food security and agriculture - · pdf filesubsistence farming ... the difference between life...
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Food Security and Food Security and Food Security and Food Security and Food Security and Food Security and Food Security and Food Security and
AgricultureAgricultureAgricultureAgricultureAgricultureAgricultureAgricultureAgriculture
Prof Prof LiseLise KorstenKorstenDept Microbiology and Plant PathologyDept Microbiology and Plant PathologyUniversity of PretoriaUniversity of [email protected]@up.ac.za
How important is plants?How important is plants?How important is plants?How important is plants?How important is plants?How important is plants?How important is plants?How important is plants?
What is missing in this picture?
Fresh Food, Healthy Food
Where Food BeginsWhere Food BeginsWhere Food BeginsWhere Food BeginsWhere Food BeginsWhere Food BeginsWhere Food BeginsWhere Food Begins
Soil is life
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All Food
What do we havein common?
But, How Secure is our Food Supplies?But, How Secure is our Food Supplies?But, How Secure is our Food Supplies?But, How Secure is our Food Supplies?But, How Secure is our Food Supplies?But, How Secure is our Food Supplies?But, How Secure is our Food Supplies?But, How Secure is our Food Supplies?
Food security“Ensuring adequate food supplies for the Nation”
“Ensuring safe food for the nation”“Preventing tampering with our food supplies”
More Food a Feast Fit for a KingMore Food a Feast Fit for a KingMore Food a Feast Fit for a KingMore Food a Feast Fit for a KingMore Food a Feast Fit for a KingMore Food a Feast Fit for a KingMore Food a Feast Fit for a KingMore Food a Feast Fit for a King
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But how safe is our food?But how safe is our food?But how safe is our food?But how safe is our food?But how safe is our food?But how safe is our food?But how safe is our food?But how safe is our food? Food SafetyFood SafetyFood SafetyFood SafetyFood SafetyFood SafetyFood SafetyFood Safety
Foodfor the Soul
Picture Perfect
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But who spoil the picture? Botrytis cinerea What went wrong?What went wrong?What went wrong?What went wrong?What went wrong?What went wrong?What went wrong?What went wrong?
SerenityPleasure
Up close and personal
Not good enough for TIGER
Rhizoctonia Diseases of Turfgrass
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The JourneyThe JourneyThe JourneyThe JourneyThe JourneyThe JourneyThe JourneyThe Journey
Why?
To avoid this
Mankind has engaged in agriculture for only 1% of its existence
10 000 BCHunter / Gather
NomadicLittle villages
End of Ice AgeBurst of new vegetation
Follow herds
Mankind has engaged in agriculture for only 1% of its existence Mankind has engaged in agriculture for only 1% of its existence
Agricultural Revolution :Realisation of Mans dominance
Subsistence farmingProduction enough for family
Little of farm trade
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Mankind has engaged in agriculture for only 1% of its existence
Historic Agriculture :Planting by handSticks for plow
Flint sickle to harvestWheat grinding stone
Mankind has engaged in agriculture for only 1% of its existence
Phytophthora infestans
The difference Between
Life and Death
Scientific Agriculture :Multiple cropping
PesticidesIrrigation
Mechnisation
Mankind relies on 6 major crops
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Food Production1950: 14 m tons
1990: 144 m tons
Man start crop diversity
Green Revolution :Breeding:
Dwarf high yield cvsDrought resistant cvs
Uniform cropsMonoculture
NI Vavilov1887- 1943
NE Borlaug:Nobel price 1970
Food production increased > 1000%Famine decreased 20%Caloric consumption increased 25%
The Future lies in Agriculture
2000
Molecular Revolution
“Red”Revolution
Modern Agriculture :Crop diversity
Global Seed BanksGMO Food
Global Trade
End of The Golden Era?End of The Golden Era?
Challenges (1990 - 2008) :� Biological warfare = Biosecurity� Food shortages = Food security � Food scare: BSE = Food Safety� Rocketing Oil prices = Food prices� Energy crisis = Biofuels impact on food
supplies� Global warming – Impact on food production
increased pests and diseases affecting man plants and animals
New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in
Agriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and Food
�� Might of the RetailersMight of the Retailers�� ““Speak on behalf of the consumerSpeak on behalf of the consumer””
�� The World is my basketThe World is my basket
�� Lowest price to farmer/ food manufacturerLowest price to farmer/ food manufacturer
�� Either comply or Either comply or ……..
