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Monthly Review. An independent socialist Magazine

Browse: Home / 2009, Volume 61, Issue 03 (July-August) / Foo !"rs

#e"r $e"er,

!e %l"&e t'ese "rt&les "t o &'"rge o our we*ste to ser+e "ll t'e %eo%le w'o &"ot"or Monthly Review, or w'o &"ot get "&&ess to t w'ere t'ey l+e ."y o our moste+ote re"ers "re outse o t'e te t"tes I you re" our "rt&les ole " you &"

"or " su*s&r%to to our %rt eto, we woul +ery mu&' "%%re&"te t you woul&oser %ur&'"sg oe le"se +st t'e .$ store or su*s&r%to o%tos '" you +erymu&' 45s

Foo !"rs

by ."r" B"+er" " !"le Bello to%&s: 5&ology, lo*"l 5&oom& 7rss 

!"le Bello s " mem*er o t'e 'l%%e House o $e%reset"t+es, %reset o t'eFreeom rom #e*t 7o"lto, " seor ""lyst "t t'e B"go-*"se rese"r&' "

"+o&"&y sttute Fo&us o t'e lo*"l out' He s "lso &'"rm" o t'e Bo"r o $g'ts," org"8"to t'"t %romotes t'e rg'ts o "rmers " %e"s"ts t'e 'l%%es ."r"B"+er" ser+e "s rese"r&' "ssst"t or t'e *oo Food Wars. 's "rt&le s *"se o t'e %r&%"l "ut'ors re&etly %u*ls'e *oo  Food Wars (ew ;or: Verso, 2009)

I 2006<0=, oo s'ort"ges *e&"me " glo*"l re"lty, wt' t'e %r&es o &ommotess%r"lg *eyo t'e re"&' o +"st um*ers o %eo%le Iter"to"l "ge&es were &"ug'tl"toote, wt' t'e !orl Foo rogr"m w"rg t'"t ts r"%ly ms'g oo sto&smg't ot *e "*le to e"l wt' t'e emerge&y

>wg to surgg %r&es o r&e, w'e"t, " +eget"*le ols, t'e oo m%ort *lls o t'e ?e"st

#e+elo%e 7outres (?#7s) &lm*e *y 3@ %er&et rom 200@ to 200=, rom 1@9 mlloto 26 mllo, "ter '"+g rse *y 30 %er&et 2006 By t'e e o 200=, t'e te "tos re%orte, Ct'e "u"l oo m%ort *"set ?#7s &ost more t'" t'ree tmes t'"to 2000, ot *e&"use o t'e &re"se +olume o oo m%orts, *ut "s t'e result o rsgoo %r&esD1 'ese tumultuous e+elo%mets "e @E mllo %eo%le to t'e r"s o t'e'ugry " ro+e " estm"te 12E mllo %eo%le e+elo%g &outres to etreme %o+erty2

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Al"rme *y m"ss+e glo*"l em", &outres le 7'" " Arget" resorte tom%osg t"es or Guot"s o t'er r&e " w'e"t e%orts to "+ert lo&"l s'ort"ges $&ee%orts were sm%ly *"e 7"m*o", 5gy%t, I", Ioes", " Vet "m out'-out' sol"rty, r"gle t'e *est o tmes, &rum*le, *e&omg %"rt o t'e &oll"ter"l"m"ge o t'e &rss

lo*"l 7rss, lo*"l rotests

For some &outres, t'e oo &rss w"s t'e %ro+er*"l str"w t'"t *roe t'e &"mels *"&ome t'rty &outres e%ere&e +olet %o%ul"r "&tos "g"st rsg %r&es 200@ "200=, "mog t'em B"gl"es', Bur" F"so, 7"meroo, 7ote I+ore, 5gy%t, ue",I", Ioes", ."uret"", .e&o, .oro&&o, .o8"m*Gue, eeg"l, om"l",8*est", " ;eme A&ross t'e &otets, %eo%le &"me out t'e t'ous"s "g"stu&otrolle rses t'e %r&e o st"%le goos t'"t t'er &outres '" to m%ort owg tosu&et %rou&to &ores o %eo%le e t'ese emostr"tos o %o%ul"r "ger

'e most r"m"t& e+elo%mets tr"s%re H"t !t' =0 %er&et o t'e %o%ul"tosu*sstg o less t'" two oll"rs " "y, t'e ou*lg o t'e %r&e o r&e t'e rst ourmot's o 200= le to C'uger so tortuous t'"t t elt le %eo%les stom"&'s were *ege"te "w"y *y *le"&' or *"ttery "&,D "&&org to oe "&&out3 !es%re" rotg *roeout t'"t oly ee w'e t'e e"te re t'e %rme mster I t'er testy, t'e H"trots reme o*ser+ers o t'e "t-Iter"to"l .oet"ry Fu (I.F) rots Vee8uel" 4t'e so-&"lle Caracazo 4"lmost two e&"es "go, w'&' res'"%e t'e &otours o t'"t&outrys %olt&s

'e ere&t torm

'e ter"to"l %ress " "&"em&s %ro&l"me t'e e o t'e er" o &'e"% oo, "t'ey tr"&e t'e &"use to " +"rety o &"uses: t'e "lure o t'e %oorer &outres to e+elo%t'er "gr&ultur"l se&tors, str"s o t'e ter"to"l oo su%%ly &re"te *y et"ry &'"ges 7'" " I"s e%"g mle &l"sses w'o were e"tg more me"t, s%e&ul"to &ommoty utures, t'e &o+erso o "rml" to ur*" re"l est"te, &lm"te &'"ge, "t'e +erso o &or " sug"r&"e rom oo %rou&to to t'e %rou&to o "grouels tore%l"&e ol

'e te "tos World Economic Situation and Prospects s%oe "*out t'e &rss *egt'e %rou&t o " C%ere&t storm,D or " e%los+e &oKu&to o eret e+elo%mets%e&ul"t+e mo+emets t'"t *roug't "*out t'e glo*"l "&"l &rss t'"t *roe out t'esummer o 200@ were m%l&"te t'e oo &rss A&&org to t'e te "tos, t'em%"&t o oo %r&es o s%e&ul"to *y "&"l +estors &ommotes " &ommotyutures m"rets C'"s *ee &oser"*leD It &oul *e "rgue, s" t'e re%ort,

t'"t &re"se glo*"l lGuty " "&"l o+"to '"s "lso le to &re"se s%e&ul"to &ommoty m"rets 7o+ersely, t'e "&"l &rss &otr*ute to t'e sle &ommoty %r&es rom m-200= "s "&"l +estors wt'rew rom &ommoty m"rets", "to, t'e te t"tes oll"r "%%re&"te "s %"rt o t'e %ro&ess o t'e e-le+er"gg o "&"l sttutos t'e m"Kor e&oomes

