for concert band frank ticheli · for concert band frank ticheli i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n 1...

N I T ROF O R C O N C E R T B A N D

F R A N K T I C H E L I

I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N

1 Full Score

1 Piccolo

4 Flute 1

4 Flute 2

1 Oboe 1

1 Oboe 2

3 Bb Clarinet 1

3 Bb Clarinet 2

3 Bb Clarinet 3

3 Bb Clarinet 4

2 Bb Bass Clarinet

1 Bassoon 1

1 Bassoon 2

2 Eb Alto Saxophone 1

2 Eb Alto Saxophone 2

1 Bb Tenor Saxophone

1 Eb Baritone Saxophone

3 Bb Trumpet 1

3 Bb Trumpet 2

3 Bb Trumpet 3

2 F Horn 1

2 F Horn 2

2 Trombone 1

2 Trombone 2

2 Trombone 3

3 Euphonium B.C.

2 Euphonium T.C.

4 Tuba

1 Timpani (also playing medium Triangle)

3 Percussion 1 Xylophone, large Triangle, large Slapstick

3 Percussion 2 Glockenspiel, Snare Drum, medium-large Susp. Cymbal, Crash Cymbals (share with Perc 3)

3 Percussion 3 Tambourine, Bongos, small Tom- Tom, Crash Cymbals (share with

Perc. 2), large Bass Drum

P R I N T E D O N A R C H I V A L P A P E R

M A N H A T TA N B E A C H M U S I C1595 East 46th Street Brooklyn, New York 11234 Fax: 718/338-1151

World Wide Web: http://www.manhattanbeachmusic.com E-mail: [email protected] Voicemail: 718/338-4137

itro, an energy-charged three-minute fanfare for band, was com-

missioned by the Northshore Concert Band, Mallory Thompson,

music director, in celebration of their 50th anniversary

season, and received its premiere performance by

them on April 9th, 2006.

Nitrogen is the most abundant component of the Earth’s atmosphere (78 per cent by

volume), and is present in the tissues of every living thing. It is the fifth most abundant

element in the universe, created by the fusion deep within stars; it has recently been

detected in interstellar space. The sheer prevalence of nitrogen in all of nature, and the

infinite range of compounds it is part of — life-giving, energizing, healing, cleansing,

explosive — all appealed to me, and served as the inspiration for my music.

The main musical idea for Nitro is a powerful, angular theme, first announced by the

trombones and horns, and then imitated in the trumpets. Trumpet fanfare calls and a busy

and relentless chattering in the woodwinds enhance the bright, festive mood.

The middle section is based on a woodwind theme that is partly fanfare-like, partly

dance-like. This contrasting theme is built from intervals occurring in the natural overtone

series (octave and twelfth), giving it an expansive, open-air quality. The main theme reap-

pears, growing in power and density all the while, building to a thunderous conclusion.

Frank Ticheli

R E H E A R S A L N O T E S

A - S E C T I O N

( M E A S U R E S 1 t o 4 6 )

Measures 1 to 15: The trombone/horn theme, based on five notes (B-flat, F, D, E-flat, A-flat), is angular and

powerful. The chattering woodwind accompaniment is based on the same five notes, and should be played

with great energy, and in a crisp, staccato style. The woodwinds can not overstate the indicated accents in

measures 8 and 10. These accented notes answer the brasses. Shout them out!

Measures 15 to 32: The tongued woodwind triplets are transformed into slurred, more whirlwind-like

16th-notes. The brass theme continues, now in imitation among the trumpets, horns and trombones, and

with one note altered (E-flat becomes E-natural). Strive to achieve fairly equal balance among the various

brass statements in this section.

Measures 33 to 46: The A-section concludes with a new fanfare idea, sounded in close imitation between

the trumpets and horns. The woodwinds, triangle, and glockenspiel add a bright, sometimes percussive

edge to the attack points of the brass fanfare. In order to achieve this quality, the notated dynamics should

be observed carefully.

