1

;+3Lo ;+;b

/fli6«o ;ef

kfFrf}+ clwj]zg

sfo{jfxLsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f

!( df3 @)&^

cfOtaf/

-a}7s ;ª\Vof—!@_

/fli6«o ;efsf] cfhsf] a}7s ;DdfggLo cWoIf >L u0f]z k|;fb ltldlN;gfsf]

cWoIftfdf cfOtaf/ laxfgsf] !!M)) ah] k|f/De eof] .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, /fli6«o ;efsf] cfhsf] a}7ssf]

sfo{jfxL k|f/De x'G5 .

dfggLo ;b:ox¿ ljz]if ;dodf af]Ngsf] nflu bnLo cfwf/df dfggLo

;b:ox¿sf] gfd k|fKt ePsf] 5 . d dfggLo ;b:ox¿nfO{ af]Ng ;do pknAw

u/fpF5' .

dfggLo hLjg a'9f . ;do & ldg]6 . o;kl5 dfggLo /d]z h+u /fodfemL .

dfggLo hLjg a'9f . dfggLo hLjg a'9f .

dfggLo /d]z h+u /fodfemL . ;do & ldg]6 .

dfggLo >L /d]z h+u /fodfemL -g]kfnL sfFu|];_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo,

laut w]/} jif{b]lv cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf lrlsT;sx¿sf] hgzlQmnfO{ pTkfbg

ug{sf] nflu MD Resident cWoog lgz'Ns USMLE sf] k/LIff lnO{ ljBfyL{ Ifdtf j[l4

x]/L egf{ l;6x¿ ldnfPsf] lyof] cd]l/sg ;/sf/n] . clxn] cfP/ Tof] ljBfyL{x¿

2

lautdf Tof] k/LIff kf; ug{sf] nflu tLg j6f Exam x¿ lbg' kb{5 . # j6f Exam

x¿ kf; ul/;s]kl5 dfq tL ljBfyL{x¿ sl/a–sl/a @ jif{ k5fl8 Tof] cWoogsf]

nflu cd]l/sf hfg kfpg] Joj:yf cd]l/sg ;/sf/n] u/]sf] 5 . To;} l;nl;nfnfO{

lnP/ clxn] :jf:Yo dGqfnon] Statement of need sf] h'g :jLs[lt lbg' kg]{ lyof], h'g

le;fsf] nflu clxn] :jf:Yo dGqfnon] /f]Ssf u/]sf] b]lvof] . cfh :jf:Yo dGqLHo"sf]

klg pkl:ylt /x]5, ;bgdf To;sf/0f o;df ljz]if u/]/ Wofg hfcf];\ / ljBfyL{x¿

hf] lrlsT;s If]qdf sfd ug{ rfxG5g\ . cd]l/sfdf uP/ pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]/

To;af6 7"nf] experience lnP/ ef]ln of] b]zdf kmls{g klg ;Snfg\, gkmls{g klg

;Snfg\ . t/ d Pp6f pbfx/0f klg lbg rfxG5\, s'g} a]nf g]kfndf cd]l/sfsf] /fhb't

rfOgf d'n'ssf] dfG5] cd]l/sfsf] /fhb't eP/ cfpg' ePsf] lyof], h'lgofemfª\ Ans .

/ xfd|f] g]kfnL gkms]{ klg p;n] ;+;f/e/ ef]ln gf;fb]lv cGo sfd ug]{ If]qdf kfof]

eg] cfkm\gf] gfd /fVg ;SYof], g]kfn b]zsf] gfd /fVg ;SYof], klxrfg ug{ ;SYof] .

Tof] eg]/ clxn] kmls{b}gg\, logsf] s] cfjZos 5, gkmls{g] hgzlQm tof/ u/]/ eGg]

vfnsf] :jf:Yo dGqnfoaf6 To:tf] vfnsf] hjfkm cfof] eg]/ cfO/x]sf] 5 . clxn]

h'g 5, ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lbg' kg]{ le;fsf] nflu :jLs[t lbg' kg]{ :jf:Yo dGqfnon] lr7L

lbg' kg]{ 5, To;sf] nflu ;/sf/sf] Wofg hfcf];\ eg]/ eGg rfxG5' . Pp6f ljBfyL{n]

cfkm\gf] eljZo ;'lglZrt ug{sf] nflu u/]sf d]xgtx¿ w]/} jif{ k|of; u/]/ Tof] 7fpFdf

k'Ug ;S5 . Tof] 7fpFdf k'Ugsf] nflu xfd|f] k|wfgdGqLHo"n], g]kfnLn] df}sf kfof] eg]

u5{ eGg'x'GYof] Tof] df}sf lsg /f]Sg] xfdLn] < of] Pp6f df}sf xf] lg t . lgz'Nsdf,

k};f klg ltg'{ kb}{g . xfdL cfkm} uP/ cd]l/sfdf 8S6/L k9\g klg ;Sb}gf}F . xfd|f] Tof]

Ifdtf klg 5}g . 8S6/ k9\g w]/} 7"nf] k};f vr{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] bzf}F s/f]8f}F ?k}ofF vr{

x'G5 . Tof] 7fpFdf g]kfnLn] k9\g kfO/x]sf] 5 eg] Tof] df}sfaf6 al~rt ug]{ sfd

;/sf/n] gu/f];\ eGg rfxG5' . ljBfyL{x¿ clxn] cGof}ndf 5g\, tL ljBfyL{x¿ .

cleefjsx¿ cGof}ndf 5g\ . b'O{ xhf/eGbf a9L ljBfyL{x¿ 5g\, To;df . ef]ln of]

Pp6f O:o'sf] ¿kdf cfP/ ef]ln ;8sdf lg:sg], tL ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm\gf] eljio

;'lglZrt ePg eg]/ cfTdbfx ug]{;Dd cj:yf uof] eg] s] x'G5 <

xfdLn] cfkm\gf] hgzlQm tof/ ug{sf] nflu /fHosf]] s'g} klg nufgL geOsg

o;/L Pp6f cj;/ kfpFbfv]l/ of] cj;/af6 al~rt u/fpg] sfd ;/sf/n] gu/f];\

eGg rfxG5' . lxhf] km]l/ o;}sf] nflu :jf:Yo dGqfnon] l;kmfl/; lbO/x]sf] lyof] .

cfh /f]ls/fv]sf] 5 . /f]Sg' kg]{ sf/0f 7Ls 5 eGg] ;/sf/nfO{ nfUof] eg] ;"rgf lbg'

k¥of] lg . # jif{, $ jif{sf] ;"rgf lbg'k¥of] . # jif{, $ jif{ k5fl8 ca of] rLh ul/b}g

x} . o;df ;/sf/n] of] sbd rfNg nfu]sf] 5, /f]Ssf ug'{ kg]{ eg]/ eGg' kg]{ 7fpFdf

Tof] l:ylt gePsf] sf/0fn] ljz]if u/]/ cfh :jf:Yo dGqLsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf]n] o;df

ljz]if u/]/ Wofg lbOof];\ eg]/ Wofgfsif{0f ug{ rfxG5' . ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg

rfxG5' .

3

csf]{, clxn] ljZjdf 7"nf] rrf{ / cftÍsf] ¿kdf k'u]sf] 5, of] sf]/gf efO/; .

o;sf] ljifodf rLgsf] x'jfO k|fGtaf6 z'? ePsf] . cfh ToxfF rLgdf !@ xhf/

dfG5]x¿ of] /f]u ;+qmd0fdf 5g\ / @%( hgf lxhf];Dd, rfOgfdf tL dfG5]x¿sf] d[To'

eO;s]sf] 5, of] /f]uaf6 . nueu cem} % xhf/ dfG5]eGbf dflysf] ;ª\VofnfO{ zª\sf

ul/Psf] 5 / nueu @) xhf/ dfG5] of] /f]uaf6 u|l;t ePsf] cj:yfdf xfdL xfd|f]

Po/kf]6{df clxn] ljb]zaf6 cfpg], ljz]if u/]/ clxn] rfO{gfaf6 cfpg] / cGo b]zaf6

cfpg]nfO{ klg xfdLn] s;/L x]l//x]sf 5f}F < xfd|f] xfd|f] b]z, xl:k6nsf] b]z / ko{6g

dGqfnon] Po/kf]6{df tL h'g Po/kf]6{df cfpg] ofqLx¿ 5g\, Visit Nepal, 2020 sf]

gfddf, /f]unfO{ xfdLn] leq k;fpg] sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g . of] Visit Nepal, 2020 ePg eg]

