Bulletin 75-1

FORGING PRESSESFor Precision

For AutomationFor Top Production

~he

THE ~ LINE300 to 8000

Metric Ton Capacity

FORGING PRESSES

Journal bearings directlyadjacent to pitmanprovide maximum rigidityand minimum eccentricshaft deflection

Simple, multiple link type brake

Shrink disc clamp providesinfinite adjustment for brakedrum and bottomknockout cam

(

Friction slipflywheel formaximum safetyagainst overloads

Solid onepiece frameof proven design

Beam typeknockoutavailable formultiple knockoutapplications

Forged oralloy cast widesteel pitmanwith special thrustnose design

II

,,'-'--'Air operatedmultipie plate frictionclutch supportedbetween widelyspaced bearings

Alloy steel ramwith long rearextension completelysupported and guidedthrough the entireworking stroke

Available withflat die seator shallowwedge typeconstruction

FORGING PRESSES

Rugged Design for

Close Tolerance, Productive

FORGING

Introduction

ri

T he Ajax Manufacturing Companyhas designed, engineered and

manufactured advanced types of forgingequipment for over 100 years,and since the 1930's when forgingpresses were initially introducedinto its range of forging equipment,Ajax has constantly reviewed andimproved its original design features toencompass all the latest design inno-vations and high tech options that amodern forging press requires to be asefficient as possible for the large scaleproduction of steel and alloy forgings.Based upon a one piece solid cast steelstress relieved frame, and well engi-neered drive and control mechanism, theAjax High Speed Forging Press offersto its user, a powerful, rigid and fastoperating machine for the productionof accurate warm and near net shapecomponents, as well as conventional hotforgings.

The Ajax Forging Press is offered as aback shafted or direct drive machine.

Press designs can be modified to givehigher torque, variable stroke speed, andlonger forging and ejector strokes ac-cording to the work requirements.Ever since the introduction of its first ver-tical forging press into the forging indus-try, and subsequently through its designadvances of its Twin Pitman ForgingPress and Wide Ram Four Point Sus-pension Press, Ajax's expertise has al-lowed its customers a choice of productthat best suits their particular application.Adaptation of Programmable Controlsand the latest electronic monitoringequipment, used in conjunction with firststage feeders and automatic transferdevices, provides a determination of pro-duction capability never before attained.Consequently, through its vast experi-ence in the domestic and foreign forgingmarkets Ajax has successfully maintainedits reputation as a reliability leader in theforging industry, which has helped tomake the Ajax Forging Press the valuableand economical forging tool it is today.

Ajax Forging Presses are built in sizesfrom 300 to 8000 Metric Tons.

Closer Tolerance ForgingsThe quality design features of the AjaxForging Press, particularly its transmis-sion system and the close control guid-ing of the main ram assembly through itsfull working stroke, have all beendeveloped for meeting the needs of closetolerance forging. Consequently, all majordesign areas influencing the press's usefor high quality close tolerance and nearnet shape forgings have been engi-neered to be compatible with the needsof the most modern and advanced forg-ing techniques including controlledatmosphere forging.

The Ajax Forging Press with its con-trolled forging characteristics and accu-rate stroking consistency allows the usera unique opportunity to plan, develop andminimize his energy requirements whenproducing an individual component, un-like impacting forms of forging equipmentwith their unpredictable drive or lift me-chanisms, which is evident in the forginghammer or screw press machine.

To ease removal of the workpiece fromthe relevant die cavity after forging, timedknockouts provided in both the ram andtable of the press allow substantialreductions, and in some cases completeelimination of draft allowances in thedesign of an actual forged component.This design feature offers the potential toeliminate certain post machining opera-tions such as facing, milling and turning,resulting in greater part cost savings.

Longer Die LifeA forging die for a conventional hammeror screw press must have enough massto absorb the impact of the blow. Diesused in hydraulic presses must be largeenough to dissipate heat generated bymetal flowing during the dwell cycle.Since it is not subjected to impact or hightemperature, a forging press die can beproduced as an insert, from selectedgrades of tool steel able to meet the flowcharacteristics of that particular process.

Die life is considerably increased due tothe relevant speed of the press and thesubsequent short time that the forging isin contact with the actual die during thebottom part of the stroke.

Operator SkillsPositive ram travel eliminates the needfor the judgement of a skilled operator todecide when a forging is down to size.

