AHS English Essentials

Formatting an MLA Document............................................................................................................2Making a Formal Outline.....................................................................................................................2MLA 8th Edition: Works Cited Pages...................................................................................................2MLA 8th Edition: In-Text Citations.......................................................................................................2Parenthetical Citations........................................................................................................................2

What to Put in the Parenthetical.....................................................................................................2Paraphrased Material (When It’s “In Your Own Words”)................................................................2Short Quotations (fewer than 4 lines).............................................................................................2Examples of Short Quotations........................................................................................................2Quoting Dialogue............................................................................................................................2Examples for Quoting Dialogue......................................................................................................2Long Quotations.............................................................................................................................2Block Quote Example.....................................................................................................................2Adding or Changing Words.............................................................................................................2Removing Text................................................................................................................................2

Quick Guide: Citing from a Book in MLA 8.........................................................................................2Citation Checklists..............................................................................................................................2

Works Cited....................................................................................................................................2Parenthetical Citations....................................................................................................................2Verbal Citation................................................................................................................................2

Works Cited (Sample).........................................................................................................................2Academic Integrity..............................................................................................................................2

Specific Violations...........................................................................................................................2Disciplinary Consequences for Cheating and Plagiarism...............................................................2Academic Consequences for Cheating and Plagiarism.................................................................2Plagiarism-Specific Procedures......................................................................................................2

How to Join a Class on TURNITIN.COM............................................................................................2How to Submit a Paper on TURNITIN.COM......................................................................................2Expository Essay Checklist.................................................................................................................2Punctuation Handout..........................................................................................................................2Steps for Writing an Expository Essay................................................................................................2Transition Words and Phrases List.....................................................................................................2

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Tone and Mood Words List.................................................................................................................2Google Search Tips............................................................................................................................2Research Terms List...........................................................................................................................2Evaluation Form for Web Sources......................................................................................................2Basic Speaking and Reading Guidelines...........................................................................................2APA Citation (6th Edition)....................................................................................................................2

Formatting In-Text Citations in APA...............................................................................................2APA References Pages..................................................................................................................2

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Formatting an MLA Document

1. 1-inch margins

1. Go to “Layout” on the toolbar on the top2. Go to “Margins” on the left-hand side of the toolbar3. Click “Normal” –1 inch all the way around the paper

2. Double-spacing

1. Right click somewhere on the document, and click “Paragraph”2. Under “Spacing,” make sure both the “before” and “after” box are at 0 pt.3. To the right of those boxes one menu says “Line Spacing.” Select “Double.”4. Check the box titled “Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style.”5. Near the bottom of the paragraph menu, select “Set as Default.” Make sure to click the follow up box that says “All documents based on this template.”

3. Header with last name and page number in upper right-hand corner

1. Click “Insert” on the top-left of the toolbar2. Click “Page Number” on the top-right toolbar3. Click “Top of Page” and “Plain Number 3” (the page number in the top, right-hand corner)4. Type your last name, then add one space after your last name, so there will be a space between your last name and the page number. 5. Highlight and make the font of your heading Times New Roman, size 12.

4. MLA heading

Your first and last name John Smith

Your instructor Mr. Jones

Your class (include class period) English 10 (P2)

The due date (do not abbreviate month) 12 September 2017

5. You are now ready to type your paper. It must be typed in size 12, Times New Roman font.

Note: If you work on your paper both at school and at home, you must always check your settings. Your document’s settings will change to the computer’s “style settings” every time you load your document on a different computer.

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Making a Formal Outline

An outline is a general plan of the material to be presented in a speech or paper; the outline shows the purpose and order of various topics, the relative importance of each, and the relationships among the various parts.Sometimes, teachers will ask for a “topic outline.” This means you can just use single words or brief phrases, rather than writing out complete sentences. The sample below is a “sentence outline.”All outlines must begin with a thesis statement; it must be a complete, concise, grammatically correct sentence, specific and brief, which expresses the purpose, point of view, or position you are taking toward the subject or the information you intend to convey.

Example Outline

Thesis: Here, type out the thesis statement.

I. This outline is in “sentence form” and called a “sentence outline.”

A. Each subdivision of the outline must be a complete sentence.

B. Each subdivision may have only one sentence in it.

II. Each Roman numeral should be a claim that supports your thesis (some call these sentences “topic

sentences” or “main ideas”); the introduction and conclusion are not typically part of your outline, but

you may want to ask your teacher whether and how to include them.

A. Capital letters are for the evidence or logical reasoning that support the claim.

1. Arabic numerals are for sub-points supporting the ideas above.

2. Often, this is where analysis (explanation) of how the evidence or reasoning

supports the claim.

a. Little letters are for sub-points under the numbers.

b. If you need even more sub-points, under the lower-case letters, use

small Roman numerals (i. ii. iii. iv. v.)

B. A sub-point or analysis/explanation needs to relate to the idea it appears underneath.

1. This means capital letters are a subdivision to the roman numerals.

2. This also means Arabic numerals refer to the idea in the capital letter.

III. All sub-points should be indented the same.

A. This means that all of the capital letters are indented the same.

B. Also, all Arabic numerals are indented the same, and so on.

IV. No sub-point can stand alone.

A. Every A must have a B.

B. Every 1 must have a 2.

C. You don’t need to have a C or a 3, but you can.

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MLA 8th Edition: Works Cited PagesTexts and media have become increasingly mobile, and the same document or media may be found in several different sources, so MLA has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a general method that may be applied to every possible source.

MLA 8 is based on a few principles, rather than an extensive list of specific rules. The process of documentation is uniform and flexible; we no longer look up how to cite a source based on what type of source it is. Once familiar with the method, writers can use it to document any type of source.

OverviewTo cite from any source, one must find as many “core elements” as possible. The “core elements” are the general pieces of information MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry.

For each citation on the Work(s) Cited page, the core elements should be listed in the following order and with the following punctuation:

1. Author.2. Title of source.3. Title of container,4. Other contributors,5. Version,6. Number,7. Publisher,8. Publication date,9. Location.

No matter what the final element is (it could be element 7, 8, or 9), end the entry with a period.

1. Author: Last name, comma, rest of the name, period.

Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.

