1. Flood ManagementDr. Kailash GuptaM. Tech. (Disaster Assessment & Mitigation) class, November 12, 2013Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 1

2. Outline Significance of Flood Management Types of Floods Causes of Floods Vulnerability to Floods in India Effect of Floods Flood Management Plan Flood Forecasting and Warning Flood Mitigation Case Studies References27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 2 3. Significance of Flood Management Floods always have been constant companion of humanity Increasing trend of hydro-metrological disasters in numbers, intensity,and complexity ~ 75% of deaths and property damages occur due to hydro-metrologicaldisasters internationally ~ 75% deaths occur due to drawing in floods internationally ~ 75% deaths due to disasters occur in South-East Asia Disasters have political significance, i.e. creation of Bangladesh India is one of the most flood prone countries of the world27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 3 4. Significance of Flood Management (Cont.) In India on an average 1,588 people died, 3 cr. affected, 12 lakhhouses damaged, and Rs. 1805 cr. loss per year during 1953 to 2005 Article 21 of the constitution, No person shall be deprived of his life .. .27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 4 5. Flood A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is normallydry Periodic floods occur on many rivers, forming a surrounding regionknown as the flood plain.27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 5 6. Types of FloodsAreal (rainfall related) Floods can happen on flat or low-lying areas when the ground issaturated and water either cannot run off or cannot run off quicklyenough to stop accumulating. Floods can also occur if water falls on an impermeable surface, suchas concrete, paving or frozen ground, and cannot rapidly dissipateinto the ground.Riverine The increase in flow may be the result of sustained rainfall, rapidsnow melt, monsoons, or tropical cyclones. Localized flooding may be caused or exacerbated by drainageobstructions such as landslides, ice, or debris.27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 6 7. Types of Floods (Cont.)Flash floodsOccur due to intense thunderstorms or sudden release from anupstream impoundment created behind a dam, landslide, or glacier.Snow-melt floodsMonsoon floodsCyclone floodsFloods due to dam burst/ failureUrban floods27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 7 8. Causes of Floods Heavy rainfall Inadequate capacity of rivers to carry the high flood discharge Inadequate drainage to carry away the rainwater quickly to stream /rivers Ice jams or landslides blocking streams Cyclones Poor permeability of the soil Dam (including gate opening), levees, retention ponds, or any waterretaining structure breakage High accelerated snow melting27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 8 9. Causes of Floods (Cont.) Highly silted river system Steep and highly erodible mountains Monsoon concentration in June Sept. Unusual high tides Tsunamis Exceeding of water flow rate compared to the capacity of the riverchannel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 9 10. Vulnerability to Floods in India 23 out of 35 states and union territories are vulnerable to floods Major flood prone states are Assam, Bihar, West Bengal, UP, andOrissa Major flood prone basins are Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Mahanadi 40 m hectares, constituting 12% of land in India is vulnerable tofloods and river erosion Women and children are more vulnerable to floods Most deaths occur due to drowning (Govt. of India, 2012)27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 10 11. Effects of FloodsPrimary Effects Loss of life Infrastructure damage, including buildings, bridges,sewerage systems, transport, and electricity facilities, that affectrelief, communication, and drinking water Agriculture Water born diseasesSecondary and Long-term Effects Post-traumatic stress disorder Livelihood27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 11 12. Flood Management Plan Flood management means methods to reduce or prevent the detrimentaleffects of flood National Flood Control Program started in 1954 Flood Management Program of Ministry of Water Resources, GOI is toassist states for river management, flood control, anti-erosion, drainagedevelopment, flood proofing, restoration of damaged flood managementworks, and anti-sea erosion XI Plan (2007-12) had 406 schemes in 19 states with outlay of Rs. 8,000 crs.and 80% funding by GOI. Rs. 7,575 invested Recommendation for XII Plan, Rs 16,000 crs. Central Water Commission is the nodal agency Indian Metrological Department ISRO - sensors platform, provide satellite data, monitors real-time impactof extreme weather, R&D for improvement. Flood inundation mapping toMHA and states. In 2013, 109 maps were created27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 12 13. Flood Management Plan (Cont.) Annual Conference of Relief Commissioners/ Secretaries of DisasterManagement of States/ UTs to Review States of Preparedness forSouth-West Monsoon. This is year it was on May 14, 2013, in VigyanBhawan, New Delhi In Rajasthan, CM chairs a (Video) conference with Secretaries ofrelevant departments and