following lincoln’s assassination (april 14 th, 1865), andrew johnson, a southern democrat, became...

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Page 1: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 2: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14th, 1865),Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Page 3: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

We must continue Lincoln’s policy of

“malice towards none”

Page 4: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 5: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Loyalty Oaths

Page 6: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

10% Plan

Page 7: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Presidential pardons for high ranking

Confederates and wealthy southerners

Page 8: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Allow former Confederates to keep

their personal property

Page 9: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Johnson would appoint provisional governors after goals were met:

What were these goals,

you ask?

- 10% Plan was met

- State Constitution guaranteed respect of the 13th Amendment

Page 10: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 11: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Plans to continue Lincoln’s policy of “malice towards none”

- Respected Loyalty Oaths and 10% Plan

- Presidential Pardon required for high ranking Confederate officials and wealthy southerners

- Former Confederates could keep property

- Executive (Johnson) would appoint provisional governor after goals were met

- 10% Plan met

- Establish State Constitution respecting 13th Amendment (end of slavery)

- Union troops stationed in the south to guarantee smooth transition

Page 12: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Established in Southern state constitutions to severely restrict the rights of freed blacks

Known as “Jim Crow Laws”

after Reconstruction

Page 13: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Prohibits slavery in the United States

Page 14: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to provide:

Page 15: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

And…Forty acres and a mule.

This part never really happened.

Page 16: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Hooray Freedmen’s Bureau! We should pass some

legislation to continue the program indefinitely!

Veto!

Suckers!

Page 17: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

2/3 majority override fool!

Page 18: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Black Codes established in Southern state constitutions

- Severely restricted rights of blacks- Known as Jim Crow….

- 13th Amendment ratified: ends slavery

- Freedmen’s Bureau

- Distributed land and supplied food, teachers, legal aid, and horses to freed slaves

- Congress passes legislation to extend the organization’s existence indefinitely

- Johnson vetoes

- Congress overrides veto

Page 19: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 20: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

We don’t want you running Reconstruction anymore!

We are establishing a Joint Committee to control

Reconstruction!

Page 21: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Guess what else! We are going to pass this CRAZY law called the

Civil Rights Act!

?

Page 22: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Except Native Americans

Page 23: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

2/3 majority override fool!

Veto!

Suckers!

Page 24: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

No ex-Confederate may hold office without Congressional Pardon (2/3 majority) and no

compensation forlost property (slaves)

Page 25: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Andrew Johnson decided that Congress

was basically a bunch of meanies so he decided

to go on a speaking tour promoting a kinder,

gentler Lincolnesque Reconstruction.

This made Congress hate him even more than

they already did!

Page 26: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Congressional Joint Committee established to take over Reconstruction from the executive

- Civil Rights Act passed over presidential veto

- Full citizenship to all persons born in the U.S. except Native Americans

- Supposed to guarantee blacks the same rights as whites

- 14th Amendment ratified

- Citizenship for blacks; overturned Dred Scott decision

- Permanent constitutional protection of civil rights for all citizens

Page 27: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Some groups in the South worked hard to limit the rights of Freedmen

Page 28: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Ex-Confederate soldiers led by former General Nathan Bedford Forest unite and

begin brutal attacks on Freedmen

Page 29: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Voting became a privilege for the rich again

Page 30: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Dividing districts to decrease black representation

Page 31: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Wealthy landowners give supplies to Freedmen in exchange for a % of the crop

Page 32: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Freedmen were forever indebted to the landowner - Defacto Slavery

Page 33: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

1867

Page 34: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- No compensation to former slave holders…

- Southern resistance to Reconstruction increased

- Ku Klux Klan

- Established by former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forest

- Joined by many southerners, especially former Confederates

- Goal was to terrorize blacks and ensure white supremacy

- Poll Taxes

- Kept free blacks and poor farmers from voting

- Voting became a privilege for the wealthy

Page 35: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Gerrymandering

- Organizing voting districts to limit representation of blacks and Republicans

- Sharecropping

- Wealthy landowners gave supplies to Freedmen in exchange for a percentage of crop

- Freedmen indebted to landowner

- Impossible to break out of the cycle: defacto slavery

Page 36: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 37: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Senate42 Republicans11 Democrats

House143 Republicans

49 Democrats

We can override any presidential veto!

