FOOD SECURITY & FOOD SECURITY & WATERSHED MANAGEMENTWATERSHED MANAGEMENT

By Jessica Calfoforo Salas, President

Philippine Watershed Management Coalition for Mindanao Task Force on Irrigation & Watershed

Grand Astoria Hotel, Zamboanga City, August 21, 2002

Contents:Contents:

1. Define Watershed2. Farming & Food Security3. Modern Farming System & Land4. Modern Farming System & Water5. Water & Irrigation6. Dysfunctional farmings vs.

Transformative farming.7. Recommended Options

1. Define Watershed1. Define Watershed

COASTAL &MARINE

ECOSYSTEM

LOWLANDECOSYSTEM

UPLANDECOSYSTEM

FORESTECOSYSTEM

DEGRADEDECOSYSTEM

Water flows through a particular shape of land, called a WATERS HED.

The water flow, we call rivers, surface and

underground streams.Some are

left behind lakes and wet lands.

Some are captured in the aquifer.

As water flows to the

sea.

…and we all live inside this shape of land – the watershed.

2. Farming & Food Security 2. Farming & Food Security

1900-2000 0 A century of growth Keys to agricultural productivity

Irrigation (continuing technology devt) Chemical fertilizer (1847) Plant breeding (1860) Dwarfing cereals (1880) Hybrid (1917)

Trade modernization: Inter-continental exchange of crops Diversity of modern diet Food Processing

END OF THE CENTURY RESULT: HIGH PRODUCTIVITY- (1 US FARMER FEEDS 96 OTHERS)

841 MILLION HUNGRY HUNGER IN THE MIDST OF PLENTY

3. Modern Farming System3. Modern Farming Systemand LAND and LAND

CHART GRAIN AREA PER PERSON

4. Modern Farming System4. Modern Farming System And WATER And WATERTwo distinct eras of the century

– 1950-1978 irrigation expanded faster than population.

• 0.47 ha irrigated area per person • 48 million hectares irrigated area

– 1978-2000 irrigation lagged behind population.

• 6% drop in irrigated area/person or 0.44• 260 million hectares irrigated area (3x inc.)

Graph world irrigated area / personGraph world irrigated area / person

1990, Evidence of water scarcity1990, Evidence of water scarcity

North China plain

India

U.S.

Central Asia

Water table drops 5 ft/year Yellow River dried up for first time in

3000 years in 1972. In 1997, it failed to reach the sea.

Water withdrawals 2x aquifer recharge

Colorado river rarely reach Gulf of California

One of two river systems to Aral sea dried up, shrinking the Sea

STRATEGIC THREAT to Earth’s Water System

1. Change in people’s relationship to the earth.

2. Global warming.3. Massive change in land use pattern4. World wide contamination of water

resources with chemical pollutants.5. Rapid population growth.

…of all the work of civilization that interferes with the natural water distribution systems, irrigation has been by far the most pervasive and powerful …”

Vice President Al Gore

* 70-80% lost to evaporation, results in salinization.

* Water logging of the root zone which deprives plants of oxygen.

5. Water and Irrigation5. Water and Irrigation

6.6. Dysfunctional Farming vs. Dysfunctional Farming vs. Transformational FarmingTransformational Farming

More food does not mean food security

Food output used as sole measure of agricultural success

Mass food policy Wildlife populations

decline Water deficits

10,000 years ago agriculture was a transformation of nature

“Free” biological services– Nitrogen-fixing plants– Nutrient cycling

abilities of soil microbes & insects

“The strongest evidence that our food system is dysfunctional is the fact that farmers are the poorest people on the planet.

Farmers contribute to widespread ecological problems– Contamination of

waterways– Biodiversity decline– Spread of toxic

chemicals– Climate change

Agro-ecology – intimate understanding of ecological interactions in the farm landscape

Use of local resources and local knowledge

Recognizing the wisdom of traditional rice farming– Sustainable rice

intensification– Using Various methods– Rainfed agriculture– Tazas or rice hole

“Ecological farming technique depends on location-specific knowledge and adaptation.”

