[email protected] - oecd.org · january 20th, 2011 . iss dataset at the hague ... • asian barometer...

The Social Cohesion Dividend

Roberto Foa [email protected]

Presentation to the OECD, Conference on Social

Cohesion and Development

Paris,

January 20th, 2011

ISS Dataset at the Hague

• Show that the social development is something that we can define, measure, and ultimately advance

• Help development practitioners identify countries with particular social development needs and concerns

• Explore the research link between social development and other development outcomes, such as growth, governance, and poverty reduction

“Social development is the extent to which countries have those social institutions that empower citizens to pursue a better quality

of life.”

Social Development

Social Development


of life.”

Norms, rules, and customs that operate below the level of the state,

often informal and tacit

Examples include the norms of forming voluntary associations, engaging in protests, or non-

discrimination against women and minorities

Social Development


of life.”

Social institutions that enable citizens to translate (economic and

human) assets into personal welfare

Social Development


of life.”

Social institutions that enable citizens to translate (economic and human) assets into personal welfare

For example: non-discrimination in the labor market enables women and

minorities to translate their education and skills into economic returns

Indices of Social Development

Inclusion of Minorities

Non-exclusion of social minorities & indigenous peoples

Gender Equity

Non-discrimination against women

Inter-group Cohesion

Relations of trust and cohesion between defined ethnic,

religious, or linguistic identity groups

Interpersonal Safety and Trust

Norms of nonviolence between persons in society

Clubs and Associations

Relations of trust and cohesion within local communities

Civic Activism

The strength of civil society – levels of civic activism and

access to information

How do we measure social

cohesion?

Available Data

• International Country Risk Guide -- Ratings on Ethnic and Religious Tensions

• Minorities at Risk – Expert Assessment Ratings on Ethnic Discrimination and Conflict

• Gallup World Poll – Questions on Ethnic, Religious, and Inclusion of Migrants

• Cross-National Time-Series – data on incidents of social violence (e.g. riots, assassinations)

• World Values Survey – data on tolerance of minorities and social trust

• Fund for Peace – Rating on uneven development on group lines

• Economist Intelligence Unit – ratings on social disorder

• Latinobarometer – survey data on ethnic discrimination

• Afrobarometer – survey data on ethnic discrimination

• Asian Barometer – data on social trust

• The density of international organisations – (Amnesty, HRW)

• Civicus – Ratings on the civil society environment

Example Survey Items

• “Is this country a good place for ethnic minorities? Is this country a good place for religious minorities? (Gallup World Poll)

• “Here is a list. Which of the following kinds of people would you not want to have as neighbours? Mentioned – immigrants, people of a different race, members of a different ethnic group, members of a different religious group” (World Values Survey)

• “How much discrimination do indigenous peoples/racial minorities face in the: courts/police/government/school/workplace? (responses from indigenous/black/mulatto respondents only)” (Latinobarometer)

• “How much discrimination does your ethnic group face in daily life in this country?” (Afrobarometer)

Methodology

• The project combines over 200 indicators from 25 independent sources.

• We use the matching percentiles method used by Lambsdorff et al. (1999).

• Produces similar results to the unobserved components model used by the Worldwide Governance Indicators.

• In brief:

• i) we order all of our indicators from the most to least reliable and representative.

• ii) Scores from the second indicator are matched to the first indicator based on ranking of shared countries.

• iii) These are combined with the first indicator to produced refined scores.

• iv) We continue through all of the available indicators, reducing random error with each iteration to arrive at a final score.