B - S E C T I O N ( D A N C E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T )

( M E A S U R E S 4 7 t o 9 5 )

Measures 47 to 53: The woodwinds take over the foreground in this contrasting section. The dotted rhythms,

accents, and mixed meter scheme have a dance-like quality, but the theme itself is more fanfare-like, shout-

ed by the alto saxophone along with the oboes and first clarinet at the octave and twelfth respectively

(forming the first three harmonics of the natural overtone series). This theme is rudely interrupted by the low

woodwinds and their raucous flourish of 16th-notes. The two forces exchange blows — the slapstick serving

as a kind of referee —until finally the dance-like theme wins out.

Measures 54 to 71: The theme is extended and passed around the ensemble (measures 54 to 69). It should

always sound crisp and rhythmic, light but confident, and with strong accents.

Measures 72 to 80: Measures 72 to 76 serve as an episode. A line rises by step for more than three

octaves, beginning in horn 1, passing to the first clarinet, and finally to the piccolo. At the bottom,

the main theme from the work’s beginning is sounded in the low brass and woodwinds. The struc-

ture is that of a wedge both in terms of pitch and dynamics. At measure 77, a ferocious tutti climax

is sounded. Be sure to observe the indication, “marcato, slightly detached”, as it will enhance the

distinction between the upper and lower halves of the ensemble.

Measures 81 to 95 The main theme returns, and is developed and passed around the ensemble

at many different transposition levels, accompanied by rising triads in the low brasses and wood-

winds. A strong cadence is reached at measure 90, and the woodwinds’ dance-like theme is briefly

recalled, only to be extinguished by the brasses at measure 93. These brasses bring back the har-

monic language of the work’s beginning as they wedge inward to a concert F at measure 96, usher-

ing in the recapitulation.

R E C A P I T U L A T I O N ( G r e a t l y s h o r t e n e d )

( M E A S U R E S 9 6 t o 1 0 5 )

The woodwind chatter returns, sounding over brass fanfares and one final, full-throated statement

of the main brass theme. An abrupt, explosive cadence ends the work.

Frank Ticheli

F R A N K T I C H E L I

W O R K S F O R C O N C E R T B A N D

F r a n k T i c h e l i ’s w o r k s f o r c o n c e r t b a n d a r e p u b l i s h e d e x c l u s i v e l y b y M a n h a t t a n B e a c h M u s i c

Abracadabra (5 minutes, grade 3)

Amazing Grace (5 minutes, grade 3)

An American Elegy (11 minutes, grade 4)

Ave Maria / Schubert (4 ½ minutes, grade 3)

Blue Shades (10 minutes, grade 5)

Cajun Folk Songs (6 ¾ minutes, grade 3)

Cajun Folk Songs II (10 ½ minutes, grade 4)

Fortress (5 ½ minutes, grade 3)

Gaian Visions (9 ½ minutes, grade 6)

Joy (2 ½ minutes, grade 2)

Joy Revisited (3 ½ minutes, grade 3)

Loch Lomond (6 ½ minutes, grade 3)

Nitro (3 minutes, grade 4)

Pacific Fanfare (5 ½ minutes, grade 5)

Portrait of a Clown (2 ¾ minutes, grade 2)

Postcard (5 ¼ minutes, grade 5)

Sanctuary (12 minutes, grade 5)

A Shaker Gift Song (2 minutes, grade 2)This work is a separate publication of the third song from Simple Gifts: Four Shaker Songs

Shenandoah (6 ½ minutes, grade 3)

Simple Gifts: Four Shaker Songs (9 minutes, grade 3)

Sun Dance (5 minutes, grade 3)

Symphony No. 2 (21 minutes; mvts. 1 & 2 are grade 6, mvt. 3 is grade 5)Movement 1, “Shooting Stars,” Movement 2, “Dreams Under a New Moon,”and Movement 3, “Apollo Unleashed” may be separately performed

Vesuvius (9 minutes, grade 4)

l e a r n m o r e a t

w w w . F r a n k T i c h e l i . c o mT h e o f f i c i a l s o u r c e f o r t h e M u s i c o f F r a n k T i c h e l i

Learn about Frank Ticheli’s newest works,

events, CDs, DVDs, books,

and hear complete recordings at

www.FrankTicheli.com

“The Official Source for the Music of Frank Ticheli”

G g

3

Copyright © 2006 by Manhattan Beach Music/All Rights Reserved. — Printed and engraved in the United States of America.

