flowering plants...cells and tissues of flowering plants •as in animals, a cell is the basic unit...
TRANSCRIPT
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Flowering Plants Structure and Organization
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The Plant Body
Shoot System
Root System
Vascular System for transporting water and food up and down
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Cells and Tissues of Flowering Plants
• As in animals, a cell is the basic unit of life. • A tissue is made of specialized cells that
perform a particular function. • An organ is a structure made from multiple
tissues.
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Plant Tissue Types
1. Meristematic tissue - site of growth in plant; origin of the other tissue types; apical meristems - site of primary growth; lateral meristems - site of secondary growth
2. Dermal tissue system - the outer protective covering of the plant
3. Ground tissue system - the inner supportive tissues of the plant – pith in herbaceous plants
4. Vascular tissue system - comprises the xylem and phloem - it is embedded within the ground tissue system – xylem forms wood in woody plants
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Primary Growth – Apical growth from meristems at the tips Secondary Growth – Lateral growth in width from vascular cambium meristem
Meristems – Growing Points
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1. Meristems - centers of cell division that produce new tissue of the plant body. Meristem cells divide, derivatives differentiate into other types of cells.
Stem Apex Root Apex
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Secondary growth - lateral growth in width Vascular cambium
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2. Dermal Tissue – outermost layers of the plant Cuticle – waxy outer layer Epidermis – outer cell layer Trichomes (Hairs) and Glands
Stomata – allow air passage, open and close, how plants breathe
Cuticle
Trichomes
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3. Ground Tissue – bulk of the plant, filler, storage functions • Parenchyma – thin walled
storage cells
• Collenchyma – flexible cells, in leaf petioles, bendable
• Sclerenchyma – toughened with lignin, hard, strong
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Collenchyma cells are involved in support, hick
primary cell walls. These are the "strings" inside of celery
Parenchyma cells are large and only have thin primary
cell walls. Notice the space between cells at the corners.
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Sclerenchyma – thick secondary wall strengthened with lignin, non-living at maturity Sclereids – short compact fibers. Stone cells from a pear, the grit that we feel when we eat a fresh pear. This cell is now dead. 'C' is where the living cell was. 'S' is showing secondary cell wall.
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Sclerenchyma – secondary wall strengthened with lignin Fibers - long and skinny sclerenchyma cells, tough, thick walls, dead at maturity, often grouped in bundles.
Fiber from a papyrus plant. These fibers allowed the Egyptians to make ropes, boats and paper from the papyrus plant.
Fibers in a vascular bundle of Helianthus (sunflower). Not thick walls, and bright red stain. This is a cross-section.
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4. Vascular Tissue - conducting tissues in plants
• Xylem – conduct water and minerals from soil throughout the plant. Wall strengthened with lignin. -Tracheids – long, tapered ends, pits in end walls -Vessel Elements – large, perforation plates in end
walls • Phloem – conduct sugar produced by photosynthesis
in leaves throughout the plant. Sieve elements (tubes and companion cells)
Are to plants what veins and arteries are to animals
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Xylem – Tracheids and Vessels conduct water
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Vessels and Tracheids in Wood
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Phloem conduct sugars up and down
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Fig. 38.14b
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Xylem and Phloem
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Xylem and Phloem in a Vascular Bundle
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Vegetative Organs
• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
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Roots
Taproot - dicots Fibrous Roots - monocots
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Root Hairs Root Structure
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Root Anatomy
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• Tissues of a eudicot root:
– Epidermis – Outer layer of root
– Cortex – Composed of parenchyma cells, allowing water and minerals movement
– Endodermis – Forms a boundary between cortex and inner vascular cylinder • Casparian strip
– Vascular Tissue – Contains xylem and phloem • Pericycle – Mitotically active
and is the starting point for development of branch or lateral roots
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• Monocot roots:
– Ground tissue of root’s pith is surrounded by vascular ring.
– Do not undergo secondary growth.
– They have pericycle, endodermis, cortex, and epidermis.
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Branching of Eudicot Root
28
New branch root originates from an inner layer, the pericycle
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Beets
Carrots
Radish
Root Crops
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Root Specializations
Food Storage sweet potato Prop roots corn Breathing, pneumatophores Bald cypress Epiphytes on trees, climbing Orchids
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Root Specialization
Nodules Rhizobium N-fixarion
Climbing Roots
Mycorrhizae
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Vegetative Organs
• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
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Fig. 38.25a
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Fig. 38.25b
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Vascular Bundle – xylem, phloem, fibers
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Vascular Bundles • Water and minerals transported up in xylem • Sugars transported down to roots or to fruits in
phloem
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Monocots and Eudicots
37
Stem Leaf Seed Root Flower
Mo
no
co
ts
Eu
dic
ots
One cotyledon in seed Root xylem and
phloem in a ring
Leaf veins form
a parallel pattern Flower parts in threes
and multiples of three
Root phloem between
arms of xylem
Leaf veins form
a net pattern
Flower parts in fours or
fives and their multiples Two cotyledons in seed
Vascular bundles
in a distinct ring
Vascular bundles
scattered in stem
Arrangement of bundles in the stem
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Herbaceous Eudicot Stem
38
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
epidermis
cortex
pith
100 µm
pith vascular cambium
collenchyma
parenchyma 50 µm
epidermis
phloem fiber
phloem xylem
24.15(left): © Ed Reschke; 24.15(right): © Ray F. Evert/University of Wisconsin, Madison
vascular
bundle
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Monocot Stem
39
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(Top): © CABISCO/Phototake; (Bottom): © Kingsley Stern
epidermis ground tissue
xylem phloem
ground tissue
(parenchyma)
air space
vessel element
companion cell
bundle sheath cells
sieve-tube member
vascular
bundle
24.16(top): © Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake; 24.16(bottom): © Kingsley Stern
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Stem Modifications
stolon
node
adventitious
roots
a. Stolon b. Rhizome c. Tuber d. Corm
adventitious roots
papery
leaves axillary
bud
corm
rhizome
rhizome
adventitious roots
axillary
bud
tuber
branch
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Primary Growth – Apical growth from shoot meristems at the tips Secondary Growth – Lateral growth in width from vascular cambium meristem
Growth in Stems – Primary and Secondary
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Stems: Secondary growth • Vascular cambium – meristem for lateral growth • Vascular tissue (xylem) makes up the bulk of the stem • Form tree rings
Cambium produces xylem to inside, phloem to outside
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Winter Twig External Structure
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Wood
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– Wood is secondary xylem that builds up year after year.
• Vascular cambium is dormant during winter.
• Annual ring is made up of spring wood and summer wood.
– Summer wood has a lower proportion of vessels than spring wood.
– In older trees, inner annual rings, called heartwood, no longer function in water transport.
Wood
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Growth Rings
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Dendrochronology – Study of Annual Growth Rings
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Vegetative Organs
• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
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– The leaf is the major part of the plant that carries on photosynthesis.
–Photosynthesis requires water, carbon dioxide, and sun.
• Foliage leaves are usually broad and thin.
– Blade – Wide portion of foliage leaf
– Petiole – Stalk attaching blade to stem
– Leaf Axil – Upper acute angle between petiole and stem where the axillary bud is found
• Tendrils – Leaves that attach to objects
• Bulbs – Leaves that store food
Leaves
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Leaves
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Pinnately compound leaf
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Cross section through a leaf
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Leaf Structure
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Stomata
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Leaf Modification
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End