Botswana

Nigeria

Tanzania

Burundi

Congo, DR

Other

countries

0.24

0.22

0.8

0.5

0.4

Botswana

Tanzania

Nigeria

Burundi

Congo, DR

0.24

0.22

0.8

0.5

0.4

% respondent participation in demonstrations, petitions,

boycotts (WVS)

Respondent has often attended meetings of a local development

association (Afrobarometer)

Matching Equally Ranked Values

Botswana

Nigeria

Tanzania

Burundi

Congo, DR

Other

countries

0.24

0.22

0.8

0.5

0.4

Botswana

Tanzania

Nigeria

Burundi

Congo. DR

0.24

0.22

0.8

0.5

0.4

Botswana

Tanzania

Nigeria

Burundi

Congo, DR

% respondent participation in demonstrations, petitions,

boycotts (WVS)

Respondent has often attended meetings of a local development

association (Afrobarometer)

0.23

0.16

0.15

0.5

0.4

Creating an Averaged Estimate

Data Used and Initial Results

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Canada

New Zealand

ArgentinaSenegal

Uruguay

Israel

Congo, D.R.

Trinidad

Sweden

Top and Bottom 20 relative to GDP/cap

Canada

New Zealand

Sweden

Hong Kong, China

United States

Switzerland

Burkina Faso

Mali

Senegal

Benin

Ireland

Mozambique

Finland

Australia

Togo

Ghana

Madagascar

Tanzania

Uruguay

Vietnam

Macedonia, FYR

Algeria

Cote d'Ivoire

Belize

Brazil

Bahrain

Trinidad and Tobago

Russian Federation

Suriname

Turkey

Saudi Arabia

Pakistan

Lebanon

Cyprus

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Thailand

Kuwait

Sri Lanka

Israel

Sudan

top

bottom

Correlation with ethnic

fractionalisation

Af ghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Argentina

ArmeniaAustraliaAustria

Azerbaijan

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Boliv ia

Botswana

Brazil

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Cape Verde

Central Af rican RepublicChad

ChileChina

Colombia

Comoros

Congo, Dem. Rep.Congo, Rep.

Costa Rica

Cote d'Iv oire

Croatia

Cuba

Cy prus

Czech Republic

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egy pt, Arab Rep.El Salv ador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Ethiopia

Fiji

FinlandFrance

GabonGambia, The

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guy ana

Haiti

Honduras

Hong Kong, China

Hungary

India

Indonesia

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

JordanKazakhstan

Keny a

Korea, Dem. Rep.Korea, Rep.

Kuwait

Latv ia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Liby a

Lithuania

LuxembourgMacedonia, FYR

Madagascar

Malawi

Malay sia

Mali

Malta

Mauritania

Mauritius

MexicoMoldov a

Mongolia

Morocco

Mozambique

My anmar

NamibiaNepal

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Romania

Russian Federation

Rwanda

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Serbia and Montenegro

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slov ak RepublicSlov enia

Solomon Islands

Somalia

South Af rica

SpainSri Lanka

SudanSuriname

Sweden

SwitzerlandSy rian Arab Republic

Taiwan, China

Tajikistan

Tanzania

Thailand

Togo

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Uganda

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United States

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Venezuela, RB

Vietnam

Zambia

Zimbabwe

0.2

.4.6

.81

eth

nic

_fr

act

2 4 6 8 10Standardized values of (eeerfrac * std_cohe)

These data allow us to compare countries, and highlight social development challenges and achievements.

Sweden

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

Civic capacity

Gender equity

Inclusion of minorities

Crime and personal security

Intergroup cohesion

Strength of community

Colombia

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

Civic capacity

Gender equity



Intergroup cohesion


Iraq

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

Civic capacity

Gender equity



Intergroup cohesion


We can also begin to monitor social development progress over time.

Trends Over Time

Rising Gender Equity in the Middle East, 1990-2007

And we can highlight hidden strengths of regions around the world.

For example, levels of gender empowerment in Southern and Eastern Africa are higher than their GDP would lead us to expect.

Gender Empowerment in Africa

Albania

Algeria

Antigua and Barbuda

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas, The

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Belarus

Belgium

Benin

Bolivia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Cambodia

Canada

Cape Verde

Central African Republic

Chad

China

Cote d'Ivoire

Croatia

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Denmark

Djibout i

Dominica

Egypt, Arab Rep. Equatorial Guinea

Estonia

Fiji

Finland

France

French Polynesia

Gabon

Gambia, The

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Hong Kong, China

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran, Islamic Rep.