2021 u/f}Fnf, 2022 u/f}Fnf t/ h'g /f]u cfof] h;sf] cfh lgjf/0f, rLgn], ;+;f/n] of]

s'g hgfj/ / s'g r/faf6 ;¥of] kQf nufpg g;ls/x]sf] cj:yfdf o;nfO{ Jojl:yt

ug'{ kb{5, a]n}df . ef]ln oxfF xfdL;Fu /x]sf] xfd|f] h'g hgzlQm 5, lrlsT;s hgzlQm

of] zlQmn] xfd|f] pkrf/ x'g g;Sg] cj:yf x'g ;S5 . g]kfnLx¿n], s0ff{nLsf

g]kfnLx¿n] slt k6s l;6fdf]n gkfP/ t d/]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] of] efO/n cfof] eg]

xfd|f] cj:yf s] x'G5 < To;}n] ;/sf/ otflt/ ;r]t xf];\ eg]/ eGg rfxG5' . nueu

clxn] @) b]]lv @% j6f b]zdf of] /f]u km}ln;s]sf] 5 . $) j6f b]zn] clxn] rLgsf]

xjfO{ dfu{ aGb ul/;s]sf] 5 . xfd|f] klg cfjZos k¥of] eg] rLgnfO{ clxn] of] s'/fdf

/f]Sg' kg]{ rLg;Fu cg'/f]w ug'{ kg]{ h;/L xfdLn] clxn] /;'jfsf] af]8{/df !% lbgsf]

nflu /f]s]sf 5f}F, To;/L g} /f]Sg' kg]{ xf] ls eg]/ ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg

rfxG5' . wGojfb . ho g]kfn .

kL7fl;gM dfggLo pkfWoIf >L zlzsnf bfxfn .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo rqm k|;fb :g]xL . ;do % ldg]6 . o;kl5

dfggLo a[if]z rGb| nfn .

dfggLo rqm k|;fb :g]xL -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo

cWoIfHo", d 88]nw'/f lhNnfsf] cfn6fn ufpFkflnsf g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ g]skfsf

ufpF kf6L{ sldl6 cWoIf 1fg]Gb| k|;fb hf]zLnfO{ oxL !& ut]sf lbg lbgsf] !!M))

ah]lt/ cfkfltt ;d"xn] d's'08f]wf/L ;d"xn] pxfFnfO{ ckx/0f u/L d/0ff;Gg x'g] u/]/

s'6]sf] 5 / pgsf] clxn] sf7df8f}+sf] l6lrË xl:k6ndf pgsf] pkrf/ eO/x]sf] 5 .

pkrf/df ;+nUg 8fS6/sf cg';f/ pxfFsf] afofF v'§fsf] 3'8fFsf] dfgf km'6]/ tLg 6'qmf

ePsf] 5 . d}n] ;/sf/;Fu cg'/f]w ug{ rfxG5' ls g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] nf]slk|otf

To;sf] dfu{bz{s l;4fGt / To;sf] nf]slk|otfdf olb s'g} ck/flws ;d"xnfO{ hng

x'G5 eg] p;n] ;fª\u7flgs / ;}4flGts 5nkmndf axz u/f];\ ls p;n] s'g} kf6L{sf]

4

sfo{qmd ToxfF j8f sldl6sf] a}7s lyof], a}7sdf lxl8/x]sf Tof] ufpFkflnsfsf

cWoIfdfly ;fª\3flts xdnf u5{ eg] g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -g]skf_ klg xftdf bxL

hdfO/xg] kl/l:ylt x'g ;Sb}g . o;f] ePsf] x'gfn] d ;/sf/nfO{ / ;DalGwt

dGqfnosf dGqLhL klg oxfF pkl:yt x'g'x'G5 . pgsf] zL3| :jf:Yo nfesf] sfdgf

ug{ rfxG5' / g]kfn ;/sf/n] of] cfkfltt ;d"x . s'g} klg ;d"xn] clxn];Dd lhDdf

lnO/x]sf 5}gg\ . of] ;fª\3flts xdnf u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] pkrf/sf] lglDt ;DalGwt

dGqfnon] Wofg k'¥ofcf];\ / pgsf] z/L/df h'g lsl;dsf 8fdx¿ 5g\ . h'g

lsl;dsf rf]6x¿ 5g\ . o;sf] lgldQ ;/sf/n] ;dodf g} pxfFsf] pkrf/ / cfjZos

kxn sbdL a9fcf];\ eGg rfxG5' . o;/L s'g} kf6L{sf] a}7sdf lxl8/x]sf], Pp6f

kf6L{sf] ;ª\u7g k|d'vdfly of] /fi6«df o;/L ;fª\3flts xdnf x'G5, lbg bfx8} dfG5]

s'l6G5 eg] s] ef]ln s'g kl/l:ylt cfpg ;S5 < To;f] ePsf] x'gfn] d cfx\jfg ug{

rfxG5' d ;/sf/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' ls olb oxL kl/l:ylt /lx/x\of]

88]nw'/f lhNnfsf] Tof] leqL dw]zdf lxhf] klg g]skfsf] afx'Notf ePsf] 7fpF / clxn]

klg g]skfsf] nf]slk|otfb]lv s'g} ;d"xnfO{ olb 8fxf x'G5, O{iof{ x'G5 eg] ;fª\u7lgs

/ ;}4flGts axzdf 5nkmn lncf];\ . o;sf lgldQ kf6L{ tof/ 5 xf]Og eg] xftdf

bxL hdfP/ al;/xg' kg]{ kl/l:ylt x'g ;Sb}g . xfd|f] klg w}o{tfsf] afw km'6\5 /

;fª\3flts xdnf ug{ ToxfFsf] kf6L{ sldl6 klg cufl8 a9\g] kl/l:ylt x'Fbf d

;/sf/nfO{ oyf]lrt pgsf] pkrf/ / cfjZos u[x dGqfnon] cfjZos vfgtnf;L

u/L lgh bf]ifLdfly ;Qm sf/afxLsf] k|f];]; cuf8 a9fcf];\ egL cWoIf dfkm{t\

;/sf/sf] Wofg cfsif{0f ug{ rfxG5' . x;\ wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo j[if]z rGb| nfn . ;do % ldg]6 . o;kl5

dfggLo ldgf a'9f .

dfggLo j[if]z rGb| nfn -/fli6«o hgtf kf6L{_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo,

lkhg xndf k//fi6« dGqfnoaf6 dfggLo k//fi6« dGqLsf] x:tfIf/ ;lxt hfgsf/Lsf]

nflu k]z ul/Psf] elgb} g]kfn / hgjfbL u0ftGq rLg ;/sf/aLr ;DkGg ePsf]

l;df Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] @)&^

c;f]h !& ut]sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ @)&^ c;f]h @^ df o;df x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] .

;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf !) cg';f/ o;nfO{ hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;+;bdf k]z ul/Psf]

elgPsf] 5 . ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo" g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @&( df ;lGw jf

;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . o;} wf/fsf]

pkwf/f -!_ n] of] sfo{ ;+3Lo sfg"gåf/f x'g] elgPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -@_ n] -s_

zflGt / d}qL -v_ ;'/Iff Pjd\ ;fdfl/s ;DaGw -u_ g]kfn /fHosf] l;dfgf / -3_

k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf To;sf] pkof]usf] afF8kmfF6 ;DaGwL ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg

5

;lDdng :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g ubf{ ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o

;ª\Vofsf] b'O{ tLxfO ax'dtn] ug'{ kg]{ :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @&( sf]

pkwf/f @ n] o;} pkwf/fsf] v08 -s_ / -3_ df pNn]lvt ljifo ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfn]

/fi6«nfO{ Jofks uDeL/ jf bL3{sfnLg c;/ gkg]{ ;fwf/0f k|s[ltsf] ;lGw jf

;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g k|ltlglw ;efsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt

;b:ox¿sf] ;fwf/0f ax'dtaf6 x'g ;Sg] eg]sf] 5 . ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, :ki6

5 ;'/Iff / ;fdl/s ;DaGw jf g]knf /fHosf] l;dfgf;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg ;lGw jf

;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg ;Dd]ng :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] tTsfn sfd /x]sf]

;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] b'O{ tLxfO ax'dtn] ug'{ kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5 . lsgeg]

g]kfnn] hgjfbL u0ftGq rLg ;/sf/aLr ;DkGg ePsf] l;df Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL

;DaGwL ;Demf}tf g]kfnsf] l;dfgf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf] cg'df]bg ;Dd]ng :jLs[lt

jf ;dy{g ;+3Lo ;+;baf6} x'g' kg]{ xf] . ;lGw P]g,@)$& sf] bkmf, !) sf] Joj:yf

cg';f/ k]z ul/Psf] elgPsf] o; P]gsf] bkmf !) jf bkmf ^ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n]

:jLsf/ u/]sf ;lGwx¿sf] ;"rgf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7s a;]sf] Ps dlxgfleq

hfsf/Lsf] nflu ;+;bdf k]z ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . P]gsf] bkmf ^ df bkmf $ jf