Collectors In Rajasthan districts, Flood Control Cells are created during monsoon In Jaipur, Flood Control Cells were created at Banipark, Ghat Gate, andMansorver with sandbags, labor, mud pumps (12), earth-movingequipment. Officers were posted round the clock27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 13 14. Flood Forecasting and Warning Indian Metrological Department forecasts rains District level forecasts on the webpage for all 604 districts, includingthunder storm warning Every Friday 2 week qualitative outlook 215 cities forecast for 7 days Weather warning 3 days in advance 15 Doppler weather radars are used, one of them at Jaipur 10 Flood Metrological Offices27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 14 15. Flood Forecasting and Warning (Cont.) CWC started flood forecasting in 1958 About 6,000 flood forecasts issued during monsoon every year 166 Flood Forecasting Centers of CWC (134 level forecasting & 32inflow forecasting) Flood forecast and warning dissemination on http://india-water.gov.in, apart from special messengers, telephone, Fax, wireless,emails, SMS, and media IMD claims rain forecast is 95% accurate CWC claim flood forecasting is 98% accurate (forecast water level is within 15 cm ofactual water level of the inflow forecast and is within 20% of actual discharge) Then why 1,588 people die every year due to floods?27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 15 16. Flood Mitigation National Flood Risk Mitigation Project This project aims to mitigateconsequences of floods by improving capacity for effectivepreparedness, promptness in response and to assess the risk andvulnerabilities associated with floods (Government of India, 2011. p. 25). NDMAto prepare DPR27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 16 17. Flood Mitigation: Structural MeasuresShort Term Inspection and maintenance of structures, embankments, and floodwalls Channel improvement Drainage clearance Diversion of flood water27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 17 18. Flood Mitigation: Structural Measures (cont.)Long Term Adequate no. of raised platforms and shelters with amentias Dams and reservoirs Embankments, flood walls, sea walls Natural detention basins Channel improvement Drainage improvement Diversion of flood water Flood-safe public utility installations27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 18 19. Flood Mitigation: Non-structural MeasuresShort Term Insurance cover Public awareness about health problems and illnessLong Term National Flood Atlas has been prepared by the CWC Flood forecasting model of the Godavri Basin prepared and real-timesimulation is done Flood plain zoning Removal of human encroachments from flood plains Depopulating the flood plains Afforestation27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 19 20. Flood Mitigation: Non-structural Measures (Cont.) Early warning Rainfall forecast with place, time, and intensity for stakeholders totake preparedness measures Availability of forecast with ability to action by public. Last-mileconnectivity Coordination mechanism within states with CWC, IMD, ISRO . . . Public awareness Professional training Floodplain Management Association, US has certificate program In US all flood plains have been mapped. In US it is compulsory to take flood insurance for mortgage27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 20 21. Case Studies 1981 Jaipur Amanisha Nalah flood 2004 Tsunami - floods 2005 Vadodara floods 2005 Mumbai floods 2006 Barmer floods 2013 Uttarakhand floods27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 21 22. References Central Water Commission. (May 2013). Flood forecasting and warning mechanism. Presentation at the AnnualConference of Relief Commissioners/ Secretaries of Disaster Management of States/ UTs to Review Statesof Preparedness for South-West Monsoon. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs Govt. of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. (2008). National disaster management guidelines: Management of floods.New Delhi: Author Govt. of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. (2011). State level programmes for strengthening disaster management inIndia: Initiatives by Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI. New Delhi: Author Govt. of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. (2012). Disaster management in India. New Delhi: Author Gupta, A. K. (June 2013). Floods: causes, consequences and management. Presentation at the State LevelWorkshop on Flood Management. Jaipur: HCM Rajasthan State Institute of Public Administration Indira Gandhi National Open University. (2005). Understanding natural disasters. MPA-001. New Delhi:Author Kaushik, A. D. (2012). Flood risk mitigation and management: A training of trainers (TOT) module. NewDelhi: National Institute of Disaster Management Yadav, B. P. (May 2013). Forecasting of Southwest monsoon 2013, cyclone warning services and IMDs futureplans for enhancement of its forecasting capabilities. Presentation at the Annual Conference of ReliefCommissioners/ Secretaries of Disaster Management of States/ UTs to Review States ofPreparedness for South-West Monsoon. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs27-Sep-14 Gupta, Flood Management, MNIT, Jaipur 22