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>t'ers, le eter !"'l o t'e erm" "+o&"&y org"8"to !55#, were more em%'"t&,&l"mg t'"t, "&t, s%e&ul"to "gro-&ommoty utures w"s t'e ey "&tor t'eetr"or"ry rse t'e %r&es o oo &ommotes 200@ " 200= !t' t'e re"l est"te *u**le *urstg 200@ " tr"g mortg"ge-*"se se&urtes " ot'er er+"t+es&oll"%sg, 'ege us " ot'er s%e&ul"t+e "gets, t'ey "sserte, mo+e to s%e&ul"to

&ommoty utures, &"usg " s'"r% &re"se tr"es " &otr"&ts u"&&om%"e *ylttle or o &re"se %rou&to o "gr&ultur"l &ommotes It w"s t's mo+e to&ommoty utures or Gu& %rots ollowe *y " mo+e out "ter t'e &ommotes *u**le *urst t'"t trggere t'e rse t'e FA> oo %r&e e *y @1 %er&et urg oly teemot's *etwee t'e e o 2006 " ."r&' 200= " ts "llg *"& "ter July 200= to t'ele+el o 2006E

'e Agrouel F"&tor 

%e&ul"to w"s &ert"ly "mog t'e "&tors t'"t &re"te " C%ere&t stormD 2006<0= Ae+e more %romet e%l""to w"s t'e +ertg o &ere"l, es%e&"lly &or, rom ser+g

"s oo to *eg use "s "grouel or *ouel eesto&

> July 3, 200=, t'e Guardian &"me out wt' " e%osL o " se&ret re%ort m"e *y " !orlB" e&oomst t'"t &l"me t'"t " 5 "grouels %ol&es were res%os*le or t'reeGu"rters o t'e 10 %er&et &re"se oo %r&es *etwee 2002 " Fe*ru"ry 200=6 'sgure w"s sg&"tly 'g'er t'" t'e 3 %er&et %re+ously re%orte *y t'e #e%"rtmet o Agr&ulture (#A), >"ms estm"te o "rou 30 %er&et, t'e I.F gureo "rou 20 to 30 %er&et, " t'e >rg"8"to or 5&oom& 7oo%er"to "#e+elo%mets (>57#) 60 %er&et 'e re%orts &o&luso w"s str"g'torw"r:

'e most m%ort"t "&tor t'e oo %r&e &re"ses w"s t'e l"rge &re"se *ouels %rou&to t'e " t'e 5 !t'out t'ese &re"ses, glo*"l w'e"t " m"8e sto&swoul ot '"+e e&le "%%re&"*ly, olsee %r&es woul ot '"+e tr%le, " %r&e&re"ses ue to ot'er "&tors, su&' "s roug'ts, woul '"+e *ee more moer"te $e&ete%ort *"s " s%e&ul"t+e "&t+tes woul %ro*"*ly ot '"+e o&&urre *e&"use t'ey werel"rgely res%oses to rsg %r&es@

7om%lete "s e"rly "s A%rl 200=, t'e .t&'ell re%ort4"me "ter t'e le" e&oomst ot'e !orl B" rese"r&' te"m, #o"l .t&'ell4w"s "llegely su%%resse *y t'e !orlB" out o e"r o em*"rr"ssg ormer %reset eorge Bus' " 's "ggress+e"grouel %ol&y=

'e "grouel "&tor "e&te m"ly "rmg, w'ere mu&' o &or %rou&to w"ss'te rom oo to "grouel eesto& 's s '"rly sur%rsg s&e o+er t'e l"st ewye"rs, t'e Bus' "mstr"tos geerous su*ses, m"e t'e "me o eergyCe%ee&eD " &om*"tg &lm"te &'"ge, '"s m"e &o+erso o &or to "groueleesto& ste" o oo +ery %rot"*le

us'e *y " &or%or"te "ll"&e t'"t &lue some o t'e *ggest "mes t'e eergy ""groo ustres, su&' "s 5o.o*l, Ar&'er #"els .l", " 7"rgll, Bus' m"e"grouel e+elo%met oe o t'e %ll"rs o 's "mstr"tos eergy %ol&y, wt' t'e

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"ou&e go"l t'"t reew"*le sour&es s'oul &om%rse " mmum o 20 %er&et o t'eeergy %ortolo t'e tr"s%ort se&tor wt' te ye"rs

I 200@, wt' t'e "mstr"tos "&t+e lo**yg, t'e 7ogress %"sse t'e 5ergyIe%ee&e " e&urty A&t t'"t o&use o %romotg "grouels " t'e "utomo*le

uel ustry 'e "&t t"rgete t'e &re"se o "grouels %rou&to *y more t'" eg'tolrom @ *llo g"llos 200@ to "t le"st 36 *llo g"llos 20224uusu"lly 'g'st""rs t'"t woul e+oe sg&"t &'"ges "gr&ultur"l %rou&to As o l"te 200@,t'ere were 13E et'"ol reeres o%er"to " @ more *eg *ult or e%"e9 .wester Amer&" s"w tsel slowly *eg tr"sorme to " g"t "grouels "&tory I200=, "rou 30 %er&et o &or w"s "llo&"te or et'"ol, wt' r"% &re"ses o&&urrgs&e 2006 ot sur%rsgly, t'e strog m""te " geerous su*ses, "s well "s 'g't"rs "g"st m%orte sug"r-*"se Br"8l" et'"ol, esure t'"t su&' " l"rge %orto o &or w"s *eg "llo&"te or "grouel eesto&, wt' " ot &oser"*le m%"&t ogr" %r&es

!'le t'e "&tu"l m%"&t o "grouel %rou&to w"s *" eoug', t'e uture m%"&t e+elo%g &outres w"s e+e more worrsome Huge l" le"se e"ls "re s" to *e t"g %l"&e wt' l"-r&' &outres le t'e 'l%%es, 7"m*o", " .""g"s&"r 10 'ere "rewes%re" re%orts ter"to"l me" o %r+"te rms " go+ermets rom &outrest'"t l"& "r"*le l" strg le"se "greemets ome o t'ese e"ls "re or oo %rou&to,ot'ers or "grouels, *ut wt' l" *eg &ommoe, w'"t s %rou&e o t'e le"se l"swll ultm"tely e%e o w'"t s most %rot"*le to *rg to t'e glo*"l m"ret "t " g+etme