IrelandIsrael

Italy

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Korea, Rep.

Kuwait

Kyrgyz RepublicLao PDR

Latvia

Lebanon

Lithuania

Luxembourg

M acao, China

M acedonia, FYRM alaysia

M ali

M alta

M auritania

M aurit ius

M oldovaM ongolia

M orocco

Nepal

Netherlands

New Caledonia

New Zealand

Niger

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Papua New Guinea

PhilippinesPoland

Portugal

Romania

Russian Federat ion

Samoa

Saudi Arabia

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovak RepublicSlovenia

Solomon Islands

Spain

Sri Lanka

St. Kit ts and NevisSt. Lucia

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Sudan

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian Arab RepublicTajikistan

Thailand

Togo

Tonga

TunisiaTurkey

Turkmenistan

Ukraine


United Kingdom

United States

Uzbekistan Vanuatu

Vietnam

Yemen, Rep.

Angola

Botswana

Burundi

Cameroon

Comoros

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Congo, Rep.

EritreaEthiopia

Kenya

Lesotho

M adagascar

M alawi

M ozambique

Namibia

Rwanda

Senegal

Seychelles

South Africa

SwazilandTanzania Uganda

ZambiaZimbabwe

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11

Log GDP per capita

Gen

der

Eq

uit

y

As well as social development challenges.

Interpersonal Safety and Trust – Latin America and Caribbean

Albania

Algeria

Antigua and Barbuda

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Belarus

Belgium

Benin


Botswana

Bulgaria

Burundi

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Cape VerdeCentral African Republic

China

ComorosCongo, Dem. Rep.

Cote d'Ivo ire

CroatiaCzech Republic

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Egypt, Arab Rep.

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Ethiopia Fiji

Finland

France

Gabon

Gambia, The

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Hong Kong, China

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Korea, Rep.

Kuwait

Kyrgyz RepublicLao PDRLatvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Lithuania

Luxembourg

M acedonia, FYRM adagascar

M alawi

M alaysia

M ali

M altaM auritania

M auritius

M oldova

M ongolia

M orocco

M ozambique

Namibia

NepalNetherlandsNew Zealand

Niger

Nigeria

NorwayOman

Pakistan

Papua New Guinea

Philippines

PolandPortugal

Romania

Russian Federation

Rwanda

Samoa

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

SeychellesSierra Leone

Singapore

Slovak Republic

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

South Africa

Spain

Sri Lanka

St. Kitts and Nevis

St. Lucia

St. Vincent and the

Grenadines

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian Arab Republic

Tajikistan

Tanzania

Thailand

Togo

Tonga

Tunisia

TurkeyTurkmenistan

Uganda

Ukraine


United Kingdom

United States

Uzbekistan

Vietnam

Yemen, Rep.

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Argentina

Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

El Salvador

Guatemala

Guyana

Haiti

HondurasJamaica

M exicoNicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Puerto Rico

Trinidad and Tobago

Uruguay

Venezuela, RB

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Log GDP per capita

Pers

on

al S

afe

ty a

nd

Secu

rity

Research Applications

Research Applications

Gender and Development

Gender Equity and Infant Mortality (1)

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Argentina

Armenia

AustraliaAustria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas, TheBahrain

Bangladesh

BarbadosBelarusBelgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia


Botswana

Brazil

Brunei DarussalamBulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Cape Verde

Central African Republic

Chad

Chile

ChinaColombia

Comoros

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Congo, Rep.

Costa Rica

Cote d'Ivoire

CroatiaCubaCyprus Czech RepublicDenmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican RepublicEcuador

Egypt, Arab Rep.El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Ethiopia

Fiji

FinlandFrance

Gabon

Gambia, The

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

HungaryIceland

India

IndonesiaIran, Islamic Rep.

