flywheel- battery hybrid for grid stability€¦ · how flywheel energy storage works...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability
Presentation to EERA Workshop, San Sebastian
22nd March 2017
![Page 2: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
• Use of Energy Storage in Smart Grids
• Introduction to Schwungrad Energie
• Demonstration Project
• Interaction with Grid and Market for System Services
• Benefits of dynamic energy storage – results of modelling
• Applications for the Hybrid flywheel-battery
![Page 3: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ireland’s electricity generation mix
• Renewable generation, mainly wind, has experienced significant growth • Gas remains dominant in the fuel mix
• Low price of coal keeps plants in merit despite high emissions
• Paradigm Shift • Centralised to distributed generation
• Synchronous to non-synchronous
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Coal EU Fossil Gas Oil Renewables Peat Other
Fuel mix for electricity generation
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Source: Adapted, Commission for Energy Regulation: Fuel Mix Disclosure
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System Operation Issues
• Ireland is island with limited interconnection + high renewable generation targets => Grid experiencing issues now
• Renewable generation gives rise to two issues 1. Intermittent and/or unpredictable output
2. Lack of inertia/grid stability
• These require storage in different timeframes 1. Storage over many hours
2. Dynamic storage over, say, 20 minutes with a fast response time of a fraction of a second
![Page 5: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Grid Stability
• Conventional plant with heavy generators and steam turbines had sufficient momentum to stabilise the grid – to ride through the bumps
• The more wind and PV running, the less heavy conventional plant there is to provide stability
• Need plant to provide system services to stabilise the grid without having to also provide energy
• Flywheels and batteries will do this, providing synthetic inertia and other system services
![Page 6: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Schwungrad Energie
• Founded 2010 and formally established in 2013
• Team of industry experts • Generation, Maintenance, Markets, Project Management, Planning and Environment
• Identified growing demand for energy-less stabilising inertia • Variable renewable plant substituting conventional plant
• Targeting the Irish market initially and expanding to UK and Mainland Europe • Grids with high variable renewable (wind and solar) penetration
![Page 7: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hybrid flywheel-battery pilot
• 400kW Hybrid flywheel-battery pilot • Rhode, Co. Offaly, Ireland
• The site is equipped with the following: • 2 by Beacon Power Gen. 400 FESM flywheels
• 160 kW and 30 kWh
• 160 kW for 5 min and remainder for 10 min
• 192 by Hitachi Chemical LL-1500-WS Valve Regulated Lead Acid batteries
• LL 1500-WS = 160 kW and 576 kWh
• 160 kW for 3.5 hours
• 400kW connection to the 20kV distribution network
Rhode Pilot
Source: EirGrid
![Page 8: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hybrid flywheel-battery pilot
Vacuum Chamber
Composite rim
Magnetic lift system
Metallic hub
Rotating Shaft
Motor-Generator
Radial bearing Sub station
Control Room
Transformer
Battery Housing
PCS
Flywheels
Positive Plate
Container
Lid
Vent Valve
Retainer
Terminal
Pole
Negative Plate
![Page 9: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How Flywheel Energy Storage Works
• Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy
• Energy taken from grid to speed up the flywheel • The flywheel is connected to the grid via a Power Control Module AC-DC-AC
• If grid suddenly needs more generation the flywheel control system will respond immediately and draw energy from the flywheel
• Flywheel slows down converting its kinetic energy into electrical energy
• Flywheel operates in a vacuum on magnetic bearings • Noise and vibration are negligible
• Flywheel isolates battery from excessive cycling, extending its lifespan
![Page 10: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Flywheel/Battery Hybrid (System Services Application)
Battery
Kinetic Energy Storage Chemical Energy Storage
Capabilities • High Power • Restricted energy storage • Fast response • Millions of charge/
discharge cycles
Capabilities • High energy storage • Fast response • Thousands of charge/
discharge cycles
+ Flywheel
System Services • Frequency Regulation • Response << 1 sec • Fast Freq Response • POR • SOR • TOR1
System Services • Response << 1 sec • Fast Freq Response • POR • SOR • TOR1 • TOR2
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System (Ancillary) Services
• Ancillary Services • Stabilise the grid frequency
• Maintain 50Hz (±0.1Hz)
• Manage Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF)
• New services designed to maintain stability with increased penetration of variable renewables • Fast response – additional power
injection (500ms)
• Hybrid flywheel-battery capable of providing power without energy • Avoids curtailment of renewables
• Effective and efficient source
Existing Services
SRP Steady-state reactive power
POR Primary Operating Reserve 5s – 15s
SOR Secondary Operating Reserve 15s – 90s
TOR1 Tertiary Operating Reserve 1 90s – 5min
TOR2 Tertiary Operating Reserve 2 5min – 20min
RRD Replacement Reserve (De-Synchronised) 20min – 1h
RRS Replacement Reserve (Synchronised) 20min – 1h
New Services
SIR Synchronous Inertial Response
FFR Fast Frequency Response 2s – 10s
DRR Dynamic Reactive Response
RM1 Ramping Margin 1 Hour 1h – 3h
RM3 Ramping Margin 3 Hour 3h – 9h
RM8 Ramping Margin 8 Hour 8h – 16h