With an Ajax Forging Press the operatormerely trips the press and transfers theheated piece from die station to diestation. Automatic ejectors minimizemanual effort even in the production ofdeep impression forging. The con-trollable time delay of ejector returnreduces worker fatigue.

The relatively low labor skill requirementand ease of operation result in high pro-duction and low direct labor costs.

Low Maintenance and DowntimeSince there is no damaging impact as ina hammer, Ajax forging presses aresmooth and shockless. This action, com-bined with a rugged and durable design,result in low maintenance with littledowntime.

Efficient Electric Motor DriveThe press is operated by a single electricmotor through a multiple V-belt drive.Press installation is simpler and lesscostly than with other types of forgingequipment because only electric poweris needed at the press.

A moderate quantity of compressed air atabout 80 psi is required to operate the airclutch, brake release, ram counter-balance and (when used) air ejector.

Impact Noise and HeavyFoundations are EliminatedAjax High Speed Forging Presses arefree of the impact noise inherent in ahammer. The forging load is containedwithin the press frame, minimizing theground vibration associated with ham-mers which can damage other plantequipment and nearby property, or limitoperation to restricted hours.

The self-contained forging load also elim-inates the need for an expensive, impact-absorbing foundation such as is requiredfor a hammer. Foundations for Ajaxpresses are relatively inexpensive. Withgood soil conditions total foundationweights are approximately 50% of thetotal press weight.

THE ~ LINEOne Piece

Stress Relieved Cast Steel

BED FRAME

T he frame is a one-piece, stress relievedsteel casting subjected to rigorous

inspection at all stages of production usingthe most modern methods. All wear sur-faces are machined and fitted with replace-able bushings and liners. The bottom ofthe frame is provided with large machinedpads to ensure stability on the foundation.

The large openings provided on all foursides of the press facilitate installation ofautomatic handling devices, die lubrication,and die and bolster changing. Also, a wideview of the work area is available from allfour sides of the press.

For a given frame weight, the one-pieceframe design has the shortest possibleelastic circuit. This provides maximumrigidity between the eccentric shaft bear-ing and the bottom die seat, and ensuresthat maximum energy goes into the makingof the part to be forged.

The solid steel design has proven itsreliability in heavy duty service, and is farmore rigid than either multi-piece framesassembled with tie rods or tie rod-reinforced cored frames.

By eliminating the tie rods, Ajax has elim-inated the preloading and load distributionproblems inherent in tie rod presses. Dielife is extended due to reduction of contacttime during forging when compared withframes of less rigid design.

Wear Surfaces Fully ProtectedAll wear surfaces are fitted with generousbushings and liners to distribute loads andto assure long, accurate performance.

Bored holes in the main shaft housinghave large diameter cast iron, bronze-bushed sleeves to distribute shaft loadover the large frame area, minimizingstress concentration and the possibility ofpeening.

Ajax has used solid cast steel bed framesin its complete line of forging presses formore than 50 years. The same provendesign is used in rolling mills, whererigidity is critical.

4

FORGING PRESSES

Heat Treated Forged

AlloV Steel Eccentric

Integral

MAIN SHAFT

Flywheel

SHAFT BEARINGS

Eccentric Main Shaft

The main shaft on all Ajax High SpeedForging Presses is the full eccentric typeforged from alloy steel and heat treatedafter rough machining to meet exactingmechanical property specifications.Large diameter journals supported bysleeve bearings directly adjacent to theeccentric results in maximum rigidity andminimum deflection. This design effec-tively utilizes the frame crown as a stif-fener which minimizes eccentric shaftbending stress. The eccentric shaft canbe easily removed from the press, with-out disturbing the ram, which facilitatesbearing replacement.

The main bearings are centrifugally castleaded bronze and precision machined tofit the eccentric shaft. Each is press fittedinto a sleeve which is accurately fitted tothe bore in the frame. A gib head wedgeinserted between the bottom of the

sleeve and the bore provides a very tightfit, assuring maximum support from therigid crown construction of the frame.

The large bearing surfaces throughoutthe press contribute to higher utilizationas a result of trouble free running, re-duced maintenance, and longer life.

Improved product quality is realized as aresult of maintaining accurate alignmentof the moving parts.