2. Title of Source: Some sources should go in italics; others use quotation marks.

Use Italics for book titles, websites, movies, albums, and other full-length sources.

Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.

Use “quotation marks” for short stories, poems, songs, and articles in periodicals (journal, magazine, newspaper).

Kincaid, Jamaica. “Girl.” The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories,

edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.

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3. Title of Container:

“Containers” are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, to cite a short story that appears in a textbook, the individual story is the source, while whatever it is found within (in this case, the textbook) is the container.

The title of the container is italicized, and it is followed by a comma.

In this example, the container is a book, which is a compilation of “short stories.”

Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, 

edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.

The container may also be a television series, which is made up of “episodes.”

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur,

performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and

Universal Media Studios, 2010.

The container may also be a website, which could contain “articles,” “blog posts,” and “pages.”

Zinkievich, Craig. “Star Trek Online: Second Interview.” Skewed and Reviewed, 25 Apr.

2009, http://sknr.net/2009/04/25/star-trek-online-second-interview/. Accessed

10 Mar. 2017.

In some cases, a container might be within an even larger container! Perhaps one read a short story out of a book of short stories on Google Books. Maybe one watched an episode out of television series accessed through Netflix. Or one might have found an article within the electronic version of a journal accessed through JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so readers can find the exact source one used. Below, the boxes identify both a first and a second container being cited.

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 21, NBC, 29 Apr.

2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0

974d361-27cd-44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.”

Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest,

doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.

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Steps 4, 5, and 6 are relatively rare; if they do not apply to your source, simply skip them!

4. Other Contributors:

In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to the research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in the citation entry.

Note: Terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc., are NOT abbreviated.Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of

Reason. Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.

Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow,

Harcourt, Inc., 2008.

5. Version: If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.

Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students.

3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.

6. Number: If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book or a journal with both volume and issue numbers, one must list those numbers in the citation.

Note: MLA 8 now says to include indicators like “vol.” or “no.” or “episode.”Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future

Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only

Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed

20 May 2009.

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur,

performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee

Productions/Universal Media Studios, 2010.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP,

1980.

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Only skip steps 7 and 8 if you truly cannot find a publisher and/or a publication date after a good-faith effort.

7. Publisher: The publisher produces and/or distributes the source to the public. Sometimes, a source has multiple publishers. If so, one should list them all in the citation, separated by a forward slash (/).

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The

Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html.

Accessed May 2006.

Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of Obstetricians,

2006.

Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation.

Deedle-Dee Productions/Universal Media Studios, 2015.

Note: the publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, a website whose title is the same name as its publisher, a website that makes works available but

does not actually publish them (such as YouTube, WordPress, or JSTOR).

8: Publication Date: Next, include the date of publication; abbreviate months.

The same source may have been published on more than one date; if so, use the date that is most relevant to the source used.

For example, The Catcher in the Rye was published in 1951, but if the book in front of you was published in 1991, use that later date. Also, commonly, an online article may have a date on it and then an “updated” date. You are viewing the updated version, so use that later date.

Salinger, J.D.. The Catcher in the Rye. Little, Brown, 1991.

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah

Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, WB Television Network, 14 Dec. 1999.

“Climate Change Explained.” Youtube, uploaded by The Daily Conversation, 2 Dec. 2015,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifrHogDujXw. Accessed 10 Oct. 2017.

“Climate Change Indicators in the United States.” United States Environmental

Protection Agency, Apr. 2010, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-

08/documents/ci-full-2010.pdf. Accessed 8 May 2016.

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9: Location: When making a Work(s) cited page, writers should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location. Note: Location means where to find the source material, it is NOT the city of publication!An essay in a book or an article in journal should include page numbers.Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred

A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94.

Additionally, the location of an online work should include a URL! Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and

Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 6, 2000,

pp. 595-600, www.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb.

2009.

When citing a physical object experienced firsthand, identify the place of location.Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Optional ElementsDate of original publication: If a source was published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information. Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.

City of publication: MLA 8 does NOT. However, MLA 8 does state that since pre-1900 works were usually associated with the city in which they were published, one may substitute the city name for the publisher’s name.Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions. Boston, 1863.

Date of access: When one cites an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access since an online work may change or move at any time. Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who

Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving.

Accessed 4 May 2009.

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Recommended Optional ElementsURLs: The MLA 8th edition recommends including URLs when citing online sources. Place URLs between the date published and the date accessed. Place a period at the end of the URL.

DOIs: A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If a source is listed with a DOI, the writer should use that instead of a URL.

MLA 8th Edition: In-Text CitationsAn in-text citation (or parenthetical citation) is the key word (usually the author’s name) and the page number placed in parenthesis (notice, there is no comma between them).If the author’s name is mentioned in a signal phrase, it is not needed in the parenthetical. In the first example below, a signal phrase has been used, so the parenthetical reads (9) instead of (Said 9).If there is no author, Key word choice is based on the FIRST MAJOR WORD that appears in the citation on the Works Cited page.

According to Edward W. Said, imperialism is defined by “the practice, the theory, and

the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (9).

-or-

Imperialism is “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating

metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (Said 9).

Work Cited

Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.

Note: If the example above had no author, the parenthetical reference would look like this: (Culture 9). Notice how the key word is also italicized. One does this because one must match the format of the key word to its format in its

entry on the Works Cited page, and Culture is italicized in the Works Cited entry.

Final Thoughts:Once students become familiar with the core elements that should be included in each entry in the Works Cited list, they will be able to create documentation for any type of source. While the MLA handbook and Purdue OWL still include helpful examples students may use as guidelines, they will not need to consult these sources every time they need to figure out how to cite a source they have never used before! So long as one has included the core elements in the proper order and used consistent punctuation, he or she should be able to create a Work(s) Cited entry for any source!

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Parenthetical Citations

Readers must know from where you have taken ideas and quotes. Therefore, you must include a citation after each

idea or quote that you took from a source.

What to Put in the Parenthetical Give the author’s last name and the page number. Your in-text citations (also called parenthetical notations) will look like

this: (Hawthorne 54-5). If there is no author, use the first item that does appear in the Works

Cited entry, and format it in the same way it is in the Works Cited (it will probably either have quotation marks around it or it will be italicized). For example, you may put the title of an article if there is no author listed.

