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FOOD SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS: THREATS TO
SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE
DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
Dr. Olanike AdeyemoAssociate Professor, Fish and Wildlife Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health And Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan,
Nigeria. Tel: +234-805-545-4544, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
IntroductionAquaculture is playing an increasing role
in food security in Nigeria.
Small-scale integrated fishing-farming systems is providing alternative and/or additional employment opportunities.
However, a growing concern relates to the environmental and human health risks associated with uncontrolled fish farming.
Introduction This presentation will be focused on the increasing food safety, human and environmental health concerns associated with the production and consumption of aquaculture bred fish in Nigeria.
Aquaculture in Nigeria
Majorly Earthen
•Could be Concrete tanks, plastic tanks
Recirculation systems are usually limited to hatcheries.
State of Aquaculture in Nigeria
In 2000, production from aquaculture was 25,720 tonnes, a contribution of 5.5% to total fish production (Anetekhai, 2002).
By 2007, aquaculture production in Nigeria had tripled to about 85,087 tonnes with catfish as the main species cultured (FDF, 2007).
Projected fish demand is estimated at 2.66 million tonnes; based on the 2006 population and FAO’s recommended per-caput consumption of 15kg fish/person per annum
Increase fish production?
Estimated potential of aquaculture is 2.5 million tonnes, which can satisfy the demand for fish in Nigeria.
AQUACULTURE: CONCERNS
1.Risks of serious aquatic disease outbreaks
2.Greater need for water treatment chemicals and
3.Drugs for disease prophylaxis and treatment (Cabello, 2004, Ihuahi and Omojowo, 2005).
Disease conditions in Cultured Fish
Food Safety Concerns: Infectious Agents
include:1.Already isolating pathogenic
organism (Bacteria, parasite).
Causing mortalities, reduced growth, reduction in fecundity as well as loss of product quality
Aesthetically ......Production unsustainable
Food Safety: Non Infectious Agents
2. Prophylactic use of antibiotics resulting in residual antibiotics in farmed fish.
3. Including the use of feed additives, hormones, etc
4. Risks associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains is imminent.
Public and Environmental safety concerns
That resistance will eventually make antibiotics ineffective in treating specific microbial disease in fish, other animals and even humans.
Herbicides, pesticides and other chemicals used in agriculture and Veterinary Medicine may end up in aquatic environments and bio-accumulate in the food chain
Public and Environmental safety concerns
For example, malachite green has been banned in developed countries, but it is still used Nigeria because of non-existent regulatory laws (Adeyemo et al, 2011).
Increase in plankton and microbial populations, and contamination of ground and surface water due to uncontrolled waste-water discharge.
Fish Food Safety In Nigeria: Status?Drug & Chemical Usage in Fish production is
unrestricted.
Control/Licensing of drugs and chemicals in Aquaculture is non-existent
No fish Inspection (from farm –to –fork is non-existent).
With fish farmers lacing fish feed prophylactically with oxytetracycline and other antibiotics (Adeyemo, 2009); the development of antibiotic resistance pathogenic bacteria is a imminent.
Fish food In NigeriaLIVE FISH (Clarias gariepinus)
FISH OFFERED FOR SALE DISPLAYED IN PLASTIC CONTAINERS
Dried Fish
Smoke-Curing of Fish
SMOKE-CURING OF FISH
Food safety in Nigeria: How far?National Policy on Food Hygiene and Safety was
launched in 2000, with a goal of attainment of high level of food hygiene and safety practices which will:
1. Promote health, 2. Control food-borne diseases, 3. Minimize and finally eliminate the risk of
diseases related to poor food hygiene and safety4. Stimulate and promote legislations concerning
food in areas of production, storage, handling, processing, preservation, trade, transportation and marketing.
Other Fish Food safety Provisions
The Federal Department of Fisheries through the Fish Quality Control and Quarantine Services Division has responsibility for :
ensuring that fish and fishery products produced, imported or exported out of Nigeria conform to international quality standards of wholesomeness.
Safety of cultured product is therefore necessary if Nigeria will participate in world fish trade.
Frozen fish
PRAWNS, SHRIMPS
STOCKED FISH
Other challenges to Sustainable Aquaculture development in NigeriaInadequate governmental support in the areas of :
1. R & D in order to develop genetically improved species, appropriate feed /nutrition, fish technology etc.
2. Small and medium scale fish farmers with loans and other enabling facilities
3. Policies/enforcement of appropriate disposal of fish farm effluents.
4. Fish food safety regulation and monitoring
Other Challenges...Lack of organized marketing by farmers leading to infringement on profit margin by middle-men
Inadequate aquaculture extension services to bridge the gap between Ministries, government agencies, academia and farmers
Fish food safety in Nigeria: Recommendations
Therapeutants for aquaculture use must be approved by appropriate government agency and prescribed by a licensed veterinarian.
Maximum residue limits (MRLs), administrative maximum residue limits (AMRLs) or residue limits for approved drugs must be established and routinely monitored.
Fish food safety in Nigeria: Recommendations
Traceability and record-keeping of farming activities and inputs, which impact food safety should be ensured by proper documentation
Environmental Protection: Recommendations
Initial environmental evaluations (IEEs) and Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) should be conducted prior to approval of establishment of aquaculture operations
Routine monitoring of on-farm and off-farm environmental quality is essential.
TO ENSURE SUSTAINABILITY OF NIGERIA’S AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY
ProductiveProductive
Environmentally CompatibleEnvironmentally Compatible
Socially Relevant and
Profitable
Socially Relevant and
Profitable
AQUACULTURE CAN BE SUSTAINABLE
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!