�� Shelf life but no residuesShelf life but no residues
�� Extreme profit marginsExtreme profit margins
�� Display costDisplay cost
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New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in New Dynamics in
Agriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and FoodAgriculture and Food
�� Rights and demands of the consumerRights and demands of the consumer�� ““Consumer is KingConsumer is King””
�� Bigger variety of productsBigger variety of products
�� Year round suppliesYear round supplies
�� Not negotiable Not negotiable ““Food Safe AssuranceFood Safe Assurance””
�� Prefer organic but not willing to payPrefer organic but not willing to pay
�� Do not want pesticides but want quality foodDo not want pesticides but want quality food
�� Instant food but Nutritious FoodInstant food but Nutritious Food
�� Want a Want a ““One stop shopOne stop shop””
New Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age Challenges
For Producer� Multiple food safety standards to comply with� Improve quality, safety shelf life� Technical Barriers to Trade � High Production costs� Low prices for products� Shortage of fertiliser� No new pesticides� To increase yield� Increased pests and diseases (because of
global warming)
New Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age ChallengesNew Age Challenges
Food sector in general� High food prices to consumer� Food miles� Biofuels threatening food supply� Energy crisis
Agriculture� Top Soil Erosion� Salinification� Environmental degradation� Water quality and quantity� Urbanisation� Less arable land� Pesticide resistance
The ChallengeMass Food Production
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The Age of FertilisersNutritional needs of Coffee
Mans DependenceOn Fertiliser
Global Shortage of Global Shortage of Global Shortage of Global Shortage of Global Shortage of Global Shortage of Global Shortage of Global Shortage of FertilisersFertilisersFertilisersFertilisersFertilisersFertilisersFertilisersFertilisers
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Age of PesticidesAge of PesticidesAge of PesticidesAge of PesticidesAge of PesticidesAge of PesticidesAge of PesticidesAge of Pesticides
Can we live without Chemicals?Can we live without Chemicals?Can we live without Chemicals?Can we live without Chemicals?Can we live without Chemicals?Can we live without Chemicals?Can we live without Chemicals?Can we live without Chemicals?
If you are a If you are a If you are a If you are a If you are a If you are a If you are a If you are a
Sensitive Viewer Sensitive Viewer Sensitive Viewer Sensitive Viewer Sensitive Viewer Sensitive Viewer Sensitive Viewer Sensitive Viewer
Please donPlease don’’t look now!t look now!
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The Other Face of Pesticides The Other Face of Pesticides Global Global Global Global Global Global Global Global
Monopolies?Monopolies?Monopolies?Monopolies?Monopolies?Monopolies?Monopolies?Monopolies?
A Global A Global A Global A Global A Global A Global A Global A Global
MessMessMessMessMessMessMessMess
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Who or what is eating away my Who or what is eating away my
apple / planet earthapple / planet earth
Top Soil ErosionLoss of arable land
Soil degradationSoil salinification
Inadequatewater:
QualityQuantity
Air PollutionGreenhouse effect
OIzone layer
Populationexplosion
New & re emerging diseasesHungerFamine
Starvation
BiofuelsIncreased pests & diseases
We are what we Eat We Think like we Drink
A New Way of ThinkingA New Way of ThinkingA New Way of ThinkingA New Way of ThinkingA New Way of ThinkingA New Way of ThinkingA New Way of ThinkingA New Way of Thinking
Are we at the centre of the Universe?
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No Plants are!!!
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TheBottom Line
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What did he not consider?What did he not consider?
The impact of urbanisation
What does this tell What does this tell What does this tell What does this tell What does this tell What does this tell What does this tell What does this tell
us?us?us?us?us?us?us?us?
A lot of mouths to Feed?A lot of mouths to Feed?
A lot of Food to ProduceA lot of Food to Produce
But What is the Global Reality
A Solution?Start a Home Garden
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The Reality of Food SecurityThe Reality of Food Security
Our Future Our Challenge?
What’sthe
Bottom Line?
What’sthe
Bottom Line?
The Reality
The Impact?
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The Impact? Light in Light in Light in Light in Light in Light in Light in Light in
Tunnel?Tunnel?Tunnel?Tunnel?Tunnel?Tunnel?Tunnel?Tunnel?
A FutureIn Africa
My Take Home Message
How Safe is the Grass?How Safe is the Grass?How Safe is the Grass?How Safe is the Grass?How Safe is the Grass?How Safe is the Grass?How Safe is the Grass?How Safe is the Grass?
Thank you
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Infused withHealthy Plants
European elm bark beetle feeding in the twig crotch of an elmEuropean elm bark beetle feeding in the twig crotch of an elm
Teeny Weeny Problem
Emergence holes in elm bark made by adult elm bark beetlesEmergence holes in elm bark made by adult elm bark beetles
Up close and personal
Larvae of the European elm bark beetle in the Larvae of the European elm bark beetle in the bark of an elm treebark of an elm tree
The Plot Thickens
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Enter the Plant Pathogen
Meet the CulpritMeet the Culprit: : OphiostomaOphiostoma ulmiulmi
TylosesTyloses
What’s happening?
From this toFrom this toFrom this toFrom this toFrom this toFrom this toFrom this toFrom this to……………………................
Rows of trees (left) and stumps of trees (right) infected and Rows of trees (left) and stumps of trees (right) infected and killed by Dutch elm diseasekilled by Dutch elm disease
This
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Burning elm wood to destroy the fungal pathogen and potential Burning elm wood to destroy the fungal pathogen and potential breeding sites for the elm bark beetle vectorsbreeding sites for the elm bark beetle vectors
What to doPLANT DISEASE: Stinking smut (common bunt) of wheat
PATHOGEN: Tilletia tritici
Teliospore
Why the Brits drink Tee
Coffee rust disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix
Urediniospores