,

I

I

l

rI<t

THE ~ LINEHigh Tensile Strength

Cast AlloV Steel

RAM

The ram is a heavilyribbed, hightensile strength alloysteel casting

that is stress relieved prior to machining.The large guiding surfaces on the 4 sidesof the main body of the ram are supple-mented by an extension guide whichrises above the main body creating ahigh length to width ratio. This designassures accurate ram alignment evenduring off center loading, encounteredwith multi-impressiondies.

Ram Liners in FrameRam guidance is provided by wear re-sistant alloy bronze liners which extendthe full length of the slide travel and arereadily removable with the ram in place.Full length keys on the removable frontgibs are tongued into the frame andare held captive by large diameter capscrews. This rigid design minimizeslifting of the gibs when heavy forgingoperations are performed at the front ofthe machine; causing the ram to exertsubstantial forces against the low endsof the gibs. The ram can be removedfrom the press without disturbing theeccentric shaft.

Air Cylinder CounterbalanceOne or more air cylinders are used tocounterbalance the ram, pitman, topbolster and die(s). The cylinder(s) areconnected to the ram and hold the ramand pitman bearing surfaces in contactthroughout the press stroke. This elimi-nates impacting between the ram andpitman bearing surfaces.

6

FORGI NG PRESSES

Special Analvsis

AlloV Steel

PITMAN

T he pitman is made of special analysissteel and the pitman cap is secured

by four alloy steel bolts. The large end ofthe pitman is fitted with a leaded bronzebushing which is made in halves and iskeyed to prevent rotation. The pressloading is taken on the machined nose ofthe pitman by a phosphur bronze thrustbearing in the ram which is constantlyimmersed in the lubricant containedwithin the ram. The thrust bearing isaccurately fitted to the ram and handscraped to match the mating surface ofthe pitman nose. This distributes thecompressive load over the entire nosesection of the pitman, keeping wear to aminimum. This arrangement is superior indesign to that of transmitting the loadthrough the pitman pin. The small diam-eter pitman pin (not under load whileforging) serves only to transmit the forcerequired to return the ram.

The pitman pin is supported by bronzebushings which are undercut on the bot-tom half to assure that the forging load istransmitted by the pitman nose.

7

THE ~ LINEPatented

Direct Acting

AIR CI.UTCH

8

he patented Ajax clutch is of thedirect, pneumatically operated, multi

disc type. It is mounted directly onto theeccentric shaft whether gear driven ordirect drive type, and all parts that areaccelerated during engagement have lowinertia. The heavier parts rotate with themain gear to assist in storing energy. Theinner and outer clutch flanges, main gearand/or flywheel are supported on widelyseparated anti-friction bearings whichstraddle the operating plates and do notoverhang the eccentric shaft. The largeclutch surface area keeps the wear ofspecial friction linings to a minimum. Theclutch is air actuated through an annularpiston carried in the outer clutch hous-ing. This allows smooth cushion startseven at high operating speeds. As the airpressure is released powerful springsact directly onto the outer driving plate todisengage the clutch.

The design of the Ajax air clutch sim-plifies inspection and adjustment andunder normal working conditions givesmany years of trouble free operation.

The movement of the direct actingannular piston can be measured andadjusted for specific travel without dis-assembly. Pressure lubricated bearingsare sealed to prevent lubrication fromentering the clutch plate area.

The Pinion and Main GearThe main pinion and main gear are madeof heat treated alloy steel and have pre-cision machined teeth. The pinion shaftis supported on anti-friction bearingswhose housings are an integral part ofthe press frame. The special design ofspur tooth results in reduced gear noiseand at the same time maintains a toothform of ample strength that providesmaximum life.

~

FORGI NG PRESSES

Link Type Sand or

Multi.Plate Disc

Safety

Friction Slip Hub

SRAKE FLYWHEEL

A jax offers two designs of brake forits full range of forging presses.

The heavy duty link type band brake ismounted on the end of the eccentricshaft opposite the clutch. It is set bypowerful springs and is released by adirect acting air cylinder. The brake sec-tions have high grade friction linings andare linked to prevent breakage and toprovide a long service life. .Ajax can also supply a multi-plate discbrake as an alternative to the heavy dutylink type brake previously offered.

