flowers and fruit. flower structure generalized flowers - 2 outer sets of sterile parts, 2 inner...
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Flowers and Fruit
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Flower Structure
• Generalized flowers - 2 outer sets of sterile parts, 2 inner sets of fertile parts
• Outer sterile part - sepals, collectively the calyx - may do photosynthesis, protect flower, usually like leaves in texture, protect bud - form outer covering of bud
• Next sterile part - petals - not like leaves in texture, usually not green, collectively called corolla - petalloid - petal like in appearance
• Both sepals and petals can be fused - so sepals joined together, petals joined together
• Perianth - calyx and corolla together - used when the two cannot be distinguished - sometimes sepals and petals are called tepals for perianth if very similar in appearance – like in Tulips
• If only one set of sterile parts, they are always called sepals; sometimes whole perianth is missing
• First fertile parts - stamens - male – androecium - Can be sterile and modified to look like petals
• Innermost fertile parts - pistils, female - gynoecium
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Yellow rose – many “petals” are actually modifiedsterile “petalloid” stamens
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Carpels and Ovaries
• Flowering plants always have enclosed ovary wrapped in a carpel - nonflowering plants don't - this is the vessel of the angiosperm
• Carpel is highly modified leaf - a simple pistil is one ovary
• Pistil may be made up of one carpel or several fused carpels
• Often the bottom part called the ovary, with stigma at top to receive pollen, style connects them - fused carpels may have separate style and stigma or they may all be fused
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Helleborus – five separate carpels
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Malus – crab apple – typical flower structure
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Plant Sexuality
• Monoecious - separate flowers for male and female both on one plant - corn
• Dioecious - male and female plants are separate - separate sexes - gingko
• Perfect flower - flower has stamens and carpels – bisexual flowers
• Imperfect flower - lacks either stamens or carpels - will be staminate or carpellate (pistillate)
• Complete - has sepals, petals, stamens and carpels• Incomplete - lacking one of the 4 main flower parts
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Complete and Incomplete Flowers
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Jatropha – monoecious but insect pollinatedFemale left, male right
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Dioecious - Holly
Female flower Male flower Berries on female
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Inflorescence terms
• Often flowers, especially small flowers, are gathered into a structure known as an inflorescence – an aggregation of flowers on a single flowering branch
• bract - more or less modified leaf that subtends flower or flower groups - bract can look like normal leaf
• bract can also look like petal - petalous - dogwoods have big white "petals" that are really petaloid bracts
• peduncle - stalk of cluster of flowers• pedicel - stalk of individual flower• petiole - leaf stalk
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Dogwood with petalloid leafy bracts
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Types of Inflorescence
1. indeterminant - youngest flower at apex - in theory could produce flowers forever - some may by fruiting while apex still flowering - include - racemes, panicle, spike, corymb, head, umbel, catkin
2. determinant - oldest flowers at apex - moving down younger flowers - cyme, scorpiod cyme
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Raceme
Larkspur
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Panicle
Panicum - switchgrass
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Spike – prairie blazing star
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Corymb
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Umbel
Wild parsnip Queen Anne’s Lace
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Sunflower – Composite headinflorescence
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Catkin
Alder catkin
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Scorpoid Cyme
Onosmodium
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Skunk cabbage inflorescence – a spathe and spadix
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Pollination syndromesamong the phloxes
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Magnolia – beetle pollinated
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Honeybee covered withpollen
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Scotch broom – bee pollinated
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Honeybeepollinatingbeebalm –Monarda sp.
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With visible light with UV light
Nectar guides for honeybees
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Cyrtid flypollinatinga composite
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Caralluma – carrion fly pollinated
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Erysimum – butterfly pollinated
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Episcia – moth pollinated
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Hummingbird pollination
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Ipomopsis aggregata – hummingbird pollinated
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Greater double-collared sunbird
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Proteus – pollinated by perching birds
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Bat Pollination
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Box elder – wind pollinated – female left, male right
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Wild oats – Whole plant
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Wild oat flower – close up
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Fruit Types
• A fruit may be defined as a matured ovary • There are two basic fruit types – dry or
fleshy. These types arise from the development of the pericarp
• The pericarp may become dry and these form dry fruits
• The pericarp may also become soft, thick and fleshy – and these form fleshy fruits
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Apples and Pears
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Violetflowertypes