'e most &otro+ers"l o t'ese e"ls w"s t'e More" rm #"ewoo ?ogst&s %l" to *uy "ety-e-ye"r le"se o more t'" t'ree mllo "&res o l" .""g"s&"r or "grouel %rou&to ."8e " %"lm ol were to *e &ult+"te o "lmost '"l o t'e "r"*le l" t'e &outry11 'ere "re re%orts t'"t t'e ew go+ermet t'"t &"me to %ower " &ou% ."r&' 2009 '"s &"&elle t'e #"ewoo &otr"&t owg to %o%ul"r o%%osto 'ere s o&ert"ty, 'owe+er, t'"t t wll ot *e reegot"te

ml"rly, 7"m*o" " t'e 'l%%es "re egot"tg C"gr&ultur"l +estmetD %roKe&tsMuw"t s tr"g lo"s or 7"m*o" %rou&e 'e 'l%%es " N"t"r "re &urretlyegot"tg t'e le"se o 100,000 'e&t"res o l"12 I ee&t, t'e oo &rss " eergy&rss "re &"usg &outres to se&ure oo su%%les " "grouel eesto& u&o+eto"l w"ys It s o loger su&et to m%ort gr"s 'e l" t'"t %rou&es t'"tgr" must *e se&ure t'roug' &otr"&ts ?" s ow t'e esre &ommoty, to t'eetrmet o lo&"l %o%ul"tos w'o e%e o t'e l" or t'er ow oo &osum%toolt&"l eltes l"-r&' &outres "%%e"r to *e "ll too '"%%y to o*lge "t t'e e%ese ot'er ow &outrys oo se&urty .ultmllo oll"r le"ses, su&' "s t'ose *eg oere *yt'e 7'ese to t'e 'l%%e &or%or"te grou%s, "re " strog &et+e

tru&tur"l AKustmet " r"e ?*er"l8"to

!'le s%e&ul"to o &ommoty utures " t'e e%"so o "grouel %rou&to '"+e *ee m%ort"t "&tors &otr*utg to t'e oo %r&e &rss, log-term %ro&esses o "

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stru&tur"l were %er'"%s e+e more &etr"l 'e role o t'ese "&tors "&&oute or t'e"&t t'"t t'e ye"rs le"g u% to t'e oo %r&e s%e o 2006<0=, em" or *"s& gr"s 4r&e, w'e"t, *"rley, m"8e, " soy*e"s4e&eee %rou&to, wt' sto&s "llg to 0 %er&et o t'er le+els 199=<99, " t'e sto&s-to-use r"to re"&'g re&or lows or tot"lgr"s " mult-ye"r lows or m"8e " +eget"*le ols13 A ey re"so *e' t'e "&t t'"t

C%rou&to '"s "lle woeully s'ort o growt' oo em",D "sserte t'e te "tos, w"s t'e egr""to o t'e "gr&ultur"l se&tors o e+elo%g &outres owg tot'e m"re Cwe"eg o +estmet " "gr&ultur"l su%%ort me"sures e+elo%g&outres, resultg " &oto w'&' C%rou&t+ty growt' or m"Kor oo &ro%s '"sst"lle, " t'ere '"s *ee o sg&"t &re"se t'e use o &ult+"te l"D1

As " result o su%%ly &ostr"ts resultg rom l"& o +estmet, t'e FA> re%orte, Ce+e *eore t'e re&et surge oo %r&es, worrsome log-term tres tow"rs &re"sg'uger were "lre"y "%%"ret,D wt' == mllo %eo%le suerg rom &'ro& 'uger 2003<0E, " &re"se o s mllo rom t'e 1990<92 gure o e"rly =2 mllo 1E

I s'ort, t'ere were " &om*"to o stru&tur"l " %ol&y greets t'e m t'"t le tot'e oo %r&e s%e o 2006<0=, " &ert"ly, " ey elemet w"s t'e m"ss+e e&oom&reoret"to ow "s Cstru&tur"l "KustmetD 's %rogr"m, w'&' w"s m%ose *y t'e!orl B" " Iter"to"l .oet"ry Fu o o+er ety e+elo%g " tr"sto"le&oomes o+er " twety-ye"r %ero *egg t'e e"rly 19=0s, w"s most lely t'econditio sine ua non or t'e glo*"l oo %r&e &rss

5rog t'e .e&" 7outryse

 !'e tes o t'ous"s o %eo%le st"ge emostr"tos .e&o e"rly 200@ to %rotest " s'"r% &re"se o o+er 60 %er&et t'e %r&e o tortillas, t'e l"t ule"+ee *re"s t'"t "re .e&os st"%le, m"y ""lysts %ote to "grouels "s t'e &ul%rt s&e.e&o '" *e&ome e%eet o m%orts o &or rom t'e te t"tes, w'ere su*seswere sewg &or &ult+"to tow"rs "grouel %rou&to

Howe+er, " trgug Guesto es&"%e m"y o*ser+ers: How o e"rt' .e&"s, w'ol+e t'e l" w'ere &or w"s rst omest&"te, *e&ome Ce%eetD o m%orts o &or t'e rst %l"&e

'e .e&" oo &rss &"ot *e ully uerstoo wt'out t"g to "&&out t'e "&tt'"t t'e ye"rs %re&eg t'e tortll" &rss, t'e 'omel" o &or '" *ee &o+erte to "&or m%ortg e&oomy *y ree m"ret %ol&es %romote *y t'e Iter"to"l .oet"ryFu (I.F), !orl B", " !"s'gto 'e oo %r&e &rss .e&o must *e see "soe elemet t'e &o&"te"to o &rses t'"t '"+e ro&e t'"t &outry o+er t'e l"st t'reee&"es " *roug't t to t'e +erge o *eg " C"le st"teD 'e ey l *etwee t'e oo&rss, t'e rug w"rs, " t'e m"ss+e mgr"to to t'e ort' '"s *ee stru&tur"l "Kustmet

I t'e &outryse, stru&tur"l "Kustmet me"t t'e guttg o t'e +"rous reormstgo+ermet %rogr"ms " sttutos t'"t '" *ee *ult *y t'e "rto $e+olu&o"roIsttu&o"l8"o("rty o t'e Isttuto"l $e+oluto) rom t'e 190s to t'e 19@0s toser+&e t'e "gr"r" se&tor " &"ter to t'e %e"s"try t'"t '" ser+e "s t'e *"se o t'e