IrelandIsraelItaly

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Korea, Rep.Kuwait

Kyrgyz RepublicLao PDR

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

LithuaniaLuxembourg

Macedonia, FYR

MadagascarMalawi

Malaysia

Maldives

Mali

Malta

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

Mauritius

MexicoMoldova

MongoliaMorocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Nepal

NetherlandsNew Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

NorwayOman

Pakistan

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay PeruPhilippines

PolandPortugal

Qatar RomaniaRussian Federation

Rwanda

Samoa

Sao Tome and Principe

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Sierra Leone

SingaporeSlovak Republic

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

South Africa

SpainSri LankaSt. Lucia


Sudan

Suriname

Swaziland

SwedenSwitzerland


Tajikistan

Tanzania

Thailand

Timor-Leste

Togo

Tonga Trinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkey

TurkmenistanUganda

UkraineUnited Arab Emirates United KingdomUnited States

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Venezuela, RBVietnamWest Bank and Gaza

Yemen, Rep.

Zambia

Zimbabwe

050

100

150

200

imort

0 .2 .4 .6 .8ngender

Residual Scatter Plot between gender equity and infant mortality, after controlling for: log GDP/capita, log GDP/capita2, female progression to secondary school (%), civic engagement,

governance (Voice and Accountability), HIV-AIDS infection rate

Chad

Togo

Cote d'Ivoire

Cameroon

Congo, Rep.Benin

Zambia

Niger

Bangladesh

Senegal

LesothoBurkina Faso

Mali

Morocco

India

Ethiopia

Burundi

Zimbabwe

Algeria

Malawi

MozambiqueEgypt, Arab Rep.

Ghana

Tanzania

Uganda

Suriname

Indonesia

Jordan

Guatemala

Korea, Rep.

Georgia

Tunisia

Lebanon

Namibia

South Africa

Botswana

Madagascar

Chile

Bolivia

Paraguay

Vietnam

Macedonia, FYREcuador

Mexico

Azerbaijan

Sri Lanka

China

Dominican RepublicArmenia

Mauritius

El Salvador

Cyprus

SwitzerlandAlbaniaColombia

Kyrgyz Republic

Ukraine

Israel

Venezuela, RBBelarusPanama

Malta

Peru

Slovak Republic

PhilippinesCroatia

ItalyRomania

Mongolia

Bulgaria

HungaryCzech RepublicCosta Rica

GermanyArgentina

Finland

LatviaEstonia

Denmark

MoldovaSlovenia

Australia

Lithuania

-60

-40

-20

020

Com

ponent

plu

s r

esid

ual

.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7ngender

p = 0.000***


Residual Scatter Plot between gender discrimination and infant mortality, after controlling for: log GDP/capita, log GDP/capita2, female progression to secondary school (%), civic

engagement, governance (Voice and Accountability), HIV-AIDS infection rate


Dominican RepublicMexico

Denmark

SloveniaEstonia

Lithuania

AustraliaFinlandHungaryPeruVenezuela, RBLatviaCroatiaCzech Republic

Belarus

ArgentinaColombiaGermanySlovak RepublicChileCyprus

Tanzania

El SalvadorSwitzerlandItaly

Malta

Romania

South Africa

BulgariaUkraine

Macedonia, FYR

Uganda

Moldova

ZimbabweKorea, Rep.

China

Albania

Philippines

Vietnam

IndiaKyrgyz Republic

Algeria

Indonesia

Armenia

Georgia

Bangladesh

Saudi ArabiaMorocco

Azerbaijan

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Jordan Egypt, Arab Rep.

-20

020

40

60

Com

ponent

plu

s r

esid

ual

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1v44_sd_1

p = 0.007**

Proportion of managers saying „men have more right to a job than women (0-1)

Residual Scatter Plot between gender discrimination and infant mortality, after controlling for: log GDP/capita, log GDP/capita2, female progression to secondary school (%), civic

engagement, governance (Voice and Accountability), HIV-AIDS infection rate

South Africa

Namibia

Botswana

Malawi

Ghana

Tanzania

MozambiqueUganda

Lesotho

Zambia

Senegal

Mali

020

40

60

80

Com

ponent

plu

s r

esid

ual

10 20 30 40 50 60beat_wifeyes


Proportion of husbands agreeing that „a married men has the right to beat his wife and

children‟ (0-100)

Show links between human development, civil society, and good governance.