If more than one of your Works Cited entries starts with the same word, then choose what to put in the parenthetical by finding the first item of each entry that is different from the other(s). For example, if there are two works by the same author, you would use the title of the works rather than the author’s last name.

If there is no page number, you do not need to put anything after the author name (or title).

Paraphrased Material (When It’s “In Your Own Words”) If you talk about something that happened the novel, but you are

putting it in your own words and not using a direct quotation from the book, you still must cite the page number.

However, you do not put your paraphrasing (something that’s in your own words) in quotation marks!

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Example: Pearl’s parents decide to run away when they are in the forest (Hawthorne 126).

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Short Quotations (fewer than 4 lines) Place quotation marks around the passage. Provide the author and specific page citation in the text. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons

should be removed from the end of a quote. Be sure to then end your sentence or use appropriate punctuation to keep it going AFTER the parenthetical citation.

Question marks and exclamation points that were in the text itself should remain within the quotation marks; you can also add them outside the quotation marks or after the parenthetical if you, the writer, are asking a question.

Examples of Short Quotations

Margot realizes her husband has changed after his hunting success: “From the far corner of the seat Margaret Macomber looked at the two of them. There was no change in Wilson. She saw Wilson as she had seen him the day before when she had first realized what his great talent was. But she saw the change in Francis Macomber now” (Hemingway 17).

The narrator says, “From the far corner of the seat Margaret Macomber looked at the two of them. There was no change in Wilson. She saw Wilson as she had seen him the day before when she had first realized what his great talent was. But she saw the change in Francis Macomber now” (Hemingway 17), and this marks a turning point for Margot.

Is it possible that when Margot “saw the change in Francis Macomber” (Hemingway 17), it frightened her?

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Within the pages of Hawthorne’s novel, the message “‘Be true! Be true! Be true!’” (184) is not only stated outright, but flows throughout the entire text.

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Quoting Dialogue You must show the reader that you are quoting dialogue by using single

quotation marks around the spoken words. The normal quotation marks around the very outside edges of the quote

show that you are quoting the book. o They look like this: “____”

The single marks show that a character said whatever is inside of them.

o They look like this ‘___’

Examples for Quoting Dialogue

The youngest woman in the crowd at the scaffold is not nearly so harsh as the older women. She seems to feel sorry for Hester when she says, “‘Ah, but, […] let her cover the mark as she will, the pang of it will be always in her heart’” (Hawthorne 36).Note: the bracketed ellipsis show that the essay writer removed part of the text.

The first time Dimmesdale goes to the scaffold, he cannot overcome his fear of confession, and he refuses to acknowledge his sin when Pearl asks him if he will stand on the scaffold at noon the next day. The text reads, “‘Nay; not so, my little Pearl!’ answered the minister; for, with the new energy of the moment, all the dread of public exposure, that had so long been the anguish of his life, had returned upon him; and he was already trembling at the conjunction in which–with a strange joy, nevertheless–he now found himself. ‘Not so, my child. I shall, indeed, stand with thy mother and thee one other day, but not to-morrow!’” (Hawthorne 92).

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Long QuotationsIf the passage is more than four lines long when you type it up, make a block quote:

First, leave out the quotation marks that you usually put around the outside of a quote to show you are quoting directly. Why? Because the block quote itself shows the reader you are quoting directly!

Also, if someone is speaking/talking, now you will use normal quotation marks rather than the single marks.

The next thing you must do is, start the quotation on a new line (so hit “enter” to start this block quote); and you need the entire quote indented one inch from the left margin (this means you must press “tab” twice).

Finally, in block quoting, the parenthetical actually comes after the closing punctuation mark.

MLA rules state that the block quote, like everything else, should be double-spaced.

Block Quote Example

There are many ways to view Pearl, Hester’s child. She may be Hester’s ticket to salvation, and Hester often does think of her as her “only treasure” (Hawthorne 78); however, she also begins to worry that the child may be evil because Pearl is the result of her sinful actions:

God, as a direct consequence of the sin which man [. . .] punished, had given her a lovely child, whose place was on that same dishonored bosom, to connect her parent for ever with the race and descent of mortals, and to be finally a blessed soul in heaven! Yet these thoughts affected Hester Prynne less with hope than apprehension. She knew that her deed had been evil; she could have no faith, therefore, that its result would be for good. (Hawthorne 78)

These thoughts demonstrate both sides of Pearl’s existence, the positive and 16

the negative. She is both a gift and a burden.

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Adding or Changing Words If it is necessary to add your own words (to make something more

clear), put the added words in brackets. In the example below, the writer has replaced “it” with [the sunshine].

Why would one do this? Because otherwise, “it” would be unclear. Notice that the writer removes the period that went after “shade,” and

then ends the sentence with a period after the parenthetical. With short quotes, writers should always remove that final period and place it after the parenthetical.

Example: Pearl seems to be a figure of purity and hope in the forest chapters. The narrator says, “to judge from the bright expression that was dancing on Pearl’s features, her mother could have fancied that the child had absorbed [the sunlight] into herself, and would give it forth again, with a gleam about her path, as they should plunge into some gloomier shade” (Hawthorne 121).

Removing Text To remove unnecessary words or even whole sentences from the middle

or end (but not the start!) of your quotation, use an ellipsis, and hit the space bar between each of the three dots.

To make clear that you put the ellipsis there and not the writer of the original text, you may choose to use brackets, like this: [. . .]

You do not need to use an ellipsis at the start of a quote simply because you are starting somewhere other than the beginning of the sentence. You are allowed to start a quotation ANYWHERE.

Example: Dimmesdale calls to Hester to help him climb the scaffold. He seems to need her strength to support him in completing the difficult task of confessing his sin: “‘Hester Prynne, [ . . . ] come hither now, and twine thy strength about me! Thy strength, Hester; but let it be guided by the will which God hath granted me!’” (159).

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Quick Guide: Citing from a Book in MLA 81. Author.

Start with the author’s name, like this: Shakespeare, William.

If there is no author given, SKIP it.

2. Title of source.

What is the title of the specific story, book, webpage, article, or poem you are citing?