The multi-plate disc brake is a totally en-closed unit and cooled through a forcedair system. The brake is set by powerfulsprings and released by means of an airoperated piston within the brake con-figuration. The control system providesfor differential timing between the brakeand clutch, preventing them from beingengaged simultaneously. This brake isshielded from the contamination of the

forge shop environment and is thereforeeasier to control its working efficiencyin polluted atmospheres or varying typesof environment.

T he driving power from the motor istransmitted to the flywheel through

multiple V belts. The motor is mountedon an adjustable bracket which allows forsetting the correct tension of the V belts.The fulcrum of the motor bracket is anintegral part of the frame.

The flywheel is an integral part of theclutch in the direct drive press.

With a back shaft drive more energy isavailable and a greater variety of workcan be forged. The flywheel is designedwith its own friction slip which protects

the drive components between the maingear and the flywheel. Nominal torquesetting for flywheel friction slip is 10%more than effective clutch torque. Onceproperly set it is virtually maintenancefree.

A pneumatically operated flywheel brakestops the flywheel promptly after themotor has been turned off. Consequentlydie changes or adjustments can be madeimmediately without hazard, BUT YOUMUST follow shut down procedurescompletely before performing THEABOVE SERVICES.

9

THE ~ LINE

Vertical Adjustrnent

of Flat or Wedged

DIE SEAT

A shallow angled adjustable wedge of massive proportionsis provided to distribute the forging load over the entire

bed surface. To speed up die height adjustment using theshallow angled wedge, the movement of the wedge can bepowered and the vertical motion monitored by a digital readouton the operator panel.

As an alternative a flat die seat can be provided in the bedof the frame to assure maximum die stability, which furtherreduces die mismatch. This design feature is commonly usedin conjunction with automatic transfer systems.

Hydraulic Bottom WedgeAdjustment and Bolster ClampingThe hydraulic wedge adjustment package for flat die seatpresses has stall relief capability. While using more of the shutheight than the die seat plate that it replaces, the hydrauliccylinder driven wedge provides positive adjustment. The cyl-inder has a zero leakage piston and special valving to lock inthe wedge position. The bottom bolster is bolted to the bolsterplate that is held down hydraulically by 4 integral cylinders.This allows quick, simple pushbutton operation for the ad-justment. The adjustment position is indicated by a digital dis-play. Positive seals on both sides of the moving wedge formsa large area that can be pressurized to free the wedge allow-ing it to be retracted in the event of a stall.

Air Actuated Bottom Wedge AdjustmentThe air actuated bottom wedge utilizes a pneumatic impactwrench to provide the torque necessary to move the bottomwedge. The wrench drives a screw backed by a large thrustwasher. Two pneumatic cylinders act to assist the impactwrench in adjusting the wedge position, and then take upthe back lash in the wedge-screw drive after the adjustmentis complete.

Hydraulic bottom bolster unclamping eliminates the hold downbolts for the bottom bolster. Hydraulic cylinders acting on thefront and rear of the bottom bolster hold it securely in place.The front cylinders are located below the die seat to allow theoperator the maximum working area.

The combination of the air actuated bottom wedge and hy-draulic bottom bolster clamping provides quick, automaticpushbutton adjustment of the shut height. The shut heightadjustment position is indicated by a digital display.

10

FORGING PRESSES

Automatic Ejection Additional

Top and Bottom Standard

KNOCKOUTS ACCESSORIES

Powerful Top and BottomEjectors Standard '

Single or multiple knockouts in the ramare actuated by the pitman. The bottomknockout is actuated by a cam on themain eccentric shaft through a vertical liftrod and levers running from left to rightunder the die seat. The bottom knockoutmay also be operated by a pneumaticcylinder, providing the delayed knockoutrequired for some forgings.

Knockouts

Automatic knockouts are provided in theram and die seat. Timed for rapid ejec-tion, they aid the operator in achieving ahigh production rate, and they reduce thecontact time of the forging on the dies,prolonging die life.

The powerful, central mechanical topknockout is actuated by the pitman. Con-tained within the ram, the top knockout isarranged to begin its knockout strokeimmediately as the ram starts up on thereturn stroke. Multiple top ejectors canbe furnished. Stroke length is adjustable,and overload protection is provided bya breaker bolt in tension in the verticallift rod.

The beam type bottom knockout has

BOTTOM

I KNOCKOUT

I Lift Rdd withSingle BreakerBo" Assembly

a parallel lift motion which producesexactly the same movement in everyejector pin, an ideal action for automaticforging applications. Any reasonablenumber of ejector pins can be providedin the frame along the left to right presscenterline.