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @&( sf] pkwf/df pNn]v ePsf ljifosf ;lGwx¿ afx]s cGo

h'g;'s} ljifosf ;lGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oaf6 x:tfIf/ ul/;s]kl5 To:tf]

;lGwdf g]kfn jf g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf ePsf] jf To:tf] ;lGw :jLs[lt ePsf] dflgg] 5

elgPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ g]kfnsf] l;dfgf ;DaGwL s'g} klg ;lGw ;Demf}tf ;+;bnfO{

hfgsf/L lbP/ dfq} k'Ub}g . o;af/] 5nkmn x'g' k¥of] / o;sf] cg'df]bg ;lDdng

:jLs[lt jf ;dy{g ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] sfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] b'O{ tLxfO

ax'dtn] g} x'g' k¥of] . o;af/] ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo" dfkm{t\ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] wf/0ffsf]

dfu ub{5' . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ldgf a'9f ;do % ldg]6 . o;kl5 k|ldnf s'df/L .

dfggLo >L ldgf s'df/L a'9f -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo

cWoIfHo", d cfh lzIffsf] ljifodf af]Ng uO/x]sf] 5' . /f]Nkf lhNnfsf] yjfª

ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= # sf] lxdfno k"mnaf/L ljBfno 5 Tof] ljBfnodf ;f9] $ ;o

ljBfyL{x¿ cWoog/t /x]sf 5g\ . t/ Tof] ljBfnodf ePsf] cª\u]|hL ljifosf] l6r/

sf:sL lhNnfdf gfd lgsfn]/ uPkl5 To; 7fpFdf cª\u|hL l6r/ /fVg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

ca Tof] ljBfnodf k9\g] aRrfx¿sf] eljiosf] nflu s] ug{' kg{] xf] < clxn];Dd

cª\u|]hL l6r/ /fVg g;s]sf] x'Fbf Tof] lxdfno k"mnaf/Lsf aRrfx¿sf] s] x'g] xf] < of]

xfdL ;a}n] a'‰g ;lsG5 . Tof] :s'ndf l6r/ /fVg]sf] nflu klg Tof] :s'n cfkm}n] /fVg]

k|fjwfg gePsf] x'Fbf cln cˆ7 \of/f] k/]sf] /x]5 . o;df s] k|fawfg /x]5 eg]kl5

6

klxnf ufpFkflnsf;Fu cg'dlt lnO{ km]l/ lj1fkg lgsfNg] clg To;kl5 dfq Tof] gfd

btf{ ePsf l6r/x¿nfO{ dfq} To; b/jGbLdf /fVg kfpg] k|fawfg ePsf] x'Fbf clt

cˆ7 \of/f] l:ylt ePsf] 5 . ca cª\u|]hL l6r/ gePsf] x'Fbf tL ;f9] $ ;o aRrfx¿sf]

kl/Iff ca b]zel/ g} eO/x]sf] 5 . To;df ;f9] $ ;o aRrfx¿ klg cfpF5g\ / Tof]

ljBfyL{x¿n] s;f]u/L kf; x'g] x'g\ < s;f] u/L kf; eP/ hfg] x'g\ < ltgsf eljio

cGwsf/df ePsf] 5 . d of] ;bgaf6 cWoIfHo"sf] dfkm{t\ ;/sf/nfO{ Wofg cfsif{0f

ug{ rfxG5' . Tof] k|fjwfgeGbf klg ToxfF l6r/sf] cfjZostf ePsf] x'Fbf l6r/nfO{

ToxL ljBfnosf] ;ldltn] g} /fVg kfpg] k|fawfg xf];\ / hlxn] klg ToxfF vfnL x'G5

Tof] 7fpFdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k9fpgsf] nflu l6r/x¿nfO{ b/jGbL u/fP/ /fVg] cyjf

s/f/df /fVg] Joj:yf ul/of];\ / ltgLx¿n] l56f]eGbf l56f] cªu|hL l6r/ /fv]/

ljBfyL{x¿sf] eljionfO{ ;'/lIft u/fpgsf] nflu d ;/sf/sf] Wofg cfsif{0f u/fpFg

rfxG5' . d w]/} geGb} xh'/sf] aLraf6 ljbf lng rfxF] wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo k|ldnf s'df/L . ;do % ldg]6 . o;kl5 dfggLo

z]/ axfb'/ s'Fj/ .

dfggLo k|ldnf s'df/L -;dfhjfbL kf6L{_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, ;j{k|yd

d k|ltlglw ;efsf] gjlgjf{lrt ;DdfggLo ;efd'vHo"nfO{ xflb{s awfO{sf] ;fy}

;kmnsfo{sfnsf] z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' . pxfFn] k|ltlglw ;efnfO{ b]z / hgtfsf]

;/f]sf/sf ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ hLjGt ynf]sf ¿kdf ljsf; u/fpg cxd\ e"ldsf

lgjf{x cjZo g} ug'{ x'g]5 . pxfFaf6 o:tf ck]Iffsf ;fy} d cfˆgf egfOx¿ /fVg

rfxG5' . o; ;/sf/nfO{ nueu b'O{ jif{ x'g nfu]sf] 5 . gful/stf ljw]os clxn];Dd

k|ltlglw ;ef d} c8\lsPsf] 5 / pQm ljw]os kf; ug{ l9nf;'l:t u/]sf] sf/0fn] nfvf}F

g]kfnL hgtf u}/ gful/s eP/ k9\g kfPsf] 5}g . nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lbg kfPsf] 5}g /

a]/f]huf/ ePsf] 5 . tTsfnLg ;+3Lo ;dfhjfbL kmf]/d tyf g]skfaLr @)&% h]7

!$ ut] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ;fy} dw];L, cflbjf;L, hghflt, yf? nufot ljleGg

cfGbf]ngsf qmddf p7fOPsf dfu, d'2fx¿ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug]{ zt{ ;lxt b'O{ a'Fb]

;xdltsf cfwf/df dfq xfd|f] kf6L{ ;/sf/df ;fd]n ePsf] lyof] . dGqL kl/ifb\sf]

a}7s nufot ;+;bdf klg k6s–k6s oL ljifox¿dfly hf]8bf/ ¿kn] cfjfh p7\of] .

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg nufotsf ljifox¿ /fvL k|wfgdGqL ;dIf :d/0f kq klg lbOof] .

o;} qmddf ldlt @)&^ k'; & ut]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ a}7sdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf nflu

cfjZos u[xsfo{ ug{ ;+ljwfg ljb\x¿ ;lDdlnt lj1 ;'emfa ;ldlt u7g ug{

pkk|wfgdGqL Pjd\ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqLsf] x}l;otdf xfd|f] kf6L{

cWoIf cfb/0fLo pk]Gb| ofbjHo"n] dGqL kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf k|:tfj k|:t't ug'{ ePsf]

lyof] . To; k|:tfjnfO{ k|wfgdGqLn] cl:jsf/ u/L b'O{ a'Fb] ;xdltaf6 ;/sf/ k5fl8

7

x6]sf] tyf ;xdltnfO{ PstkmL{ ¿kdf tf]8]sf] k|i6 eO;s]kl5 xfd|f] kf6L{ @)&^ k';

* ut] g} ;/sf/af6 alx/udg ePsf] s'/f ;j{ljlwt} 5 . o;/L ;/sf/n] ;dy{g lng]

t/ sfd rflxF gug]{ ;/sf/sf] sk6L lgotn] ubf{ g} xfd|f] kf6L{n] lbPsf] ;dy{g klg

lkmtf{ lnof] . ca ;ª\u7g la:tf/ Pjd\ ;'b[9Ls/0f cleofg s} qmddf ;/sf/sf] sfnf

st"{tnfO{ e08f/kmf]/ u/L ;8s / ;bg b'a} 7fpFaf6 pTkL8gdf k/]sf hgtfx¿sf

clwsf/sf nflu ;+3if{ km]l/ hf/L /xG5 . dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] of]4f hglk|o g]tf dfggLo

/]zd rf}w/L cToflws dtn] lgjf{lrt eP klg nueu b'O{ jif{b]lv lagf s;"/

lx/f;tdf ;hfo ef]lu/x]sf] 5 . nueu ^ dlxgf cl3 g} nfn cfof]un] k|ltj]bg k]z

u/] klg ;/sf/n] clxn];Dd Tof] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5}g . o;/L ljleGg

clwsf/ k|flKtsf cfGbf]ngdf ePsf jL/ zlxbsf kl/jf/, 3fOt] Pjd\ lagf s;"/ d'2f

nufOPsf cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] clxn];Dd Gofo kfPsf 5}gg\ . To;}n] oL /fhgLlts

d'2fx¿ ha;Dd ;Daf]wg x'Fb}g ta;Dd xfd|f] b]zdf /fhgLlts l:y/tf sfod x'Fb}g /

b]z klg ;d[4 x'g ;Sb}g . alnof] ;/sf/ ePkl5 b'|t ultn] ljsf; x'g] 7fpFdf

larf}lnofx¿ dfq alnof ePsf 5g\ . nf]stGq dha'b x'g] 7fpFdf s'lngtGq dha'b

ePsf] 5 . To;}n] larf}lnof bnfnnfO{ kIf kf]if0f ug{ agfPsf] ;+/rgf eTsfpg /

b]zsf d'ne"t ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofg cfs[i6 u/fpFb} d cfˆgf

egfOx¿ oxL ;dfKt ub{5' . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo z]/ axfb'/ s'Fj/ . ;do % ldg]6 . o;kl5

dfggLo /fw]Zofd clwsf/L .