Go to www.Frank Ticheli.com for the latest information on the music of Frank Ticheli

to hear composers, see videos, download soundfiles and purchase musicGo to www.ManhattanBeachMusic.com & www.BestMusicSeries.com

ISBN 1-59913-018-1 (complete set) ISBN 1-59913-019-X (conductor score)

Percussion 2

1

(also playsTimpani

MediumTriangle)

initial settings

Tuba

Euphonium

23

a2Trombone

1

2

(at least 2 players per part)F Horn

1

(at least 2 players per part)

3

B Trumpet 2

1

E Baritone Saxophone

B Tenor Saxophone

2

3 3 33 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

E Alto Saxophone

1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 33

Bassoon21

B Bass Clarinet

4

3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 33

3

3

3 3

33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

B Clarinet

2

3

33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

33

1

33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

33 3 3 3

Oboe21

2

33 3

3 3 33

33

33

33

3

Flute

1

33 3 3

33 3

33

33

33

3

Piccolo

= c. 144+

commissioned by the Northshore Concert Band, Mallory Thompson, music director, for their 50th anniversary season

2

FOR CONERT BANDNITRO

3

3 3 3 3

4

33

FRANK TICHELI

3 3

3

2

Perc. 2

3

GLOCKENSPIEL

1

3

XYLOPHONE

Timp.

MEDIUM TRIANGLE

Tuba

div.

Euph.

23

(a2)Tbn.

1

2

F Hn.

1

3

straight mute bells up3

3 3 3 3 3 3 mute out

B Tpt. 2

straight mute bells up 3

3 3 3 3 3 3

mute out

1

straight mute bells up 3

3 3 3 3 3 3

mute out

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 33

E Alto Sax.

1

3 3 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

33 3 3

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3 33

33 3

33 3 3 3 3

33 3 3

3

33 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3

3 3

B Cl.

23 3

33 3 3

33 3 3 3 3

33 3 3

13 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 33 3

Ob.21

3

3 3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3 3 3

3

3

3

23

33

33

33

33

33

3 3 33 3

Fl.

13

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

3

Picc.

5

3 33

6 7 8

3 33

3

BONGOS

3

3

(to Tambourine)

Perc. 2

3

3

1

3

Timp.

TIMPANI

Tuba

Euph.3 3

23

(a2)

3 3

Tbn.

13 3

2

3 3F Hn.

1

cresc.

3

B Tpt. 2

open

3

3

1

open

3

3

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

33 3 3 3

3 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

E Alto Sax.

1

3 3 33

33 3

3 3 33 3 3 3 3

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

33 3

33 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3

33 3

33 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3 3

B Cl.

23 3 3

33 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1

33 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Ob.21

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

33

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

a2

23

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Fl.

13 3 3

33 3 3 3 3 3 3

Picc.

9 10

3 3

11

3 3 3 3

12

3

3

TAMBOURINE

4

(to Crash Cymbals)

Perc. 2

3 (to Snare Drum)

1

(to Large Triangle)

Timp.

Tuba

unis.

Euph.

23

a2

3

Tbn.

1

3

2

F Hn.

1

3

open

B Tpt. 2

1

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

a2

B Bass Cl.

4

3 3 3 3

3

33

33

B Cl.

23 3

13 3

Ob.21

3

(a2) a2a2

23

Fl.

13

Picc.

13

3

14 15 16

3

5

Perc. 2

1

Timp.

Tuba

Euph.

3

23

3

(a2)

3

Tbn.

1

3 3

23

F Hn.

13

3

B Tpt. 2

1

3

3

3

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3

B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

17 18 19 20

3

6

Perc. 2

1

Timp.

Tuba

div.

Euph.

33

23

a2

3 3

Tbn.

1

3 3

2

33

F Hn.

1

33

3

B Tpt. 2

3

1

3

3

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3

B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

2122

23 24

3

7

Perc. 2

1

Timp.

Tuba

Euph.

3 3

23

(a2)

3 3

Tbn.

1

3 3

23 3

F Hn.

13

3

3

3 3

B Tpt. 2

3 3

1

3 3

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3

B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

25 26 27 28

3

CRASH CYMBALS l.v.

