food, law and the commons
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Food, Law & the Commons
Carlo Alberto Law SeminarsUniversita di Torino
24 March 2017 – Milan
JOSE LUIS VIVERO POL PhD Research Fellow in Food Governance
![Page 2: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Food system is the greatest driver of Earth transformation
• Food systems accounts for 48% of land use• 70% of water use • 33% of total GHG emissions • 40% relies on agriculture for their livelihood • Phosphorus & Nitrogen exceeded Planetary
Boundaries
(Ivanova et al., 2015, Clapp, 2012)
2
![Page 3: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
The actual way of producing & eating
(western diets & industrial food
system) is unsustainableIt cannot be
maintained for the next 50 years
IAASTD (2008)
UNEP (2009)
UNCTAD (2013)
UK Foresight (2011)
![Page 4: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Economic Epistemology on Commons: reductionist + theoretical + ontological
![Page 6: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ideas/Narratives
Legal frameworks
Policy Options
![Page 7: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Everything started with the Romans
• Res singularum (individuals)
• Res publica (state)• Res communis
(everybody) • Res nullius
(nobody)Emperor Justinian 529-533 AD
Res communes: air, running water, sea & coastlines
![Page 8: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cautious about superseding
proprietary rights to other rights for people to survive
“If the law stood between an individual and the loaf of bread he needed to carry on living, then the law ceased to have meaningful content”
Thomas Hobbes1588-1679
![Page 9: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Property rights conditional to non-wastage of the good. “People should not enclose more land they could work on”
John Locke 1632-1704
My own labour (part of myself) appropriates res nullius and res communis (un-owned natural resources) by working on them.
LOCKEAN PROVISIOOne may appropriate resources if “there is enough, and as good, left in common for others”He took for granted the supply of natural resources for all
Timmermman (2014)1.- Resources are un-owned2.- Enough & as good left for others3.- Ownership is subject to non wastage
![Page 10: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Property & Justice R artificial ideas.
No property in Nature. Social construct
Disagrees with Locke on property as extension of self through the labour exerciseDavid Hume
1711-1776
![Page 11: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Natural property: air, land, water, wild food. “Legitimate birthright of everyman”Land tax to fund Universal Basic IncomeArtificial property: human invention. It can be distributed unequally Thomas Paine
1737-1809
![Page 12: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Founding father of capitalism
Individual proprietary rights R pillars of free-market society & they need to be enforced in all cases & any circumstances
Human´s tendency to self-interest would bring prosperity for all.
Collective public goods would be promoted through individual selfishness Adam Smith
1723-1790
![Page 13: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
XX century Proprietary developments
• Natural rights were translated into absolute proprietary rights to destroy everybody´s natural resources
• Absolute primacy of proprietary rights over other rights (life, water, food, house)
• Without right of absolute alienation, free-markets would not work well (in theory) Coase (1969), Alchian & Demsetz (1972)
![Page 14: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Policies and Legal frameworks are just tools serving a purpose
• Firstly, ideas; secondly, means to achieve them. Ruling elites use policies & law.
• Commons R not defined by proprietary regimes (public, private, collective)
• Commons R not defined by reductionist economic epistemologies
![Page 15: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Policies serving a purpose plundering my share of commons to
somebody´s benefit
![Page 16: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Who is fishing my Tuna?
![Page 17: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Consideration of food as
commodity is social construct
that can / shall be reconceived
WHY?Foto: Finabocci Blue Flickr Creative Commons
Paradigm Shift
![Page 18: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Commons are material / non-material resources, jointly developed and maintained by a community/society and shared according to community-defined rules, irrespective of their mode of production (private, public or commons-based means), because they benefit everyone and are fundamental to society’s wellbeing
18Photo: ukhvlid, Creative Commons, Flickr
![Page 19: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
COMMONING CREATES THE COMMONS
Dardot & Laval, 2014
![Page 20: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
AIR
WATER
FOOD
SUNLIGHT
![Page 21: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
The six food dimensions relevant to humans: multi-dimensional food as commons VS mono-dimensional food as commodity
Source: Vivero-Pol (in press). http://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201701.0073/v1
![Page 22: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
EUROPA leaving many behind
because food is not a right
![Page 23: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• 123 M poor EU people (1/4) (Oxfam, 2015)
• 50 M severe material deprivation: food, water…(EUROSTAT, 2015)
• 2009-15, + 7.5 M poor
• 30-40% children (6 EU members) below poverty line (UNICEF, 2014)
• Increasing children at school with no breakfast (UK, Netherlands, Spain)
![Page 24: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
No RtF in EU: How is that possible?• NOT in European Social Charter• NOT in any EU constitution• NOT in MDGs & SDGs narrative
• Proposal in Belgium: National Food Policy Council including whole food chain (Eggen, 2014)
• Proposal in Spain: RtF in Constitution• European Citizen´s Initiative + EP:
water as human right + commons • Universal Food Coverage (non-existing)
![Page 25: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Food as a commodity mono-dimensional approach whereby economic dimension of food prevails and overshadows non-economic dimensions.