dfggLo >L z]/ axfb'/ s'Fj/ -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo

cWoIf dxf]bo, clxn] c5fd, 8f]6L, afh'/f, b}n]v, ;'v]{t lhNnfdf Pp6f cleofg

rn]sf] 5 . 5fpuf]7 eTsfpg] cleofg rn]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] of] ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f /

cfly{s ?kfGt/0fsf sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;dfhdf /x]sf ljutsf ljs[lt lj;ª\ultx¿nfO{

/ s'k|yfnfO{ cGTo ug{sf nflu h'g d'n'sL ;+lxtfdf sfg"gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5

To;}nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf clxn] s0ff{nL k|b]z / ;'b"/klZrddf k/Dk/fb]lv

xhf/f}F jif{b]lv Psbd hul8 /x]sf] of] 5fpkl8 uf]7 Pjd\ s'k|yfsf] cGTo ug]{ cleofg

yfn]sf] 5 . s]xL ;do klxnf ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"af6 klg o;df rf;f] /flvPsf]

lyof] . To;kl5 /fi6«klt sfof{nodf ToxfFsf :yfgLo hgk|ltlglwx¿;Fu} /fv]/

cGtlqm{of klg ul/Psf] lyof] . tt\ kZrft ev{/} cl:t ^ ut]af6 dlxnf afnaflnsf

tyf Ho]i7 gful/s dGqLHo"sf] klg k|ToIf To; If]qdf e|d0f eO{ cg'udg ul/Psf]

lyof] / clxn] :yfgLo hgk|ltlglwx¿ k"/} ¿kdf, k"0f{ ¿kdf of] cleofgdf nflu/x]sf]

5g\ / :yfgLo k|zf;g, :yfgLo k|x/L ;d]t ;a} nfu]/ em08}em08} c5fd lhNnfdf

dfq % xhf/ uf]7 eTsfpg] sfo{ ePsf] 5 / s]xL ;doleq g} of] dlxgfleq} c5fd

8

lhNnfsf (! j8fdf of] 5fpuf]7 d'Qm j8f 3f]if0ff ug]{ To;kl5 kmfNu'g dlxgfleq bz}F

kflnsf / lhNnfnfO{ g} 5fpuf]7 d'Qm 3f]if0ff ug]{ cleofgdf nfu]sf 5f}F . of]

5fpkl8sf] af/]df k6s–k6s s'/f t p7\of] . jf:tjdf 5fpk8L eg]sf] :yfgLo

efiffdf /h:jnf eO;s]kl5 5fp eg]sf] /h:jnf x'g' / k8L eg]sf] k9\g', 9lNsg'nfO{

eGg] ub{5 . 5fp eO;s]kl5 5fp uf]7df uP/ klN6g'nfO,{ ;'Tg'nfO{, a:g'nfO{ g}

5fpk8L elgPsf] xf] . 5fpk8L eGg] zAb cToGt 3[l0ft zAb b'Anf], kftnf] clg

Psbd} ckx]lnt ePsf]nfO{ af]Ng] ul/G5 . e}F;L b'Anf] eof] eg] s:tf] e}F;L 5fpk8L

h:t}, uf]? b'Anf] eof] eg] s:tf] uf]? 5fpk8L h:t} eGg] klg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] of]

cToGt uf]7df a;fn]/ k6s–k6s xfd|L r]nL alxgLsf] d[To' klg ePsf] 5 . ljz]if t

dª\l;/ !% ut] c5fd lhNnfsf] gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ # df kfj{tL /fptsf]

5fpuf]7df d[To' eO;s]kl5 ljz]if of] b]zJofkL cleofg rn]sf] 5 / d'n'sL ;+lxtf

@)&$ df h'g 5fpuf]7 /fVg] / 5fpuf]7 a:g]nfO{ ;'Tg]nfO{ sf/afxLsf] k|fjwfg

/flvPsf] 5 . To;sf] sfof{Gjog klg o;kfln ;/sf/n] u/]sf] 5 . tt\ kZrft

:yfgLo txdf rfx]F wfdL emfFqmL x'g\, 5fpuf]7nfO{ k|;o lbg] ToxfFsf d'lvof x'g\] . rfx]

/hjf/ x'g\, rf]]x] km'nafTo x'g\ oxfF b]jL emflqmsf k'hf/f x'g\ pgLx¿ klg ;r]t eP/

clxn] ;a} Psbd} cleofgs} ¿kdf of] 5fpuf]7 cGTo ug{sf] nflu nflu/xg' ePsf]

5 . ljz]ift;Ù @)%( ;fndf &% ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt c5fddf x'Fbfv]l/ klxnf] efu]Zj/

ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] 5fpuf]7 cGTo ug]{ u/L 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] / ;kmn klg ePsf]

5 . ToxfF clxn];Dd aflx/ a:g]sf] ;ª\Vof e]l6b}g / To;sf] pb\3f6g klg ug]{ cj;/

dnfO{ ldn]sf] lyof] . cl:t ev{/ oxL !! ut] klg ;fkm]au/ gu/kflnsfn] (! j8fdf

klxnf] j8fsf] ¿kdf 5fpuf]7 d'Qm j8f 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 / Tof] 3f]if0ff ug]{ qmddf klg

dnfO{ g} Tof] 3f]if0ff ug]{ cj;/ h'6]sf] lyof] / clxn] h'g vfnsf] r]tgf hfu]sf] tn

hfu]sf] 5 of] k|yfsf] lj?4df of] r]tgfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf xfdLn] lbg' k5{ . vfln Ps

rf]l6 hfu]/ dfq x'Fb}g, Psrf]l6 5fpuf]7 eTsfP/ dfq x'Fb}g . o;nfO{ lg/Gt/ lbg' k5{

eGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 . cWoIf dxf]bo, clnslt dnfO{ ;do !÷@ ldg]6 yk ulb{g'

xf]nf / clxn];Dd h;/L % xhf/ uf]7x¿ t eTsfof}F . oL eTsfpg] qmddf s]xL

l6Kk0fLx¿ klg p7]sf 5g\ . s]xL dfggLoHo"x¿n] s]xL lxhf] k|ltlglw ;efdf klg

l6Kk0fL p7fpg' ePsf] 5 . Tof] a'em]/ ga'em]/ dnfO{ yfxf 5}g lsgls Tof] n8]kl5

jx; vtd ug]{ s'/fx¿ cyjf 36gf 36]kl5 To;nfO{ vtd ug]{;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 t/

Tof] To;f] xf]Og tL cfsl:ds 36\g] 36gfx¿ x'g . of] eg]sf] Psbd} hfgL a'lemsg

Psbd} Tof] 36g] 36gfx¿ . To;}n] hfgL a'lemsg 36fpg] 36gfx¿ / cfsl:ds

36\g] 36gfx¿nfO{ Ps} t'ngf ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 . sDtLdf klg xfd|L r]nL

alxgLx¿ clxn] PsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf klg uf]7df uP/ gf/lso hLjg Joltt gu¿g\ /

pgLx¿n] u5'{ eGbf eGb} hfgL hfgLsg Tof] uf]7df a:g] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; gu?g

eGg] g} xfd|f] cfzo xf] . To;}n] clxn] ;a} zlQmx¿ nflu/x]sf] 5 ca ug'{ kg]{ eg]sf]

h;/L cleofgnfO{ xfdLn] lg/Gt/tf lbg' k5{ / uf]7 t eTsfof}F ef}lts ¿kdf . Tof]

uf]7k|lt 3[0ff eof] t/ dfgl;s ¿kdf klg xfdLn] tof/L ug'{ k5{ . of] dfgl;s ¿kdf

9

tof/L ug{sf] nflu klg ;/sf/n] ah]6sf] Joj:yf ug'{ k¥of] . ToxfFsf k|To]s

ufpFkflnsfnfO{ Pp6f (social mobilize) ;fdflhs kl/rfnssf] ¿kdf klg xfdLn]

v6fOg' k¥of] / bz} j6f c5fd lhNnfdf !) j6f kflnsf 5g\ Tof] !) j6} kflnsfnfO{

;dGjo u/L Pp6f ljz]if kl/rfns klg v6fOg' k5{ / ToxfFsf wfdL emfFqmLx¿ h;n]