RECOMMENDED OPTIONSRECOMMENDED OPTIONS

(Suggestions are not mutually exclusive)

Water pricingStrengthen local economyEcological farmingIntegrated Watershed Management

Water pricingWater pricing

Strengthen Local EconomyStrengthen Local Economy

Integrated Watershed ManagementIntegrated Watershed Management

A paradigm shift in A paradigm shift in watershed managementwatershed management

From a limiting forest management to –

Integrated Watershed Management Integrated Water Resource Management Localized Watershed Management Community-anchored Watershed

Management River Basin Reference

Integration of Natural SystemsIntegration of Natural Systems

Between land and water useBetween surface water and ground

waterBetween water quantity and qualityBetween upstream and downstreamBetween the freshwater system and

the coastal watersIWRM

Mainstreaming water in the national economy

Ensuring coordination between sectors

Ensuring partnership between public and private sector management

Involving everybodyIWRM

Recognizing the dimensions for Recognizing the dimensions for Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Natural EconomicPoliticalSocial CulturalHumanSpiritual

SIAD

Organizing for Localized Organizing for Localized Watershed ManagementWatershed Management

Use topographic map to define the watershed

Identify ecological zones within the watershed

Determine LGU boundaries using an overlay Explore with neighboring LGUs possibility of

working together in the same watershed Prepare action program towards a

memorandum of agreement

COMMUNITY ANCHORED COMMUNITY ANCHORED WATERSHED MANAGEMENTWATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Significant Environment Education Base Village/Barangay Information Centers Watershed Delineation, cooperation of

municipalities within the boundaries Community/Barangay Mapping Watershed Framework & Strategic Plans

Targeting at the Village/Barangay Annual Investment Plan

Integration in the Municipal Annual Investment Plan

Implementation at the Village level/ Monitoring at the Municipal/ Provincial/

Watershed levels Evaluation at all levels

USING THE RIVER BASIN AS USING THE RIVER BASIN AS REFERENCE POINTREFERENCE POINT The whole river basin may be the same area

for watershed management, especially in small islands.

Use the span of management and capability to define area to be managed.

In the few long river basins in the country, several areas may be defined for localized watershed management.

Good working relationship with another LGU should be the basis for cooperation, not exactly to cover all areas in the basin or island.

5. AN INTEGRATIVE 5. AN INTEGRATIVE EXPERIENCE: THE TIGUM-EXPERIENCE: THE TIGUM-AGANAN WATERSHEDAGANAN WATERSHED

ILOILO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

RIVER BOARDS/COUNCILS

Magapa-SuageWatershed Mgt.

Council

Tigum-AgananWatershed Mgt. Board

Jalaur, NorthernIloilo, Jar-aw,Tanjan Mgt. Board, Etc.

SibalomWatershed

Mgt. Council

River/Brook Groups BIC + BIC + BIC

People’s Initiatives

PROVINCE OF ILOILO WATERSHED STRUCTURE

WATERSHED MAP

The Tigum Aganan River BoardThe Tigum Aganan River Board

Officers: Maasin LGU, Chair Pavia LGU, Vice Kahublagan Sang

Panimalay Foundation, Secretary

Central Philippine University, Treasurer

Phil. Information Agency, Province, Info Officer

Members: Leon LGU Alimodian LGU Sta. Barbara LGU Cabatuan LGU Irrigators’ Association Katilingban Sang mga

Pumuluyo sa Watershed-Maasin

Technical Working GroupTechnical Working Group

PASU-DENR MIWD DPWH NIA PIA CENRO CPU SBIFL KAPAWA KSPFI

LGU representatives: Maasin Cabatuan Sta Barbara Pavia Iloilo San Miguel Alimodian Leon

LEGAL BASESLEGAL BASES

Creation of Provincial Watershed Mgt Council – Ordinance 2000-41, dated

Creation of River Boards or local watershed council – Memorandum of Agreement among LGUs and major stakeholders.

Barangay Information Centers – Local Government Code

Barangay Information CentersBarangay Information Centers  NAME OF BIC NO. OF

BICsNO. OF

MEMBERSBUDGET INITIATIVES

          TPLANTING

Riverbank

CBFM SWM livelihood

Gardening

  LEON 5 94 120,000.00 X   X X X X

  STA. BARBARA

6 96 175,000.00 X X   X X X

  MAASIN 18 308 237,000.00 X X X X X X

  CABATUAN 13 287 223,000.00 X X   X X X

  SAN MIGUEL

7 140 324,700.00 X X   X X X

  PAVIA 5 113 39,000.00 X X   X   X

  ILOILO CITY 2 27 4,000.00       X X X

  DECS 6 164 100,000.00 X X   X X X

  ALIMODIAN 8 216 189,000.00 X X X X X X

  TOTAL 70 1,474 1,411,700.00