HUZZAH!

Page 38: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Veto-Proof Congress

- Republicans held advantage in Congress

- Senate: 42 Republicans, 11 Democrats

- House: 143 Republicans, 49 Democrats

- Could override any presidential veto (requires a 2/3 majority of Congress)

Page 39: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

The south was dividedinto military zones of control

Note that TN is excludedbecause it has already

approved the 14th Amendmentand been readmitted as a state

Page 40: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- New Constitutional Convention had to be called; no ex-Confederates allowed

- Had to approve the 14th Amendment

- No ex-Confederates could vote without a Congressional pardon

Page 41: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- First Reconstruction Act

- South divided into military zones (except TN which had ratified the 14th and was readmitted)

- New qualifications for reentry of states established

- New Constitutional Convention had to be called; no ex-Confederates allowed

- Had to approve the 14th Amendment

- No ex-Confederates could vote without a Congressional pardon

Page 42: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 43: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

How about instead of bickering with him we just impeach the jerk!

Page 44: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

But he hasn’t really violated any laws…

Page 45: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Who cares?

We still don’t like him!

Page 46: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 47: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Well…maybe we can find another way to

screw him over!

Page 48: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Congress passed the Tenure of Office ActThe president could not remove his own Cabinet

appointments without Congressional approval

Page 49: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

That doesn’t make any sense!

I think I will test their mettle…

maybe I will fire a Lincoln appointee:

Secretary of WarEdwin Stanton

Page 50: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Johnson Impeachment (1st Attempt)

- Fall 1867 - House Judiciary Committee brought a bill of impeachment against Johnson

- Charges were not legal arguments so much as they were a list of complaints

- Vote for trial failed: 108-57

- Tenure of Office Act

- prohibited the President from dismissing any Cabinet member without Congressional approval

- Johnson decided to test the act by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

Page 51: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Secretary of War Edwin Stanton was a pretty important guy

Page 52: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

So…when Andrew Johnson fired him he

refused to leave office...knowing

Congress and the Radical Republicans would support him!

Page 53: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Let’s try to impeach that jerk…again!

Page 54: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 55: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

For violating the Tenure of Office Act?

Can you even do that?

Page 56: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Stanton refused to leave after being dismissed by Johnson

- Congress claimed Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act

- Johnson Impeachment (2nd Attempt)

- House brought charges of impeachment for violation of Tenure of Office Act

- Questionable whether it was an impeachable offence and if the law was Constitutional

- Johnson may not have technically violated the act as Stanton was a Lincoln appointment

- Wording of the law was unclear on that point

- 1926 the Supreme Court ruled the Tenure of Office Act was not Constitutional

Page 57: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Guilty353535

Not Guilty191919

Page 58: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

PHEW!

Radical Republican Senator Benjamin Wade

Darn!I wanted to be

president!

Page 59: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 60: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Three separate votes held in Senate

- Each time, vote was the same

- 35 voted Guilty

- 19 voted Not Guilty

- 2/3 majority required; 1 vote short each time

- Guilty verdict would have set a dangerous precedent: removal of president for political differences not “high crimes or misdemeanors”

Page 61: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

General Grant rode his status as a military hero to the presidency in the

election of 1868.

Page 62: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

As a symbol of the Union victory, and a staunch opponent of Andrew Johnson, Americans hoped he would lead

Reconstruction with the same strength and vigor

with which he led the Union Army.

Page 63: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

He did neither… in fact, he did

just about nothing!