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.e&" $e+oluto 'e s'"r% reu&to or elm"to o t'e ser+&es t'ey %ro+e, su&'"s &ret, eteso, " r"stru&ture su%%ort, '" " eg"t+e ee&t o "gr&ultur"l %rou&to " %rou&t+ty

'e eroso o t'e &"%"&ty o %e"s"t "gr&ulture w"s urt'er eroe *y t'e %rogr"m o

ul"ter"l l*er"l8"to o "gr&ultur"l tr"e t'e 19=0s " t'e ort' Amer&" Freer"e Agreemet t'e m-1990s, w'&' &o+erte t'e l" t'"t omest&"te &or to" m%orter o t'e &ere"l " &osol"te t'e &outrys st"tus "s " et oo m%orter

'e eg"t+e ee&ts o stru&tur"l "Kustmet " AFA-m%ose tr"e l*er"l8"to were&om%oue *y t'e '"ltg o t'e +e-e&"e-log "gr"r" reorm %ro&ess "s t'eeol*er"ls "t t'e 'elm o t'e .e&" st"te soug't to re%r+"t8e l", 'o%g to &re"se"gr&ultur"l e&e&y *y e%ellg w'"t t'ey elt w"s " e&ess "gr"r" %o%ul"to otee mllo %eo%le16

>+er twety-+e ye"rs "ter t'e *egg o stru&tur"l "Kustmet t'e e"rly eg'tes,

.e&o s " st"te o "&ute oo se&urty, %erm"et e&oom& &rss, %olt&"lst"*lty, " u&otrolle &rm"l "&t+ty It m"y ot yet *e " C"le st"te,D to use ""s'o"*le term, *ut t s &lose to *e&omg oe

7re"tg " $&e 7rss t'e 'l%%es

?e .e&o t'e &"se o &or, t'e 'l%%es 't t'e 'e"les e"rly 200= or tsm"ss+e e&t r&e

From " et oo e%orter, t'e &outry '" *e&ome " et oo m%orter s&e t'e m-1990s," t'e esset"l re"so w"s t'e s"me "s .e&o4t'"t s, t'e su*Kug"to o t'e &outry

to " stru&tur"l "Kustmet %rogr"m t'"t w"s oe o t'e rst t'e e+elo%g worl 'e %rogr"m +ol+e " m"ss+e reu&to o ug or rur"l %rogr"ms t'"t were set u% urgt'e ."r&os &t"tors'% t'e l"tters eort to &o+ert t'e %e"s"try to " %ll"r o t'eregme

'e eleterous ee&ts o stru&tur"l "Kustmet, w'&' soug't to &'"el t'e &outrys"&"l resour&es to t'e %"ymet o t'e oreg e*t, were &om%oue *y t'e etry o t'e&outry to t'e !orl r"e >rg"8"to t'e m-1990s, w'&' reGure t'"t t e t'eGuot"s o "ll "gr&ultur"l m%orts, e&e%t or r&e I oe &ommoty "ter "ot'er, Fl%o %rou&ers were s%l"&e *y m%orts

7otr*utg to t'e e&le o "gr&ultur"l %rou&t+ty w"s t'e grg to " '"lt o t'e"gr"r" reorm %rogr"m, w'&' w"s ot oly su&&essully styme *y l"lors *ut w"s ot"&&om%"e *y " ee&t+e %rogr"m o su%%ort ser+&es su&' "s t'ose t'"t "esu&&essul l" reorms "w" " More" t'e 19E0s " 1960s

o"y, t'e st"tus o t'e 'l%%es "s " %erm"et m%orter o r&e " " et oo m%orters m%l&tly "&&e%te *y " go+ermet t'"t oes ot see "gr&ulture %l"yg " ey role t'e &outrys e&oom& e+elo%met, e&e%t %er'"%s to ser+e "s " ste or %l"t"tos rete

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out to oreg terests to %rou&e "grouels " oo e&"te or e%ort to t'e l"ttersm"rets

#estroyg Ar&" Agr&ulture

As " &otet t'"t m%orts some 2E %er&et o t'e oo t &osumes, Ar&" '"s *ee "t t'e&eter o t'e ter"to"l oo %r&e &rss I re&et ye"rs, uerst"g o t'e roots ot'e &rss '"s *ee er"le *y t'e "s'o"*le oto t'"t t'e re"so Ar&" '"s " m"ss+eoo e&t s ts ot '"+g uergoe t'e ree $e+oluto t'"t As" " ?"t Amer&"e%ere&e

As .e&o " t'e 'l%%es, stru&tur"l "Kustmet, wt' ts guttg o go+ermet *ugets4es%e&"lly ts r"st& reu&to or elm"to o ertl8er su*ses4w"s ey"&tor t'"t ture rel"t+ely uer%o%ul"te Ar&" rom " et oo e%orter t'e 1960s tot'e &'ro& et oo m%orter t s to"y As .e&o " t'e 'l%%es, t'e "m o"Kustmet Ar&" w"s to m"e t'e &otets e&oomes Cmore e&etD w'le "t t'e

s"me tme %us'g t'em to e%ort-orete "gr&ultur"l %rou&to to "&Gure t'e orege&'"ge e&ess"ry to ser+&e t'er *urgeog oreg e*ts

's o&tr"re soluto, w'&' w"s "%%le wt' t'e !orl B" " t'e I.Fm&rom""gg t'e %ro&ess, &re"te ste" more %o+erty " more eGu"lty " le tosg&"t eroso o t'e &otets "gr&ultur"l " ustr"l %rou&t+e &"%"&ty I."l"w, t le, e"rler t's e&"e, to "me, w'&' w"s oly *"s'e w'e t'e &outrysgo+ermet resttute ertl8er su*ses

As t'e 'l%%es " .e&o, t'e rg't 'oo o stru&tur"l "Kustmet w"s ollowe *yt'e let 'oo o tr"e l*er"l8"to t'e &otet o ueGu"l glo*"l tr"g rules 7"ttlegrowers out'er Ar&" " !est Ar&" were r+e out o *usess *y t'e um%g osu*s8e *ee rom t'e 5uro%e" o 7otto growers !est Ar&" were s%l"&erom worl m"rets *y 'g'ly su*s8e &otto

'e !orl B" ow "mts t'"t *y %us'g or t'e eug o go+ermet %rogr"ms, ts %ol&es 'el%e eroe t'e %rou&t+e &"%"&ty o t'e "gr&ulture 'e !""# World