Is it a full-length source (books, websites, movies, albums)? Use Italics.

Is it shorter (magazine, song, short story, or poem)? Use “Quotation Marks.”

3. Title of container,

Is this thing you are citing actually a smaller thing inside a bigger thing, like an episode of a TV series or a short story

inside a textbook? If so, you need to add the title of that container.

The container should be italicized or put in quotation marks according to the normal rules.

4. Other contributors,

Is there an editor, illustrator, translator, or introduction writer involved in making this book? It will usually say so on the

cover or the inside title page.

If yes, then put something like this:

Edited by so-and-so

With an introduction by what’s-his-name.

If there are no other contributors, SKIP this step.

5. Version,

On the title page, it might say this is a certain “edition” or a certain “version.” If not, skip this step.

If you do see “version” or “edition” on your book, then write something like this: Revised Standard Edition, or: 5th edition.

6. Number,

Sometimes, a book, journal, television show, or magazine is part of a numbered sequence. Encyclopedias have multiple

volumes, and journals have volume and issue numbers. If this isn’t an issue, SKIP this step.

If you do see a number like that, then you include something like this: season 2, episode 21; or: vol. 4, no. 8.

7. Publisher,

In normal font, now list the name of the publisher. This is often found on the side of the book, the back of the book, and

the title page.

If you use a website to make your citation for you, THIS IS HOW TEACHERS CATCH THAT. You need to have the

CORRECT publisher and publication date listed!!

8. Publication date,

List when THIS EDITION OF THIS BOOK IN FRONT OF YOU was published, not when it was first published or when the introduction was published or whatever other dates or years you find.

9. Location.

This is where you would put the URL for a website; for books, you sometimes put a page range (like pp. 8-30), but only

when you are only citing something smaller inside a larger container, like The Crucible (a play) being inside our English

textbook. Otherwise, just skip this step and put a period after the publication date you already listed in step 8.

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Citation Checklists

Works Cited

Size 12 TNR font Double-spaced; before/after set to 0 Last name and page in upper-right header space with a space between them No extra space under entries or title Works Cited centered and spelled/capitalized correctly Alphabetized entries Hanging indents (for each entry, indent text on any line after the first one)

Author in plain font; last name goes first “Quotation marks” for webpage/article titles; italics for books and other full-

length sources, like the website titles Publisher included in plain font (skip if missing) Dates formatted correctly (skip if missing); abbreviates months

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. URL appears between date created and date accessed for web sources

Periods after the first two pieces of info and the last; other pieces of info have commas between them Capitalizes appropriately and avoids proofreading errors

Parenthetical Citations

Parenthetical (in-text) citation appears after EVERY fact, idea, or quote taken from a source whether paraphrased or quoted directly

Chooses correct key word or phrase (should be first major (and non-repeated) word or phrase in Works Cited entry; usually author’s last name or title)

Formats key word or phrase to match its formatting from the Works Cited page Includes page number or line number (for poetry) if available Between the key word and the page number, there is only a space—nothing else

Verbal Citation (used when giving speeches)

States source before or after any fact, statistic, or quote used in the speech (Ex: According to an article published in The Atlantic this month, blah blah.)

Uses “quote” / “end quote” before direct quotations from sources

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Note: If you use any sources that are not simple webpages and articles, check Purdue Owl or ask for more info

Works Cited (Sample)“Climate Change Explained.” Youtube, uploaded by The Daily Conversation, 2 Dec. 2015,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifrHogDujXw.

“Climate Change Indicators in the United States.” United States Environmental Protection Agency, Apr.

2010, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/ci-full-2010.pdf. Accessed

8 May 2016.

@ClimateChangeNewsCA. “The amount of #snow covering #Earth is well above normal.” Twitter, 8

May 2017, 2:29 p.m., https://twitter.com/ClimateNewsCA/status/861649252845596672.

Dean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet." The New York Times, 22 May 2007,

www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html?_r=0. Accessed 12 May 2016.

“Global Warming Science.” Union of Concerned Scientists, http://www.ucsusa.org/our-work/global-

warming/science-and-impacts/global-warming-science#.WREqAFPyvBI. Accessed 8 May 2016.

Gowdy, John and Lisa Federson. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary

Economics of Sustainability." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World

Ecology, vol. 14, no. 1, 2007, pp. 27-36.

An Inconvenient Truth. Directed by Davis Guggenheim, performances by Al Gore and Billy West,

Paramount, 2006.

Leroux, Marcel. Global Warming: Myth Or Reality?: The Erring Ways of Climatology. Springer, 2005.

Regas, Diane, James Riley, and Tiffany Greer. “Three Key Energy Policies That Can Help Us Turn the

Corner on Climate.” Environmental Defense Fund, 1 June 2016,

www.edf.org/blog/2016/06/01/3-key-energy-policies-can-help-us-turn-corner-climate. Accessed

19 July 2016.

Revkin, Andrew C. “Clinton on Climate Change.” The New York Times, 17 May 2007,

www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/1194817109438/clinton-on-climate-change.html.

Accessed 29 July 2016.

22

23

Academic IntegrityAcademic honesty and integrity are fundamental to student academic and personal development. Students are expected to exhibit and uphold academic integrity, striving for honest and ethical behavior as it relates to their scholastic work. Students are expected to do their own schoolwork; students may not receive or give unauthorized assistance in the preparation of any work required for submission for course credit, including examinations, essays, themes, reports, projects, or other homework. Students must give credit to sources consulted (through proper documentation and citation).

Specific Violations

1. Cheating

Using notes, texts, or other print or electronic aids (calculators, cell phones, iPods, etc.) during a test or quiz without teacher permission

Copying the work of others and/or allowing others to view or otherwise obtain your answers or copy your work during a test or quiz or on homework

Allowing other parties to assist in the completion of your test, quiz, homework, paper, or project, when not permitted

Helping or attempting to help another individual commit an act of academic dishonesty

Stealing, reproducing, circulating, or otherwise gaining access to examination materials prior to the time authorized by an instructor

Using or circulating previously given examination materials. Retaining examination materials when those materials are to be returned to the teacher

2. Plagiarism

Presenting the work of others without proper acknowledgement

Claiming the words and ideas of another as one’s own

Failing to properly cite and specifically credit the source of text, web and other materials in papers, projects, or other assignments.