5fpuf]7 hfg] k/Dk/fnfO{ k|;o lbPsf 5g\ pgLx¿sf] r]tgf klg ljsf; ug'{ k¥of] .

logLx¿sf] ;Dd]ng ug]{ pgLx¿;Fu cGtlqm{of ug]{ lqmofsnfksf] klg dg}af6 of]

k|yfnfO{ cGTo ug{sf] nflu pgLx¿nfO{ klg tof/L ug'{ k¥of], ljz]if vfnsf

sfo{qmdx¿ klg xfdLn] Nofpg' k5{ / To;}u/L cWoIf dxf]bo, xfdLn] cleofgnfO{

cem} lg/Gt/tf lbgsf] xfdLn] ah]6nfO{ t Jojl:yt u5fF}}{ u5fF}{ sxfF cg'udgsf]

kf6{nfO{ klg xfdLn] Jojl:yt ug'{ k¥of] / d k|To]s /fhgLlts bnx¿ vf;u/L hgtf

/fhgLlts bnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . /fhgLlts bnx¿ klg of] ljifodf cfˆgf]

kf6L{sf] Ph]08fsf ¿kdf, :yfgLo kf6L{sf] Ph]07fsf] ¿kdf n}hfg' k5{ / pgLx¿n]

cfGtl/s hLjgdf g} =====-;do ;lsPsf]n] dfOs sfl6Psf]_ .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo /fw]Zofd clwsf/L ;do & ldg]6 . o;kl5

dfggLo o'6f]n tfdfª .

dfggLo >L /fw]Zofd clwsf/L -g]kfnL sfFu|];_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo", of]

/fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf åfoLTj ;ldltsf] cg'udg ;ldlt h'g ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f

%$ adf]lhdsf] ;ldlt 5 . To;sf] ;+o'Qm ;ldlt 5 xfd|f] Tof] ;+o'Qm ;ldltaf6

xfdLx¿ of] /f}tx6 lhNnfsf] lzIff / :fj:Yo x]g{ eg]/ xfdL cg'udg 6f]nL uPsf]

lyof}F . d To;}sf] ljifodf d s]xL s'/fx¿ ;Ddflgt ;bg ;dIf /fVg rfxG5' . klxn]

d ;sf/fTds kIfaf6 s'/f ;'? ug{ rfxG5' . ;a}eGbf klxnf] s'/f /f}tx6 lhNnfdf

;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df xf];\ jf lghL ljBfnodf xf];\ 5fq5fqfsf] ;ª\Vof wGg

a/f]a/ 5 . bf];|f] s'/f 5fqfx¿n] h'g ;/sf/af6 ljtl/t x'g] :ofg]6/L Kof8 gkfPsf]

sf/0fn] w]/} cˆ7 \of/f] kl//fv]sf] lyof] ToxfF Tof] k'u]sf] eGg] s'/f rflxF ;a}lt/ hltj6f

:s'ndf uof}F Tof] %÷^ j6f :s'ndf uofF} Tof] kfPsf] b]lvof] . t];|f] s'/f ;fd'bflos

ljBfnodf hgs lzIff ;fdfu|L s]Gb|af6 k7fpg' kg{] k':tsx¿ ;dodf gk'u]sf] x'gfn]

k':tsx¿ sdL 5}g eGg] cfd b[li6sf]0fx¿ b]lvof] . rf}yf] s'/f ljBfnosf] ejg h:tf

s'/fx¿df ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . w]/}h;f] kSsL 3/x¿ ag]sf 5g\ ljBfnoleq 5fq5fqfsf]

nflu 5'§} zf}rfno cfjZos 5 eGg] ;f]r lglZrt x'Fb}5 t/ sltko 7fpFdf 5 sltko

7fpFdf 5}g . 5fq5fqfx¿n] k9fOsf] :t/ a9fpg' kg{]df hf]8bf/¿kn] dfu u/]sf 5g\

ltgLx¿;Fu xfdLn] rflxF cGt/lqmof ubf{v]l/ / lbjf vfhfsf] Joj:yfn] ubf{v]l/ ljkGg

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgs} /fxt ePsf] xfdLn] dxz'; u¥of}F . oL d}n] ;sf/fTds kIfsf

s'/fx¿ /fv]F ca d clnslt gsf/fTds kIfsf s'/fx¿ klg /fVg cg'dlt rfxG5' .

10

lghL ljBfnodf em08} $) k|ltzt ljBfyL{ 5g\ eg]kl5 xfdLn] ;fd'bflos ljBfno

dfkm{t\ cfwf/e"t lzIff / clgjfo{ dfWolds txsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns ug{] eGg] h'g ;f]r

u/]sf 5fF} Tof] s'/f;Fu of] d]n vfFb}g . of] s'/f ;a}eGbf klxn] d Wofg cfsif{0f ug{

rfxG5' . bf];|f] s'/f /fhgLtLs/0faf6 rflxF ToxfF c:tJo:ttf cem} klg sfod 5 eGg]

s'/f d oxfF /fVg rfxG5' . Tof] /fhgLtLs/0fsf] c:tJo:ttfsf] Pp6f dfq} pbfx/0f

;do gePsf] x'gfn] d cem JoVof ug{ ;Sy]F . Pp6f dfq pbfx/0f s] 5 eg] ToxfF

j8f cWoIfx¿ g} Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf a;]sf] b]lvof] of]eGbf a9\tf /fhgLtLs/0f s]

x'G5 < ca d}n] elg/xg kb}{g . t];|f] s'/f To;df csf{] klg Pp6f s'/f 5 xfdLn]

;DemfP/ klg k7fpg' k5{ ls, ;/sf/df o;sf] Wofg hfg' k5{ ls, h:tf] ls s] s'/fdf

Wofg hfg' k5{ h:tf] nfU5 eg] Tof] nfesf] kb xf] ls xf]Og < Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf

a:g] s'/f nfesf] kb xf] ls xf]Og / To;df j8f cWoIfn] :jo+ cWoIf eP/ a:g

ldN5 ls ldNb}g h:tf s'/fx¿ klg xfdLn] Wog lbg' kg{] s'/f 5 . Tof] pxfFx¿n]

ghfg]/ a:g' ePsf] /x]5 eg] Tof] s'/fdf klg xfd|f] Wofg k'Ug' h?/L 5 h:tf] dnfO{

nfU5 .

t];|f] s'/f /f}tx6 lhNnfsf] Pp6f ljz]iftf s] 5 eGbfv]l/ ToxfF O:nfd wd{

dfGg] y'k|f] 7"nf] ;d'bfo 5, nfvf}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf 5 . pxfFx¿sf s]6fs]6Lx¿ k|foM u/]/

oxfFsf] db/;fdf uP/ k9\5g\ . db/;fnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g} klg of] cf}krfl/s

lzIff;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5}g . To;nfO{ ghf]l8sg ePsf] 5}g of] s'/ftkm{ klg of] ;+;bdf

Wofg cfslif{t ub{5' . h;n] ubf{v]l/ @%÷#) xhf/ $) xhf/ ljBfyL{x¿ hf] :s'ndf

k9\5g\ db/;df k9\5g\ tL ;a} s] 5 eg] xfd|f] cf}krfl/s lzIff k2ltaf6 aflx/ 5 .

clg rf}yf] s'/f )%@ ;fneGbf otf kl§ Pp6f lzIfs klg :yfoL b/aGbLdf eP/

uPsf] 5}g eGg] /f}tx6sf dflg;x¿n] eg]sf] ;'Gbfv]l/ d cfZro{df k/]sf] 5' . of] xf]

ls xf]Og < ;/sf/n] o;df hfgsf/L u/fcf];\ . kfFrf} s'/f Pp6f dfWolds ljBfnosf]

lzIfsn] l;ª\uf] dfWolds ljBfno rn]sf] 5 . To;sf] u'0f:t/ s:tf] xf]nf < eGg] s'/f

xfdLn] ;xh cg'dfg ug{ ;S5f}F . Tof] :s'n s;n] wfg]sf] 5 t < Pp6f dfWolds

lzIfsn] l;ª\u} dfWolds :s"n rnfO /fv]sf] 5 eg] Tof] s;n] rnfPsf] 5 eGbfv]l/

Tof] k|fylds / lgDg dfWolds lzIfssf] e/df rnfOPsf] 5 . To;sf/0fn] ubf{v]l/

o;k|lt rflxF ;/sf/sf] t'?Gt} Wofg hfg] b]lvof] csf{] s'/f xfnt :s'nsf] s:tf] 5 <

dfWolds ljBfnox¿sf] ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] eGbfv]l/ & 306L k9fpg' kg{]df $

306L d'l:snn] k9fO x'g] u/]sf] s'/f rflxF cfPsf] 5 . / Pp6f !) sIffsL ofbj

s]6Ln] atfOg\ 5fqfn] atfOg\ ls of] ckjfb xf]Og lg of] t ;w}sf] lgoldt s'/f xf] .

