfus s`mna fp h` ejsms

bfu u`ijmfns e`q``n h` qf jnc bfu bppu` jau``g`ns fn sp||fu bfu

\UFUPUJI; h` ofc` ms rfipnju} jnc mg|im`s nf i`aji feimajmfns bfu

`mh`u |ju};

G`gfujncpg fb Pnc`usjncmna sman`c e} afr`ung`n jnc cfnfus ofn'

umepmna f h` Ofggfn Bpnc f ou`j` j ejsms bfu fh`u cfnfus f |jumom'|j` mn h` bppu`;

U`rm`q fb h` |fubfimf; h` `xmsmna |fubfimf fb |ufd`os jnc |ufaujgg`s

sp||fumna h` upuji |ufcpomr` s`ofu qjs u`rm`q`c qmh u`s|`o f h`

pnc`ujkmnas mn h` ofc` fb ofncpo jnc |uf|fsjis jnc u`ofgg`ncjmfns

fn h` jcdpsg`n fb |ufd`os jnc h` mnsmpmfnji n``cs bfu h`mu `bb`omr`

jnc `bbmom`n mg|i`g`njmfn q`u` gjc`;

Apmc`imn`s bfu n`q |ufd`os) f h`i| nspu h`} ju` jiman`c qmh \UFUPU'

JI (j cujb ms mn h` |ufo`ss fb e`mna bmnjims`c jnc jau``c-.

?.58 Gftjgemzp`s \UFJAUM ms h` gfs gjpu` fb h` _QJ|s u`rm`q`c. J

mno`|mfn m qjs `rmc`n hj h` ijok fb offucmnjmfn jgfna cfnfus jnc

e`q``n cfnfus jnc afr`ung`n ou`j`c j npge`u fb |ufei`gs bfu h`

u`hjemimjmfn jnc aufqh fb h` jaumopipuji s`ofu. Nf i`js q`u` |ufe'

i`gs u`ijmna f h` mgejijno` e`q``n mnr`sg`n jnc u`opuu`n `x|`ncm'

pu`s jnc cmbbmopim`s mn epca` jnc bmnjnomji gjnja`g`n cp` f h` gjn}

cmbb`u`n) |ufd`o'ejs`c ohjnn`is jnc gfcjimm`s bfu c`imr`umna jmc jnc h`

npg`ufps |jujii`i supopu`s mn |ijo` f joofggfcj` cmbb`u`n cfnfu

u`zpmu`g`ns. Sh` u`spi qjs j s`ofu hj ijok`c fr`ujii rmsmfn jnc suj'`a} jnc j smpjmfn hj qjs nf ofncpomr` f sfpnc |ijnnmna) gjnja`g`n

jnc gfnmfumna. Hjugfnmsjmfn jnc jimang`n q`u h`u`bfu j h` h`ju

fb \UFJAUM q`ii e`bfu` h` Ufg` fu \jums c`oijujmfns hjc e``n jau``c.

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?.5= J h` fps`) afr`ung`n jnc cfnfus jau``c f j s` fb ejsmo |umnom|i`s f

c`bmn` h` njpu` jnc cmu`omfn fb h` ujnsbfugjmfn mn h` h`n Gmnmsu}

fb Jaumopipu` (GJ\-. Sh` Ejsmo \umnom|i`s mnoipc`c 8 |umnom|i`s fn cfnfuoffucmnjmfn qhmoh s` fp h` ofggmg`n fb cfnfus f gfr` jqj} bufg

cmsou`` |ufd`os f j dfmn |ufaujgg` fb `x|`ncmpu`s. Shms mg|im`c h`

n``c bfu cfnfus jnc h` Afr`ung`n fb Gftjgemzp` f jau`` fn j npge`u

fb ofggfn mg|i`g`njmfn mssp`s) mnoipcmna4 |ijnnmna jnc epca`mna;

jpcm jnc bmnjnomji ofnufi; |`ubfugjno` gfnmfumna jnc |ufau`ss u`|fu'

mna; |ufopu`g`n jnc ofnujo jcgmnmsujmfn.

?.?< Fr`u h` mg|i`g`njmfn |`umfc |ufau`ss hjs e``n gjc` mn s`mna p| j

ofggfn bifq fb bpncs g`ohjnmsg f bmnjno` ofggfni} jau``c `imamei`

`x|`ncmpu s) j ofggfn |ijnnmna jnc epca`mna bujg`qfuk) j ofggfnbmnjnomji u`|fumna jnc gfnmfumna g`ohjnmsg) ofggfn |ufopu`g`n |uf'

o`cpu`s jnc j ofggfn u`spis u`|fumna s}s`g. Sh`s` mnmmjmr`s hjr` nf

fni} s`ur`c f |ufcpo` j ofggfn |ijbfug bfu \UFJAUM |jun`us ep hjr`

jisf |ufrmc`c oj|jom} jnc ofnmnpm} f h` mnsmpmfnji c`r`if|g`n jnc

|ijnnmna |ufo`ss qhmoh) js j u`spi) hjs aujcpjii} e`ofg` gfu` `ge`c'

c`c mn cfg`smo s}s`gs (Ojeuji ` ji 5

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?.?? @is`qh`u` h`u` ju` jisf smans fb |ufau`ss qmh js|`os fb h` J"H ja`n'

cj) ep h` mg` jk`n f }m`ic u`spis) |jumopijui} j h` s`ofu i`r`i) ms

a`n`ujii} au`j`u hjn jnmom|j`c. Mn Sjntjnmj) u`o`n }`jus hjr` s``n sma'nmbmojn c`r`if|g`ns j h` njmfnji i`r`i opigmnjmna gfs u`o`ni} mn h`

|u`|jujmfn jnc dfmn smanmna fb j Dfmn Jssmsjno` _uj`a} (DJ_-. Mn h`

J"UC s`ofu ofggmg`n f jimang`n js j ejsmo |umnom|i` |ufr`c mnsup'

g`nji mn a`mna cfnfus jnc afr`ung`n hufpah sfg` cmbbmopi) `r`n ofn'

bufnjmfnji mg`s) js h` J_C\ `rfir`c. Gfu` bpncjg`nji |ufau ss fn

mg|ufrmna jmc gjnja`g`n jnc hjugfnmsjmfn mn h` s`ofu hjs ijaa`c

e`hmnc) hfq`r`u) jnc j mg`s e``n j fccs qmh h` |jo` fb |fimo} ohjna`

(Efx 8-. \u`|jumna h` ejsk` bpnc pnc`u J_C\ e`s miipsuj`s h` |fmn.

_`r`uji cfnfus hjr` u`zpmu`c i`nah} HZ j||ufrjis `mh`u f jcf| h`

ejsk` j||ufjoh fu u`ijmna f s|`ombmo m`gs qmhmn m) fu bfu joofpnmnajnc |ufopu`g`n u`jsfns. Ifjn `bb`omr`n`ss ofncmmfns bfu cmbb`u n

cfnfus hjr` jisf ofnmnp`c f ojps` |ufei`gs jnc smanmbmojni} c`ij}`c

h` bmnjimsjmfn fb h` GfP jnc spes`zp`n cmsepus`g`ns.

Pn|u`cmojemim} fb bpncmna ofnmnp`s f ou`j` cmbbmopim`s) c`s|m` `bbfus

f ou`j` j ofggfn bpncmna g`ohjnmsg. U`i`rjn h`u` ms h` qmc`u fes`u'

rjmfn mn h` jmc `bb`omr`n`ss im`ujpu` hj ofggfn bpncs ojn) c`s|m`

|ufrmcmna sfg` gpoh n``c`c |ffimna) smii q`jk`n s`ofu s}s`gs mb mncm'

rmcpji cfnfu |ufo`cpu`s ofnmnp` f |u`rjmi jnc bifqs u`gjmn pn|u`'

cmojei`.

EFX 84 Bjofus imgmmna fqn`ushm|) jimang`n jnc hjugfnmsjmfn mn Sjntjnmj

Imgm`c cfg`smo oj|jom} f |ijn sfg`hmna js jgemmfps js h` J_C\ qhmoh

ohjii`na`c |ufo`ss`s fb cfnfu'afr`ung`n jimang`n. Sh` u`sfpuomna fb h`

J_C\ _`ou`jumj qjs mnjc`zpj` f h` jsk) `r`n qmh cfnfu'bmnjno`c SJ. Sh`

|ufd`o gfc` qjs bjgmimju jnc h` ohjna` mn gmnc s` fqjucs h` s`ofu

j||ufjoh ffk j au`j c`ji fb mg` f e`c mn qmhmn J_IGs. @r`n nfq hj ofg'

gmg`n rjum`s) jnc `bbfus hufpah h` DJ_ f mg|ufr offucmnjmfn jufpncoj|jom} epmicmna ju` smii nf }` j||ju`n mn J_IGs.

Cfnfu |ufimb`ujmfn hjs e``n j s`umfps fesjoi` f |ufau ss. Cfnfus q`u`

pncmsom|imn`c mn h` |u`|jujfu} |hjs`) qmh sfg` n`afmjmna emij`ujii} `r`n

js h` J_C\ qjs e`mna |p fa`h`u. _`r`uji cfnfus jisf ijok`c c`i`aj`c

jphfum} j h` ofpnu} i`r`i) u`spimna mn i`nah} c`ij}s) js `x|`um`no`c mn h`

smanmna fb h` GFP bfu h` Ejsk` Bpnc. _`r`uji cfnfus) mnoipcmna h` ijua`s

cfnfu) ofnumepmna f h` Ejsk` Bpnc jisf cf sf fn j |ufd`o'ejsms qmh jii h`

j`ncjn afr`unjno` upi`s hj AfS n``cs f fes`ur`.