Relationship between control of corruption (x axis) and interaction of democracy*civil society (y axis)

SwedenNorwayDenmark

NetherlandsFinlandSwitzerlandAustraliaUnited KingdomIcelandNew ZealandCanadaBelgiumUnited StatesGermany

LuxembourgFranceAustriaIreland

AndorraJapanItaly PortugalSpainEstonia MaltaCzech RepublicSlovak RepublicHungarySloveniaPoland CyprusGreeceCosta Rica Chile

Latvia UruguayLithuaniaMauritiusKorea, Rep.South Africa

BotswanaBulgaria IsraelCape VerdeGuyana CroatiaSurinameArgentinaPanama

NamibiaMexicoBrazilRomaniaGhanaMongoliaThailandIndiaDominican RepublicBeninMaliEl SalvadorSenegal LesothoSerbia and MontenegroNicaraguaMadagascarAlbaniaPhilippinesBoliviaHondurasMacedonia, FYRPeruNigerMozambiqueBosnia and HerzegovinaSri Lanka SingaporeTurkeyEcuadorParaguay Burkina FasoGeorgiaZambiaGuatemalaKenya TanzaniaGuinea-BissauMalawiIndonesiaGambia, The MalaysiaVenezuela, RB ColombiaRwandaMoldova MoroccoCongo, Rep. JordanArmeniaNigeriaAzerbaijan GabonChad UgandaBangladesh

AngolaCentral African RepublicKyrgyz RepublicEthiopiaBurundiUkraine LebanonAlgeriaRussian FederationCameroonLiberia TunisiaTogoPakistanVietnam Egypt, Arab Rep.Cote d'IvoireZimbabweEquatorial Guinea

TurkmenistanMyanmar LibyaIraq Belarus

China

Cuba

-1-.

50

.51

1.5

voic

e_nciv

ic

-2 -1 0 1 2 3corr2004

Is there an economic payoff to social cohesion?

• E.g. numerous papers have used social capital measures in growth regressions (e.g. Knack and Keefer 1997, Tabellini 2005), yet have sometimes been criticized on account of limited sample size and data reliability concerns.

• The new indices allow for replication with vastly expanded country samples.

Replication of Knack and Keefer (1997), “Does Social Capital have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation”

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4

Price level of investment goods, 1990 -.017

(.006)** -.008

(.003)* -0.010 (0.006)

-0.006 (0.003)

Real GDP per capita, 1990 -.0001 (.0001)

-.0001 (.00005)*

-0.000 (0.000)

-0.000** (0.000)

Primary School Enrollment, 1990 .004

(.020) -.0006 (.013)

0.004 (0.018)

-0.001 (0.012)

Secondary School Enrollment, 1990 -.007 (.020)

.003 (.014)

-0.007 (0.017)

-0.003 (0.013)

Former Eastern Bloc Country, 0-1 -3.039

(.994)** -3.504

(.740)*** -2.972** (0.896)

-3.477*** (0.665)

Inclusion of Minorities 3.505

(2.128) 3.068

(1.317)* 3.964* (1.847)

3.800** (1.236)

Gender Equity -2.499 (3.940)

-3.803 (3.426)

Intergroup Cohesion

1.678 (2.512)

2.400 (2.405)

Local Community 0.219

(3.457) 1.424

(3.433)

Social Cohesion Measure 9.917

(4.882)* 12.770

(3.597)*** 5.275

(5.924) 9.214* (3.963)

Civic Engagement .483

(3.972) -1.374 (3.526)

Sub-Saharan Africa -2.330 (1.114)

-1.793 (0.704)

Latin America and Caribbean -0.879 (1.005)

-1.211 (0.693)

Constant -5.668 (5.024)

-8.682 (3.401)*

-0.621 (5.780)

-3.487 (3.898)

N 70 98 70 98

adj. r2 0.35 0.32 0.40 0.37

Dependent Variable: Per Capita Economic Growth Rate, 1990-9

* significant at the 0.05 level; ** significant at the 0.01 level; *** significant at the 0.001 level

CPRplot: cohesion – growth90_99

Also included in model: price level of investment goods (1990), real GDP per capita (1990), primary school enrollment (1990), secondary school enrollment (1990), former Eastern bloc country (0/1)

South Africa

Mexico

Russian Federation

Argentina

United States

Italy

HungaryFrance

Australia

SwedenSpainCanada

NetherlandsUnited KingdomKorea, Rep.