Page 64: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Grant’s administration was filled with corruption…and rather than

fight that corruption he pretty much let it happen…

Page 65: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- General Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) elected president (1869-1877)

- Administration filled with corruption, especially among his appointees

- Grant never took a firm stand against the corrupt official, even after their guilt was firmly established

-Grant apparently never profited from the corruption

Page 66: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 67: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

The 15th Amendment – Voting rights for all citizens

Page 68: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

But…what if the South will not follow the newly passed

laws?

Page 69: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Aha!!

The Enforcement

Act!

Page 70: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 71: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

The Federal government could use troops to protect

citizens from terror.This began the downfall of

the Ku Klux Klan.

Page 72: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- 15th Amendment ratified

- Right to vote guaranteed to all citizens

- Enforcement Act

- Violators of 14th and 15th Amendments could be prosecuted

- Force Acts

- Federal government could use troops to protect citizens from terror

- Began the downfall of the KKK

Page 73: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Despite the Force Act, in the South lynchings were rarely prosecuted.When they were, they often failed in the face of all white juries in racist towns.

Page 74: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

The KKK Act made it illegal to

dress up and terrorize citizens.

It also gave control of lynching

trials to the federal

government which eliminated the problems of

state enforcement and allowed for

multi-racial juries.

Page 75: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

The KKK disappeared until around 1915when a strong resurgence occurred

Page 76: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Ku Klux Klan Act

- Lynchers were rarely prosecuted

- Prosecutions often failed: all white juries

- Made it illegal to dress up and terrorize citizens

- Gave control of lynching trials to the federal government

- Eliminated problems with state enforcement

- Allowed for multi-racial juries within federal courts

- KKK disappeared until around 1915

Page 77: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 78: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Northern politicians who went south to fill political jobs

Page 79: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Southern Republicans who supported Reconstruction

Page 80: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Democrats visited Republican political rallies and incited riots

- During riots, “Rifle Clubs” gunned down innocents and political leaders

Page 81: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

WOW!

This is getting bad!

Page 82: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 83: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president
Page 84: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- The Mississippi Plan

- Widespread terror against- Blacks

- Carpetbaggers (Northern Republicans who went South to work)

- Scalawags (Southern Republicans who supported Reconstruction)

- Democrats visited Republican political rallies and incited riots

- During riots, “Rifle Clubs” gunned down innocents and political leaders

- Turned an 1874 election Republican majority of 30,000 to a Democratic majority of about the same number in 1875

- President Grant refused to send in federal troops; feared being accused of “bayonet rule”

- Plan mirrored by other Southern states

Page 85: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Samuel J. Tilden (D) v. Rutherford B. Hayes (R)

Page 86: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Hayes, a northerner, lost the popular election to Tilden

Page 87: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

With 20 electoral votes still to count, Tilden needed only one to win

Page 88: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

Sorry Mr. Tilden, I have promised this dance to Mr. Hayes

There were accusations of impropriety in the South (mostly

as a result of the Mississippi Plan) and all of the votes were

initially given to Hayes.

Later, those votes were all tossed out and a special

committee composed of 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats

was formed to decide the elections.

Clearly, Hayes had an advantage.

Page 89: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Hayes elected president on the guarantee that he would not run for reelection

- Union troops removed from the South

- Southerners allowed to handle race relations as they saw fit

Page 90: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

The Irish, Southerner,and northern Big Businesscoming together to keep

down the black population

Page 91: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Election of 1876 - Samuel J. Tilden (D) v. Rutherford B. Hayes (R)

- Conflict:

- Hayes (Northerner) lost the popular election to Tilden (Southerner)

- With 20 electoral votes still to count, Tilden needed only one to win

- Accusations of impropriety in the Southern states (Mississippi Plan)

- All votes given to Hayes

- Later, votes were tossed out

- Special committee was formed to decide:8 Republicans, 7 Democrats

Page 92: Following Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14 th, 1865), Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, became president

- Compromise of 1876:

- Hayes elected President but would not run for reelection

- Union troops removed from the South

- Lack of troops meant little protection for African‑Americans in South

- Southerners could handle race relations as they saw fit

- Ended Reconstruction - North was tired of Reconstruction anyway; not working out very well