Ipk`qjug c`imr`u} bufg C\s fn cfg`smo fqn`ushm|. Cmsjau``g`ns fr`u j

k`} js|`o fb h` Afr`ung`ns |fimo} ja`ncj mn jaumopipu`) nfjei} muumajmfn |fimo})

hjs pnc`ugmn`c ofnbmc`no` jnc i`b h` cffu f|`n f cfnfus f ofnmnp` f jo emij'

`ujii} fu j i`js zp`smfn h` ojs` bfu bpii |fimo} jimang`n qmh J_C\. 3=

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??.?3 Mn Ojgefcmj) afr`ung`n'cfnfu `ohnmoji ofggm``s) dfmn gjnja`g`n

|ufo`cpu`s jnc sp|`urmsmfn gmssmfns e} sfg` cfnfus) fa`h`u qmh

gfr`s fqjucs j ofggfn sp||fu gfcjim} e} fh`u cfnfus) hjr` bjomimj'`c h` e`amnnmnas fb j s`ofu j||ufjoh mn ijnc. Gpim|i` |ufd`os jnc |uf'

o`cpu`s ofnmnp` f of'`xms) hfq`r`u) mn qhj ms j hmahi} ofg|i`x jmc jnc

mnsmpmfnji `nrmufng`n. Cfnfus j||`ju f s|`nc smanmbmojn mg` bjomim'

jmna |ufo`cpu s qhmi` h` afr`ung`n s|`ncs smanmbmojn mg` of|mna

qmh cmbb`u`n cfnfu u`zpmu`g`ns jnc u`sfirmna cfnfu `nsmfns. _fg` fb

h` u`jsfns bfu fnafmna ofg|i`xm} mnoipc`4 j ofnmnpmna ijok fb cfnfu'

cfnfu offucmnjmfn) mn |jumopiju h` ijok fb jau``g`n fn ofggfn c`bmnm'

mfns jnc |ufo`cpu`s bfu h` ijnc jcgmnmsujmfn jnc gjnja`g`n; j ifq

i`r`i fb afr`ung`n'cfnfu offucmnjmfn qmh smanmbmojn jgfpns fb c`r`i'

f|g`n jssmsjno` ofnmnpmna f e}|jss h` njmfnji epca` jnc) u`ij`c fhj) h` qmc`s|u`jc ps` fb \GPs e} cfnfus. Sh` afr`ung`n hjs j`g|'

`c f ifojims` ms ofggmg`n f h` Ufg` jnc \jums c`oijujmfns e} |p'

mna mn |ijo` |ufo`cpu`s bfu cfg`smo jmc gjnja`g`n) ep j hmsfu} fb

r`u} hmah jmc c`|`nc`no` ms pnc`ugmnmna h` jemim} f offucmnj` `bb`omr`'

i} mn`unjii} jnc |ufrmcmna c`r`if|g`n |jun`us qmh u`jsfns f hfic fnf

h`mu fqn qj}s fb cfmna epsmn`ss. M ms j rmomfps o}oi` qhmoh h` gfr` f j

_QJ| shfpic `ohnmojii} eu`jk. Qhj ms nf oi`ju mn Ojgefcmj ms qh`h`u

h` s`ofu |fimo} bujg`qfuk |ufrmc`s `nfpah oijum} fn mnsmpmfnji ufi`s

jnc u`s|fnsmemimm`s jnc |ufrmc`s j sufna `nfpah eumca` f njmfnji |ijn'

nmna jnc epca`mna |ufo`cpu s bfu hms o}oi` f e` `bb`omr`i} eufk`n.

K`} |fmns

?.?0 Sh` bmncmnas fn mg|i`g`njmfn `x|`um`no` |fmn f j npge`u fb k`} g`s'

sja`s bfu bppu` _QJ| |ufo`ss`s4

Sh` mg|fujno fb oijum} fb rmsmfn jnc ofh`u`no` joufss s`ofu |fimo}

bujg`qfuks i`c jnc fqn`c e} h` njmfnji afr`ung`n. Shms gj} nf e` jn

`nmu`i} ofg|u`h`nsmr` rmsmfn f e`amn qmh (j oi`ju g`ssja` bufg\UFUPUJI ms f a` sju`c fn sfg`hmna e`bfu` jii h` |m`o`s ju` sif`c

mnf |ijo`- ep h` |umt` ms j sufna`u |ijbfug bfu bppu` mg|i`g`njmfn

jnc j oi`ju imnk e`q``n _QJ| |ufo`ss`s jnc `x|`o`c s`ofu u`spis.

Sh` n``c bfu oifs` mn`aujmfn qmh qmc`u epca`ju} jnc |peimo bmnjnomji

gjnja`g`n u`bfugs. Mn Sjntjnmj h` p|smc` fb j sifq jnc sfg`mg`s

|ufujo`c |ufo`ss ms hj h` J_C\ hjs e`n`bm`c bufg smanmbmojn

mg|ufr`g`ns mn h` qmc`u |ijnnmna jnc epca`mna ofn`x) mnoipcmna h`

c`r`if|g`n fb j s`ofu GS@B jnc ifoji afr`ung`n GS@B |ufo`ss`s.

Jimang`n ms j qf'smc`c |ufo`ss mnrfirmna efh mn`unji jimang`n qmhmn

h` afr`ung`n s}s`g jnc `x`unji jimang`n e} cfnfus. @joh ms oummojibfu epmicmna j ofh`u n j||ufjoh jnc j sufna afr`ung`n'i c |ijbfug bfu

c`imr`umna u`spis. Jomrm} jufpnc `x`unji jimang`n `ncs f fr`ushjcfq

h` mg|fujno` fb mn`unji jimang`n jufpnc h` s`ofu suj`a} jnc

`x|`ncmpu` bujg`qfuk j h` i`r`i fb s`ofu jnc spe's`ofu c`|jug`ns.0

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Hjugfnmsjmfn ms jn mnou g`nji |ufo`ss hj n``cs f bfiifq h` aujmn fb

|fimo} ohjna` mb m ms f smok. Mn h` shfu `ug jccu`ssmna h` pn|u`'

cmojemim} fb jmc bifqs gj} e` js mg|fujn js gfrmna uj|mci} jh`jc qmhhjugfnms`c |ujomo`s. J`ncmna bmus f hjugfnmsjmfn j h` `ohnmoji jnc

|ufo`cpuji i`r`i (smgmiju |ufo`cpu s bfu ofg|`mmr` `nc`umna) smgmiju oum'

`umj bfu ofs u`ofr`u}) hjugfnms`c |`u cm`gs jnc |j}g`ns f |ufd`o

sjbb `o.- epmics h` ejsms bfu gfu` jgemmfps hjugfnms`c |ujomo`s

mnoipcmna c`i`aj`c qfukmna jnc cmrmsmfn fb ijefpu. Hfq`r`u) _QJ| sjk`'

hfic`us n``c f e` oi`ju hj J"H ju` g`jns ujh`u hjn `ncs jnc f e`

u`gmnc`c hj smanmbmojn `i`g`ns fb h` s`ofu'qmc` ja`ncj ju` nf

cmu`oi} gjnja`c e} h` |peimo s`ofu jnc ju` ofns`zp`ni} fpsmc` h`

u`jig (j i`js sf bju- fb h` \jums ja`ncj.

OHJ\S@U 34 GJMN BMNCMNA_ JOHM@R@G@NSJAJMN_S FPS\PS_

3.: Js fpimn`c mn Ohj|`u :) h` spc} bujg`qfuk `g|hjsms`s j npge`u fb fp|p

ju`js&h`g`s hj ju` o`nuji f h` s`ofu qmc` j||ufjoh. Sh`s` ju`4

mg|ufr`c mnsmpmfnji oj|jom}) afr`ung`n fqn`ushm| jnc i`jc`ushm|;

mnou`js`c |fimo} offucmnjmfn jnc |ijnnmna qmhmn jnc joufss GCJs

`naja`c qmh h` jaumopipu` jnc&fu upuji s`ofu;

mg|ufr`c u`sfpuomna) |peimo `x|`ncmpu` gjnja`g`n jnc s`urmo` c`imr`u}

mn upuji jnc jaumopipuji ifojimm`s;

au`j`u `naja`g`n qmh) bjomimm`s bfu sp||fumna h` |umrj` s`ofu) efh

mn `ugs fb oummoji mnr`sg`ns jnc s`urmo`s; jnc

mg|ufr`c jmc `bb`omr`n`ss ifq`u ujnsjomfns ofss bfu e``u c`r`if|'

g`n u`spis.

FQN@U_HM\) I@JC@U_HM\ JNC MN_SMSPSMFNJI OJ\JOMS]

3.5 _ufna afr`ung`n fqn`ushm| jnc i`jc`ushm| fb h` suj`a} jnc |fimo}

|ufo`ss) ejok`c p| e} j oi`ju jnc s}s`gjmo |ufo`ss fb mnsmpmfnji

ohjna` qmh sp||fu bfu ifojii} fqn`c cmjifap` jnc ofnspijmfn ju` j h`

h`ju fb h` s`ofu qmc` j||ufjoh. Shms gjuks j oi`ju eu`jk qmh `juim`u

sjnc jifn` |ufd`o j||ufjoh`s. Mn |ujomo`) mnsmpmfns (bfugji jnc mnbfu'

gji- hjr` e``n sifq f ohjna` jnc hjr` fb`n |ufr`c nfn'u`s|fnsmr` f

h` n`q ohjii`na`s ujms`c e} _QJ|s. _`opumna j sufna afr`ung`n i`jc

fb h` _QJ| |ufo`ss ojn jisf e` cmbbmopi e`ojps` i`jc`ushm| hjs sufna|fimmoji js q`ii js `ohnmoji cmg`nsmfns hj c`r`if|g`n |jun`us ojnnf

u`jcmi} mnbip`no`. Fb`n h` ijok fb oi`ju mno`nmr`s bfu s`ofu gmnmsum`s f

jk` j |fimo} i`jc) ofgemn`c qmh qmc` ujnamna oj|jom} ofnsujmns imgm

h` |jo` fb ohjna` mn _QJ|s. 0:

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3.? Sh` `x|`um`no` fb h` s`r`n ofpnu} ojs`s ms rjum`c fn hms gj`u. Sh`u` ms

`rmc`no` fb sufna afr`ung`n fqn`ushm| jnc i`jc`ushm| bufg h` r`u}

e`amnnmna mn Pajncjs \GJ. Sh` gpim's`ofu bujg`qfuk fb h` \GJ`g`ua`c fp fb h` afr`ung`n'i`c \fr`u} @ujcmojmfn Jomfn \ijn (\@J\-

qmh jn `g|hjsms fn eufjc fqn`ushm| joufss afr`ung`n jnc offucmnjmfn

j h` njmfnji i`r`i. E} mnr`smna ms`ib mn h` \@J\) qhmoh hjs hmsfumojii}

hjc hmah i`r`i |fimmoji ejokmna mn Pajncj) h` \GJ e`n`bm`c bufg j sma'

nmbmojn c`au`` fb cfg`smo fqn`ushm| bufg h` fps`. Gfu`fr`u) e} nf

ou`jmna j s`|juj` bpncmna g`ohjnmsg bfu h` \GJ) imn` gmnmsum`s jnc

ja`nom`s hjr` e``n u`zpmu`c f |umfumms` \GJ jomrmm`s qmhmn h`mu

u`s|`omr` s`ofu&ja`no} epca`s qhmoh) j i`js fn |j|`u) g`jn hj h`

\GJ qjs mn`auj`c mnf h` njmfnji |fimo} jnc epca`mna o}oi` bufg h`

e`amnnmna. Mn |ujomo`) js h` bmncmnas pnc`u h` s`omfn fn |peimo `x|`ncm'pu` gjnja`g`n jnc s`urmo` c`imr`u} shfq) mn`aujmfn hjs nf e``n

sujmahbfuqjuc jnc h`u` ofnmnp`s f e` j bjmui} smanmbmojn gmsgjoh

e`q``n \GJ afjis jnc h` ofggmg`n fb epca`ju} u`sfpuo`s e} GCJs.

