A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

NUCLEUS

Cell Membrane

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

Promoter Region

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T

T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

Promoter Region

Start Codon

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T

T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

Promoter Region

RNA Polymerase

STOP

RNA Polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it.

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T

T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

Promoter Region

Coding Region

STOP

RNA Polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T

T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

Promoter Region

STOP

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T

T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

Promoter Region

A U G C A U C G A

STOP

RNA Polymerase reads DNA and creates RNA

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T

T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

Promoter Region

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C

STOP

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T

T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

Promoter Region

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A U C C

STOP

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T

T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

Promoter Region

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A U C C A U C G A U

STOP

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T

T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C G T A

Promoter Region

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A U C C A U C G A U A G G C A U

STOP

A T G C A T C G A T A G G C A T C C A T C G A T A G G C A T

T A C G T A G C T A T C C G T A G G T A G C T A T C C A C T

Promoter Region

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

STOP

RNA Polymerase hits stop codon and releases mRNA

NUCLEUS

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

CYTOPLASMmRNA

NUCLEUS

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

CYTOPLASM

NUCLEUS

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

CYTOPLASM

NUCLEUS

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

CYTOPLASMmRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

NUCLEUS

Cell Cytoplasm

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

NUCLEUS

Cell Cytoplasm

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C

A U C C A U C G A U A G G U

G A

NUCLEUS

Cell CytoplasmA U

G C A U

C G A U

A G G

C

A U C C A U

C G A U

A G G

U

G A

NUCLEUS

Cell Cytoplasm

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C

A U C C A U C G A U A G G U

G A

NUCLEUS

Cell Cytoplasm

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C

A U C C A U C G A U A G G U

G A

NUCLEUS

Cell Cytoplasm

A U

G

C A

U C

G A

U A

G G

C

A U

C C

A U

C G

A U

A G

G U

G A

NUCLEUS

Cell Cytoplasm

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

mRNA Strand

NUCLEUS

Cytoplasm

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

RIBOSOME

rRNA forms ribosome

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

mRNA Strand

mRNA binds to the ribosome and starts to read.

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

tRNA proof read mRNA and transforms amino acids

Anti-Codon

Amino AcidMET

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

Amino acids attached to tRNA bind with peptide bonds

Peptide Bonds

MET His Arg

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G U A A

U A C G U A G C U A U C A A U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G G C A

U A C G U A G C U A U C C G U

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME

A U G C A U C G A U A G U A A

U A C G U A G C U A U C A U U

STOP

Ribosome hits stop codon and completes protein

MET His Arg Trp STOP

RIBOSOME mRNA Strand

mRNA binds to the ribosome and starts to read.

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

RIBOSOME

tRNA proof read mRNA and transforms amino acids

Anti-Codon

Amino AcidSER

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

RIBOSOME

IIe

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER IIe

RIBOSOME

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER IIe

RIBOSOME

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER IIe

RIBOSOME

IIe

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

Amino acids attached to tRNA bind with peptide bonds

Peptide Bonds

IIe Asp

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

RIBOSOME

STOP

Ribosome hits stop codon and completes protein

IIe Asp Arg STOP

U C C A U C G A U A G G U G A

A G G U A G C U A U C C A C U

SER

Amino Acids form Protein

HisArg Trp

STOPMet

SER

IIe Asp Arg

STOP