foreign trade & biotechnology
TRANSCRIPT
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Foreign Trade & Biotechnology2
Prof:S.B. Choughule
EMIB-IIFT-New DelhiFellow in Shipping Management-
Mumbai
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Topics
Mad caw -Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
GMO- genetically modified organisms
NTB- Non-tariff barriers
IPR-Intellectual property Rights
SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards
TBT- Technical Barriers to trade
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention -
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MAD COW
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center -
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Mad cow- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Beef products-bones, cattle parts
Found in USA on 22 Dec. 2003
In North western WashingtonConfirm by British Veterinary
Laboratory in UK
US Department of Agriculturetaken action
27 $ Billion cattle industry haddamaged due to this disease
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center -
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
"Researchers are reporting what theysay is the most compelling evidence,
to date, that the infectious proteinscalled prions that cause bovinespongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or
"mad cow" disease, have infectedhumans, causing fatal braindegeneration
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center -
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Genetically modified food
Geneticallly Modified (GM) foods are foodstuffsproduced from genetically modified organisms(GMO) that have had their genome alteredthrough genetic engineering. The process ofproducing a GMO is to take the DNA from oneorganism, modify it in a laboratory, and then insertit into another organism's genome to produce new
and useful traits or phenotypes. Typically, this isdone using the DNA from certain types ofbacteria. GM Foods have been available since the1990s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organisms -
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GM food & Human safety
The most common modified foods arederived from plants: soybean, corn, canola
and cotton seed oil.Controversies surrounding GM foods andcrops commonly focus on human andenvironmental safety, labelling andconsumer choice, intellectual propertyrights, ethics, food security, povertyreduction, and environmental conservation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_seed_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_safety&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consumer_choice&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consumer_choice&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_safety&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_seed_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean -
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International survey on GM food
A 2003 survey by the Pew Research Centerfound that a majority of people in all
countries surveyed felt that GM foodswere "bad". The lowest scores were in theUS and Canada, where 55% and 63%(respectively) were against it, while thehighest were in Germany and France with81% and 89% disapproving. The survey alsoshowed a strong tendency for women to bemore opposed to GM foods than men
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_labelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_labeling -
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GM food banned by some countries
Italy has banned GMO corps in openfield under its won law
Farmers of piedmont of North Italy
Distroyed 400 hectors Maize containgenetic material
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EU new regulation
New EU regulations should require strictlabeling andtraceability of all food and
animal feed containing more than 0.5percent GM ingredients.Many European consumers are demandingthe right to make an informed choice about
whether or not to consume GMO foods.Some polls indicate that Americans wouldalso like labeling, but it has not yet becomea major issue.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_feedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_feedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_feedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceability -
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EU V/s USA on GM
The European Union and the United States havestrong disagreements over the EU's regulation ofgenetically modified food. The US claims these
regulations violate free trade agreements, the EUcounter-position is that free trade is not trulyfree without informed consent.In Europe, a series of unrelated food crises duringthe 1990s created consumer apprehension aboutfood safety in general, eroded public trust ingovernment oversight of the food industry,
Therefore EU demanding Non GM food
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Aphis.usda.gov_BSE_3.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Aphis.usda.gov_BSE_3.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Aphis.usda.gov_BSE_3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_criseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_criseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Aphis.usda.gov_BSE_3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union -
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World trade of Cotton
Top producingcounties
China-7.1 MillionTonnes
India-4.8 MT
United states 4.7 MTPakistan 2.2 MT
Barzil- 1.5 MT
Top consumersCountries
China-10.9 MT
India-4.0 MT
Pakistan 2.6MTTurkey-1.6 MT
United State 1.1 MT
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Bt Cotton & & India
Bt cotton is Genetically Modified cashcorps
Bt cotton got nod from Govt in 2002
Commercial production from 2003-03Higher yields and reduced pesticide costs
There is quarantine restriction while
import.