N`r`uh`i`ss h` |fmn jefp i`jc`ushm| u`gjmns.

3.3 \UFUPUJI mn Nmojujapj hjs e``n gjc` |fssmei` e} sufna `ohnmoji

fqn`ushm| jnc i`jc`ushm| jnc hjs mn pun h`i|`c h` Gmnmsu} fb

Jaumopipu` (GJABFU- f u`op|`uj` ms i`jc`ushm| fb h` s`ofu. Ep h`

i`jc`ushm| ufi` ms jisf u`ijmr`i} sp|`ubmomji jnc ms c`|`nc`n fn j imgm`c

s` fb `ohnfoujs) ujh`u hjn e`mna ejok`c j j hmah`u |fimmoji i`r`i.Qmh h` ohjna` fb Afr`ung`n mn Djnpju} 5

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3.0 Mn h` ojs` fb Sjntjnmjs J_C\) s`ofu i`jc`ushm| qjs epmi mn mnou`g`ns

jifnasmc` jn `g`uamna ofns`nsps jefp h` qj} bfuqjuc bfu h` jaumopipuji

s`ofu jnc j u`n`q`c ofggmg`n f |peimo mnr`sg`n i`c e} AfS ep jisfu`bi`o`c mn u`ijmfns qmh cfnfus.[:

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MG\UFR@C OFFUCMNJSMFN JNC \IJNNMNA

3.1 J _QJ| ms bfpnc`c fn h` n``c f eumna fa`h`u pnc`u j ofggfn |fimo}jnc suj`a} bujg`qfuk j npge`u fb jofus qhfs` jomfns mg|mna` fn h`

s`ofu. Sh` _QJ| jisf |ps smanmbmojn `g|hjsms fn ofnspijmfn jnc gfnm'

fumna jnc `rjipjmfn s}s`gs f `nhjno` h` supopu`s fb c`gfoujmo

joofpnjemim} jnc h`no` gfu` `bb`omr` afr`unjno` fb h` s`ofu. Hjuc

ofg|jujmr` `rmc`no` fb h` `x`n fb mg|ufr c offucmnjmfn jnc ofh`u'

`no` ms smii ujh`u imgm`c) ep h`u` ju` oi`jui} smans fb |ufau`ss.

3.8 Sh` \GJ mn Pajncj ms j pnmzp` `x|`umg`n mn oufss's`ofuji offucmnjmfn

jnc |ijnnmna. Offucmnjmfn ms i`c e} h` \GJ _``umna Ofggm`` (ohjmu`c

e} h` Gmnms`u fb Bmnjno`-) jnc j \GJ _`ou`jumj |ufrmc`s `ohnmoji jncjnji}moji sp||fu. Mn |ujomo` h` \GJ jisf u`im`s h`jrmi} fn h` Gmnmsu}

fb Bmnjno` f `nspu` |fimo} offucmnjmfn) gjmni} hufpah h` epca` apmc`'

imn`s) GS@B jnc h` G"@ |ufo`ss. J k`} su`nah fb h` \GJ ms hj m

u`zpmu`s jii imn` gmnmsum`s qmh u`i`rjn gjncj`s u`rm`q jnc u`fum`n

h`mu jomrmm`s mn imn` qmh \GJ fed`omr`s. Shms hjs |ufrmc`c mg|fujn

mg|`ps f offucmnjmfn qmhmn h` \GJ |miijus. Qh`u` offucmnjmfn ms

q`jk`u ms j h` hfumtfnji i`r`i) mn |jumopiju `nspumna hj `x`nsmfn

s`urmo`s |ufrmc`c e} h` Njmfnji Jaumopipuji Jcrmsfu} _`urmo` (NJJC_-

ju` jrjmijei` joufss h` gjn} spe's`ofus imnk`c f jaumopipu`. Sh` ijok

fb offucmnjmna \GJ mnsmpmfns j c`o`nujims`c i`r`is ms jisf s``n f e` jofnsujmn) qmh sf gpoh fb h` mg|i`g`njmfn qfuk fb h` \GJ hj||`n'

mna j bm`ic i`r`i.

3.= Mn Nmojujapj) |js ofg|`mmfn e`q``n ja`nom`s ofnmnp`s f imgm `bb`o'

mr` mn`unji offucmnjmfn) jnc u`sfpuo` jiifojmfn ms smii h`jrmi} cumr`n e}

h` shfu `ug n``cs fb h` |fimmoji'epsmn`ss o}oi`. Sh` u`o`n mg|ufr`'

g`ns mn Afr`ung`ns s`ofuji i`jc`ushm| jnc j u`'fum`njmfn fb

\UFUPUJI fqjuc bm`ic'i`r`i u`spis |ufrmc` |ufgmsmna `rmc`no` hj hms

qmii ujnsij` mnf `nhjno`c u`spis. _pesjnmjii} mg|ufr`c s`ofu offucm'

njmfn g`ohjnmsgs hjr` n`r`uh`i`ss }m`ic`c sfg` mg|fujn ajmns qmhsjk`hfic`us joufss h` mg|i`g`nmna mnsmpmfns jnc cfnfu ja`nom`s)

jnc shfq ofnsmc`ujei` mnou`js`s mn ofggpnmojmfn) cmjifap` jnc mnbfugj'

mfn) j gfu` ujmfnji jiifojmfn fb bpnomfns jnc h` e`amnnmna fb dfmn

mg|i`g`njmfn jomrmm`s. Sh` gfs jnamei` mg|jos fb h`s` ohjna`s ojn

e` s``n mn h` mnou`js` mn gppji mnbfugjmfn fn jomrmm`s jnc |ufd`os)

smgpij`c e} h` mnmmji jnji}sms fb h` |fubfimf pnc`u \UFUPUJI) jnc h`

dfmn |ufcpomfn fb jn jau``c s`ofuji jnnpji epca`ju}&f|`ujmfnji |ijn

bfu 5

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3g`ns jnc c`|jug`ns. Sh` ij`u ju` jiu`jc} hmahi} mnsmpmfnjims`c)qhmi` \UFUPUJI ms nf ep hjs sp||fu j o`nuji i`r`i. \f`nmji ofnbimosfr`u u`sfpuo s qmii n``c f e` s`i`c) `mh`u e} mnrfirmna `xmsmna offucm'njmfn g`ohjnmsgs j ifoji afr`ung`n i`r`i mn \UFUPUJI fu e} cmrmcmna

h` u`sfpuo`s jrjmijei f \UFUPUJI e`q``n o`nuji jnc ifoji i`r`is.

Sh` n`q i`jc`ushm| fb GJABFU (jnc h` s`ofuji i`jc`ushm| `jg&_\JU-)

fa`h`u qmh h` `ohnmoji sjbb) ju` c`rfmna hmah |umfum} f qfukmna fp

`nhjno`c c`o`nujimsjmfn gfcjimm`s&|ufo ss`s mn h` jnnpji epca`ju}

|ufo`ss f e``u mn`auj` jnc hjugfnmt` h`s` |ufo`ss`s js |ju fb h`

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u`jsfnjei bmnjnomji joofpnjemim} hufpah Cmsumo Jaumopipuji

C`r`if|g`n \ijns. Js jiu`jc} nf`c h` J_C\ s``gs q`ii mn`auj`c mnf

qmc`u epca`ju} jnc joofpnjemim} |ufo`ss`s. J k`} f||fupnm} bfu bfops'mna fn h` zpjim} jnc ojs` bfu bpuh`u |peimo `x|`ncmpu` mn jaumopipu` ms

h` \peimo @x|`ncmpu` U`rm`q (\@U- |ufo`ss. P| pnmi u`o`ni} h` \@U

|ufo`ss mn jaumopipu hjs e``n s`umfpsi} imgm`c. U`o`ni}) oifs`u ofiijef'

ujmfn e`q``n cfnfus jnc h` afr`ung`n fn h` jaumopipuji \@U hjs

|ufcpo`c j gfu` u`s|fnsmr` |ufo`ss jnc j oi`ju jbbmugjmfn fb afr`un'

g`ns ofggmg`n f h` J_C\. J 5

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33.:3 Js |ju fb `bbfus f mg|ufr` s`urmo` c`imr`u} pnc`u Pajncjs \GJ) imn` gmn'

msum`s mc`nmbm`c k`} ju`js bfu |peimo jomfn jnc Pajncjs s|`ombmo jua`

aufp|s joufss h` 1 |miijus. Sh` 5

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3.:1 Mn Gftjgemzp`) h` ujnsbfugjmfn fb GMNJAs ufi` f `nofpuja` j e``u

mn`ubjo` qmh h` |umrj` s`ofu ms fni} |jumjii} ofg|i`` jihfpah h`u`

ju` smans fb au`j`u fpsfpuomna) |jumopijui} f NAFs jnc |jumopijui} bfu`x`nsmfn s`urmo`s) jnc sfg` j`nmfn f |umrj` s`ofu |ufgfmfn) sp|'

|fu jomrmm`s jnc jnji}sms hufpah j c`cmoj`c fbbmo` mn GMNJA. \umrj`

s`ofu oj|jom} mn h` ofpnu} u`gjmns q`jk) hfq`r`u jnc nf gpoh ms

knfqn jefp h` spoo`ss fb h`s` mnmmjmr`s. Mn efh Nmojujapj jnc

Gftjgemzp` bjmui} bpncjg`nji c`ej`s jefp h` u`s|`omr` ufi` bfu |pe'

imo jomfn jnc |umrj` s`ofu jomrm} jisf ofnmnp`.