 $evelopment Report  &ot"e t'e ollowg "mg "msso:

tru&tur"l "Kustmet t'e 19=0s sm"tle t'e el"*or"te system o %u*l& "ge&es t'"t %ro+e "rmers wt' "&&ess to l", &ret, sur"&e %uts, " &oo%er"t+eorg"8"to 'e e%e&t"to w"s t'"t remo+g t'e st"te woul ree t'e m"ret or %r+"te"&tors to t"e o+er t'ese u&tos4reu&g t'er &osts, m%ro+g t'er Gu"lty, "elm"tg t'er regress+e *"s oo ote, t'"t t '"%%e I some %l"&es, t'e st"teswt'r"w"l w"s tet"t+e "t *est, lmtg %r+"te etry 5lsew'ere, t'e %r+"te se&toremerge oly slowly " %"rt"lly4m"ly ser+g &ommer&"l "rmers *ut le"+gsm"ll'olers e%ose to etes+e m"ret "lures, 'g' tr"s"&to &osts " rss, "ser+&e g"%s I&om%lete m"rets " sttuto"l g"%s m%ose 'uge &osts orgoegrowt' " wel"re losses or sm"ll'olers, t're"teg t'er &om%ett+eess ", m"y&"ses, t'er sur++"l1@

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$"t'er t'" "llow Ar&"s to e+se geous solutos to t'e &otets "gr"r" &rss,'owe+er, t'e B" s &urretly %romotg " ew e+elo%met str"tegy relyg o l"rge-s&"le &or%or"te "gr&ulture w'le &re"tg C%rote&teD reser+es w'ere m"rg"l8e %o%ul"tos woul ee out " este&e *"se o sm"ll'oler " &ommu"l "gr&ulture,or w'&' t'e B" oes ot see mu&' o " uture1=

7"%t"lsm +ersus t'e e"s"t

'e !orl B"s %romoto o &or%or"te "gr&ulture "s t'e soluto to Ar&"s oo %rou&to %ro*lems "ter t'e e+"st"to o stru&tur"l "Kustmet s " strog &"tot'"t, w'et'er t'e esgers o stru&tur"l "Kustmet were &os&ous o t or ot, t'e %rogr"ms m" u&to w"s to ser+e "s t'e &uttg ege o " *ro"er " loger-term %ro&ess: t'e t'oroug'gog &"%t"lst tr"sorm"to o t'e &outryse

'"t t'e y"m&s o &"%t"lst tr"sorm"to s w'"t les "t t'e 'e"rt o t'e oo &rss sesset"lly w'"t >or e&oomst "ul 7oller &otes %resetg t'e ort'oo

"&&out o t'e &"uses " y"m&s o t'e oo %r&e &rss  Forei%n &''airs.19 A l"rge %"rt o t'e *l"me or t'e &rss stems rom t'e "lure to use w'"t 'e &"lls t'e CBr"8l"moelD o &ommer&"l "rmg Ar&" " t'e %ersste&e o %e"s"t "gr&ulture glo*"lly

#es%te w'"t 'e ows to *e t'e eg"t+e e+romet"l m%"&ts "sso&"te wt' t'eBr"8l" moel, 7oller uses t'e term to uerle 's &l"m t'"t &"%t"lst ustr"l"gr&ulture, trou&e t'e te t"tes " ow *eg %ere&te *y Br"8l"eter%rses or e+elo%g &outry &otets, s t'e oly +"*le uture oe s t"lg "*outglo*"l oo %rou&to ee%g u% wt' glo*"l %o%ul"to growt' 'e %e"s"try s t'ew"y o t's e&ess"ry tr"sorm"to e"s"ts, 'e s"ys, "re ot etre%reeurs or o+"tors, *eg too &o&ere wt' t'er oo se&urty 'ey woul r"t'er '"+e Ko*s t'" *eetre%reeurs, or w'&' oly " ew %eo%le "re t 'e most &"%"*le o ttg t'e role oo+"t+e etre%reeurs "re &ommer&"l "rmg o%er"tos:

$elu&t"t %e"s"ts "re rg't: t'er moe o %rou&to s ll sute to moer "gr&ultur"l %rou&to, w'&' s&"le s 'el%ul I moer "gr&ulture, te&'ology s "st-e+ol+g,+estmet s lum%y, t'e %r+"te %ro+so o tr"s%ort"to r"stru&ture s e&ess"ry to&outer t'e l"& o ts %u*l& %ro+so, &osumer oo &'"s "re "st-&'"gg " *estmet *y tegr"te m"retg &'"s, " regul"tory st""rs "re rsg tow"r t'e 'olygr"l o tr"&e"*lty o %rou&e *"& to ts sour&e20

I 's smss"l o %e"s"t "gr&ulture, 7oller s Koe *y m"y, &lug s&'ol"rsot'erwse sym%"t'et& to t'e %lg't o t'e %e"s"try " rur"l worers su&' "s HeryBerste, w'o &l"ms t'"t "+o&"&y o t'e %e"s"t w"y Cl"rgely gores ssues o eegt'e worls %o%ul"to, w'&' '"s grow so gre"tly "lmost e+eryw'ere t'e moere%o&', sg&"t %"rt *e&"use o t'e re+oluto %rou&t+ty "&'e+e *y t'ee+elo%met o &"%t"lsmD21 Iee, some %rogress+es '"+e "lre"y wrtte o t'e %e"s"try, wt' t'e emet 5r& Ho*s*"wm e&l"rg 's luet"l *oo (he &%e o'

 E)tremes t'"t Ct'e e"t' o t'e %e"s"tryD w"s Ct'e most r"m"t& " "r-re"&'g so&"l&'"ge o t'e se&o '"l o t'e twetet' &etury,D oe t'"t &ut Cus o ore+er rom t'eworl o t'e %"stD22

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'e Br"8l" "gro-eter%rse t'"t 7oller touts "s t'e soluto to t'e oo &rss s " eyelemet " glo*"l "groo system w'ere t'e e%ort-orete %rou&to o me"t " gr"s om"te *y l"rge ustr"l "rms wt' glo*"l su%%ly &'"s le t'ose ru *y t'e '"mult"to"l 7 " w'ere te&'ology s &otu"lly u%gr"e *y "+"&es geet&egeerg rom rms le .os"to 'e glo*"l tegr"to o %rou&to s "&&om%"e