24

Disciplinary Consequences for Cheating and Plagiarism

Always:

The teacher will write a referral to the Dean detailing the incident. Your parents will be notified.

First Offense

Two detentions served with issuing teacher

Letter of apology written to the teacher

Second Offense

Saturday School

Education on integrity with Student Services – AEA professional

Completion of a a written form on integrity

Third Offense

Requirement to explain actions to the Faculty Discipline Committee

Two Saturday Schools

Ten hours of community service to AHS

Fourth Offense

Three Saturday Schools

20-day activity suspension

Academic Consequences for Cheating and PlagiarismLevel One Level Two Level Three

Improper citation Quoting or paraphrasing up to fifty percent of an assignment without attempt at acknowledgement.

Cheating (see definitions), plagiarizing more than fifty percent of an assignment.

Make up assignment under the supervision of the teacher.

Make up assignment under the supervision of the teacher for 50 percent credit.

A score of zero for the assignment

Plagiarism-Specific Procedures

Your teacher will obtain the source and compare your paper to it. Your teacher will note the plagiarized sections of your paper. Your teacher will send your paper and the source to the Dean.

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How to Join a Class on TURNITIN.COM

Instructions for New Students:

1. Go to www.turnitin.com 

2. Click on “Create Account” in the upper right corner of the webpage.

3. It will open a new window; where it says “Create a New Account” click the “Student” link.

4. Now, follow the directions on the “New User” page. Type in the Class ID# and the password your teacher gave you.

5. Once you have successfully done this, your class will show up on your homepage.

6. Now, you can click on the class name, and you will see the assignments and submissions for that class.

Instructions for Returning Students:

1. Go to www.turnitin.com 

2. Click on “Log In” in the upper right corner of the webpage.

3. Enter your Assumption E-mail and your Turnitin account password; if you have forgotten your password, click “Forgot Password.”

4. Once logged into your account, click on the “Enroll in a Class” tab to the upper left of the screen. Now, type the numeric class ID# and the class enrollment password your instructor gave you.

5. Now, follow the directions on the “New User” page. Type in the Class ID# and the password your teacher gave you.

6. Once you have successfully done this, your class will show up on your homepage.

7. Now, you can click on the class name, and you will see the assignments and submissions for that class.

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How to Submit a Paper on TURNITIN.COM

1. Log in and click on the title of the class.

2. Now click the blue "Submit" button for the assignment.

3. Where it says "Submit" (at the top of the page) select "Single File Upload.” Do not use the "Cut & Paste Upload" option.

4. Next, in the "Submission Title" area, you need to type your period number, then space, then your last name.

Submission Title Examples3 Jones2 Smith7 Washington

5. Now, select the upload option: "Choose from this computer" – This lets you browse to find a file saved on your computer. Find and select the file and then click "Open."

6. After you click the "Upload" button at the bottom, you need to STOP and WAIT for the next page to appear.

7. For the final step, you must click "Confirm" to confirm your submission.

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Expository Essay ChecklistMLA: Needs Meets Exceeds

Spacing: double space / 0 before + 0 after / margins 1” / no extra returns / tab correctly

Font: TNR 12

MLA Header (top left): Name Teacher Course Due Date

Surname & Page in the upper right header area / space between, no comma / check font & size

Title: creative / relates to topic / plain (normal) font

Structure: Needs Meets Exceeds

Intro

Hook: broader than the text (does not talk about the story) / is interesting & creative

Introduction of Subject: hook to thesis transitions smoothly / names the author and title of work discussed

Thesis: specific / clear / concise / accurate / answers prompt / easy to find

The whole essay focuses on proving the thesis given @ the end of the intro paragraph

Body Paragraphs

Main idea of paragraph is clear and easy to find (uses topic sentences and/or warrants)

Each paragraph’s main idea is obviously related to thesis, helping to answer the prompt

Stays focused on proving the paragraph’s claim; does not go off-topic or include irrelevant information

Transitions

Knows when to make a new paragraph (no more than one claim per paragraph)

Uses transition words and/or phrases to begin new body paragraphs

Transitions fluidly from idea to idea within paragraphs

Conclusion

Briefly re-states thesis (repeat the point of this essay)

Avoids making new claims or adding new analysis

Flows smoothly, using transitions where necessary

Closing Lines: broader than the text (does not talk about the story) / interesting & thought-provoking

Content: Needs Meets Exceeds

Claims Claims are clear Claims are accurate

Evidence Each claim is supported with quotes and/or paraphrased evidence

Evidence is specific, never vague

Chooses powerful quotes over weak paraphrasing

Chooses evidence wisely; does not give evidence that doesn’t prove the claim

Quotes are integrated well and make sense; does not cut off too much

Analysis Explains how evidence proves claims

Explanation is correct

Explanation is clear and thorough

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Citation: Needs Meets Exceeds

Simple Citation Skills

1. Quotation marks hug either side of word-for-word quotes &

face inward

2. Quotes text exactly as it is in the original

3. Sets up (introduces) quotes; set up is not awkward

4. Includes parentheticals after direct quotes,

AND after paraphrased evidence

5. Space between quotation marks and parenthetical

6. Removes end periods within direct quotes, and then places

the proper punctuation after the parenthetical

7. Uses block quote for quotations over four lines

8. Knows Works Cited appearance rules:

Starts at top of page (avoids too many returns)

Center, capitalize, & use plain font

Work Cited (1 source) or Works Cited (2+ sources)

Use left-align and hanging indent

Alphabetize Works Cited entries

Advanced Citation Skills

1. Triple quotes when people are speaking aloud (the inner

marks are single, outer marks are double)

2. Knows how and when to change text w/ brackets and

shows missing text with a bracketed ellipsis

3. Knows when to flow into a quote, use a comma, or use a

colon.

4. Formats parentheticals correctly: chooses correct keyword

from Work Cited entry and formats it as it appears in the

entry; does not include a comma

5. Includes the correct information in the parenthetical

6. Leaves ! and ? at the end of direct quotes

7. Formats block quoting properly: tabs in twice, no quotation

marks around the block quote, leaves end punctuation as it

was in the source

8. Works Cited entries are formatted properly, complete, in

the right order, and accurate/correct.

