ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

TOPICS

• FOOD CHAIN• FOOD WEB • ECOLOGICAL PRYMIDS• FOREST ECO SYSTEM

• PREPARED BY,VARUN

KARTHIKEYAN

FOOD CHAINFood Chain—series of steps in which

organisms transfer energy by eating and being eatenArrows go in the direction of how energy is

transferredStart with producer and end with top consumeror carnivore

Ex: grass cricket frog raccoon

TYPES OF FOOD CHAIN

• Grazing Food ChainIt Starts With Green Plants And Goes To The

Decomposer Food ChainIt Is Found In Grassland & Pond Ecosystem

Detritus Food ChainIt Starts With Dead Organic MatterIt Is Found In Grassland & Forest Ecosystem

IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT FOOD CHAINS

• In a food chain each organism obtains energy from the one at the level below.

• Plants are called producers because they create their own food through photosynthesis3

• Animals are consumers because they cannot create their own food, they must eat plants or other animals to get the energy that they need.

Trophic Levels—each step in a food chain • 1. Level 1—Producers (autotrophs)

• 2. Level 2—Primary Consumers (herbivores)

• 3. Level 3—Secondary Consumers (carnivores or omnivores)

• 4. Level 4—Tertiary Consumers (carnivore—usually top carnivore)

FOOD WEB• A food web is “an interlocking pattern of food

chains• it show how plants and animals are connected

in many ways to help them all survive.Hawks

Weasels Raccoons

Mice

Grass

FOOD WEB

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS• It’s A Graphical Representation Of The

Structure And Function Of Tropic Levels Of An Ecosystem Is Called Ecological Pyramids

• Types Of Ecological Pyramids• Pyramid By Numbers• Pyramid Of Energy• Pyramid Of Bio Mass

PYRAMID OF NUMBERS

PYRAMID OF ENERGY Energy Pyramid shows relative amount of

energy available at each trophic level

• Organisms in a trophic level use the available energy for life processes (such as growth, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, metabolism,etc.)and release some energy as heat

PYRAMID BY ENERGY

PYRAMIDS OF BIOMASS

• IT represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level

10%

100%

1%

0.1

Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue—both decrease with each increasing trophic level

ENERGY AND BIOMASS PYRAMID (TOGETHER)

FOREST ECOSYSTEM

• The forest is one of the main resource in our world.

• Nearly it occupies 40% of the world’s land area

• In india 19% of the land is occupied by the forest

FORESTS

D e c id u o us fo re s ts T rop ica l ra in fo res ts C o a sta l fo re s ts C o n ife ro u s fo re s ts

A fo re st is a n a rea in w h ich the m a in p lan ts tha t g ro w the re a re tree s.

Deciduous Forest

• Large, flat leaves that drop off in the Fall, new leaves grow in Spring.

• Leaves change color with the seasons.

• These trees grow in places that have warm, wet summers and cold winters. Winter

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

• These trees grow in places that are hot and wet all year.

• Trees are very tall and the leaves are always green.

• The forest has three layers.

Forest floor

Understory

Canopy

COASTAL FOREST

• Grows in places where there is lots of rain.

• Temperature is not too hot or too cold, just cool.

• Has three layers just like the rain forest: canopy, understory, forest floor.

CONIFEROUS FOREST

• Grows in places with very cold winters and cool summers.

• The leaves look like needles so they don’t need very much water.

• Seeds grow in cones.• Get less rain than all the

other forests.

Seed cone

CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM

• It is characterised by the warm temperature and adequate rainfall it make generation of no of ponds ,lakes..

• It maintain climate and rainfall• It gives shelter to wild animals• Soil is rich in organic matter• Lack of sunlight into forest so the conversation

of the organic matter into nutrients is very fast

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM

• It Is A Physical Components About The Climate, Temperature, Light, Rainfall And Minerals

THE BIOTIC COMPONENTS OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS

Producers(autotrophs)

Producers(autotrophs)

- Photosynthesis- Photosynthesis

Consumers(heterotrophs)

Consumers(heterotrophs)

- Aerobic respiration- Aerobic respiration

Decomposers Decomposers

Any queries?

THANK YOU

BY– K.V.VARUN KARTHIKEYAN