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sesame
Russia found aflatoxin B1 andmetallomagnetic admixture in a
sesame seeds consignmentTherefore Indian sesame werebanned in Russia since 1May 2007
Now Russia has allowed Indian sesamesubject to:Sesame seeds from GM organism sourcesshould not be exported to Russia
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Imports of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)for food, feed or processing, industrial processing,research and development for commercialization orenvironmental release will be allowed only with the
approval of the Genetic Engineering ApprovalCommittee (GEAC).Furthermore, the supplement says that all shipments
including products containing GMOs have to carry adeclaration stating that the product is GM
INDIAS STAND ON GM
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Non-tariff barriers to trade can be:State subsidies, procurement, trading, state ownership
National regulations on health, safety, employment
Product classification
Quota shares
Foreign exchange controls and multiplicity
Over-elaborate or inadequate infrastructure"Buy national" policy.
Intellectual property laws (patents, copyrights)
Bribery and corruption
Unfair customs proceduresRestrictive licences
Import bans
Seasonal import regimes
NTB-Non tariff barriers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Product_classification&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_sharehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle_of_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle_of_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_sharehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Product_classification&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownership -
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Intellectual property laws confer a bundle ofexclusive rightsin relation to the particular form or
manner in which ideas or information are expressed or
manifested, and not in relation to the ideas
or concepts themselves.
The term "intellectual property" denotes the specific legal
rights which authors, inventors and other
IP holders may hold and exercise, and not the intellectual
work itself.Intellectual property laws are
designed to protect different forms of subject matter,although in some cases there is a degree of overlap
Intellectual property Rights
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_right -
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Copy right
Books Story writing Software etc
Patent-
Pharmaceutical & Chemical product
Geographical IndicationKolhapuri Slippers -Goa Feni Darjeeling-Nilagiri & Aasam
Tea Basmati Rice from India & Pakistan
Industrial Design
Lay-out-design-mold Formula
IPR what for
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Patent
A patent may be granted for a new, useful, and
non-obvious invention, and gives the patent
holder a right to prevent others from practicing the
invention without a license from the inventor
for a
certain period of time (typically 20 years fromthe filing date of a patent application).
P
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark -
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IPRA trademarkis a distinctive sign which is used to distinguish
the products or services of different
businesses.
An industrial design right protects the form of appearance,
style or design of an industrial object
(e.g. spare parts, furniture, or textiles).
A trade secret (which is sometimes either equated with, or a
subset of, "confidential information")
is secret, non-public information concerning the commercialpractices or proprietary knowledge of a
business, public disclosure of which may sometimes be
illegal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_%28semiotics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secrethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secrethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_%28semiotics%29 -
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Indian senerio of IPR
Indian Patent Act 1970 is changed inaccordance with WTO agreement of
TRIPS-(Trade Related aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights)
India has passed patent bill 2005
India has opened many offices toregistration of patent
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SPS-Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards &
TBT-Technical Barrier on Trade
SPS
Human life from riskof Contaminants
Health diseasescarried by animals
Animal & plant lifefrom pets andDiseases
TBT
Samplingtesting &inspection
Packaging Marking &Lebeling
Evaluation &verification
Registration Accreditation approval
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SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards
This is WTO agreement which concerns over basic rulesfor food safety, animal & plant health regulations. Itallows countries to set their own standards.
But it should apply only based on science to protect
human, animal and plant life. It should not unjustifieddiscriminate between importing country and own country
Examples
1)Indian ladies skirts were banned by USA without any scientificreason. Saari made by American georget is more flameable thanIndian skirts
2) Pesticide found in Pepsi in India
3) Japan & USA found antibiotics such as Nitrofuran Metaboits
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TBTTechnical Barrier on Trade
Country should ensure that technicalregulations are not adapted to
obstacles to international trade.It should not be trade-restrictivethan necessary to fulfil a legitimate
objective
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Thank You
Xie Xie
Chichen
Please study WTO and Foreign Trade
Prof:S.B. Choughule