Proofreading: Needs Meets Exceeds

1. Commas

2. Advanced Punctuation (colons, semicolons,

hyphens, dashes, parenthesis, and ellipsis)

3. Run-Ons (avoids comma splices

& uses compound sentence commas)

4. Pronouns (agree with antecedent / are not vague)

5. Correct Tense (present tense for literary criticism)

6. Possessives / Plurals

7. Style (no contractions; stays in 3rd person;

not vague, wishy-washy, or colloquial;

correct & precise word choices;

wording not awkward; not wordy or repetitive)

8. Spelling & Homonyms

9. Capitalization

10. Typos

11. Passive Voice

12. Subject-Verb Agreement

13. Fragments

14. Parallel Structure

15. Dangling / Misplaced Modifiers

Punctuation HandoutCommas ( , )

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The big four:

Sets off introductory clauses/phrasesSeparates clauses in compound sentences Sets off non-restrictive* information (*extra)Separate items in a list (be sure to use the Oxford comma!)

And three more:

Introduces a quote or dialogueSeparates coordinate* adjectives (*can place “and” between them)Indicates contrast

Semicolons ( ; )

Connects two closely related sentencesCan ONLY go where a period could also go!

Colons ( : )

Introduces a list or an illustration/exampleCan ONLY go after an independent clause!

Correct: Bring these items to the ACT: an admission ticket, pencils, and a watch. There is only necessary personal trait: perseverance.

Incorrect: You should bring: an admission ticket, pencils, and a watch to the ACT.

Apostrophes (’)

Used in contractions.

Used to make nouns possessive. (Possessive pronouns have their own forms, like my/mine and their/theirs.)

Add ’s to all singular nouns and plural nouns that don’t end in “s.”Paul’s book. Jesus’s life. The women’s shoe department

Add just ’ to plural nouns that end in “s”The carpenters’ tools

Don’t mix up plurals and possessives!

Adding an s makes most nouns plural. Adding ’s makes nouns possessive.

30

Parentheses ( )

Sets off explanations or definitionsWhatever is in parentheses is extra information. It is of lesser importance than the rest of the sentence.

Examples: The atmosphere on Venus (an uninhabitable planet) is not like Earth’s. There is a paucity (scarcity) of information about the most distant parts of the galaxy.

Dashes( –)

Separate extra information from the rest of the sentenceCan emphasize whatever they surroundCan indicate an interruption in thought or in speakingCan can set off entire independent clauses within another sentence

Examples: All four of them—Bob, Jeffrey, Jason, and Brett—did well in college. Mr. Lee is suited to the job—he has more experience than everyone else in the department—but he has

been dealing with some things at home recently and would probably not be available for hire.

Hyphens (-)

Combine compound adjectives. Compound adjectives modify a word as one unit rather than separately.

YES: It was an ill-fated plan. She didn’t want a run-of-the-mill pony; she wanted an appaloosa.

No: She was wearing tall-black boots.

Quotation Marks

When writing dialogue… When citing from a text…periods and commas inside the quotation marks. semicolons and colons outside quotation marks. question marks and exclamation points inside quotation marks if they belong to the quotation

double quotation marks around direct quotationssingle quotation marks around quotations within quotations (triple-quote dialogue)remove final period, comma, colon, or semicolon.keep final “?” or “!”period after the parenthetical do NOT place quotation marks around something that is paraphrased

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Steps for Writing an Expository EssayFirst, you tackle the prompt.

•Read the prompt carefully.•Determine what you are being asked to do and how you are being asked to do it.•Try to “break it down” into parts.

Next, write your thesis.The thesis must…

•Tell the reader exactly what the essay will prove.•Be clear and concise.•Answer the prompt•Be arguably true•Avoid being vague•Hint: use key words from the prompt in your thesis!

Now, decide on your structure.•Think about how you want to organize your ideas.

•Can you order your ideas from convincing to most convincing?•Can you order your information chronologically (beginning, middle, end)?•Does the prompt suggest categories for you?

•Now come up with the points (“claims”) you want to use to support your thesis, one for each body paragraph.•You can put the claims first in the paragraph (these are called topic sentences), or you can put them last (these are called warrants). Either way, the claim lays out the point of the paragraph.•If you are stumped as you try to come up with claims, say to yourself, “My thesis is true because…” Keep thinking about that until you have your desired number of clear claims that prove the thesis is true.

Next, you must find your evidence.•Think about each claim. How do you know it is true? What part of the book could you use or where could you go to find some evidence (quotes, facts, statistics, expert opinions, etc.) to convince a reader your claim is true?•Now, use your notes, study guides, research, or even a full text of a novel online to find the page numbers, chapters, webpages, or articles where the evidence is located. •Finally, open your book (or pull up an online source), find the quote (or the section you want to paraphrase), and then write or type up the evidence word-for-word; include the page number or a citation entry (if it is a web source) so you can cite properly later.

Continued

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Now is the time to develop your body paragraphs.A) Write your CLAIM (“topic sentence”)

•this is the main idea of a paragraph•this should answer “What is the point of this paragraph?” •it should be obvious this claim proves the thesis

B) Add EVIDENCE after the CLAIM; the EVIDENCE should clearly prove the claim•Try to make your paragraph flow nicely by introducing or setting up your evidence; don’t just shove evidence into the paragraph with no regard for smoothness•Paraphrase when you just need to say what happened but don’t need to show anything specific (still add citation).•Use quotes when there’s a powerful line, sentence, or paragraph that will help show and convince your reader your claim is true. •Quotes are ALWAYS stronger proof than paraphrasings.

C) Add ANALYSIS after the EVIDENCE.•ANALYSIS must clearly and thoroughly explain how the EVIDENCE proves the CLAIM.

D) Make sure your body paragraphs flow nicely!•Beginners should try using this order: [ C-E-A-transition-E-A ] as a way to organize ideas.•Try to use transition words or phrases to transition nicely from one idea to another within the paragraph (especially when you’re switching from C-E-A to the next E-A).

After body paragraphs are finished, it is time to write the introduction.A) Start with a HOOK.