Price (value-in-exchange)
25Photo: Dean Hochman, Flickr
![Page 26: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Food as a commons means revalorising different dimensions relevant to human beings (value-in use) & reducing the commodity dimension (value-in exchange)
26
Food commons are what a society does collectively, through private, state and self-regulated provision, to guarantee everybody eats adequately in quantity and quality everyday
![Page 27: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Food is essential for human life…
… so access to food cannot be exclusively
determined by the purchasing power
![Page 28: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
De-constructing Food-related
Elements: everything is
commons but cultivated food
and copyrighted patents
![Page 29: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
1. Cultivated Food is a
private good
Completly produced by
private means: private
landholdings, copyrighted seeds and
agro-chemicals,
machineries
![Page 30: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
2. Traditional agricultural
knowledge
Fotos: Jose Luis Vivero
![Page 31: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
3. Science-based agricultural
knowledge by national
institutions Public copyrights
Universities
National Research
Institutions
Foto: Argonne National Laboratory
![Page 32: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
4. Cuisine, recipes & national
gastronomy
Foto: Carla Bqneko
![Page 33: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
5. Edible wild plants and animals
![Page 34: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
6. Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture
Seeds are commons
Patents prevent innovation
(Benkler, 2006)
Fashion world and top cuisine are
rather innovative without patenting
systems
ITPGRFA made seeds a global common good
Foto: Edd.ie
![Page 35: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
7. Food safety considerations (Codex
Alimentarius)
Foto
: Li
anne
M
ilton
Foto: Mariano
Bonora
![Page 36: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
8. Good nutrition & public health
![Page 37: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
9. Extreme food price
fluctuations
Foto: Megan Morgavan
![Page 38: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
What if food is
considered a
commons…
Banning futures trade speculation
Controlling land grabbing, land
evictions
Binding Food Treaties
Legislating collective rights
Avoiding biopiracy, patenting of life
forms,
Minimising copyrighted agriculture
Combating oligopolies of agri-
food chains
![Page 39: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Social MarketEnterprisesSupply-demand Food as private good
Public
Private
Not f
or p
rofitForm
alFo
r pro
fitInform
alCollective actionsCommunitiesReciprocityFood as common good
Partner StateRedistribution Citizens welfareFood as public good
Tri-centric Governance of
Food Commons Systems
Incentives, subsidies, Enabling legal frameworks
Limiting privatization of commons
Farmers as civil servants
Banning food speculation
Minimum free food for all citizens
Local purchaseRights-based Food
banks
![Page 40: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
I am eager to exchange on right to food, hunger
eradication & food as a commons
@joselviveropol
joseluisviveropol
http://hambreyderechoshumanos.blogspot.com
http://hungerpolitics.wordpress.com
Jose Luis Vivero [email protected]
![Page 41: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
La Partecipanza Agraria de Nonantola
• Collective Ownership of Agricultural Land in Emilia Romagna
• Almost 1000 years: Carta del 1058 dell’Abate Gotescalco, granting inhabitants of Nonantola the user´s rights over arable land within the municipal territory (now, 760 hectare)
• Guiding values: Solidarity, Respect, Identity, Equality.
• “Boccas” are raffled every 18 years within descendents still inhabiting Nonantola.
![Page 42: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Hazas de la Suerte Vejer de la Frontera (Spain)
Two entitlements: cultivate & benefit
Established 1288 by King Sancho IV
3500 hectare, 232 allotments, 13,000
inhabitants (raffles yrs per generations)
![Page 43: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Universita Agraria Medieval institution to govern collective lands (Sacrofano, Italy)
![Page 44: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Territories of Commons
5% of Europe (12 M Ha of utilised agricultural area)
More in coastal and forested areas
9% France
25% of Galicia is onwed in communal property
Not just private-state duopoly
![Page 45: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Territories of Commons
• Climate adapted Food commons
• Stewarding Nature & Biodiversity
• Nurturing community, citizenship & values
• Intergenerational sustainability
• Public goods & services (oxygen, soil, wáter)
• Participatory Governing Systems
• Cultural Heritage & Collective Knowledge
![Page 46: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
2014: CAP (40% of EU Budget) 52 Billion EUR
2013 CAP Reform: No single mention to commons (water, territories, land, seeds, food, knowledge)
![Page 47: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
POLICY & LEGAL
OPTIONS with new narrative of Food as Commons
47
![Page 48: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
To guarantee school meals for all
students in public schools
48
![Page 49: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
To support local purchase (small farming, agro-ecology & cooperatives) to satisfy food needs of municipal premises 49
![Page 50: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Stricter & innovative rules to avoid food waste
To recycle all expired food (i.e. France)
Supporting citizens´ collective
actions to reduced waste, promote food sharing
and co-producing50
![Page 51: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Shifting from charitable food (Food Banks) to food as right (Universal Food Coverage)
A food bank network that is universal, accountable, compulsory and not voluntary, random, targeted
51
![Page 52: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Compulsory rooftop greening for every new building (with edibles, non-edibles)
52
![Page 53: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Establishing bakeries where every citizen can get access to a bread loaf every day (if needed or willing to)
53
![Page 54: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Encourage Food Policy Councils (open
membership to citizens) through participatory
democracies, financial seed capital and enabling
laws54
![Page 55: Food, law and the Commons](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070518/58e4b9cd1a28ab1c1f8b6165/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Set target for food provisioning in 2030 (Food Council)
• 60% private sector• 25% self-production (collective
actions) • 15% state-provisioning (public
buildings, destitute people, unemployed families) through Universal Food Coverage
55