3.:8 Mn Pajncj) h`u` ms nf s|`ombmo cfopg`n ofr`umna h` u`ijmfnshm|

e`q``n h` |peimo jnc |umrj` s`ofu js |ju fb h` \GJ) jnc qhmi` h`

|umrj` s`ofu cf`s hjr` mn|p mnf njmfnji |fimo}gjkmna mn Pajncj) |ju'mom|jmfn mn h` \GJ jnnpji u`rm`q |ufo`ss ms imgm`c. Fn h` fh`u hjnc)

cfnfus ju` sp||fumna j sufna`u |peimo'|umrj` |jun`ushm| js |ju fb h`

\GJ jnc mn `ugs fb |ufrmcmna j ojji}s f |umrj` s`ofu mnr`sg`n h`

\GJ hjs mnmmj`c |fimo} u`bfug) c`r`if|`c mnbujsupopu ) |ufrmc`c joo`ss

f aujns jnc) |jumopijui} hufpah NJJC_) |ufrmc`c j ufi` bfu bjug`us bfuj

mn h` ofnujomna |ufo`ss bfu s`urmo` |ufrmc`us. Sh` Gmoufbmnjno` Fpu`joh

\ijn pnc`u h` Upuji Bmnjno` \miiju jmgs j h` |umrjmsjmfn fb afr`un'

g`n ou`cm |ufd`os&|ufaujgg`s) qhmi` h` \h}smoji Mnbujsupopu \miiju

sp||fus |umrj` s`ofu gjmn`njno` fb cmsumo ufjcs jnc upuji `i`oumbmoj'

mfn bjomimm`s.

3.:= Mn`u`smnai}) mn ofnujs qmh Pajncj) fn` fb h` |fimo} ju`js qhmoh hjs

sifq`c h` c`r`if|g`n fb j bpii _QJ| mn Ahjnj hjs e``n h` c`ej`

jefp h` bpii fu |jumji |umrjmsjmfn fb s`urmo`s. _`r`uji fb h`s` mssp`s

ju` nfq e`mna u`sfir`c qmh Afr`ung`ns oi`ju ofggmg`n f |umrj`'

s`ofu i`c aufqh mn ms s`ofnc'a`n`ujmfn \U_ (A\U_5-. N`r`uh`i`ss

fnafmna ofno`uns u`gjmn) mnoipcmna hfq e`s f smgpij` |umrj` s`ofu

mnr`sg`n) qhmoh gj} fu gj} nf mnbip`no` h` |jo` qmh qhmoh j bpii

_QJ| `g`ua`s mn h` n`ju bppu`.

3.5< Sh` Rm`njg Bfu`su} C`r`if|g`n _uj`a} (RBC_ 5

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Mn Rm`njg) m ms `smgj`c hj h` |umrj` s`ofu) hfps`hfics) sj`

bfu`su} `n`u|ums`s jnc off|`ujmr`s qmii joofpn bfu 2< |`uo`n fb h`

mnr`sg`n mn h` bfu`s s`ofu fr`u h` n`x :0 }`jus. Sh` mnsmpmfnjibujg`qfuk) jnc |jumopijui} h` B__\"\) ms nf }` u`|u`s`njmr` fb |um'

rj` s`ofu jofus jnc j k`} ohjii`na` bfu c`r`if|mna j bpii _QJ| qmii e`

qhj m n``cs f iffk imk` mn j s`ofu qh`u` |peimo `x|`ncmpu` ms spesjn'

mjii} fr`ushjcfq`c e} |umrj` s`ofu mnr`sg`n.

JMC GJNJA@G@NS

3.5: Fn` fb h` h`g`s mn h` ojs` spcm`s ms h` fpsjncmna |ufei`g qmh s`o'

fu j||ufjoh`s jnc h` J"H ja`ncj hj m ojn fb`n e` u`j`c js jn `nc

mn ms`ib ujh`u hjn j g`jns f johm`rmna sufna`u ofpnu} s}s`gs jnce``u c`r`if|g`n u`spis. Shms ms j ofno`un ujms`c mn h` Nmojujapj ojs`

spc} qh`u`) jihfpah smii u`ijmr`i} `jui} cj}s) h`u` ms ofno`un hj h`

jgfpn fb mg` jnc u`sfpuo`s e`mna c`rf`c f epmicmna h` |ufo`ss juohm'

`opu` jufpnc \UFUPUJI ms mg|fsmna jccmmfnji epuc`ns fn j q`jk omrmi

s`urmo` jnc ms j h` ofs fb `nspumna hj `xmsmna jnc n`q u`sfpuo`s ju`

c`imr`umna gfu` `bb`omr` mnr`sg`ns jnc s`urmo`s mn upuji ju`js[::W.

3.55 Mn Sjntjnmj) h` a`n`uji mg|u`ssmfn ms fn` fb mg|ufrmna jmc gjnja`g`n mn

h` s`ofu) mn |ju e`ojps` fb h` mn`aujmfn fb h` J_C\ qmh h`

\U_&GS@B) jnc mn |ju e`ojps` `r`n qh`u` jmc bifqs ofnmnp` mn |ufd`ogfc` h`u` ms a`n`uji jau``g`n hj h`} shfpic e` ofnsms`n qmh J"H

|umnom|i`s pnc`u h` J_C\. Bfu i`jc cfnfus hms ms fn` fb h` k`} johm`r`'

g`ns fb h` |ufujo`c |ufo`ss fb bmnjimsmna h` J_C\.

3.5? @rmc`no` fb jnamei` e`n`bms bufg gfu` offucmnj`c jmc gjnja`g`n ms

smii q`jk) hfq`r`u. Sujnsjomfns ofss u`gjmn hmah bfu efh afr`ung`n

fbbmomjis jnc cfnfus. Cfnfu HZ |fimom`s) |ufopu`g`n |ufo cpu`s jnc i`aji

bujg`qfuks ofnmnp` mn sfg` ojs`s) f e` jn fesjoi` f hjugfnmsjmfn

`bbfus fn h` aufpnc) js cf`s ofnmnp`c |ufimb`ujmfn jnc |jujii`i jmc

gjnja`g`n supopu`s. Shms j||im`s f cmbb`u n c`au``s `r`n mn ofn`xsqh`u` h` njmfnji'i`r`i cmsopssmfn jufpnc jmc `bb`omr`n`ss ms zpm`

jcrjno`c) js mn Sjntjnmj) Rm`njg) Nmojujapj jnc Gftjgemzp`.

3.53 Qhmi` h` _QJ| ofno`| hjs jiqj}s oijmg`c f e` ofnsms`n qmh j npg'

e`u fb cmbb`u`n bpncmna gfcjimm`s) h` cfgmnjn |j`un mn gfs fb h`

ojs`s u`rm`q`c ms smii |ufd`o jssmsjno`. Sh` ofggfn bpnc pnc`ui}mna

\UFJAUM ms h` gfs mg|fujn g`ohjnmsg bfu ohjnn`iimna bpncs) ep

ofnumepfus f h` bpnc hjr` rjum`c fr`u mg` jnc sfg` fb h` ijua`s bpn'

c`us hjr` nf u`n`q`c h`mu jau``g`n f ofnmnp` bpncmna jb`u 5

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[::W J u`o`n spc}ofggmssmfn`c e}GJABFU shfqs sfg`mnmmji u`cpomfns mnjopji jnc |f`nmjiujns'jomfn ofsshufpah h`\UFUPUJI |ufo`ss`s)jnc h`s` ofs sjrmnasjisf h`i| mn h` imahfb q`jk s`ofujimnsmpmfnji oj|jomm`s.

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_`ofuji gmnmsum`s (jnc jaumopipu` mn |jumopiju- ju` bmncmna m hjuc`u jnc

hjuc`u f dpsmb} s|`omji u`jg`n mn j ofn`x qh`u` ohjnn`iimna jmc

cmu`oi} rmj u`jspu} ms jn mnou`jsmnai} rmjei` f|mfn (31-. Shms ujms`s h`mn`u`smna zp`smfn fb h` `x`n f qhmoh j`nmfn f J"H j h` s`ofu

i`r`i hjs h`i|`c f u`ofnomi` h` emaa`u zp`smfns spuufpncmna jmc gfcjim'

m`s jnc jmc `bb`omr`n`ss. Sh` `rmc`no` ms) mn`rmjei}) gmx`c.

3.50 Mn Gftjgemzp`) \UFJAUM qjs h` bmus fb ms kmnc jnc js spoh |ij}`c jn

mg|fujn ufi` mn h` spes`zp`n shmb f AE_. Sh` u`ijmr` spoo`ss fb AE_

jnc u`ij`c mg|ufr`g`ns mn \BG hjr`) fn h` fh`u hjnc) ou`j`c j ofn'

`x mn qhmoh \UFJAUMs ofggfn bpnc g`ohjnmsg qmii e` h` bmus ojs` fb

bpii}'bi`ca`c s`ofu epca` sp||fu mn Gftjgemzp`. Sh` gfr` mn

Gftjgemzp` ms fqjucs j au`j`u ofg|i`g`njum} fb jmc mnsupg`ns)|jui} js j qj} fb cmr`usmb}mna umsk jnc |jui} js j qj} fb `x|ifumna ofg|i`'

g`nju} `nu} |fmns mnf cmbb`u`n i`r`is fb |fimo} gjkmna. _fg` fb h`s`

n`q j||ufjoh`s mnoipc` gpim'cfnfu |ufaujgg`s j spe's`ofu i`r`i efh

mnsmc` jnc fpsmc` fb h` afr`ung`n |fimo} bujg`qfuk) qmh h`mu fqn

fed`omr`s jnc jua`s) bpncmna juujna`g`ns jnc mg|i`g`njmfn g`ohj'

nmsgs.