•Hooks are broader than the story/novel/poem/play; they don’t even mention the work at all.•Get the reader’s attention with a creative, clever, or interesting thought, mini-story, quote, or comment that is related to whatever your thesis topic is.

B) Next, transition to the thesis; mention both the TITLE & AUTHOR.•Blend nicely from hook to thesis by using transition words/phrases!•At this point, you should do a tiny bit of summary or discuss characters/events from the book as you connect the hook ideas to the thesis.

C) The THESIS comes LAST.

Finally, write the conclusion.A) Restate the thesis –restate means say it in a fresh way; do not copy and paste.B) Briefly summarize main points (if the paper is three or more pages; if it’s under three, skip this).C) Broaden out. Make an interesting statement that helps show how your topic is relevant, interesting, or useful to everyone.

•Hint #1: It can be nice to link back to the idea(s) in your hook as you broaden out. (Human beings really respond to this kind of closure –we like when things “come full circle.”)•Hint #2: DO NOT ADD ANY NEW CLAIMS OR EVIDENCE IN THE CONCLUSION! Stick with the topics and ideas you’ve already discussed in the paper!

Wait at least a few hours, if at all possible, and then revise. Wait again before editing.Revision: Check to ensure your claims, evidence, and analysis are strong and make sense. Re-word vague and awkward sentences. Take out ideas that go off-topic. Make sure the essay flows nicely. Editing: Fix grammar and punctuation mistakes. Look for MLA-formatting mistakes. Identify typos and spelling errors!

Hint: It helps to either read your work aloud or have someone else read it to you as you follow along with your marking pen.

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Transition Words and Phrases ListFor Smoothness and Flow

Addition furthermore moreover too also in the second place again in addition even more next further last, lastly finally besides and, or, nor first second, secondly, etc.

Time while immediately never after later, earlier always when soon whenever meanwhile sometimes in the meantime during afterwards now, until now next following once then at length simultaneously so far this time subsequently

Exemplification or Illustration to illustrate to demonstrate specifically for instance as an illustration e.g., (for example) for example

Comparison in the same way by the same token similarly in like manner likewise in similar fashion

Contrast yet and yet nevertheless nonetheless after all but however though otherwise on the contrary in contrast notwithstanding on the other hand at the same time

Summary/Conclusion to summarize in sum in brief to sum up in short in summary in conclusion to conclude finally

34

Tone and Mood Words List

Tone: the author’s attitude toward his/her subject

OptimisticAffectionate/Adoring/AdmiringApproving/ ComplimentaryPassionate/Fervent (very enthusiastic)Happy/ElatedJovial/MirthfulExhilaratedCelebratoryCompassionate/SympatheticThoughtful/Introspective/ReflectiveSincere (honest, earnest, straight-forward)SeriousPoliteObjective/Impartial (unbiased, matter-of-fact)Urgent (insistent, very serious, the issue is crucial)Intimate (sharing very personal/private information)Didactic (trying to teach something)Speculative/QuestioningScholarlyImaginative (fanciful and creative)

Frank/Direct (matter-of-fact, straight-forward)Indifferent (not caring, disconnected)Pedantic/PretentiousSarcasticAccusatory (blaming someone)Angry/Indignant/OutragedBlunt/HarshNervous/Frightened/UneasyInsensitive (not sensitive to other’s feelings)Critical (finding fault)Doubting/IncredulousMocking (making fun of)Self-DeprecatingGloomy/Depressed/Melancholy/MiserableMournfulDesperateJudgmentalMalicious (mean and hurtful)Condescending/Patronizing (acting as though others are inferior or stupid)Pessimistic/Cynical (very negative, hopeless)

Mood: how the text is supposed to make the reader feel

amusedawedcalm

cheerfulcontemplativeempoweredenthralled

excitedexhilarated

giddyhopefuljoyousjubilant

liberated/freedlight-hearted

mellownostalgicoptimisticpeacefulrefreshedrelaxedrelievedsatisfied

sentimentalsurprised

sympatheticthankful

thoughtfultouched

anxiouscynical

discontenteddistressed

drearyexhaustedfatalisticgloomyhaunting

heartbrokenhopelesshostile

infuriatedintimidated

irritatedlonely

melancholicmoodymorose

nauseated/sicknervousnumb

overwhelmedpainful

pessimisticrestlessscared

serious/sombersuspenseful

tenseterrifying

threatening

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uncomfortable

Google Search Tips Use single words or phrases. Do NOT write out sentences/questions.

o Ex: “gun control” laws Iowa

Use quotation marks around phrases to make sure they are searched as a unit

o Ex: “death penalty”

o Ex: “teen dating”

Put the most important words FIRST in your keywords list. (Google prioritizes based on the

order each word appears.)

o Ex: hybrid electric fuel vehicles

Use at least three keywords to get the best results.

o Ex: interaction vitamins “prescription drugs”

o Ex: anorexia "warning signs" “eating disorders”

Use minus signs (-) to eliminate common results you don’t want.

o Ex: cowboys “wild west” –football

Note: make sure you do not put a space after the minus sign

Use an asterisk as a "wildcard" to look for a missing word or words

o Ex: a funny * happened on the * to the *

this will return "a funny thing happened on the way to the forum

o Ex: It's a * * life for me

this will return "It's a hard-knock life for me"

36

Research Terms List

1. annotated bibliography

2. APA

3. appendix

4. author

5. bibliography

6. brackets

7. c. or ca. (circa)

8. cite/citation

9. copyright/copyrighted

10. document

11. e.g. (exempli gratia)

12. editor

13. ellipsis

14. et. al. (et alia)

15. glossary

16. i.e. (id est)

17. ibid. (ibidem)

18. index

19. in-text citation

20. MLA

37

21. outline

22. pagination

23. paraphrase

24. parenthetical

25. periodical

26. plagiarism

27. preface

28. prefatory

29. publication

30. quotation/quote

31. reference

32. research

33. subtitle

34. summary

35. synthesize

36. table of contents

37. thesis statement

38. title page

39. translator

40. works cited

38

Evaluation Form for Web SourcesURL:

Author(s) -- if missing, skip this box

Webpage/Article Name Website

Publisher/Sponsor –find down at bottom of webpage

Date Created – or copyright date if missing

Date of Access

Should one trust the author/publisher? YES / NO

The author’s name is visible. If there is no author, the publisher is well known and respected.

o The publisher’s name is usually at the bottom of the page by a copyright symbol; you can also use http://www.whois.sc/ to find the publisher (it will be labeled “Registrant Org”)

The author is an expert in the field.o Check this by reading the author information at the bottom or top of the article, in the

“About” section of the website, or through Google or Wikipedia.