8

(to B.D.)

Perc. 2

SNARE DRUM (to Glock.)

1

LARGE TRIANGLE

Timp.

(to Tri.)

Tuba

unis.

Euph.

3

23

3

a2

3

a2a2Tbn.

1

3 3

23

F Hn.

1

3

3

3

B Tpt. 2

3

1

3

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

div.

4

3

B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

29 30 31

3

9

Perc. 2

GLOCKENSPIEL

1

l.v. l.v.

Timp.

Tuba

Euph.

23

Tbn.

1

exuberant, ben marcato

Hn.

2


F Hn.

1


3

B Tpt. 2

1


E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.5

25

E Alto Sax.

15

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

5

3

5

B Cl.

2

5

1

5

Ob.21

5

a2

25

Fl.

1 5

Picc.

32

5

3334 35

36

3

10

Perc. 2

1

(to Large Slapstick)

Timp.

Tuba

two players only

Euph.

one player only

23

3: one player only

2: one player onlyTbn.

1

2

F Hn.

1

3

B Tpt. 2


1

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3

B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

(a2)

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

37 38 39 40 41 42

3

11

Perc. 2

1

Timp.

Tuba

one player only

n

Euph.

marcato

Tutti one only

n

23

Tbn.

1

2

n

F Hn.

1

n

3

B Tpt. 2

to straight mute

1

n

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3

Ob.B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

a2

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

43 44 45 46 47 Dance

3

BASS DRUM

12

Perc. 2

1

LARGE SLAPSTICK

Timp.

MEDIUM TRIANGLE

Tuba

Euph.

23

Tbn.

1

2

straight mute mute outF Hn.

1

stopped mute

non dim.

mute out

3

B Tpt. 2

1

to straight mute

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

unis.

4

3

Play Ob.B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

(a2) a2

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

48 49 50 51

3

(to Tom-Tom)

13

Perc. 2

(to Snare Drum)

1

(to Tri.)

Timp.

Tuba

Euph.

23

Tbn.

1

2

F Hn.

1

3

B Tpt. 2

1

straight mute

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3

Play Ob.1B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

(a2)a2

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

52 53 54 55

3

14

Perc. 2

1

Timp.

Tuba

Euph.

23

Tbn.

1

2

straight muteF Hn.

1

3

B Tpt. 2

1

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

1.

B Bass Cl.

4

3

(Ob.1)B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

(a2)

2.

1.

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

56 57 58 59

3

15

SMALL TOM-TOM

Perc. 2

SNARE DRUM (to Sus. Cym.)

1

Timp.

(to Timp.)

Tuba

Tutti

Euph.

Tutti

23

TuttiTbn.

1

Play

2

F Hn.

1

open

3

B Tpt. 2

straight mute mute out

1

(straight mute) mute out

E Bari. Sax.

Bsn.1

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

a2

B Bass Cl.

4

3

(Ob.1)B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

6061 62 63

3

(to Tamb.)

16

Perc. 2

SUSPENDED CYMBAL (stick) l.v.

3

SNARE DRUM

3

1

Timp.

3TIMPANI 3 3

Tuba3 3

Euph.

3 3

23

3

3

3

33 3

Tbn.

13 3 3 3

23

open3 3 3

F Hn.

1

3 3 3 3

3

3 3 3 3

B Tpt. 2

3

open

3 3 3

1

open

3 3 3 3

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3

PlayB Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

64 65 66

3

TAMBOURINE

17

(to B.D.)

Perc. 2

SUSPENDED CYMBAL

1

LARGE TRIANGLE l.v. (to Xylo.)

Timp.

(A →C) (B →D)

Tuba

Euph.

23

Tbn.

1

2

F Hn.

1

3

B Tpt. 2

1

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3

B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

67

6869

3

18

Perc. 2

l.v. choke! (to S.D.)

1

Timp.

Solo

Tuba

Euph.

23

Tbn.

1

2

F Hn.

1

3

B Tpt. 2

1

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3

B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

70 7172

3

19

BASS DRUM

Perc. 2

SNARE DRUM

1

XYLOPHONE

Timp.