3.52 Mn Nmojujapj) h` gjdfum} fb jmc ms smii |ufrmc`c hufpah |ufd`o jmc bfiifq'

mna ms fqn o}oi` jnc u`zpmumna mncmrmcpji n`afmjmfns) u`|fumna |ufo`'

cpu`s `rjipjmfns jnc u`rm`q gmssmfns. Sh` `rfipmfn fb \jun`ushm|A`n`uji Epca` _p||fu (\AE_- hjs a`n`uj`c sfg` ujnsjomfns ofss

sjrmnas bfu afr`ung`n ep h` `bb`os mn h` upuji |ufcpomr` s`ofu ju`

}` f e` s``n qmh u`ijmr`i} b`q cfnfus opuu`ni} |jumom|jmna mn h` ofg'

gfn bpnc jnc h` gjdfum} fb bpncs ofgmna hufpah |ufd`o jmc.

N`r`uh`i`ss \UFUPUJI fbb`us j ofggfn bujg`qfuk mn qhmoh m ms |fssm'

ei` f epmic au`j`u s}n`ua} e`q``n jmc gfcjimm`s) sfg`hmna hj h`

GfP jnc Ofc` fb Ofncpo ju` s``kmna f sp||fu. Shms ms jn mg|fujn i`s'

sfn) njg`i}) f oijumb} hj gpim|i` jmc gfcjimm`s ojn e` bfiifq`c mn h`

`jui} sja`s fb j _QJ|) jnc hj mn h` shfu'`ug) m ms mg|fujn f jiman

|ufd`os (ofg|fn`ns) u`|fumna bfugjs- qmh h` _QJ| suj`amo ofg|f'n`ns jnc mn`ug`cmj` fpofg`s.

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33.51 Joufss h` ojs`s h`u` ju` oi`jui} smii cmbb`u`n rm`qs jefp hfq _QJ|s

ofnumep` f mg|ufr`c jmc `bb`omr`n`ss mn J"UC. _fg` sjk`hfic`us |`u'

o`mr` h` _QJ| js jn mg|`cmg`n f ofh`u no` jnc jiifojmr` `bbmom`no}e`ojps` ms |ufo`ss`s fb`n `xms fn h` gjuamns fb h` ofu` njmfnji |ijn'

nmna jnc epca`mna |ufo`ss`s. Shms mnoipc`s sfg` cfnfus mn Sjntjnmj jnc

Gftjgemzp` qhf hjr` qmhcujqn fu c`oimn`c f spegm bpncs f j ofg'

gfn ejsk` jnc hjr` mns`jc bfops`c h`mu bpncmna bfu h` jaumopipuji

s`ofu suj`a} hufpah AE_. Fh`u sjk`hfic`us s`` h` fni} qj} f |uf'

`o s|`ncmna jnc u`jmn |fsmmr` cfnfu `naja`g`n j s`ofu i`r`i js

e`mna hufpah c`cmoj`c s`ofu sp||fu. Jnc bfu gfs hms g`jns sfg`

bfug fb `jugjuk`c bpncmna qh`h`u mn s`ofu epca` sp||fu) j ofggfn

ejsk` fu hufpah oifs`i} jiman`c |ufd`os. J gmx fb bpncmna j||ufjoh`s ms

h` cfgmnjn gfc`i mn gfs fb h` ofpnu} ojs`s (jihfpah Pajncj hjs nfcmu`oi} `jugjuk`c sp||fu bfu h` \GJ- jnc gj}) joofucmna f h`

Sjntjnmj u`|fu) e` h` e`s |fssmei` j||ufjoh amr`n h` soji` jnc cmr`usm'

} fb h` s`ofu ofn`x. Sh`u` ju`) n`r`uh`i`ss) oi`ju umsks jjoh`c

mnoipcmna j |f`nmji ijok fb spsjmnjemim}) j ijok fb `bb`omr` offucmnjmfn

jnc j cmr`usmfn fb sojuo` afr`ung`n fbbmomjis mg` jqj} bufg |pmna

bpncmna f ms e`s ps`) f gjnjamna hfq m ms gfs `bb`omr`i} gfemims`c. J

k`} ohjii`na`) nf`c mn h` Sjntjnmj u`|fu) ms f `nspu` hj js gpoh

`xmsmna |ufd`o bmnjnomna ms mnoipc`c pnc`u h` _QJ| js zpmoki} js |fssm'

ei` jnc f `nspu` hj h` c`r`if|g`n fb n`q |ufd`os ms bpii} jiman`c qmh

h` j||ufjoh jnc |umnom|i`s pnc`ui}mna h` _QJ| (s`` Au``i`} 5

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OHJ\S@U 04\FIMO] G@__JA@_ JNC U@OFGG@NCJSMFN_

0.: Shms ohj|`u |piis fa`h`u h` oufss'opmna g`ssja`s bufg Ohj|`us

Shu`` jnc Bfpu jnc gjk`s u`ofgg`ncjmfns fn hfq f mg|ufr` |`ubfug'

jno` mn s`ofu j||ufjoh`s qmh jccmmfnji u`ofgg`ncjmfns fn hfq h`

Aifeji Cfnfu \ijbfug ojn s`|'p| ms sp||fu bfu ofpnu}'i`c _QJ|

|ufo`ss`s.

\FIMO] G@__JA@_

0.5 Sh` spc} miipsuj`s h` ujna` fb j||ufjoh`s jnc juujna`g`ns f|`ujmnamn h` J"UC s`ofu jnc |fmns f sfg` mg|fujn cmbb`u`no`s mn h` bfug

jnc bpnomfn fb h` _QJ|. Qhmi` h`u` ju` pncfpe`ci} j ofu` s` fb `i`'

g`ns hj h`i| c`bmn` j _QJ|) mn |ujomo` m ms cmbbmopi f j||i} h`g

sumoi}.

0.? _`ofu qfukmna mn J"UC ms smii u`ijmr`i} n`q (nf qmhsjncmna h` `x|`um'

`no` fb \UFJAUM- jnc h` ofpnu} ojs`s ofnbmug h`u` ms smii gpoh f e`

cfn` f c`imr`u fn h` jmg fb j bpii} ofh`u`n) ofpnu}'i`c s`ofu'qmc`

j||ufjoh. Sh`u` ju` n`r`uh`i`ss smans fb |ufau`ss. Mn Sjntjnmj) c`s|m`

h` |ufujo`c |ufo`ss jnc smanmbmojn mg|i`g`njmfn ohjii`na`s smiijh`jc) h` J_C\ hjs |ufrmc`c j |ijbfug bfu s}s`gjmo |fimo} `naja`'

g`n fn h` jaumopipuji aufqh jnc |fr`u} u`cpomfn ja`ncj qmhmn jnc

joufss afr`ung`n jnc cfnfus jnc hjs |ufrmc`c j ofn`x mn qhmoh afr'

`ung`n jnc cfnfu sp||fu f |peimo mnr`sg`ns mn jaumopipu` ojn e`

offucmnj`c jnc gfnmfu`c. Sh` J_C\) joofucmna f h` bm`ic spc} jphfus)

hjs e``n `g|fq`umna bfu h` GfJ hj ofpic&qfpic fh`uqms` e` fr`ujk'

`n mn h` |psh bfu au`j`u AE_ jnc o`nujims`c |fimo} cmjifap`.

0.3 Mn Nmojujapj ff) \UFUPUJI hjs jiifq`c h` GfJ f u`ofr`u sfg` fb ms

qjnmna i`jc`ushm| fb h` |fimo} ja`ncj mn jaumopipu ) qhmi` ofggmg`nse} cfnfus f u`cpo` bujag`njmfn ju` jiu`jc} e`amnnmna f |j} fbb. Mn

Gftjgemzp`) c`s|m` e`mna ohjii`na`c e} u`o`n ohjna`s mn h` ufi` fb

GfJ jnc h` sqmoh f gfu` ju`j jnc |ufd`o'ejs`c sp||fu e} sfg`

cfnfus) \UFJAUM smii fbb`us j |f`nmjii} mg|fujn |ijbfug bfu afr`un'

g`n'cfnfu ofiijefujmfn. _p||fu`c e} j shmb f s`ofu epca` sp||fu

jnc qmh j sufna`u bfops fn s`urmo` fum`njmfn) h` |ufs|`os bfu e``u

c`r`if|g`n u`spis mn h` shfu f g`cmpg `ug ojn e` ofnsmc`u`c f e`

u`jsfnjei} |fsmmr`.

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00.0 Ep _QJ|s ojn jisf e` pnn`o`ssjumi} ofg|i`x) ofgemnmna ff gjn} js|m'

ujmfns) fed`omr`s jnc jofus mn fr`ui} jgemmfps suj`am`s jnc |ijns. M

j||`jus u`ijmr`i} `js} bfu `bbfus f ou`j` j _QJ| f e`ofg` gmu`c mnh`mu fqn |ufo`ss`s; sfg`hmna hj h`ic ejok h` Sjntjnmj J_C\ bfu s`r'

`uji }`jus jnc gj} joofpn bfu h` cmsj||fmnmna u`ofuc j h` fp|p jnc

fpofg` i`r`i pnc`u \UFJAUM. Qhj `g`ua`s js mg|fujn ms h` n``c bfu4

ofpnu} i`jc`ushm| jnc j ofggmg`n f `naja`g`n fr`u h` ifna`u

`ug;

ofg|jmemim} e`q``n njmfnji jnc ifoji s`ofu suj`am`s jnc c`r`if|'

g`n bujg`qfuks;

sufna imnkja`s e`q``n s`ofu |ufaujgg`s jnc njmfnji epca` bujg`'

qfuks jnc e`q``n G"@ s}s`gs) spur`} cjj jnc \BG cjj; jn `bbmom`n jnc su`jgimn`c cfnfu juohm`opu bfu sp||fumna h` _QJ|)

jnc

sufna`u mno`nmr`s f c`r`if| qfukmna u`ijmfnshm|s qmh |umrj` s`urmo`

|ufrmc`us) bjug`u&|ufcpo`u fuajnmsjmfns jnc O_Fs. Qmhfp h`s` h`u` ms

pnimk`i} f e` h` kmnc fb ohjna` n``c`c f sp||fu sufna`u jaumopipuji

aufqh jnc |fr`u} u`cpomfn.