xfdL & 306Ldf & 306L slxNo} k9\g kfpb}gf}F eg]/ u'gf;f] kf]lvg\ Tof] :s'ndf @@ ;o

ljBfyL{ lyP . tkfO{+x¿nfO{ d}n] Vofn u/f}F xfnt of] 5 o;df Pp6f hDdf lzIfs 5

:yfoL lzIfs 5 @@ ;o . clg To;kl5 csf{] s'/f s] 5 eGbfv]l/ of] l:ylt

:s'nx¿sf] 5 ca o;kl5 d csf{] klg s'/f nfg rfxG5' ls Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf

/fhgLlts efua08fsf] s'/f u/]/ efua08fsf] s'/f dfq} xf]Og ef]ln ;ef;b\;Dd eP/

11

Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf x'g] s'/fx¿ eO/fv]sf] 5 . of] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] Psbd}

Wofg lbP/ x]l/Pg eg]b]lvg\ uDeL/ of] rflxF s] 5 eg] oxfF eGg] s'/f / ToxfF x'g] s'/f

lkmN8df x'g] s'/fsf] 7"nf] cGt/ 5 . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f Pp6f 5 Tof] s] eg]b]lvg

xfdLn] :yfgLo txnfO{ lhDdf lbO;s]kl5 of] cfwf/e"t lzIff / xfO:s'n;Ddsf] lzIff

xfdLn] lbO;s]kl5 klg gofF lzIfs klg egf{ ug{ xfdLn] xfd|f] ah]6 sd 5 ;]jfefj

;lxt s]xL k};f lbP/ k9fp5f}F eGbf klg oxfFaf6 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg

cfof]un] lr7Lkq k7fP/ kl/kq u/]/ /f]s nufof] of]eGbf v/fa l:ylt s] x'G5 < of]

klg Pp6f s'/f oxfFx¿sf] Wofg cfsif{0f ug{ vf]h] .

ca o;kl5 d :jf:Yotkm{ clnslt Wofg cfslif{t ug{ rfxG5' . cfwf/e"t

:jf:Yo s] 5 eGbfv]l/ ;+ljwfgn] xfd|f] rflxF x/]s gful/sn] kfpg] of] cfwf/e"t

:jf:Yosf] lznlznfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] c:ktfnsf] :jf:Yo s]Gb|sf] / :jf:Yo rf}sLsf]

cj:yf x]/]/ s;}af6 &@ j6f, s;}af6 %@ j6f, s;}af6 $@ j6f cf}ifwL lgMz"Ns

ljt/0f ug{] eg]/ eg]sf] /x]5 . t/ cf}ifwL kfpg' eg]sf] s'/f cl3 d}n] eg]sf] h:tf]

ckjfb 5 of] cf}ifwL gkfpg' lgod h:tf] 5 . ;a} 7fpFdf ToxL b]lvof] Pp6f :jf:Yo

rf}sLdf xfdL;Fu cf}ifwL 5 eg]/ eg] geP b]lvg\ :jf:Yo s]Gb|df hfFbfv]l/ klg uf}/

c:ktfndf hfFbfv]l/ klg cGo c:ktfndf hfFbfv]l/ klg xfnt of] 5 .

rGb|lgufxfk'/sf] c:ktfndf hfFbfv]l/ klg ToxL xfnt 5 . uf}/sf] lhNnf c:ktfn

h;df rflxF ( j6f sG;N6]G6 8fS6/ b/aGbL 5 :yfoL b/aGbL 5 ToxfF ! hgf 8fS6/

x'g'x'G5 . xfnt of] 5 olb -stipend_ 5fqj[lQaf6 hf] @ jif{sf lglDt hf] -stipend_

5fqj[lQ k9]sf gofF 8fS6/x¿ MBBS k9]sf 8fS6/ gx'Fbf x'g\ eg] oxfF :jf:Yosf]

cfwf/e"t :jf:Yosf] s'/f ug{';\ 8fS6/sf] d'v klg b]Vg] lyPgg\ dfG5]x¿n] xfnt

To:tf] 5 . o:tf] uDeL/ kl/l:ylt 5 ;+3 / k|b]zsf] km]l/ oxfFg]/ ca of] :jf:Yosf]

;DaGwdf k|b]z ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;l/;s]sf] 5 t/ k|b]zleq klg d'Vo dGqL /

;dflhs ljsf; dGqLaLr cfk;df s'/f ldNg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] klg 8fS6/x¿sf]

;dfof]hg x'g g;s]sf] eGg] s'/f klg cfof] . ca of] s'/f klg o:tf] klg x'g yfNof]

eg]b]lvg emg} uDeL/ s'/f eof] . of] klg k|b]zsf d'Vo dGqL / ;fdflhs ljsf;

dGqLn] of] s'/fdf Wofg b]lvg cfof] . clg csf{] Pp6f s'/f s] b]lvof] eGg'x'G5 eg] of]

ue{jtL dlxnfn] h:tf] ue{jtL dlxnfn] olb aly{ª\ ;]G6/df uP/ s'g} aRrf kfof]

eg]b]lv p;n] kfpg] :jf:Yosf] ;'ljwf t kfof]–kfof] To;sf] cltl/Qm klg p;n] s]xL

eQf kfpg] /x]5 . !* ;o ?k}ofFhlt cfjt–hfjt ug{ 6«fG;kf]6];{gsf] ¿kdf /

vfgfsf] lglDt / kf}li6s cfxf/sf] lglDt pgLx¿n] s]xL k};f kfpg] /x]5g\ . Tof] k};f

klg lbg] eGg] 5 Uof/]06L u/]sf] 5 ;/sf/n] kfpg] 5}g eg]kl5 kfpg] / x'g]sf] aLrdf

rflxF w]/} 7"nf] Uofk /x]sf] b]lvof] . csf{] Pp6f s'/f s] klg 5 eGbfv]l/ clg Pp6f

kf]h]l6e kIf rflxF s] 5 eg] aly{ª\ ;]G6/ htftt} v'n]sf 5g\ / To;df klxn]eGbf w]/}

;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . ;'wf/ cfP klg 8fS6/sf] sdL 6]«g/ g;{sf] sdL s'/f rflxF

hgzlQmsf] s'/f c;fWo} cefj 5 o;sf/0fn] ubf{v]l/ s;/L k"/f ug{] eGg] s'/f olb

12

cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / lzIffsf] af/]df s'/f ul//xg] xf] eg] ptf lzIfssf] s'/f otf

:jf:Yo sdL{x¿sf] s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg{] b]lvof] . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo o'6f]n tfdfª . ;do % ldg]6 . o;kl5 dfggLo

8f= ljdnf /fO{ -kf}8\ofn_ .

dfggLo >L o'6f]n tfdfª\ -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf

dxf]bo, d cfh yf]/} dlxnf ;xefuL / sfof{Gjogsf] kIfdf yf]/} ljz]if ;dodf p7fg

ug{ rfxG5' . xfdL oxfFeGbf klxn] w]/} of] ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv dlxnfx¿ ;+3if{ ub}{

cfof}F . xfdL dlxnfx¿n] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{sf] nflu cfd"n hLjgsf]

alnbfg klg lbOPsf] 5 . To;sf] clxn] pknAwL dfkm{t\ clxn] ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf

u/]sf] dlxnf ## k|ltzt dfq} 5 . vf; dlxnfx¿sf] hg;ª\of s'n hg;ª\Vofdf

dlxnfx¿ a9L 5 . xfdLx¿ sfof{Gjogsf] kIfdf hfFbfv]l/ ## k|ltztdf 5f}F . ToxL ##

k|ltzt klg xfdLn] k"/f ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}F . xfdL g]kfndf 5g t dlxnf

clwsf/sdL{x¿ klg w]/} 5, dlxnf /fhgLltssdL{x¿ klg w]/} 5 . t/ sfof{Gjogsf]

kIfdf hfFbfv]l/ lxhf] &% j6} lhNnfx¿df dlxnf ljsf; sfof{nox¿ lyof], Tof] clxn]

vf/]h eO;Sof] . Tof] dfkm{t\ dlxnf sd{rf/Lx¿ y'k|} x'g'x'G5 . tL dlxnf sd{rf/Lx¿

cfhef]nL cnkqdf 5 . ;dfof]hg u/]/ ufpFkflnsfdf klg /xg ;s]sf] 5}g, k|b]zdf

klg /xg ;s]sf] 5}g . To;sf/0fn] tL dlxnf ;fyLx¿ cfkm\gf] 3/df 5 ls stf 5

cQf]kQf] 5}g . To;sf/0fn] klxn] &% lhNnf x'g] a]nfdf t/fO{sf] xsdf Pp6f dlxnf

ljsf; sfof{no dfkm{t\ ToxfF @$ hgf dlxnf sd{rf/Lx¿ x'GYof], Ps lhNnf a/fa/ .

