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Florence Nightingale 1820-1910 NURS 324 Fall 2012 A presentation by Sara Anderson, Cristin Barnaby, Sherry Brabon and Stephanie Olson

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Introduction Crimean War Increased rate of illness in her facility Investigation found standing sewage under hospital Beginning of public health

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Introduction continued Training was focused on: health promotion disease prevention research ethics safe work conditions multi-disciplinary approach nursing autonomy

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Introduced ethical principle 'do no harm' Taught basic hygiene practices Encouraged environmental sanitation Advocated for infection control by promoting sterilization and isolation Introduced evidence-based health care (Letizia, 2012) Pioneer in Nursing

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Florence Nightingale believed the foundations of good health were: 1.Decent housing 2.Clean water and air 3.Good nutrition 4.Safe Childbirth 5.Good childcare (McDonald, 2007)

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Philosophic Views Client centered with a holistic approach. Biological Psychological Social (Dossey, 2005)

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Nightingale believed that nursing interventions and actions could meet, resolve and alleviate the needs and problems of the clients. ( Nightingale, 1860)

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Theory Assumptions Natural laws Mankind can achieve perfection Nursing is a calling Nursing is an art and a science Nursing is achieved through environmental alteration Nursing requires specialized education Nursing is distinct and separate from medicine (Selanders, 2010)

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Environmental Adaptation Theory Nightingale observed that healing and health could not occur in poor environments. "Environment could be altered to improve conditions so that the natural laws would allow healing to occur." - Florence Nightingale ( Selanders, 2010)

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Environmental Theory Continued... * Ventilation and warming* Variety * Light* Chattering hopes and advices * Noise* Taking food - What food? * Cleanliness of rooms * Petty management * Health of houses* Observation of the sick * Bed and bedding * Personal cleanliness These are referred to as Nightingale's 13 Canons(Nightingale, 1860)

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Nursing Paradigms Nightingale's documents contain her philosophical assumptions and beliefs which regard all elements that are found in the metaparadigm of nursing. (Selanders LC, 2010)

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Four Global Concepts 1.Nursing: o Nursing is the "activities that promote health (as outline in canons) which occur in any caregiving situation. They can be done by anyone." (Nightingale, 1860) o Extended outside of hospital and into environmental settings (Chitty & Black, 2011) 2. Person: o People are composed of biological, psychological, social and spiritual components. All these components affect the patient and how they will achieve health.

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Global Concepts Continued 3. Health: o Health was focused on "not only to be well, but to be able to use well every power we have." (Nightingale, 1860) 4. Environment: o 13 canons influence o Poor or difficult environments led to poor health and disease o Environment could be altered to improve conditions so that the natural laws would allow healing to occur

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Nightingale's Theory & Nursing Practice Nightingale's philosophy is influenced around the the effects of the environment and how it relates to the patient's health or recovery of their illness.

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Consequences More focus on physical factors rather than on psychological needs Current practice understands the psychological needs required for health

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First of Her Kind Informed Observation Innovative and Reflective o Kept Journals o Developed Practice o Defined the Profession Completely Unique

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Influences on her Theory Observations o Crimean War Soldiers Metaparadigm of Nursing o Person and Health o Environment and Nursing (Chitty 305-306)

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Author of Global Concepts Human Being Environment Health Nursing

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Broad Spectrum Environmental Theory in ALL Settings Holistic Nursing Are YOU Interested in Learning More About Holistic Nursing? Are YOU Interested in Learning More About Holistic Nursing?

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How Can I Use This Theory? Focus on Health Observe Your Patient Collaborate with a Multidisciplinary Team Intersectoral Collaboration Take Action! (Arseneault,26)

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Case Study Nightingale placed great value on altering the environment to promote health. What are some current issues where Nightingales theory may be applied? Explain.

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References Arseneault, A.-M. (2011, Winter). Florence Nightingale's beliefs and Primary Health Care (PHC). Info Nursing, 42(3), 25+. Retrieved from http://0- go.galegroup.com.libcat.ferris.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7C A276353110&v=2.1&u=lom_ferrissu&it=r&p=AONE&sw =w Chitty, K. & Black, B.(2011). Professional nursing: concepts & challenges. Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders Elsevier Dossey, B. (2005). Florence Nightingale and holistic nursing. NSNA Imprint, Feb/March 2005, 56-58. Retrieved from: http://www.nsna.org/Portals/0/Skins/NSNA/pdf/Imprint_F ebMar05_feature_Nightingale.pdf

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Letizia, Marilo. (2012). Infection prevention and control, starting with Flo. MedSurg Nursing, 19(6), 315-316. Retrieved from: http://0- go.galegroup.com.libcat.ferris.edu/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCoun tType=None&sort=DA- SORT&prodId=ITOF&tabID=T002&subjectParam=Q1&resul tListType=RESULT_LIST&searchId=R1&displaySubject=Nig htingale%2C+Florence&searchType=SubjectGuideForm&co ntentSegment=&currentPosition=16&subjectAction=VIEW_S UBDIVISIONS&searchQueryId=Q1&inPS=true&userGroupN ame=lom_ferrissu&contentSet=GALE%7CA246717209&&d ocId=GALE|A246717209&docType=GALE&role= McDonald, L. (2007). The collected works of Florence Nightingale. Retrieved from: http://www.uoguelph.ca/~cwfn/nursing/theory.html References

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Nightingale, F. (1860). Notes on nursing: What it is and what it is not. London: Harrison. Retrieved from: http://books.google.com/books?id=YxIDAAAAQAAJ&printse c=frontcover&dq=Notes+on+Nursing#v=onepage&q=Notes %20on%20Nursing&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=YxIDAAAAQAAJ&printse c=frontcover&dq=Notes+on+Nursing#v=onepage&q=Notes %20on%20Nursing&f=false Selanders, L.C. (2010). The power of environmental adaptation: Florence Nightingale's original theory for nursing practice. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 28(1), 81-89. doi: 10.1177/089801010936025 7 Theory of Florence Nightingale. (2012). Retrieved from: http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Florence_Nighting ale_theory.html