Ofpnu} i`jc`ushm|

0.2 I`jc`ushm| fb _QJ|s e} ofpnu} sjk`hfic`us `ncs f e` cmbbmopi jncfb`n ofnsujmn`c e} gfu` a`n`ujims`c q`jkn`ss`s mn afr`ung`n i`jc`u'

shm| fb h` |fimo} jnc epca`mna |ufo`ss. Js j u`spi h`u` ms smii j `nc`n'

o} bfu c`r`if|g`n |jun`us f qjn f cumr` h` |fimo} jnc suj`a} bfugp'

ijmfn |ufo`ss) |jumopijui} qh`n h`} s`` ijok fb oj|jom} mn h` s`ofu js

fn` fb h` gjmn |ufei`gs f fr`uofg`. Hmah i`r`i |fimmoji `naja`g`n) js

mn h` `jui} sja`s fb Pajncjs \GJ) h` |u`|jujmfn fb h` Njmfnji Bfu`s

_uj`a} mn Rm`njg jnc mn h` bmnjimsjmfn fb Sjntjnmjs J_C\) ojn h`i|

ou`j` h` n`o`ssju} ofncmmfns bfu `bb`omr` ofpnu} i`jc`ushm| ep hms

jisf u`zpmu`s hj cfnfu |jun`us joo`| i`ss ofnufi fb h` |ufo`ss js m

c`r`if|s. I`mna'af e} cfnfus ms j ohjii`na` mn gfs s`ofu j||ufjoh`s.

0.1 Fn` fb h` zp`smfns jumsmna bufg h` spcm`s ms qhj ju` h` smans fb sma'

nmbmojn ofpnu} i`jc`ushm| mn u`ijmfn f j _QJ|6 Shms u`gjmns j ofg|i`x

zp`smfn f jnsq`u. Dfhnsfn jnc Qjs} (:==?- mc`nmb} bfpu c``ugmnjns fb

ofpnu} fqn`ushm|&i`jc`ushm| mn u`ijmfn f |fimo}'ejs`c i`ncmna4

h` ifops fb h` mnmmjmr`) hj ms) qh`u` h` mnmmjmr` ojg` bufg jnc ms

c`au`` fb `ge`cc`cn`ss qmhmn h` njmfnji |fim};

h` i`r`i fb mn`ii`opji ofnrmomfn jgfnas k`} |fimo} gjk`us;

h` `x|u`ssmfn fb |fimmoji qmii e} h` f| i`jc`ushm|; jnc

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0.8 Sh` \jums C`oijujmfn (5

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@nspumna hj bmnjno` jnc |ijnnmna bpnomfns j s`ofu i`r`i ju` bpii}

jiman`c qmh njmfnji s}s`gs jnc hj mn`u'gmnms`umji offucmnjmfn ms

ejok`c p| e} hmah i`r`i |fimmoji i`jc`ushm| @nspumna hj s`ofu G"@ bujg`qfuks ju` `ge`cc`c qmhmn njmfnji s}s'

`gs) |jumopijui} qmhmn \BG s}s`gs;

@nspumna hj g`ohjnmsgs bfu nfn'afr`ung`nji ofnspijmfn jnc |jumom'

|jmfn `xms j njmfnji jnc spe'njmfnji i`r`is.

0.:5 J bfops fn h`s` oummoji ju`js gj} }` |ufr` mnrjipjei` mn h` Ahjnj ofn'

`x jnc ms imk`i} f e` oummoji mn sfumna fp j hmahi} ofg|i`x |fimo} jnc

mnsmpmfnji smpjmfn mn Ojgefcmj.

Ofg|jmemim} e`q``n njmfnji jnc spe'njmfnji suj`am`s jncc`r`if|g`n bujg`qfuks

0.:? Gfs _QJ|s ju` e`mna bfugpij`c jnc mg|i`g`n`c mn ofn`xs hj ju`

jisf c`o`nujimsmna. J k`} ohjii`na` ms hfq f gjk` h` _QJ| |ufo`ss)

qhmoh ms mn`rmjei} zpm` o`nujims`c) ofnsms`n qmh c`o`nujimsjmfn

g`jspu`s jnc `bbfus f sp||fu ifoji c`gjnc'cumr`n c`r`if|g`n. Sh`

u`ijmfnshm| e`q``n c`o`nujims`c mnmmjmr`s jnc _QJ|s ms ofg|imoj`c e}

j ofgemnjmfn fb |fimmoji) mnsmpmfnji jnc `ohnmoji oj|jom} ohjii`na`s j

c`o`nujims`c i`r`is. Mn Ahjnj h` ijok fb oi`ju |fimmoji cmu`omfn fn

c`o`nujimsjmfn ms j |f`nmji spgeimna eifok mn c`r`if|mna h` _QJ|)qhmi` imnks qmh c`|jug`n jnc ifoji afr`ung`n i`r`is mn Nmojujapj ju`

smii `rfirmna js |ju fb j qmc`u |ufo`ss fb |fimmoji jnc jcgmnmsujmr`

c`o`nujimsjmfn. Mn Sjntjnmj jnc Pajncj) ifoji afr`ung`n q`jkn`ss`s

ju` e`mna jccu`ss`c hufpah ifoji c`r`if|g`n aujns sp||fu`c e}

mg|ufr`c \BG jnc joofpnjemim} e`q``n o`nuji jnc ifoji afr`ung`n.

K`} ohjii`na`s mnoipc` `nspumna jc`zpj` offucmnjmfn j ifoji afr`un'

g`n i`r`is) h` ujnsb`u fb bpncs jnc su`nah`nmna oj|jomm`s bfu `bb`omr`

|ijnnmna) epca` gjnja`g`n jnc c`imr`u}) jnc mn`aujmna h`s` |ufo`ss'

`s j h` ifoji afr`ung`n i`r`i.

0.:3 Js h` `x|`um`no` fb h` \GJ shfqs) mn`aujmfn mnf ofu` epca` jnc

|ijnnmna |ufo`ss`s ms nf apjujn`` hj h` umah kmncs fb imnks ju` gjc`

joufss h` s`ofu |ufaujgg`. Mn h` ojs` fb h` \GJ) r`umoji imnks) bufg

h` o`nu` cfqn hufpah `joh |miiju ju` bjmui} q`ii bfug`c) ep h` fn`s

hj qfuk hfumtfnjii} e`q``n h` rjumfps |miijus ju` nf. Shms ms |jui}

cp` f h` ijok fb oi`ju offucmnjmna supopu`s j ifoji afr`ung`n i`r`i.

Qhmi` h` mg|`ujmr` f ou`j` n`q supopu`s shfpic e` jrfmc`c mn h`

ofn`x fb _QJ|s) fn h` fh`u hjnc) h`u` ms j oi`ju n``c f `nspu` hj

jn mnsmpmfn |ufrmc`s fr`ujii offucmnjmfn jnc suj`amo apmcjno` j h`

ifoji i`r`i jifna h` imn`s fb h` o`nuji suj`a} jnc |fimo} bujg`qfuk.

0.:0 Mn Sjntjnmj) gfu` h`i| n``cs f e` amr`n f `nspu` hj Cmsumo

Jaumopipuji C`r`if|g`n \ijns ojn e` c`imr`u`c fn mg` f `nspu` h`

u`i`js` fb bpncs bufg h` ofggfn ejsk`) qhmi` mn Nmojujapj h`u`s j 20

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oi`ju n``c f c`bmn` gfu` oifs`i} hfq offucmnjmfn g`ohjnmsgs j h`

ifoji afr`ung`n i`r`i qmii `naja` qmh \UFUPUJI jufpnc h` jiifojmfn

fb bpncs jnc h` mg|i`g`njmfn fb suj`amo |umfumm`s) js |ju fb h`jnnpji f|`ujmfnji |ijn.

0.:2 Bfu C\s j k`} ohjii`na` ms h` i`r`i fb afr`ung`n h`} s`` js h` gjmn

cmjifap` |ijbfug bfu h` _QJ|. Mnmmjii} hms ms oi`jui} h` o`nu`) ep j

qhj |fmn shfpic hms c`rfir` f spe's`ofuji) \ufrmnomji fu ifoji afr`un'

g`n i`r`is6 Sh` u`pun f spe's`ofu jnc ju`j'ejs`c |ufd`os mn

Gftjgemzp` gj} e` mncmojmr` fb j c`smu` f `naja` qmh sjk`hfic`us j j

npge`u fb cmbb`u`n i`r`is jnc f qfuk j j i`r`i qh`u` h`u` ms j oi`ju`u

imnk e`q``n epca`ju} jnc hpgjn u`sfpuo`s jnc u`spis. C`o`nujimsmna

cmjifap` hjs o`ujmn jujomfns) fn h` fh`u hjnc h`u` ju` |f`nmji cjn'a`us mn bjmimna f jccu`ss qmc`u offucmnjmfn |ufei`gs (sfg`hmna hj h`

_QJ| qjs c`sman`c f jccu`ss- jnc mn bfs`umna j |fssmei` gmsgjoh

e`q``n mnr`sg`ns gjc` mn cmbb`u n ep ofg|i`g`nju} jaumopipuji

spe's`ofus fu ifojmfns.