The design of the knockout linkageallows the lift rod to be located off thepress centerline, allowing full access tothe opening in the side of the frame.

MU"iplePin Bottom

! Knockout

ILBeam

!I

!

LubricationCentral automatic pressure lubricatingsystem for all principal bearings. Alemitefittings and hand gun for anti-friction andsmall bearings.PneumaticsAir shut-off and bleed valve, air pressureregulator, clutch reservoir impoundingtank, air line lubricator and filter,pressure gauge.Load MonitorA mechanical strain gauge is mounted onthe front right hand column. It has a dialindicator that is graduated in percent ofrated full load. The dial indicator registersand holds the maximum load for a givenforging operation. As an option to thisstandard accessory an electronic steamgauge load monitor can be mounted tothe front column of the press. It has adigital readout which can be calibrated totwo decimal places and can show eitherpercentage load of the maximum ca-pacity of the relevant press or actualload, whichever is desired.

GuardingSteel shields for the gear and pinion, theV-belt drive and the front of the ram pro-vide protection for shop personnel whilepermitting accessibility for inspectionthrough conveniently located accesspanels.

Die Safety BlockThe safety block is inserted between thetop and bottom bolsters to prevent acci-dental ram movement whenever dies arebeing adjusted or repaired..Auxiliary air brake stops flywheel whenpower is turned off..Safety friction overload protection inflywheel..Pneumatic counterbalance cylinder(s)for ram with separate surge tank andpressure regulator..Adjustable hinged motor bracket, multiple"V" belt drive, motor sheave, flywheelguard..Necessary wrenches.

THE ~ LINEStandard

Engineering

OPTIONS

Press Drive MotorThe motor for the press drive is a totallyenclosed fan cooled, continuously rated,high slip (5-8%), squirrel cage inductionmotor. It is provided with anti-frictionbearings, a winding thermal protector,and high breakdown torque.

Press ControlsThe electrical controls including thestarter for the press drive motor,sequence and control the lubricationsystem and the three modes of ma-chine operation (SINGLE CYCLE,CONTINUOUS CYCLE, and INCH)through a series of relays.

With the control set for SINGLE CYCLE,the footswitch actuates control relayswhich sequentially release the spring setbrake and then engage the spring re-leased clutch. The end of cycle is con-trolled by a rotary cam limit switch, chaindriven from the eccentric shaft, that se-quentially disengages the clutch and thenengages the brake to end the cycle withthe ram at top dead center position. Cir-cuitry requires that the operator releasethe footswitch prior to starting anothercycle. Depending upon requirements, thefootswitch can be replaced by a pair ofRUN pushbuttons, widely spaced for twohand operation.

With the control set for CONTINUOUSCYCLE, the foot-switch starts the presscycle as before, however, the rotary camlimit switch is bypassed, allowing thepress to cycle continuously until the foot-switch is released. Then the rotary camlimit switch acts to end the last cycle.

With the control set for INCH, the motoris used to bring the flywheel to a speedsuitable for inching. Two INCH push-buttons actuate the controls relays forthe brake and clutch causing the press tocycle slowly until the INCH push buttonsare released. Inching is accomplishedfrom the stored energy of the flywheel -

the motor is not powered during theINCH cycle.

12

Die Lubrication SystemThe die lubrication system operatesautomatically, with multiple spray jets forthe lubricant and air jets for scale blow-off. The jets for the top and bottom diescan be actuated by a footswitch, orautomatically after a preset number ofpress strokes.

generally located to the rear of the bol-ster. The bolsters may be arranged foreither round or rectangular dies and in-clude necessary die clamps and holdingscrews. Multiple ejectors can also beprovided.

Burnout Bar AssemblyInstalled between the ram and the topbolster, burnout bars take up a smallamount of the shut height. They providean economical means of releasing a stall.A bar or bars are torch cut to relieve the

load in the press as opposed to cuttingthe dies.