Is this website respectable? YES / NO

This website does not have too many ads, “click-bait” titles, or links that go to baloney like weight-loss stuff, celebrity gossip, or mindless top-ten lists.

This article is NOT a slide-show article. This website looks professional and grown-up. The writing does not contain stupid mistakes, and the

language is serious and mature. This site is easy to use without ads or popups getting in the way.

Is the article informative, not just opinion? YES / NO

Does the author cite his or her sources through links within the article or citations at the bottom? Is the article filled with facts, statistics, and expert opinions?

39

Basic Speaking and Reading GuidelinesSpeed: Most people speed up when they are nervous.

Before you go, relax by taking deep breaths and imagining yourself doing a great job.

Speak or read so everyone can follow and understand; this should be a little slower than you normally talk.

Pause at appropriate times in your speech. Before and after each “paragraph” = good times to pause. Pauses can

also help show the importance of specific words or ideas.

When you practice alone, your time should be somewhat longer than your goal – you will speed up a little.

Filler Words

In your everyday life, practice replacing filler words like um, so, and like with a simple pause.

During speeches, many people end up using fillers when they are nervous. Take a breath instead.

Volume

If you’re soft-spoken, that’s okay, but you must speak with energy and passion so your voice will carry.

On the flip side, no one likes to be shouted at. Pick a normal volume, and just project your voice.

To project, breathe from your chest and speak from the chest (rather than from the head).

Use different volumes to show emphasis and maintain listener interest!

Clarity and Intonation

If there are words in your speech you have trouble pronouncing, practice saying them correctly prior.

Don’t mumble or slur words together; imagine you are pushing words out of your mouth, and slow down.

Show variation in your intonation; monotone voices are very boring.

Eye Contact: Do not simply read off your notes the whole time! Know your text well.

Notes are to be used for two reasons only:

1) They offer a very rough outline in case you get nervous and forget what’s next.

2) They allow one to be exact in quoting words, facts, statistics, and sources.

Find a few friendly faces in the crowd, and make eye contact with them! Do not look at the wall or out the

window. Show sincerity by making direct eye contact; try to do so with as many individuals as you can.

Body Language: Nervous vs. Confident

Nervous Actions: Pacing, swaying, slouching, crossing your arms over your chest or stomach, putting your

hand in your pocket, playing with clothing or hair, messing with your notecards.

Confident Actions: have a firm stance, use purposeful and intentional movement when appropriate, and make

appropriate hand gestures for emphasis. Use body language (how you look, stand, and move) to enhance your

words.

40

APA Citation (6th Edition)APA uses in-text citations to cite sources. In-text citations allow the reader to connect the writer’s specific references to the claims, quotes, statistics, or ideas within the paper. Citations generally require a few elements: the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number(s) of the quote or paraphrase. For sources without page numbers, such as websites, the writer does not need to list a page number. Some sources have institutional authors (such as a report issued by a government agency), in which case, the writer should list the organization as the author. For sources with no known author or organizational author, use the title of the article in place of the author’s name.

Formatting In-Text Citations in APA

SHORT QUOTATIONS

When directly quoting from a work, include the author, year of publication, and the page #.

According to Jones (1998), “students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (p. 199).

She stated, “students often had difficulty using APA style,” but she did not offer an explanation as to why (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

LONG QUOTATIONS

Direct quotations longer than 40 words should go in a freestanding block of text without quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. The quote should still be double-spaced. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Jones’s (1998) study found the following:Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

PARAPHRASING

When paraphrasing an idea from another’s work, you only have to refer to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference. APA guidelines encourage you to provide the page number, though it is not required.

According to Jones (1998), APA style can be a difficult citation format for first-time learners, so it is important to consult the proper resources to ensure accuracy.

41

APA References PagesGeneral Format•The references list should begin on a new page titled References (plain/normal font with no quotations marks, underline, bold, etc.) centered at the top of the page. •Reference list entries should be in alphabetical order.•Double space!•Use hanging indents. (See the sample Reference page at the end of the handout for an example.) •Use initials for authors’ first and middle names.•Titles of major works (books, journals, magazines, etc.) should be italicized.•If a source has more than six authors, list the first six, then add “et al.,” which stands for “and others.”•For a work discussed within a secondary source (a citation within a citation), list the source that the work was discussed in and cite that source. Foucault (as cited in Spivak, 1992) defines...

Examples

BOOK BY ONE AUTHOR

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of book. City of publication: Publisher.

Calfee, R. C. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication.

Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

BOOK BY TWO OR MORE AUTHORS

Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of book. City of publication:

Publisher.

Calfee, R. C. & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal

Publication. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Barnes, J., Nichols, E. H., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). Self-esteem stability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

BOOK WITH NO KNOWN AUTHOR

Institutional author (year of publication). Title of book. City of publication:

Publisher.

American Allergy Association (1998). Allergies in Children. New York: Random, House.

A WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY OR COLLECTION

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of chapter or article. In Editor (Ed.), Title of

Book (pages of chapter or article). City of publication: Publisher.

Gladwell, M. (2007). What the dog saw. In D. F. Wallace (Ed.), Best American

Essays 2007 (86-102). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

42

ARTICLE IN A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Issue

Number, Pages.

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles.

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55(1), 893-896.

WEBSITE OR PAGE ON A WEBSITE

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date of publication). Title of document.

Retrieved from http://Web address

Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., &

Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

In the case of a website with no author, the title moves to the first position in the reference entry:

All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13). Retrieved

from http://www.msnbc. msn.com/id/39625809/ns/world_news-

americas/

ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper,

page(s).

Stewart, K. (2006, May 21). No time for sleeping. New York Times, B1.

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper.

Retrieved from http://Web address

Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry.

The New York Times. Retrieved from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com

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