A`mna `x`unji u`sfpuo`s fn'epca` jnc imnkmna s|`ncmnac`omsmfns qmh G"@ cjj

0.:1 Jn mg|fujn |ju fb cfnfus ofggmmna f j ofpnu}'i`c _QJ| ms `nspumna

hj jmc bifqs ju` bpii} u`bi`o`c) jifnasmc` cfg`smo u`sfpuo`s) mn h`GS@B jnc jnnpji epca`. Sh` ojs`s fb h` \GJ jnc J_C\ ju` oi`ju fn

hms mssp`. Shms cf`s nf g`jn |pmna bpncs fni} hufpah j AE_'}|`

mnsupg`n) ep m cf`s g`jn bpii ujns|ju`no} jnc u`|fumna fb cfnfu

bifqs mn imn` qmh njmfnji epca`&GS@B oijssmbmojmfns. Bpii u`|fumna fb

cfnfu bifqs f h` s`ofu jiifqs bfu au`j`u o`ujmn} jufpnc afr`ung`ns

|peimo s|`ncmna c`omsmfns. Sh` Sjntjnmjn `xjg|i` shfqs hfq j \peimo

@x|`ncmpu` U`rm`q |ufrmc`s j oupomji f||fupnm} bfu jnji}smna h` `bb`o'

mr`n`ss fb jii s|`ncmna afmna f h` s`ofu) jnc h`no` epmicmna h` n`o`s'

sju} `rmc`no` ejs` bfu ofnmnp`c afr`ung`n jnc cfnfu mnr`sg`n.

0.:8 @nspumna bpii mn`aujmfn fb `x`unji u`sfpuo`s mnf h` njmfnji epca` ms

j n`o`ssju} ep nf j spbbmom`n ofncmmfn f mg|ufr` `x|`ncmpu gjnja`'

g`n jnc s`urmo` c`imr`u} fpofg`s. M ms jisf rmji hj j spbbmom`ni} oi`ju

`rmc`no` ejs` ms mn |ijo` f dpsmb} s`ofu |umfum} `x|`ncmpu`s mn h` bjo`

fb ofg|`mna oijmgs bufg fh`u s`ofus. Mn Pajncj) s`ofu o`mimnas hjr`) mn

h` bjo` fb u`ijmr`i} q`jk `rmc`no` jefp h` `bbmom`no} jnc `bb`omr`n`ss

fb |peimo s|`ncmna fa`h`u qmh ofno`uns fr`u oufqcmna'fp) imgm`c h`

sof|` bfu |peimo mnr`sg`n mn sp||fu fb h` |ufcpomr` s`ofus. Sh` `nc

u`spi ms u`ijmr`i} |ffu jiifojmfns fb |peimo bmnjno` f h` |ufcpomr` s`o'

fus qmh ofnsmc`ujei` f||mna p| ofgmna bufg h` mn`unjmfnji ofggpnm'}. Shms |fmns f h` oummoji mg|fujno` fb imnkmna gfnmfumna jnc `rjipj'

mfn cjj qmh jrjmijei` spur`} cjj f mnbfug h` |peimo `x|`ncmpu` c`om'

smfns jnc h` u`sfpuo` jiifojmfn |ufo`ss. Bfu s`ofus imk` J"UC hj hjr`

hmsfumojii} ifs'fp mn h` ejuajmnmna fr`u jccmmfnji epca`ju} u`sfpuo`s)

`nspumna hj G"@ cjj ms imnk`c mn qmh \@G&\BG cjj ms fb rmji mg|fujno`.22

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0Jimang`n jnc hjugfnmsjmfn g`jns nf `ncs

0.:= J sufna g`ssja` `g`uamna bufg jii fb h` ojs` spcm`s ms h` mg|fujno`fb u`jmna jimang`n jnc hjugfnmsjmfn js g`jns nf `ncs. Sh` ohjii`na`

bfu C\s ms f `nspu` hj h` bfops fn |ufo`ss jnc |ufo`cpuji ohjna` ms

nf sf ofg|i`x jnc jgemmfps sf js f oufqc fp h` bfops fn c`r`if|g`n

u`spis. Sh` `x|`um`no` sf bju ofnbmugs hj hjugfnmsjmfn jnc jimang`n

ju` oummoji) |jumopijui} bfu jokimna cfnfu cmshjugfn} jnc |ufimb`ujmfn)

ep pnimk` sfg` fb h` uh`fumo spuufpncmna _QJ|s) h`} ju` j n`o`ssju}

ep nf j spbbmom`n ofncmmfn bfu sufna`u |fimom`s jnc e``u |fimo} fp'

ofg`s. Shms gj`us gfu` fn h` mnsmpmfns hj pnc`u|mn s`ofu afr`u'

njno` jnc h` c`au`` fb mn`unji jimang`n jnc ofggmg`n f s`ofu |fi'

mo} ja`ncjs jnc h` johm`r`g`n fb u`spis. Sh` g`ssja` h`u` ms hjjimang`n jnc |u`cmojemim} ju` rmjii} mg|fujn mn h` shfu upn qhmi`

`bbfus jufpnc hjugfnmsjmfn ju` imk`i} f mn`nsmb} js h` |fimo} jnc mnsm'

pmfnji ohjna` |ufo`ss pnbfics; jnc hj hms gj} jk` ifna`u hjn mnmmji'

i} `x|`o`c. Shms pnc`usofu`s h` n``c bfu cfnfus f `naja` mn g`cmpg f

ifna `ug jau``g`ns jufpnc h` _QJ| mb h` bpii e`n`bms ju` f e`

u`j|`c.

0.5< @bb`omr` `xjg|i`s fb jiman`c qfukmna `xms joufss h` s`r`n ojs`s mnoipc'

mna h` cfnfu `ohnmoji qfukmna aufp| pnc`u Pajncjs \GJ jnc h`

C`r`if|g`n \jun`ushm| Aufp| mn Sjntjnmj. Mn Sjntjnmj) efh jimang`njnc hjugfnmsjmfn hjr` |ufo``c`c j|jo` mn u`o`n }`jus qmh gfs smanmbm'

ojn |ufau`ss fn h` bfug`u. _`r`uji cfnfus jnc afr`ung`n fbbmomjis nf`

hj j gjdfu johm`r`g`n fb h` J_C\ ms h` `x`n f qhmoh m pnc`usofu`s

efh smc`s ofggmg`n f jiman`c qfukmna. Hfq`r`u) mn h` jaumopipuji

s`ofu h`u` smii u`gjmns ofnsmc`ujei` bujag`njmfn fb bpncmna jnc

pn|u`cmojemim} u`gjmns j gjdfu qfuu} c`s|m` j ofggfn ejsk` juujna`'

g`n. Sh` s`ofu qfukmna aufp| ms ijua` jnc qhmi` sfg` bpnc`us hjr`

u`gfr`c h`mu jssmsjno` mn bjrfpu fb fh`u s`ofus jnc a`n`uji epca`

sp||fu js j qj} fb su`jgimnmna jomrm} mn h` s`ofu) h`u` u`gjmns j

|ufei`g fb |ufimb`ujmfn. Mn h` omuopgsjno`s j oi`ju ofggmg`n fjiman`c jnc |u`cmojei` bmnjnomna (fn'epca`- ms `ss`nmji bfu h` J_C\ f

hjr` j ohjno` f c`imr`u fn ms fed`omr`s.

0.5: Mn Nmojujapj) h` _QJ| hjs |ufrmc`c j oupomji bfupg bfu afr`ung`n'

cfnfu mn`uohjna` qmh hu`` qfukmna aufp|s c`jimna qmh s|`ombmo ju`js

spoh js bmnjno`. Sh` bfupgs `sjeimsh`c ju` affc bfu h` `xohjna` fb

mnbfugjmfn jnc bpnomfn q`ii bfu sfumna fp sfg` fb h` c`jmi fb jimanmna

cfnfu jnc afr`ung`n `bbfus. Ep h` ohufnmo |ufei`g hj h`} ju` nf

}` jccu`ssmna ms h` s`umfps ijok fb `rmc`no`'ejs`c c`omsmfn'gjkmna) h`

|jpom} fb `rjipjmfns fb fnafmna |ufaujgg`s jnc spur`} cjj |`umn`n fh` s`ofu jnc f h` bppu` `bb`omr`n`ss fb h` _QJ|.

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0.55 _`r`uji fb h` ojs`s |fmn f h` `rfirmna u`ijmfnshm| e`q``n _QJ|s jnc

a`n`uji epca` sp||fu. Hfq`r`u) h`} jisf |fmn f h` ofnmnp`c |u`b`u`no`

bfu j ujna` fb jmc mnsupg`ns qmh b`q njmfnji afr`ung`ns (jnc |jumopijucfnfus- qmshmna f f| `xoipsmr`i} bfu fn` }|` fb mnsupg`n fr`u jnfh`u.

C`s|m` j qmc`u `nc`no} f gfr` fqjucs |ufaujggjmo fu epca`ju} sp|'

|fu) |ufd`o jssmsjno` smii u`gjmns h` cfgmnjn gfcjim}. Ofggfn bpncs

jnc ejsk`s `xms ep ju` fb`n q`mah`c'cfqn e} cfnfu |ufo`cpu`s. J gfr`

fqjucs _`ofu Epca` _p||fu (_E_- gj} h`ujic j n`q cmu omfn) ujmsmna h`

|fssmemim} fb gfu` |u`cmojei` sp||fu mn jimang`n qmh h` fr`ujii epca`.

_E_ ojn ifq`u gjnja`g`n ofss) |f`nmjii} jujo gfu` cfnfus hjn AE_

jnc h`i| epmic \@G oj|jom} e} psmna afr`ung`nji s}s`gs bfu jiifojmna

jnc gfnmfumna. Sh` gjmn ofno`un ms qh`h`u _E_ u`cpo`s epca` bi`xmemim}

js bpncs bfu h` s`ofu a` `jugjuk`c qmhmn h` njmfnji epca`. Qh`u`cfnfus ju` pnjei` f gfr` f _E_ h` oupomji g`ssja` ms f `nspu` hj

shfu`u'`ug jnc mncmrmcpji |ufd`os ju` jiman`c js gpoh js |fssmei` qmh h`

gjmn s`ofu |ufaujgg` jnc) qh`u` |fssmei`) ofnsfimcj`c mnf ijua`u) ifna`u

`ug |ufaujgg`s. Sh` jmg bfu jn} bppu` |ufd`o sp||fu gps e` hj m ms

fn'epca`) of'bmnjno`c jnc of'gjnja`c js bju js |fssmei` jnc c`r`if|`c

psmna ofggfn |ufo`cpu`s hj u`bi`o njmfnji s}s`gs bfu |ufopu`g`n)

jpcm jnc bmnjnomji ofnufi (ob Sjntjnmj u`|fu-.