Germany

Malta

Denmark

Belgium

Ireland

Japan

Norway

16

18

20

22

24

Com

ponent

plu

s r

esid

ual

.75 .8 .85 .9 .95 1ncri_90

Knack and Keefer (1997) sample (n = 27), p = 0.003


ColombiaSwaziland

KenyaBrazil

El Salvador

South Africa

Honduras

Guatemala

Venezuela, RB

Lesotho

Sri Lanka

Mozambique

Cote d'Ivoire

Nigeria

Uganda

Cameroon

Namibia

Ecuador

PeruJamaica

Papua New Guinea

MexicoRwanda

Zimbabwe

Tanzania

Burkina Faso

Sudan


Nicaragua

Zambia

Cambodia

Russian Federation

Costa Rica

Burundi

Benin

Paraguay

Mongolia

Trinidad and Tobago

Ethiopia

Chile

St. Kitts and Nevis

TurkeyBotswana

TunisiaMali

Cyprus

Argentina

Madagascar

Senegal

Estonia

Romania

Malawi

Israel

PanamaUruguay

Algeria

Macedonia, FYR

Albania


Egypt, Arab Rep.

Philippines

ThailandDjiboutiUzbekistan

Cape Verde

Cuba

Ghana

United States

Indonesia

Croatia

Jordan

Mauritius

TongaNepalFijiItaly

India

Morocco

Poland

Portugal

Samoa

Hungary

Saudi Arabia

SloveniaBahrainFrance

Malaysia

Australia

Greece

Sweden

Singapore

China

Luxembourg

Czech RepublicSpain


Canada

Vietnam

Netherlands

New Zealand

United Kingdom

Korea, Rep.

Germany

Malta

DenmarkKuwait

Vanuatu

Iran, Islamic Rep.


OmanQatarBelgiumHong Kong, China

Finland

Austria

Ireland

Switzerland

Japan

Norway

510

15

Com

ponent

plu

s r

esid

ual

.6 .7 .8 .9 1ncri_90

Also included in model: price level of investment goods (1990), real GDP per capita (1990), primary school enrollment (1990), secondary school enrollment (1990), former Eastern bloc country (0/1)

SDI sample (n = 98),

p = 0.002


ColombiaSwaziland

KenyaBrazil

El Salvador

South Africa

Honduras

Guatemala

Venezuela, RB

LesothoSri Lanka

Mozambique

Cote d'Ivoire

Nigeria

Uganda

CameroonNamibia

Ecuador

PeruJamaica

Papua New Guinea

MexicoRwanda

Zimbabwe

Tanzania

Burkina Faso

Sudan


NicaraguaZambia

Cambodia

Russian Federation

Costa Rica

Burundi

Benin

Paraguay

Mongolia

Trinidad and Tobago

Ethiopia

Chile

St. Kitts and Nevis

TurkeyBotswana

TunisiaMali

Cyprus

Argentina

Madagascar

Senegal

Estonia

Romania

Malawi

IsraelPanamaUruguay

Algeria

Macedonia, FYR

Albania


Egypt, Arab Rep.

Philippines

ThailandDjiboutiUzbekistan

Cape Verde

Cuba

Ghana

United States

IndonesiaCroatia

Jordan

Mauritius

TongaNepalFijiItaly

India

Morocco

Poland

Portugal

Samoa

Hungary

Saudi Arabia

SloveniaBahrainFrance

Malaysia

Australia

Greece

Sweden

Singapore

China

Luxembourg

Czech RepublicSpain


Canada

Vietnam

Netherlands

New Zealand

United Kingdom

Korea, Rep.