FPFAPR Fast Post-Fault Active Power Recovery 250ms – 15min
![Page 12: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
49.30
49.35
49.40
49.45
49.50
49.55
49.60
49.65
49.70
49.75
49.80
49.85
49.90
49.95
50.00
50.05
50.10
50.15
50.20
50.25
Gri
d F
req
ue
ncy
(H
z)
Nominal frequency
Problem
Example of real system frequency event
± 0.10 Hz – Acceptable deviation
20/02/2014 22:38:49 49.345 Hz
![Page 13: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sample of frequency events - RoCoF
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
48.5
49.0
49.5
50.0
50.5
51.0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ro
Co
F (
Hz/
s)
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz)
Time (s)
Sample Low Frequency RoCoF (with quick Frequency Rise)
Frequency (Hz)
RoCoF (Hz/s)
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
48.5
49.0
49.5
50.0
50.5
51.0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ro
Co
F (
Hz/
s)
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz)
Time (s)
Sample High Frequency RoCoF (with quick Frequency Drop)
Frequency (Hz)
RoCoF (Hz/s)
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
48.5
49.0
49.5
50.0
50.5
51.0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ro
Co
F (
Hz/
s)
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz)
Time (s)
Sample Low Frequency RoCoF
Frequency (Hz)
RoCoF (Hz/s)
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
48.5
49.0
49.5
50.0
50.5
51.0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ro
Co
F (
Hz/
s)
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz)
Time (s)
Sample High Frequency RoCoF
Frequency (Hz)
RoCoF (Hz/s)
![Page 14: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
49.40
49.45
49.50
49.55
49.60
49.65
49.70
49.75
49.80
49.85
49.90
49.95
50.00
50.0510
:11:
57
10:1
2:0
6
10:1
2:1
5
10:1
2:2
4
10:1
2:3
3
10:1
2:4
2
10:1
2:5
1
10:1
3:0
0
10:1
3:0
9
10:1
3:18
10:1
3:2
7
10:1
3:36
10:1
3:4
5
10:1
3:54
10:1
4:0
3
10:1
4:1
2
10:1
4:2
1
10:1
4:3
0
10:1
4:3
9
10:1
4:4
8
10:1
4:5
7
10:1
5:0
6
10:1
5:15
10:1
5:2
4
10:1
5:33
10:1
5:4
2
10:1
5:51
10:1
6:0
0
10:1
6:0
9
10:1
6:1
8
10:1
6:2
7
10:1
6:3
6
10:1
6:4
5
10:1
6:5
4
10:1
7:0
3
10:1
7:12
10:1
7:2
1
10:1
7:30
10:1
7:39
10:1
7:4
8
10:1
7:57
10:1
8:0
6
10:1
8:1
5
10:1
8:2
4
10:1
8:3
3
10:1
8:4
2
10:1
8:5
1
10:1
9:0
0
10:1
9:0
9
10:1
9:1
8
10:1
9:2
7
PO
WE
R O
UT
PU
T (K
W)
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y (
HZ
)
Power (kW) Frequency (Hz)
Frequency threshold for full power output
Nominal frequency
On/OFF Load Changes
11/03/2014 10:12:44 – 10:16:43 Full power for 4 minutes
Event – rapid drop in frequency
Hybrid flywheel-battery response
Frequency recovery
Frequency drop
Frequency recovery
Simulated response of Hybrid flywheel-battery (160kW) to real grid event
Response of Hybrid flywheel-battery
![Page 15: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Actual Response to System Frequency Event
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
49.300
49.400
49.500
49.600
49.700
49.800
49.900
50.000
50.100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Po
wer
Ou
tpu
t (k
W)
Sys
tem
Fre
qu
en
cy (H
z)
17/07/2016 at 10:46:19.390
Frequency P:Flywheels P:Batteries
![Page 16: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Benefits of Dynamic Energy Storage - Modelled
• Model of Irish Grid developed by University of Limerick (Robert Lynch, Nathan Quill, Catherine Leninhan)
• Effect of battery energy storage under different scenarios
• Some examples of results under a scenario of insufficient Primary Operating Reserve from conventional synchronous generators
![Page 17: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Frequency Plot with Insufficient POR
![Page 18: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Frequency Plot with Insufficient POR
![Page 19: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Minimum Frequency with Insufficient POR
![Page 20: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Maximum RoCoF with Insufficient POR
![Page 21: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Effect of Battery Response Time
![Page 22: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Applications for Hybrid Energy Storage
• Dedicated System Service Facility • DS3 Market in Ireland
• EFR market in Great Britain
• Similar markets in other European countries and worldwide (JV in China, visit to Vietnam in April)
• Co-Location with existing/new build Conventional or Renewable Generator • Enhance performance of conventional plant
• Improve “firmness” of renewable plant
• Co-location with renewable generation and demand (large industrial customers or microgrids)
![Page 23: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Conclusions
• Integration of high levels of non-synchronous intermittent and unpredictable renewable generation onto the grid will require hybrid energy storage for • Load shifting, load balancing
• Grid stability
• Grid stability an issue already in Ireland and will become an issue across Europe as all countries reach high levels of non-synchronous plant
• A hybrid of flywheels and batteries has been demonstrated by Schwungrad to provide reliable rapid response to changes in system frequency
• EU policies on electricity markets, grid codes etc. must support and not hinder the roll-out of dynamic energy storage to stabilise the grids with increasing levels of renewable generation to allow the decarbonising of electricity
![Page 24: Flywheel- Battery Hybrid for Grid Stability€¦ · How Flywheel Energy Storage Works •Motor/generator spins a heavy flywheel which stores kinetic energy •Energy taken from grid](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062508/5feb38eceb36a1545c42f557/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Thank You