kxf8L lhNnfdf !& hgf dlxnf sd{rf/L x'GYof] . To;kl5 lxdfndf uPkl5 lxdfndf

!! hgf dlxnf sd{rf/L ;fyLx¿ x'Gy] . Tof] clxn] ;a} cnkqdf 5 . Tof] ;fyLx¿

clxn] 3/df a:bfa:bf xfdLn] s] ug]{ eg]/ l8k|];g klg eO;s]sf 5f}F, eG5g\ . ToxfFsf]

;]jf ;'ljwf rflxF xfd|f] of] ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g, dGqfnoaf6 kfO/x]sf]

cj:yf klg 5 . ;]jf ug]{ qmddf klg ufpFkflnsfdf xfdL dlxnfsf] jf:tflj:tf g}

5}g . ls pxfFx¿nfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L ufpFkflnsfdf k7fpg' k¥of] . Tof] klg 5}g .

ePsf] s] 5, xfd|f] ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] Ps hgf x'g'x'GYof] dlxnf afnaflnsfsf] dGqL,

Tof] klg xfdL dlxnfx¿ sfof{Gjogsf] kIfdf sdhf]/ ePsf] xf] ls, sdhf]/L 7fg]s} xf]

ls, xfd|f] dlxnf dGqL x6fP/ k'?if dGqL /fVg' ePsf] 5 . dGqLHo"nfO{ :jfut 5 .

;/sf/nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . o;sf] p7fg s;}n] klg xfd|f] /fhgLltsdL{n] klg

p7fg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}gf}F . xfdL dlxnfx¿n] klg :jefljs ¿kd} dfggLo kfPsf 5f}F, tF

klg r'k, d klg r'k . xfd|f] dlxnf dGqfnonfO{ s] 5 eg] clnstf rsf]{ zAb x'G5

ls aflx/ vzLsf] 6fpsf] a]Rg] / leq s's'/sf] df;' a]Rg] h:t} b]lvG5 . ls t Tof]

dlxnf afnaflnsf dGqfnosf] af]8{sf] dlxnf s6fP/ afnaflnsf dfq /fVg';\ .

13

;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5' . lsg b'a}sf] cleefjs x'G5 . dlxnf klg a:g'

kb{5, k'?if klg a:g' kb{5 . To;}sf/0fn] aflx/ rflxF dlxnf, afnaflnsf dGqfno

eGg] leq rflxF k'?if dGqL ePkl5 cln ;'xfpFbf] ePg, of] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;'xfpFbf] ePg klg eGg ldn]g eof] ca, dGqLHo" cfO;s]kl5 . ca

ToxfF xfd|f] ;lGw, dxf;lGw ;Demf}tf u/]sf] x'G5, ;lGwx¿n] xfdL dlxnfx¿sf] l/kf]6{

dfU5, dlxnfx¿sf], dGqfno;Fu . dlxnfx¿ ;DaGwL sfd} u/]sf] 5}g, s;/L l/kf]6{

a'emfpg ;S5 < lxhf]sf] lbgdf lhNnflhNnfaf6 dlxnfx¿sf] l/kf]6{ cfpFYof], k|ltj]bg

a'‰Yof] . cfhef]ln ufx|f] ePsf] 5, dGqLHo"nfO{ klg ufx|f] x'G5 . ef]ln dGqLHo"

cGt/f{li6«o e|d0fdf hfg'x'G5, cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbg g} ufx|f] x'G5 . g]kfndf dlxnf

5}gg\ < g]kfndf ;Ifd dlxnf 5}gg\ < 5}g eGg klg ldn]g, 5 eGg klg ldn]g .

To;}sf/0fn] d cfh ljz]if u/]/ dlxnfx¿sf] nflu ;/sf/sf] Wofg cfsif{0f u/fpg

rfxG5' . ca of] k|ltj]bg s;/L Nofpg] xf] < ls :yfgLo txn] lbg' k¥of] ls ;+3Lo

;+;bn] lbg' k¥of] . dlxnfsf] ljifoj:t' g} 5}g . dlxnf ;DaGwL sfd} u/]sf] 5}g . ca

of] l/kf]6{ a'emfpg klg ufx|f] eO;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] d]/f] of] ;fgf] cfkm\gf] ;'emfjsf]

¿kdf ;/sf/sf] Wofg cfsif{0f ug{ rfxG5' . xfdL hghfltsf] of] efiff bf];|f] xf], d]/f]

s}of}F efiffx¿ cz'4 x'g ;Sb5, tkfO{Fx¿n] ga'‰g ;Sg'x'G5, s]xL uNtL x'g ;S5 .

s]xL uNtL ePdf d Ifdf dfUb5' . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo 8f= ladnf /fO{ -kf}8\ofn_ . ;do % ldg]6 .

dfggLo >L ladnf /fO{ -kf}8\ofn_ -dgf]gLt_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo", d}n]

cl:tsf] kfln klg z"Go ;dodf Uof;sf] lx6/n] lg;fl:;P/ ef/tLo ko{6sx¿sf]

d[To' ePsf] s'/f of] ;+;bdf Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg' k/]sf] lyof] . cfh km]l/ To:t} ljifodf

af]Ng' kbf{ dnfO{ Psbd} b'Mv klg nfu]sf] 5 . ;fx|} cK7f/f] klg nfu]sf] 5 . of] df3

!% ut] nlntk'/sf] ;ftbf]af6f] lazfn rf]sdf ToxLsf] :yfgLo lkm6 P08 kmfOg

P/f]ljS; ;]06/df ;fpgf lng uPsf bDklQ b'O{ hgf :j:Yo x'gsf] nflu ;fpgf lng

uPsf b'O{ hgf bDklQ lg;fl:;P/ d[To' ePsf] 5 . of]eGbf c? b'Mv nfUbf] cj:yf c?

s] x'g ;Snf < of] d]/f] 3/sf] jl/kl/ !) ldg]6 lx8]/ hfg] xf] eg] Tof] jl/kl/df

tLg6f, rf/j6f lkm6g]; ;]06/ 5 . Rofp pd]| h:t} u/]/ pd|]sf . ltgLx¿ sxfF

/lhi6«/ x'G5g\ < ltgLx¿sf] dfkb08 s] xf] < clg ToxfF lkm6g]; ;]06/sf] ;'/Iffsf]

Joj:yf s] 5 < sd{rf/Lx¿ trained 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < Tof] sxL klg s]xL klg yfxf

5}g . ;DalGwt lgsfo s] xf] / sxfF /lhi6/ x'G5 eGg] g} yfxf geO;s]kl5 dfkb08

s] xf] / dfkb08 cg';f/ tL v'n]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g] s'/} ePg . b'O{

hgfsf] d[To' ePkl5 xfd|f] cfvfF vf]Ng' kg]{ xf] . d}n] cfh oxfF :jf:Yo dGqfno /

sfg"g dGqfno b'O{ j6}sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg' ePsf] dGqLHo"nfO{ b]v]sf] 5' / d

14

;DdfggLo cWoIfHo" dfkm{t\ Psbd} xflb{s Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5' . of] lkm6g];

;]06/x¿ vf]Ng] s;n] xf] < o;sf] /lhi6«]zg sxfF x'G5 < o;sf] dfkb08 s] xf] <

sd{rf/Ln] slt k9]sf] x'g' k5{ < ;fpgf h:tf] 7fpFdf g'xfpg hfg] h:tf] 7fpFdf ^M))

ah] leq l5/]sf] dfG5] (M)) ah];Dd lgl:sb}g eg] Tof] x]g]{ ToxfFsf] sd{rf/L x'G5 ls

x'Fb}g < of] ;a} Joj:yfkgdf t'?Gt} Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5' d}n] . of] dfkb08 klg

rfF8} lgwf{/0f xf];\, lgwf{/0f eO;s]sf] 5 eg] To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

Tof] ljifodf clnslt cg';Gwfg ug'{ kg]{ Psbd} w]/} h?/L 5 . d[To' x'g' x'g]df

x:uh'{jf k'g du/ / >LdtL g]q s'df/L du/ . x:thL xfd|f] k"j{dGqL yddfofHo"sf]

:jsLo ;lrj x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] d[To'df Psbd} w]/} zf]s klg JoQm ug{ rfxG5' /

o;nfO{ Pp6f learning km]l/ klg cl:t xfdLn] xf]6nsf] dfkb08sf] s'/f u¥of}F .

xf]6ndf ;'/Iffsf] s'/f u¥of}F . UofF;af6} d[To' ePsf] 5 . o;kfln ;fpgfaf6 d[To' x'g'

eg]sf] Pdbd} alarming , Psbd} 8/nfUbf] situation xf] . o;df klg Wofgfsif{0f

u/fpg rfxG5' / lkm6g]; ;]06/x¿sf] u'0f:t/ dfkg xf];\, dfkb08 tf]lscf];\,

sfof{Gjog xf];\ eg]/ d}n] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5' dGqLHo"nfO{ cWoIfHo" dfkm{t\ .