Germany

Malta

DenmarkKuwait

Vanuatu

Iran, Islamic Rep.


OmanQatarBelgiumHong Kong, China

Finland

Austria

Ireland

SwitzerlandJapan

Norway

05

10

15

Com

ponent

plu

s r

esid

ual

.6 .7 .8 .9 1ncri_90

Also included in model: price level of investment goods (1990), real GDP per capita (1990), primary school enrollment (1990), secondary school enrollment (1990), former Eastern bloc country (0/1), dummy variables

for Latin America (0/1), Sub-Saharan Africa (0/1)

SDI sample (n = 98),

p = 0.022

Other Interesting Findings…

Scatterplot of Civic Activism (2005) and the Environmental Performance Index (2006)

Zambia

Vietnam

Uzbekistan

United States

United Kingdom

Ukraine

Uganda

Tunisia

Togo

Tanzania

Sw itzerland

Sw eden

Sudan

Spain

Slovenia

Russian Federation

Portugal

Poland

Peru

ParaguayPanama

PakistanNigeria

Niger

Netherlands

Myanmar

Mozambique

Moldova

Mexico

Mauritania

Mali

Malaysia

Liberia

Kyrgyz Republic

Korea, Rep.

Kenya

Jamaica

IndonesiaIndia

Haiti

Guinea

Germany

Gabon

France

Ethiopia

Denmark

Czech Republic

Cuba

Costa Rica

Belgium

Armenia

Angola

Algeria

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Environmental Performance Index

Civ

ic A

cti

vis

m

Partial Correlation (Residual Plot) between Intergroup Cohesion and (log) rate of deaths from natural disasters.

Sudan

Sri Lanka

India

Turkey

Algeria

Israel

Indonesia

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Pakistan

Guatemala

Mexico

Papua New Guinea

Nigeria

Bangladesh

Iran, Islamic Rep.Honduras

Sierra Leone

Dominican RepublicPhilippines

Ethiopia

Niger

Congo, Rep.

Nicaragua

SenegalRussian Federation

Peru

Georgia

South Af rica

Cameroon

Egy pt, Arab Rep.

Ecuador

France

China

Boliv ia

Uganda

Croatia

Venezuela, RB

United Kingdom

Colombia

Latv iaPanama

Albania

RomaniaGuinea

Bulgaria

Togo

Saudi Arabia

Keny a

Greece

Jordan

Mali

Spain

Brazil

JapanPoland

Paraguay

Botswana

Italy

Sy rian Arab Republic

Germany

Slov ak Republic

Zambia

Ukraine

Malay sia

Guy ana

Thailand

Uruguay

Morocco

GhanaNamibia

Madagascar

Moldov a

Cote d'Iv oire

Canada

Czech RepublicChile

Switzerland

Argentina

Hungary

Belarus

Vietnam

Korea, Rep.

United States

New Zealand

Norway

Singapore

Australia

Sweden

-10

-8-6

-4-2

0

Com

ponent plu

s r

esid

ual

0 .2 .4 .6 .8ncohesion

The Relationship between Intergroup Cohesion (1990) and Future Conflict Deaths (1991-2008), r = 0.57

Albania

AlgeriaAngola

ArgentinaAustraliaAustriaBahrain

Bangladesh

BelgiumBolivia BotswanaBrazilBulgaria

Cameroon

CanadaChile China

Colombia

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Congo, Rep.

Cote d'Ivoire

Czech Republic DenmarkDominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt, Arab Rep.

Estonia

Ethiopia

FinlandFranceGermanyGhanaGreece

GuatemalaGuinea

GuyanaHonduras Hungary Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

ItalyJapanJordanKenyaKorea, Rep. LatviaLebanon

Liberia

LithuaniaMadagascarMalaysia

Mali

Malta

Mexico

Morocco

Myanmar

Namibia New ZealandNicaragua

NigerNigeria

Norway

Pakistan

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

PeruPhilippines

PolandPortugalRomania

Russian Federation

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Sierra Leone

SingaporeSlovak Republic

Somalia

South Africa

Spain

Sri LankaSudan

SwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwan, China

Thailand

Togo

TurkeyUganda

United Kingdom

United States

Venezuela, RB

VietnamZambia05

10

15

.4 .42 .44 .46cohesion_1990

ln_totdeath Fitted values

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Canada

New Zealand

ArgentinaSenegal

Uruguay

Israel

Congo, D.R.

