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Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long- term Behavioral versus Emotional

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Page 1: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Forms of Helping

Direct vs. Indirect

Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term

Behavioral versus Emotional

Page 2: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

(From New York Times, March 27th, 1964) For more than half an hour 38 respectable, law-abiding citizens in Queens watched a killer stalk and stab a woman in three separate attacks in Kew Gardens.Twice the sound of their voices and the sudden glow of their bedroom lights interrupted him and frightened him off, Each time he returned, sought her out and stabbed her again. Not one person telephoned the police during the assault; one witness called after the woman was dead.

That was two weeks ago today. But Assistant Chief Inspector Frederick M. Lussen, in charge of the bor ough’s detectives and a veteran of 25 years of homicide investigations, is still shocked.

He can give a matter-of-fact recitation of many murders. But the Kew Gardens slaying baffles him — not because it is a murder, but because the ‘good people’ failed to call the police. ‘As we have reconstructed the crime,’ he said, ‘the assailant had three chances to kill this woman during a 35-minute period. He returned twice to complete the job. If we had been called when he first attacked, the woman might not be dead now.’   

~ Kitty Genovese Story ~

Page 3: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Basic Assumption

Groups should be more likely to help in emergency situations

But what if the situation is relatively ambiguous (as most emergencies may be, or at least start off as such)?

Presence of others as a source of information (social cues)

Page 4: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Latane and Darley’s Model of Emergency Intervention (1970)

Notice the Event?

Define as Emergency?

HELPHave the

qualifications to help?

Take Responsibility?

Decide to Help?

Page 5: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Smoke-Filled Room Study

Procedure?

Page 6: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional
Page 7: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Did the presence of others affect how quickly participants noticed the smoke in the room?

Alone = Less than 5 seconds (63% noticed within 5 sec.)

Group = About 20 seconds (26% noticed within 5 sec.)

What if a condition existed where a confederate signaled the need to help?

Page 8: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Epileptic Seizure Study

Procedure?

Page 9: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Epileptic Seizure Information

Page 10: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional
Page 11: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional
Page 12: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional
Page 13: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

You are driving along a city street and you notice that a car has slid across the shoulder and into a ditch. A middle-aged woman is standing next to the car, bewildered. You are in a hurry to meet someone in town, but it’s obvious that the woman needs help. What would you do?

Page 14: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

% helping

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Ahead of schedule

On schedule Behind schedule

Time Pressure and Helping

Page 15: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

In a local grocery store you notice a small child in a shopping cart. A woman, likely the mother, slaps him in the face and yells for the child to shut up or get more. You fell bad for the child but you wonder if you’d make things worse if you say something. What would you do?

Page 16: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Piliavin and Piliavin’s Cost Analysis of Emergency Intervention

How do perceived costs for helping and not helping affect our willingness to intervene in an emergency?

Piliavin and Piliavin (1972) proposed that a moderately aroused bystander to an emergency assesses the costs of helping and not helping before deciding whether to intervene. The table below predicts what a bystander is most likely to do in an emergency when the costs for helping are low or high and the costs for not helping are low or high.

Costs (to helper) for Directly Helping VictimCosts (to victim

) if No

Direct H

elp G

iven

High

High

Lo

Lo

ww

LowLow HighHigh

Direct Intervention

Intervention or nonintervention largely a function of perceived norms in situation

Indirect intervention or

Redefinition of the situation, disparagement of victim, etc., which lowers costs for no help, allowing

Leaving the scene, ignoring, denial

Page 17: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Blood on Victim

No Blood on Victim

Perceived Costs & Helping

Strangers Arguing

Couples Arguing

Page 18: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Country # Helpful Acts

Philippines 280

Kenya 156

Mexico 148

Japan 97

U.S. 86

India 60

Culture and Helping

*Source: Whiting & Whiting, 1975

Page 19: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

You a watching the TV news about a large-scale national disaster across the world. Men, women and children are shown blankly starring at the TV screen. Immediate financial support is requested to but food and medicine before the death toll rises. How would this make you feel? What would you do?

Page 20: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Ask for directions

Give help

Thanked for helping

“Punished” for helping (“I cannot understand what you’re saying. Never mind, I’ll ask

someone else”

Less likely to provide assistance

in future

Impact of Past Experience on Helping

What are the “big picture” implications of such a finding, especially for long-term helping efforts?

Page 21: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Rank Charity Program Expenses Professional Fundraising

1 Disabled Veterans Associations 4.6% 94.3%2 Children's Charitable Foundation 10.3% 87.3%3 Firefighters Charitable Foundation 8.3% 86.4%4 Disabled Police Officers Counseling Center 11.8% 85.7%5 Law Enforcement Education Program 2.2% 84.1%6 Operation Lookout 12.6% 80.8%7 Wishing Well Foundation USA 10.3% 78.3%8 Children's Charity Fund, Inc. 5.7% 78.1%9 Coalition Against Breast Cancer 18.3% 78.1%10 Children With Hairloss 24.5% 72.3%

Page 22: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

The United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti has reported that only 40 percent of money raised for Haiti in 2010 has been distributed, and only 15 percent of needed temporary housing has been built.

From: The Oakland Press, Wednesday, January 26, 2011

Page 23: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Helping request (e.g.,

stranger asking for

spare change)

Physiological arousal

External attribution (e.g., poor

economy is at fault)

Analysis of the

situation

Internal attribution

(e.g., stranger is lazy)

Positive emotions

Helping

Negative emotions

No helping

Attributions & Helping

Page 24: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Break camera

Versus

Camera malfunctions

Before confession

Versus

After confession

Helping?

Moods (Guilt) on Helping

Page 25: Forms of Helping Direct vs. Indirect Emergency, Short-term versus Long-term Behavioral versus Emotional

Male Female

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

90

30

70

35

Homosexual making request

Heterosexual making request

Wrong phone number study

From Shaw, Borough, & Fink, 1994

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