BolstersThe top and bottom bolsters are made ofalloy steel castings or machined from diesteel blocks. They are fitted with hard-ened steel liners under the dies. Thewidely spaced large diameter guide pinshave hardened steel bushings and are

FORGING PRESSES

300 to 8000

Metric tons

SPECIFICATIONS

13

FORGING PRESSES

300 to 8000

Metric tons

SPECIFICATIONS

13

F

THE ~ LINESelf. Powered

Automatic Transfer

FORGING

14

A self-powered transfer system can beprovided on Ajax forging presses to

automatically advance the forgings be-tween operations. Ruggedly constructed,its innovative design minimizes the num-ber of moving parts. It provides six basiccam-operated motions. All operatingcams are mounted on a single shaft,eliminating bevel gears and associatedbacklash. The entire working mechanismcan be easily removed. Safety featuresinclude a monitoring system which stopsthe press automatically upon anymalfunction.

Digital Monitoring SystemsBearing temperature monitoring of thefive critical bearings (the two pinion shaftbearings, the two eccentric shaft journalbearings and the pitman thrust bushing)is by means of iron-constantan thermo-couples utilizing meter readouts. Whenan overtemperature condition is sensed,an alarm sounds, and further cycling ofthe press is inhibited.

Electronic load monitoring utilizes boltconstrain gauge transducers with a digitalreadout device to continuously monitorthe forging loads. When the load ex-ceeds a preset value a warning signal isgiven (warning light and/or horn). Theoverload signal can also lock-out addi-tional cycles of the press.Flywheel speed monitoring utilizes anelectronic tachometer, a magnetic pickuptransducer, and an indicating meter toshow the flywheel RPM. The slowdownof flywheel speed during a forging cycleis directly related to energy consumption,and excessive slowdown is detrimentalto the press drive motor. The tachometercan also be used to prevent starting a

FORGING PRESSES

Special

Engineering

OPTIONS

cycle of the press unless the flywheelspeed is above a preset level.

The press drive motor ammeter displaysthe motor current on a continuous basis.

This is indicative of the work requiredfor a forging blow. Also, the motor idlecurrent is related to the condition ofthe press drive. The ammeter can bearranged for checking each leg of thethree phase power.

The above monitoring system can befurnished with strip chart recorder(s)which give a permanent record of thevarious conditions.

Diagnostic Monitoring SystemsAjax forging presses are available withelectronic systems capable of monitoringvirtually any press function. Ajax engi-neers will design a system to your spe-cific needs that can maximize up-time byindicating fault locations or malfunctionswithout the need to physically inspect themachine. Systems are available to pro-vide visual as well as recorded capability.Typical monitoring includes flywheelspeed, bearing temperatures, tonnage ornumber of cycles at a specific tonnage,parts counting, motor speed and currentdraw as well as other operating param-eters. This is technology of the future,here today on Ajax presses, to help youproduce forgings economically.

Special Quick Release BolstersBolsters incorporating a hydraulically un-clamped sub-bolster pack for quick diechange is offered as an alternative tostandard Ajax bolsters.

Engineered to offer maximum efficiencyand flexibility for maintenance crews dur-ing die changes the bolsters provide thequickest die changeover time with aminimum amount of physical effort.

The sub-bolsters can be inter-engineeredwith proprietary sub-bolster removalpackages and incorporates die clampingfor circular and rectangular multi stationdies. The bolster assembly is engineeredto work with complete walking beamautomation or first stage feeders and canbe designed to meet an individual cus-tomer's specific needs.

First Station Feeder and/or BilletTransition Chute

A variety of first stage billet feeders,either hydraulically or pneumaticallyoperated can be provided to move theheated stock through the side window ofthe forging press in the correct orien-tation. Flexibility within the feedermechanism allows the heated stock to beplaced at the first die station either up-ended or laid flat. The interconnectingtransition chute feeding the heated stockto the feeder fingers monitors over/undertemperature and double billet. A rejectgate is provided to eliminate billets whichare not within temperature specificationand evens out irregular supply of billets.

Mounted in the side window of the forg-ing press, the unit is fully safety inter-locked with the press control system.Consequently, it provides a reliable andflexible forging aid to ease operatorfatigue and increase productivity.

/ I

15

2500 metric tonAjax Forging Press/back view withprotective shieldsremoved.

Other Equipment from Manufacturing Company

----- Forging MachinesTube Upsetters

Forging RollsWide Ram 4 Point Presses -----

Wire DrawersCut-Off Machines

-------

------- -------

----

--------- -------

1441 Chardon Rd., North. Cleveland, Ohio 44117Telephone 216/531-1010. Telex 980-186

FAX 216/481-6369