Trinidad

Sweden

1. Make data available for use.

The Indices of Social Development compile over 200 indicators from 25 sources – a valuable resource

for researchers and analysts around the world.

Country Factsheets

Albania

Algeria

Argentina

Austria

Bangladesh

Belarus

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada

Chile

Croat iaCzech Republic

Denmark

Egypt, Arab Rep.

Estonia

Finland

France

GermanyGreece

Hungary

India

Indonesia

Ireland

Israel

ItalyJapan

Jordan

Korea, Rep.

Kyrgyz Republic

Latvia

Lithuania

M acedonia, FYR

M exico

M oldovaM orocco

Netherlands

Nigeria

Pakistan

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

RomaniaRussian Federat ion

Serbia and M ontenegro

Singapore

Slovak RepublicSlovenia

South Africa

Spain

Sweden

Tanzania

Turkey

Uganda

Ukraine

United Kingdom

United States

Venezuela, RB

VietnamZimbabwe

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Polity IV Democracy Score

Avera

ge P

erc

en

tag

e o

f R

esp

on

den

ts T

akin

g P

art

in

Dem

on

str

ati

on

s, P

eti

tio

ns, an

d B

oyco

tts

Protest Behaviour and Democracy

ZimbabweVietnam

Venezuela, RB

United States

United Kingdom

Ukraine

Uganda

Turkey

Tanzania

Sweden

Spain

South Africa

SloveniaSlovak Republic

Singapore

Serbia and M ontenegro

Russian Federat ionRomania

Portugal

Poland

Philippines

Pakistan

Nigeria

Netherlands

M oroccoM oldova

M exico

M acedonia, FYR

Lithuania

Latvia

Kyrgyz Republic

Korea, Rep.

Jordan

JapanItaly

Israel

Ireland

Indonesia

India

Hungary

GreeceGermany

France

Finland

Estonia

Egypt, Arab Rep.

Denmark

Czech RepublicCroat ia

Chile

Canada

Bulgaria

Belgium

Bangladesh

Austria

Argentina

Algeria


Iceland

Luxembourg

M alta

Peru

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Density of INGO Networks

Avera

ge P

erc

en

tag

e o

f R

esp

on

den

ts T

akin

g P

art

in

Dem

on

str

ati

on

s, P

eti

tio

ns, an

d B

oyco

tts

Protest Behaviour and Density of International NGOs

Algeria

Angola

Argentina

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Belgium

Benin

Bolivia

Botswana

Brazil

BulgariaBurkina Faso

Burundi

Cameroon

Canada

China

Colombia

Congo, Rep.

Costa Rica

Cote d'Ivoire

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Denmark

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt, Arab Rep.

El Salvador

Estonia

Ethiopia

FinlandFrance

GabonGambia, The

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Guyana

Hungary

IndiaIndonesia

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Jordan

Kenya

Latvia

Libya

LithuaniaM acedonia, FYR

M adagascar

M alawi

M alaysia

M ali

M aurit ius

M exico

M oldova

M ongolia

M oroccoM ozambique

Namibia

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nigeria

Norway

Pakistan

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Rwanda

Singapore

Slovak Republic

Slovenia

South Africa

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sweden

Switzerland

Thailand

Togo

Tunisia

Uganda

Ukraine

United Kingdom

United States

Vietnam

Zambia

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Iceland

Lebanon

Lesotho

Luxembourg

Peru

Suriname

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Newspapers per capita

Den

sit

y o

f IN

GO

netw

ork

s

Activism and INGOs

[email protected] - oecd.org · january 20th, 2011 . iss dataset at the hague ... • asian barometer...

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