 *y t'e elm"to o t"r " o-t"r *"rrers to "&lt"te t'e &re"to o " glo*"l"gr&ultur"l su%erm"ret o elte " mle-&l"ss &osumers ser+&e *y gr"-tr"g&or%or"tos le 7"rgll " Ar&'er #"els .l" " tr"s"to"l oo ret"lers let'e Brts'-owe es&o " t'e Fre&'-owe 7"rreour 'ese %ro&esses o tegr"to" l*er"l8"to "re go+ere *y multl"ter"l su%erstru&ture, t'e &eter%e&e o w'&' st'e !orl r"e >rg"8"to

A&&org to H"rret Frem", t'e Com"t tee&yD t'e &otem%or"ry "groosystem

s tow"r distance " durability* t'e su%%resso o %"rt&ul"rtes o tme " %l"&e

 *ot' "gr&ulture " ets .ore r"%ly " ee%ly t'" *eore, tr"s"to"l "groo&"%t"ls s&oe&t %rou&to rom &osum%to " rel t'em t'roug' *uyg "sellg 'ey '"+e &re"te " tegr"te %rou&t+e se&tor o t'e worl e&oomy, " %eo%les o t'e 'r !orl '"+e *ee &or%or"te or m"rg"l8e4ote *ot'smult"eously4"s &osumers " %rou&ers23

Iee, t'ere s lttle room or t'e 'ures o mllos o rur"l " ur*" %oor t'stegr"te glo*"l m"ret 'ey "re &oe to g"t su*ur*" 'avelas, w'ere t'ey '"+e to&ote wt' oo %r&es t'"t "re ote mu&' 'g'er t'" t'e su%erm"ret %r&es, or to rur"lreser+"tos, w'ere t'ey "re tr"%%e m"rg"l "gr&ultur"l "&t+tes " "re &re"sgly+uler"*le to 'uger I t'er e&ostru&to o World $evelopment !""#* MKell H"+e+" 's "sso&"tes "ssert ("s ote "*o+e) t'"t, ee, t'e !orl B"s +ew o t'e utureo Ar&" s oe w'ere "gr&ulture s om"te *y l"rge-s&"le &or%or"te "gr&ulture w'leC%rote&teD reser+es "re &re"te w'ere m"rg"l8e %o%ul"tos woul ee out "este&e *"se o sm"ll'oler " &ommu"l "gr&ulture 'e *" oes ot see mu&' o" uture or t's "rr"gemet, "s t s rems&et o t'e B"tust"s o "%"rt'e-er" out'Ar&"2

'ese e+elo%mets &osttute ot sm%ly t'e eroso o "to"l oo sel-su&e&y oroo se&urty *ut w'"t some stuets o "gr&ultur"l tres &"ll Ce-%e"s"t8"toD4t'e %'"sg out o " moe o %rou&to to m"e t'e &outryse " more &oge"l ste ortes+e &"%t"l "&&umul"to2E 's tr"sorm"to '"s *ee " tr"um"t& oe or'ures o mllos o %eo%le, s&e %e"s"t %rou&to s ot sm%ly " e&oom&"&t+ty It s " "&et w"y o le, " &ulture, w'&' s oe re"so s%l"&e or m"rg"l8e %e"s"ts I" '"+e t"e to &ommttg su&e I t'e st"te o A'r" r"es', "rmersu&es rose rom 233 199= to 2,600 2002O ."'"r"s'tr", su&es more t'" tr%le,rom 1,0=3 199E to 3,926 200E26 >e estm"te s t'"t some 1E0,000 I" "rmers'"+e t"e t'er l+es o+er t'e l"st ew ye"rs,2@ " glo*"l Kust&e "&t+st V""" '+"e%l"s w'y: Cer glo*"l8"to, t'e "rmer s losg 'er/'s so&"l, &ultur"l, e&oom&etty "s " %rou&er A "rmer s ow " P&osumer o &ostly sees " &ostly &'em&"ls

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sol *y %owerul glo*"l &or%or"tos t'roug' %owerul l"lors " moey leerslo&"llyD2=

$esst"&e

;et %e"s"ts '"+e reuse to go getly to t'"t goo g't to w'&' 7oller " Ho*s*"wm 4ot to s"y ."r4woul &osg t'em Iee, oe ye"r *eore Ho*s*"wms *oo w"s %u*ls'e, 1993, ?" VQ" 7"m%es" w"s oue, " o+er t'e et e&"e t'seer"to o %e"s"ts " sm"ll "rmers woul *e&ome " luet"l "&tor o t'e"gr&ulture " tr"e s&ee glo*"lly 'e s%rt o ter"to"lsm " "&t+e et&"too oes &l"ss terests wt' t'e u+ers"l terest o so&ety t'"t w"s o&e " %romete"ture o worers mo+emets s ow o s%l"y t'e ter"to"l %e"s"t mo+emet

VQ" 7"m%es" " ts "lles 'otly s%ute t'e e+t"*lty o t'e 'egemoy o &"%t"lstustr"l "gr&ulture, "ssertg t'"t %e"s"ts " sm"ll "rmers &otue to *e t'e *"&*oeo glo*"l oo %rou&to, &osttutg o+er " t'r o t'e worls %o%ul"to " two-t'rs

o t'e worls oo %rou&ers29 m"ll'olers wt' "rms o uer two 'e&t"res m"e u%t'e *ul o t'e r&e %rou&e *y As" sm"ll "rmers30

'e oo %r&e &rss, "&&org to %ro%oets o %e"s"t " sm"ll'oler "gr&ulture, s otue to t'e "lure o %e"s"t "gr&ulture *ut to t'"t o &or%or"te "gr&ulture 'ey s"y t'"t,es%te t'e &l"ms o ts re%reset"t+es t'"t &or%or"te "gr&ulture s *est "t eeg t'eworl, t'e &re"to o glo*"l %rou&to &'"s " glo*"l su%erm"rets, r+e *y t'ese"r&' or moo%oly %rots, '"s *ee "&&om%"e *y gre"ter 'uger, worse oo, "gre"ter "gr&ulture-rel"te e+romet"l est"*l8"to "ll "rou t'" "t "y ot'er tme 'story

.oreo+er, t'ey "ssert t'"t t'e su%erorty terms o %rou&to o ustr"l &"%t"lst"gr&ulture s ot sust"e em%r&"lly .guel Alter " 7l"r" &'olls, or st"&e, %ot out, t'"t "lt'oug' t'e &o+eto"l wsom s t'"t sm"ll "rms "re *"&w"r "u%rou&t+e, "&t, Crese"r&' s'ows t'"t sm"ll "rms "re mu&' more %rou&t+e t'"l"rge "rms tot"l out%ut s &osere r"t'er t'" yel rom " sgle &ro% m"lltegr"te "rmg systems t'"t %rou&e gr"s, ruts, +eget"*les, oer, " "m"l %rou&ts out%rou&e yel %er ut o sgle &ro%s su&' "s &or (moo&ultures) o l"rge-s&"le "rmsD31