Gfnmfumna jnc `rjipjmfn

0.5? \fssmei} fn` fb h` gfs jijugmna g`ssja`s fb h` spc} ms h` a`n`uji

q`jkn`ss fb G"@ oj|jom} jnc ofggmg`n f u`|fumna mn j affc |`uo`n'

ja` fb h` ojs`s. Mn ojs`s qh`u` G"@ s}s`gs hjr` e``n c`r`if|`c h`

`nc`no} ms bfu h`g f e` fr`u'jgemmfps. Shms qjs h` ojs` qmh

Nmojujapjs \UFUPUJI qh`u` h` |uf|fs`c G"@ s}s`g ofpic e` ps`bpii}

bfops`c cfqn fnf j gpoh gfu` bfops`c |ujagjmo gfnmfumna `x`uoms`

ofgemn`c qmh jn m`ujmr` |ufo`ss fb i`junmna e} cfmna. Bjrfpujei` mnmmji

ofncmmfns u`spi`c mn j o`ujmn jgfpn fb mnsmpmfnji fr`u'su`oh mn

Pajncjs \GJ. Sh` ofns`zp`no` qjs j r`u} efic G"@ s}s`g qhmoh hjs

e``n |jui} pnc`ugmn`c e} q`jk mnsmpmfnji u`ijmfnshm|s. Mns`jc) mqfpic hjr` e``n e``u a`mna ejs`imn` cjj jnc gfnmfumna s}s`gs

bpnomfnji mn j imgm`c npge`u fb suj`amo fpofg` ju`js bmus.

0.53 Sh` mg|fujno` fb gfnmfumna fb |`ubfugjno` ojn nf e` fr`usj`c. M nf

fni} jssmss h` spes`zp`n `rjipjmfn |ufo`ss ep jisf jiifqs bfu fnafmna

jcdpsg`ns f h` |fimo} bujg`qfuk jnc j||ufjoh js m pnbfics. Imnkmna

G"@ cjj qmh spur`} cjj jnc \BG cjj ms j oummoji s`| fqjucs mn`auj'

mna h` s`ofu j||ufjoh jnc h` epsmn`ss fb afr`ung`n jnc ms k`} sjk`'

hfic`us. M |ufrmc`s h` ejsms bfu fnafmna |umfum} s`mna) u`sfpuo` jiifoj'

mfn c`omsmfns jnc |`ubfugjno` `rjipjmfn jnc ms |f`nmjii} fn` fb h`gfs mg|fujn ejs`s fn qhmoh h` J"UC s`ofus ojn mg|ufr` h`mu eju'

ajmnmna |fq`u mn epca`ju} cmsopssmfns jnc c`gfnsuj` oummoji rjip`'

jcc`c mn h` mnou`jsmnai} ofg|`mmr` s`juoh bfu |umrj` s`ofu mnr`sfus.

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U@OFGG@NCJSMFN_

0.50 J npge`u fb u`ofgg`ncjmfns `g`ua` bufg h` spc}) h`s` ojn e` oj`'afums`c mnf u`ofgg`ncjmfns u`ijmna f h` c`sman jnc bfugpijmfn fb

_QJ|s jnc f h` qj}s mn qhmoh C\s sp||fu _QJ|s fr`u mg`. _`r`uji fb

h`s` u`ofgg`ncjmfns ujok oifs`i} qmh hfs` mc`nmbm`c mn h` Aifeji

Cfnfu \ijbfugs u`o`n |peimojmfn Ofun`usfn`s bfu bb`omr` jaumopipu`

jnc upuji c`r`if|g`n |ufaujgg`s pnc`u j \EJ jnc qfuk e`mna pnc`u'

jk`n fqjucs h` cujqmna p| fb j Ofc` fb Ofncpo bfu c`r`if|g`n off|'

`ujmfn mn J"UC[:5W. U`ofgg`ncjmfns bfu bpuh`u qfuk&`naja`g`n e}

h` \ijbfug ju` jisf gjc`.

U`ofgg`ncjmfns fn h` c`sman&bfugpijmfn fb _QJ|s

Ofpnu}'i`jc`ushm| fn h` rmsmfn) ja`ncj jnc sof|` bfu h` |ufaujgg` ms

oummoji jnc C\s gps `nspu` hj hms ms nf oufqc`c'fp e} c`omsmfns

jk`n fn g`ohjnmsgs jnc gfcjimm`s bfu bpncmna. _ju j h` spe's`ofu

fu spe'|ufaujgg` i`r`i mb hj |ufrmc`s j oi`ju`u ejsms bfu epmicmna j oi`ju

rmsmfn jnc u`cpomna bujag`njmfn.

Ofg|i`g`njum} e`q``n njmfnji jnc ifoji s`ofu suj`am`s ms rmji.

_`ofu suj`am`s gps |ijn bfu spe'njmfnji `naja`g`n bufg h` e`amn'

nmna jnc `nspu` hj qhj ms e`mna |ufgms`c j c`o`nujims`c i`r`is ms b`j'smei` jnc johm`rjei` jnc mn imn` qmh ijua`u u`bfug jnc |umfummsjmfn

|ufo`ss`s (|jumopijui} jufpnc \BG&bmsoji c`o`nujimsjmfn-.

G`ohjnmsgs bfu |umrj` s`ofu jnc omrmi sfom`} `naja`g`n ju` j oummoji

`i`g`n fb epmicmna ofpnu} i`jc`ushm| fb h` _QJ|. \fimo} jnc bpncmna

j||ufjoh`s hj |umrmi`a` |peimo s|`ncmna fr`u jii fh`u bmsoji mnsupg`ns

(jx) u`apijmfn) jcgmnmsujmfn- ju` pnimk`i} f |ufrmc` h` n`o`ssju}

mno`nmr`s f |umrj` s`ofu |jumom|jns f `naja` bpii} mn |ufaujgg`

c`r`if|g`n jnc mg|i`g`njmfn. _|`omji mno`nmr` bpncs bfu |umrj` s`o'

fu |jumom|jmfn gj} e` u`zpmu`c.

U`ofgg`ncjmfns fn sp||fumna _QJ|s gfu` `bb`omr`i}

Mn jmc'c`|`nc`n ofn`xs) ofnsmc`u c`r`if|mna ifna `ug jmc ofg|jos

hj ofggm cfnfus jnc afr`ung`ns f :0'5< }`ju |jun`ushm|s qmh j

ufiimna u`spis bujg`qfuk jnc oi`ju upi`s jufpnc qmhmn'}`ju&e`q``n'

}`ju |u`cmojemim}. @joh ofg|jo qmii n``c j oi`ju `xm suj`a} ofr`umna

h` ijs ?'0 }`jus fb h` ofg|jo.

@nspu` hj njmfnji sjk`hfic`us ju` mn h` i`jc e} sp||fumna |u`|juj'mfn fb j njmfnji jmc |fimo} pnc`u|mnnmna h` jmc ofg|jo s`mna fp oi`ju

upi`s fb h` ajg` bfu |u`b`uu`c jmc gfcjimm`s jnc g`ohjnmsgs |ips jmc

gjnja`g`n mnbfugjmfn.

2=

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\ufrmc` bmnjnomji sp||fu fn'epca` mn jii ojs`s) hufpah offucmnj`c g`ohj'

nmsgs js bju js |fssmei` jnc mn jii ojs`s bpii} jiman`c qmh h` ufiimna suj`a}

jnc u`spis bujg`qfuk. Jiman bmus) hjugfnms` js h` _QJ| ja`ncj pnbfics. Bf'ops fn u`cpomna hfs ujnsjomfns (f||fupnm}- ofss hj cmsujo sojuo afr`un'

g`n u`sfpuo`s bufg h ofu epsmn`ss fb mg|i g`njmfn jnc johm rmna u`spis.

@nspumna |ijnnmna jnc bmnjno` s}s`gs j s`ofu i`r`i ju` bpii} jiman`c qmh

njmfnji \BG s}s`gs) mnoipcmna jpcm jnc |ufopu`g`n.

Mnr`s mn |peimo `x|`ncmpu` u`rm`q jnc ujokmna (\@S_- |ufo`ss`s f h`i|

ujok&gfnmfu h` `bbmom`no} jnc `bb`omr`n`ss fb s|`nc mn jaumopipuji jnc

upuji c`r`if|g`n s`ofus. @nofpuja` mnou`js`c ps` fb G"@ jnc spur`} `rm'

c`no` fn h` `bbmom`no} jnc `bb`omr`n`ss fb |peimo s|`ncmna f `g|fq`u afr'`ung`n jnc nfn'afr`ung`n sjk`hfic`us mn epmicmna joofpnjemim} bfu

u`spis mn h` jaumopipuji s`ofu. @rmc`no` shfpic gjk` u`b`u`no` f mn`unj'

mfnji ofg|jujfus qh`u` jrjmijei`.

_u`jgimn` cfnfu qfukmna aufp| juohm`opu`s f `nspu` gfu` `bbmom`n jnc

`bb`omr` cmjifap` qmh afr`ung`ns jnc fh`u k`} sjk`hfic`us. Jrfmc fr`u'

oufqcmna s`ofu aufp|s) `nofpuja` C\s f c`i`aj` mn imn` qmh \jums |umnom'

|i`s jnc jrfmc |ufimb`ujmna jmc gfcjimm`s.

Mnsms fn `sjeimshmna G"@ s}s`gs qhmoh ojn a`n`uj` u`i`rjn cjj qmhmnu`ijmr`i} shfu |`umfcs fb mg` mn jimang`n qmh njmfnji G"@ bujg`qfuks.

U`ofgg`ncjmfns bfu h` Aifeji Cfnfu \ijbfug

Sjoki` qj}s fb qfukmna jnc mno`nmr` s}s`gs qmhmn cfnfu HZs hj |ufhmem

jnc&fu c`ij} dfmn`c p| qfukmna j ofpnu} i`r`i. Cfnfu HZ |ufo`cpu`s bu`'

zp`ni} c`ij} h` smanmna fb ofpnu}'i`r`i GFPs jnc c`omsmfns jefp bpncmna

qhmoh mn pun mg|fs` smanmbmojn ujnsjomfns ofss fn afr`ung`n jnc fh`u

cfnfus.