Tuba

cresc.

Euph.

cresc.

23

cresc.

Tbn.

1

cresc.

2

cresc.

F Hn.

1

cresc.

3

B Tpt. 2

1

E Bari. Sax.

cresc.

B Ten. Sax.

cresc.

2

cresc.

E Alto Sax.

1

cresc.

Bsn.21

cresc.

a2

B Bass Cl.

cresc.

4

cresc.

3

cresc.

B Cl.

2

cresc.

1

cresc.

Ob.21

cresc.

2

cresc.

Fl.

1

cresc.

Picc.

73 74 75

cresc.

76

3

20

Perc. 2

1

(to Tri.)

Timp.

marcato, slightly detached

Tuba


Euph.


23


Tbn.

1


2

F Hn.

1

3


B Tpt. 2


1


E Bari. Sax.


B Ten. Sax.


2


E Alto Sax.

1


Bsn.21


(a2)

B Bass Cl.


4


3


B Cl.

2


1


Ob.21


2


Fl.

1


Picc.

77


78 79 80

81

3

cresc. poco a poco21

Perc. 2

1

Timp.

Tuba

Euph.

23

Tbn.

1

2

F Hn.

1

3

B Tpt. 2

1

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

(a2)

B Bass Cl.

4

3

B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

a2

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

82 83 84 85 86

3

(cresc.)22

Perc. 2

3

(S.D.)

1

LARGE TRIANGLE

Timp.

(C→B ) (E →F)

Tuba

div. unis.

Euph.

23

2.Tbn.

1

2

F Hn.

1

3

3

B Tpt. 2

3

1

3

3

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3

B Cl.

2

3

1

3

Ob.21

(a2)

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

87 88rit.

8990 a tempo

91

3

(B.D.)

23

(to Tamb.)

Perc. 2

1

Timp.

Tuba

Euph.

23

a2Tbn.

1

2

F Hn.

1

3

B Tpt. 2

1

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

E Alto Sax.

1

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3

B Cl.

2

1

Ob.21

2

Fl.

1

Picc.

92 93 94 95

3

24

TAMBOURINE

Perc. 2

3

(S.D.)

1

LARGE TRIANGLE

Timp.

3

Tuba

3

Euph.

3

23

(a2)

3

Tbn.

1

3

2

3F Hn.

1

3

3

3

B Tpt. 2

3

1

3

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

3 3 33 3 3 3

3 3 3 3

E Alto Sax.

1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3

3 3

33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

B Cl.

2

3

33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1

33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3

Ob.21

2

33 3

3 3 33

33

3

Fl.

1

33 3 3

33 3

33

3

Picc.

9697 98

3 33

3

3

25

Perc. 2

3

(to Cr. Cym.)

1

Timp.

3

(F→E)

Tuba

3

Euph.

3

23

3

a2Tbn.

1

3

2

3F Hn.

1

3

3

3

B Tpt. 2

3

1

3

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

23 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

E Alto Sax.

1

3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 3

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

4

3 33

33 3 3

33 3

33

33 3 3 3

33 3 3

3 3 3 3

B Cl.

23 3

33 3 3

33 3 3

33

13 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Ob.21

3

3 3

3

3

3

23

33

33

33

33

33

3

Fl.

13

33

33

33

3 33

33

Picc.

99

33

33

100

3 33

101

3

(to B.D.)

26

BASS DRUM dampen!

Perc. 2

CRASH CYMBALS dampen!

1

dampen!

Timp.

dampen!

Tuba

Euph.

23

V

VITbn.

1

IV

2

F Hn.

1

3

B Tpt. 2

1

E Bari. Sax.

B Ten. Sax.

2

33 3 3 3

33

33 3 3 3

E Alto Sax.

13 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Bsn.21

B Bass Cl.

43 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

33

3

33 3 3 3

33

33

33

33

B Cl.

2 33

33 3 3 3 3 3

33

3

13

33

33

33

33 3

33

Ob.21

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

23

33

33

33

33

33

3

Fl.

1 33

33

33

33

33

33

Picc.

102

3 3 3

103

33 3 3

104

33

33

105

for concert band frank ticheli · for concert band frank ticheli i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n 1...

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