!'e oe "&tors t'e e&olog&"l est"*l8"to t'"t '"s "&&om%"e t'e geer"l8"too &"%t"lst ustr"l "gr&ulture, t'e *"l"&e o &osts " *eets lur&'es s'"r%ly tow"rst'e eg"t+e For st"&e, t'e te t"tes, otes #"el Im'o,

t'e "+er"ge oo tem Koureys some 1300 mles *eore *e&omg %"rt o " me"l Fruts "+eget"*les "re rerger"te, w"e, &olore, rr""te, umg"te, %"&"ge, " s'%%e oe o t'ese %ro&esses e'"&es oo Gu"lty *ut merely e"*les str*uto o+er gre"tst"&es " 'el%s &re"se s'el le32

Iustr"l "gr&ulture '"s &re"te t'e "*sur stu"to w'ere*y C*etwee %rou&to, %ro&essg, str*uto, " %re%"r"to, 10 &"lores o eergy "re reGure to &re"te Kust

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oe &"lore o oo eergyD33 7o+ersely, t s t'e "*lty to &om*e %rou&t+ty "e&olog&"l sust""*lty t'"t &osttutes " ey meso o su%erorty o %e"s"t or sm"ll-s&"le "gr&ulture o+er ustr"l "gr&ulture

7otr"ry to "ssertos t'"t %e"s"t " sm"ll-"rm "gr&ulture s 'ostle to te&'olog&"l

o+"to, %"rts"s o sm"ll-s&"le or %e"s"t-*"se "rmg "ssert t'"t te&'ology s C%"t'e%eet,D t'"t s, ts e+elo%met s &otoe *y t'e moe o %rou&to w'&' t sem*ee, so t'"t te&'olog&"l o+"to uer %e"s"t " sm"ll-s&"le "rmg woult"e eret %"t's t'" o+"to uer &"%t"lst ustr"l "gr&ulture

But %"rts"s o t'e %e"s"try '"+e ot oly eg"ge " eese o t'e %e"s"t orsm"ll'oler "gr&ulture VQ" 7"m%es" " ts "lles '"+e "&tu"lly ormul"te ""lter"t+e to ustr"l &"%t"lst "gr&ulture, " oe t'"t loos to t'e uture r"t'er t'" tot'e %"st 's s t'e %"r"gm o oo so+eregty, t'e ey %ro%ostos o w'&' "res&usse elsew'ere t's &olle&to

'e 7oKu&ture

o *e ully uerstoo, t'e glo*"l oo %r&e &rss o t'e l"st ew ye"rs, w'&' sesset"lly " &rss o %rou&to, must *e see "s " &rt&"l Ku&ture t'e &etures-log %ro&ess o s%l"&emet o %e"s"t "gr&ulture *y &"%t"lst "gr&ulture #es%te tsom"&e, &"%t"lst "gr&ulture e+er re"lly m""ge to elm"te %e"s"t " "mly"rm-*"se "gr&ulture, w'&' '"s sur++e tll ow " &otues to %ro+e " su*st"t"ls'"re o t'e oo or t'e "to"l %o%ul"to, %"rt&ul"rly t'e out'

;et, e+e "s &"%t"lsm seems %ose to ully su*Kug"te "gr&ulture, ts ysu&to"l&'"r"&ter s *eg ully re+e"le For t '"s ot oly &oeme mllos to m"rg"l8"to *ut "lso m%ose se+ere e&olog&"l &osts, es%e&"lly t'e orm o se+ere e%ee&y oossl uels "t "ll st"ges o ts %rou&to %ro&ess, rom t'e m"u"&ture o ertl8ers, to t'erug o "gr&ultur"l m"&'ery, to t'e tr"s%ort"to o ts %rou&ts

Iee, e+e *eore t'e oo %r&e &rss " t'e l"rger glo*"l e&oom& &rss o w'&' tw"s " %"rt, t'e legtm"&y o &"%t"lst ustr"l "gr&ulture w"s erog " resst"&e to tw"s rsg, ot oly rom t'e %e"s"ts " sm"ll "rmers t w"s s%l"&g *ut rom&osumers, e+romet"lsts, 'e"lt' %roesso"ls, " m"y ot'ers w'o weres&o&erte *y t'e mture o &or%or"te gree, so&"l sest+ty, " re&less s&e&et'"t &re"sgly m"re ts "+"&e

 ow, wt' t'e &oll"%se o t'e glo*"l e&oomy, t'e tegr"to o %rou&to " m"retst'"t '"s sust"e t'e s%re" o ustr"l "gr&ulture s gog to re+erseC#eglo*"l8"toD s %rogress Co "lmost e+ery rot,D s"ys t'e Economist* "o%tg "wor &oe *y oe o t'e "ut'ors e"rly " e&"e "go3 'e m"g"8e, %ro*"*ly t'e most+o&erous &'eerle"er o glo*"l8"to, w"rs t'"t t'e %ro&ess e%es o t'e *ele o&"%t"lst eter%rses C t'e e&e&y o glo*"l su%%ly &'"s But le "y &'", t'ese "reoly "s strog "s t'er we"est l A "ger %ot wll &ome rms e&e t'"t t's w"yo org"8g %rou&to '"s '" ts "yD3E 'e et ew ye"rs4"y, mot's, g+e t'es%ee wt' w'&' t'e glo*"l e&oomy s %lugg to e%resso4wll %ro+e t'e "swer

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As t'e &"%t"lst moe o %rou&to eters ts worst &rss s&e t'e 1930s, %e"s"ts "sm"ll "rmers &re"sgly %reset " +so o "utoomy, +ersty, " &oo%er"to t'"tm"y Kust *e t'e ey elemets o " e&ess"ry so&"l " e&oom& reorg"8"to Ase+romet"l &rses mult%ly, t'e so&"l ysu&tos o ur*" ustr"l le %le u%, "glo*"l8"to r"gs t'e worl to " glo*"l e%resso, t'e C%e"s"ts w"yD '"s &re"sg

rele+"&e to *ro" um*ers o %eo%le *eyo t'e &outryse

Iee, ot oly t'e out' *ut "lso t'e ort', t'ere "re &re"sg um*ers w'o seeto es&"%e t'e e%ee&y o &"%t"l *y re%rou&g t'e %e"s"t &oto, oe w'ere oewors wt' "ture rom " lmte resour&e *"se to &re"te " &oto o rel"t+e "utoomyrom t'e or&es o &"%t"l " t'e m"ret