o;nfO{ cln priority s} ¿kdf /flvof];\ eGg rfxG5' .

d]/f] bf];|f] ;fgf] cg'/f]w 5 . of] s] 5 eg] ljut ebf} ^ ut]b]lv Agriculture

forestry university sf] vice chanceller sf] position vfnL 5 . Tof] pxfFsf] Tof]

pks'nkltsf] :yfg dfq} vfnL ePsf] xf]Og . Tof]eGbf k5fl8 sl/a $÷% j6f c;fWo}

dxTjk"0f{ position x¿ clxn] klg vfnL 5g\ . o;n] Tof] ljZjljBfnosf] z}lIfs

u'0f:t/sf] s'/f, z}lIfs ;'rf?kgsf] s'/f / Joj:yfkgsf] s'/fdf Psbd} gsf/fTds

c;/ kl//fv]sf] 5 . d oxL ljifodf s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ l/;r{df x]Nk klg u5'{ . Tof]

lx;fadf d}n] b]vL g} /fv]sf] 5' ToxfF slt cK7\of/f] k/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f d}n] cg'ej

ul//fv]sf] 5' . of] V.C. lel;sf], pks'nkltsf] l;kmfl/; ug{ ag]sf] ;ldltn] gfd

l;kmfl/; ul/;s]sf] cj:yf klg 5 . lsg xf] ;/sf/n] clxn];Dd gfdx¿df rog ug{

;s]sf] 5}g < of] Psbd} k|fyldstfsf] ljifo xf] . z}lIfs ;q klg To;sf] 8fdf8f]n

x'Fb} uO/fv]sf] 5, u'0f:t/ klg 8fdf8f]n x'Fb} uO/fv]sf] 5 . otflt/ klg ;DalGwt

dGqfnon] / k|wfgdGqLHo"n] klg Wofgfsif{0f ug'{ k¥of] eg]/ d}n] cg'/f]w ug{ rfxG5' .

wGojfb .

k'gM kL7f;LgM ;DdfggLo cWoIf .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ljz]if ;dodf dfggLo ;b:ox¿

af]Ng] qmd oxL ;dfKt x'G5 .

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ca d ljwfog Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf dfggLo ;efklt

k/z'/fd d]3L u'?ËHo"sf] tkm{af6 dfggLo 7u]Gb| k|sfz k'/LnfO{ æcf}Bf]lus Joj;fo

15

ljsf; k|lti7fg -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os, @)&^Æ ;DaGwL ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg ;ef

;dIf k]z ug{ ;do lbG5' .

dfggLo 7u]Gb| k|sfz k'/L -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo

cWoIfHo", /fli6«o ;efsf] ldlt @)&^÷(÷@& ut] a;]sf] a}7sn] æcf}Bf]lus Joj;fo

ljsf; k|lti7fg -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os, @)&%Æ dfly bkmfjf/ 5nkmnsf nflu o;

;ldltdf k7fPsf] lyof] . k|fKt ;+zf]wg k|:tfj ;lxt ljw]osdfly ljleGg ldltdf u/L

b'O{ k6s a}7s a;]sf] lyof] . ljw]osdf k|:tfljt bkmf & j6f /x]sf]df dfggLo

;b:ox¿af6 % j6f bkmfdf & j6f a'Fbfdf ;+zf]wg k|:tfj k|fKt ePsf lyP . b'O{

;d"xdf u/L !# hgf dfggLo ;b:ox¿sf] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj btf{ u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] .

ljw]osaf6 ;ldltn] Pp6f bkmf lems]sf] / Pp6fdf ;+zf]wg u/]sf] x'Fbf ljw]osdf ^

j6f bkmf sfod ePsf] 5 . ;ldltsf] a}7sx¿df dfggLo pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{

dGqL, ;+zf]wg k|:tfjstf{ dfggLo ;b:ox¿ ;lrj pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{

dGqfno, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnosf ;Da4 kbflwsf/L nufotsf]

pkl:yltdf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . of] ljw]ossf] k|ltj]bg tof/L sfo{df ;xof]u ug'{

x'g] ;Da4 ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, ljwfog

Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf dfggLo ;efklt ljz]if sf/0fn] cfhsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt x'g

g;Sg' ePsf]n] pxfFsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ ;ldltåf/f kfl/t æcf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ljsf;

k|lti7fg -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os, @)&%Æ ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg o; ;dflgt ;bg ;dIf

k]z ub{5' . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ca d ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL s]=kL=

zdf{ cf]nLsf] tkm{af6 dfggLo :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqL / sfg"g, Gofo tyf

;+;bLo dfldnf dGqL efg'eQm 9sfnnfO{ æclVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -t];|f]

;+zf]wg_ ljw]os @)&^Æ dfly ljrf/ ul/of];\ eGg] k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ cg'dlt lbG5' .

dfggLo :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqL tyf sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf

dGqL efg'eQm 9sfnM– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, cWoIf dxf]bosf] cg'dltn]

æclVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os @)&^ dfly ljrf/

ul/of];\Æ eGg] k|:tfj ;ef ;dIf k]z ub{5' . wGojfb .

16

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL s]=kL= zdf{

cf]nLsf] tkm{af6 dfggLo :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqL / sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo

dfldnf dGqL efg'eQm 9sfnn] k]z ug'{ ePsf] æclVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -

t];|f] ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os @)&^ dfly ljrf/ ul/of];\Æ eGg] k|:tfjdflysf] 5nkmn k|f/De

x'G5 . o; qmddf ljw]ossf] ;}4flGts kIfdf dfq 5nkmn x'g] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L

u/fpF5' . 5nkmndf efu lng rfxg' x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] cfcfˆgf] gfd cWoIfsf]

8\of;;Fu} a;]sf ;lrjfnsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOlbg' x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' .

dfggLo /fw]Zofd clwsf/L . ;do % ldg]6 .

dfggLo >L /fw]Zofd clwsf/L -g]kfnL sfFu|;_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo", of]

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]gsf] ;+zf]wg cfPsf] 5 . xfdLn] o;sf] cWoog

ubf{v]l/ o;sf] ;}4flGts kIfdf 5nkmn ubf{v]l/ Pp6f vf; s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg h?/L

5 eGg] s'/f dnfO{ nfU5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo /

clwsf/ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @#( df pNn]lvt 5 . o;df of] s'/f k|i6;Fu n]lvPsf] 5 .

æs'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf]

;DaGwdfÆ e|i6frf/ klg u/]sf] x'g' k¥of] / clVtof/sf] klg b'?kof]u u/]sf] x'g' k¥of] .

;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] sfg"g adf]lhd clVtof/ ug{ u/fpg

;Sg] 5 . o;sf] rflxF of] # df pkwf/f -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfgaf6

;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf]lhd e|i6frf/hGo u/]sf] s'g} sfd

b]lvPdf ;f] ck/fwdf ;+nUg ;f] JolQm jf cGo JolQm pk/ sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/

k|fKt cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 . $ df pkwf/f -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd

ePsf] cg'Gwfgaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmsf] sfd sf/afxL cGo clwsf/L

jf lgsfosf] clwsf/If]q cGtu{t kg{] k|s[ltsf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg

cfof]un] cfjZos sf/afxLsf nflu ;DalGwt clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf n]vL k7fpg

;Sg]5 eGg] of] clwsf/ 5 . of] clwsf/ /flv/xFbfv]l/ ;r]tgfk"j{s of] clwsf/ oxfF

/flvPsf] 5 . klxn] s] lyof] eg] b'O{ j6f clwsf/ lyP clVtof/df . Pp6f cg'lrt

sf/afxL x]g]{ / csf]{ e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL s'/f x]g]{ . cg'lrt sfo{ x]bf{v]l/ clVtof/sf]

rflxF htftt} x:tIf]k a9\of] / o;sf] b'?kof]u eof] eGg] s'/f cfd hgdfg;df

kl/;s]kl5 cg'lrt sfo{nfO{ x6fOPsf] 5 / clxn] klg olx ljw]osdf klg cg'lrt

sfo{ eGg] zAb x6fOPsf] xf] eg]/ ToxfF n]lvPsf] 5 . bkmf @) df xf]nf, t/ 3'dfp/f]

ta/n] bkmf $ df, bkmf !# df s] 5 eGbfv]l/ clVtof/ b'?kof]u u/]sf]df dfq} klg

p;n] cg';Gwfg ug]{, n]v]/ k7fpg], k"/f ug'{ kg]{ eGg] bkmf $ df 5 . !# df To:t}

5 . To;df s] 5 eg] n]vL k7fpg] xf], