Agglomeration

assembly line

basic industry

break-of-bulk

brownfield

bulk-gaining industry

bulk-reducing industry

capital

cottage industry

de-industrialization

export processing zone

footloose industry

“Fordism” (Post-Fordism)

Hotelling Model

industrial inertia

Industrial Revolution

infrastructure

economies of scale

labor-intensive

least-cost theory

location theory

manufacturing region

mass production

nonbasic industry

outsourcing

primary industry

raw materials

site characteristics

situation characteristics

secondary industry

Alfred Weber

CHAPTER 11 INDUSTRY

WHERE IS INDUSTRY LOCATED?

WHY IS IT THERE?

HOW IS INDUSTRY DISTRIBUTED?

WHY DO DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES HAVE DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTIONS?

WHY DO INDUSTRIES FACE PROBLEMS?

Food is needed everywhere and the last chapter showed that food

production is widely dispersed.

Industry on the other hand is more highly clustered in space than

agriculture. Why?

50 years ago industry was highly clustered in only a few MDC’s. Now we find it has diffused into LDC’s. (But its still highly clustered by being

mostly in LDC cities or special zones like Maquiladoras.) Transnational

corporations operate globally. Globalization has brought a huge

competition between countries trying to attract new industries and those

trying to retain them. (Have’s vs have nots.)

It all started with an event known today as the Industrial Revolution

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The root of the Industrial Revolution (1700’s- early 1800’s) was technology. Several inventions set the whole thing off. The steam engine,

the train, and electricity changed this world; but more than new industrial

changes occurred:

The world changed socially, economically and politically because of the

IR. You and I live with those changes, good or bad.

Prior to the IR, industry was widely dispersed. People made household

goods and equipment in their own homes or got them from someone in

their local village. Home-based manufacturing is known as a Cottage Industry. One important Cottage Industry, before the IR, was the textile

industry where merchants hired “putters-out” to drop off wool for people to

use at home to create products they were paid by the piece to produce.

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The IR was the collective invention of hundreds of mechanical

devices which made production faster. The most important

invention was the perfection of the steam engine by James Watt

in 1769.

Iron and textiles were the first industries to increase production

by using the steam engine.

Diffusion of this technology into all areas of production soon

followed. Britain became the first industrial country.

Coal mining, transportation (the train and steam boat), textiles,

chemicals, and food processing are all benefits of the IR.

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The Industrial Revolution originated in areas of northern England. Factories often clustered near coalfields.

Why near coalfields?

Coal was the first source of energy used to

drive the steam engines that powered the birth of the IR.

Canals, and later railroads, were built to connect the coal to the iron mining areas and then on to the seaports. Internal migration began. as people moved from the farms to the new factory and mining jobs.

Industrial Revolution Hearth.

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Diffusion of Railways:

The year 1826 saw the first railway

open. The chart shows the diffusion of

railways and the Industrial Revolution

from Britain.

The first successful steam train was

the Stephenson “Rocket” because it

could reach the amazing speed of 25

mph. Oooh, Aah…

But at a steady 25mph you can move

goods further and faster than ever

before.

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The Industrial Revolution radically changed the organization of work. In the new factories, a large number of workers gathered together six or seven days a week to engage in tightly coordinated tasks paced by machinery. This new organization of work implied a sharp distinction between work and home. In earlier types of work, such as farming, trades, and cottage industries, work and home were not necessarily separate spheres and child labor was not a public issue.

When the IR began, people sold their farms and moved to the cities thinking that earning money in the new industries would give them a better life. Instead many of them found conditions they didn’t expect.

Seven days a week with 12-16 hour work days were common in 1840. Once they had sold their farm they couldn’t move back. They were misused by the factory system as there were no labor laws; no unemployment, no vacations or health benefits.

Women and children were paid ½ the price of men and there were no laws protecting the workers.Children working 12 hours per day had no time for school. The literacy rate in Europe was actually lower in 1850 than it was in 1750. Factory owners became the first millionaires.

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Examples of the good and the bad of the IR

Early farm tractor which could do much

more work than a horse or mule.

Child labor…children worked for ½ pay of an adult and didn’t have the time to go to school.