'e emerge&e o ur*" "gr&ulture, t'e &re"to o etwors lg &osumers to "rmerswt' " g+e rego, t'e rse o ew mlt"t mo+emets or l"4"ll t's, "&&org toJ" +" er loeg, m"y %ot to " mo+emet o Cre%e"s"t8"toD t'"t '"s *ee &re"te *yt'e eg"t+e y"m&s o glo*"l &"%t"lsm " em%re " sees to re+erse t'em er

t'e &otos o t'e ee% &rss o glo*"l8"to, elt wely "s " loss o "utoomy, Ct'e %e"s"t %r&%le, wt' ts o&us o t'e &ostru&to o " "utoomous " sel go+ereresour&e *"se, &le"rly s%e&es t'e w"y orw"rD36

 otes

1   ↩ te "tos, World Economic Situation and Prospects !""+ (ew ;or:te "tos, 2009), @-=

2   ↩ Foo " Agr&ulture >rg"8"to (FA>), CBreg "%er: Huger o t'e $seD

(te "tos, e%tem*er 1@, 200=),

3   ↩ $ee ?s"y, CIse H"ts Foo $ots,D &l,-azeera* A%rl 16, 200=

  ↩  bid.* 6

E   ↩ eter !"'l, CFoo %e&ul"to: t'e ." F"&tor o t'e r&e Bu**le 200=D

(Berl: !55#, 2009)

6   ↩ Aty" 7'"r"*ortty, Ce&ret $e%ort: Bouels &"use oo &rss,D (he Guardian,July 3, 200=

@  ↩

 #o"l .t&'ell, CA ote o rsg oo %r&es,D !orl B" !e* ste, July200=

=   ↩ 7'"r"*ortty

9   ↩ A57 Bouels !e* ste, July 21, 200=,

'tt%://www*ouels"%e&org/meRuteRst"tes'tml

8/17/2019 Food Wars in Monthly Review

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/food-wars-in-monthly-review 13/14

10 ↩ Clo*"l tres r+g Pl" gr"* %oor "tos: "&t+sts,D &FP , J"u"ry 3,2009

11 ↩ $&'"r %e&er, Cout' More" &om%"y t"es o+er %"rt o .""g"s&"r to grow

 *ouels,D (ele%raph !e* ste, o+em*er 20, 200=

12 ↩ Clo*"l tresD

13 ↩ te "tos, =

1 ↩  bid.

1E ↩ FA>

16 ↩ Arm"o B"rtr", C$e*ellous 7orel: ow"rs Foo " ?"*or el-u&e&y,D er"ro >tero, e, Me)ico in (ransition (?oo: Se, 200), 23

1@ ↩ !orl B", World /an0 $evelopment Report !""#1 &%riculture 'or

 $evelopment (!"s'gto, #7: !orl B", 200=), 13=

1= ↩ MKell H"+e+, #e*or"' Bry&eso, ?"rs-5r Brgeg"r, ros%er ."to, "

At"lte Beyee, CAr&" Agr&ulture " t'e !orl B" ,D Pambazu0a 2ews* ."r&' 11, 200=

19 ↩ "ul 7oller, C'e olt&s o Huger: How Illuso " ree F" t'e Foo

7rss,D Forei%n &''airs =@, o 6 (o+em*er/#e&em*er 200=), 6@-@9

20↩

  bid.* @1

21 ↩ Hery Berste, CAgr"r" Nuestos rom r"sto to lo*"l8"to,D A

H"roo Ar"m-?o' " 7rsto*"l M"y, es, Peasants and Globalization (ew;or: $outlege, 2009), 2EE

22 ↩ 5r& Ho*s*"wm, (he &%e o' E)tremes: (he Short (wentieth Century* 3+34,3++3

(?oo: A*"&us, 199), 2=9

23 ↩  bid.* 2@2

2 ↩ H"+e+, et al.

2E ↩ #e*or"' Bry&eso, C#s"%%e"rg e"s"tres $ur"l ?"*or $eu"&y t'e

 eo-?*er"l 5r" " Beyo,D Bry&eso, 7rsto*"l M"y, " Jos .ooK, es, $isappearin% Peasantries5 Rural 6abor in &'rica* &sia* and 6atin &merica (?oo: Iterme"te e&'ology u*l&"tos, 2000), 30-0E

8/17/2019 Food Wars in Monthly Review

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26 ↩ ts" "t", C5ter"l r"e, #omest& 5m%loymet, " Foo e&urty:$e&et >ut&omes o r"e ?*er"l8"to " eo-?*er"l 5&oom& $eorms I",D %"%er %resete "t t'e Iter"to"l !ors'o% o ol&es "g"st HugerIII, Berl, >&to*er 20-22, 200

2@↩

 (he 7indu, o+em*er 12, 200@

2= ↩ V""" '+", C'e u&e 5&oomy,D Set, A%rl 200

29 ↩ !"ye $o*erts, &te 'l% .&.&'"el, CFoo o+eregty .o+emet: t'e

7'"llege to eo-l*er"l lo*"l8"to,D r"t, 7orell +ersty, 200=

30 ↩ .guel Alter, Cm"ll F"rms "s " l"et"ry 5&olog&"l Asset: F+e Mey $e"sos!'y !e 'oul u%%ort t'e $e+t"l8"to o m"ll F"rms t'e lo*"l out',DFoo Frst, 200=

31↩

 .guel Alter " 7l"r" &'olls, C&"lg u% Agroe&olog&"l A%%ro"&'es orFoo o+eregty ?"t Amer&",D $evelopment  E1, o (#e&em*er 200=), @Also see eter $ossets ess"y t's ssue

32 ↩ #"el Im'o, C7ommuty su%%orte Agr&ulture,D Jerry ."er "5w"r olsmt', (he Case a%ainst the Global Economy (" Fr"&s&o: err"7lu*, 1996), 2E-26

33 ↩  bid., 26

3 ↩ Curg 'er B"&s o t'e !orl,D Economist* Fe*ru"ry 21-2@, 2009, E9 'e

"ut'ors *oo t'"t t'e Economist reers to s !"le Bello, $e%lobalization1 deas 'or a 2ew World Economy (?oo: Se ress, 2002)

3E ↩  bid.* 61

36 ↩ J" +" er loeg, (he 2ew Peasantries (?oo: 5"rt's&", 200=) 2@6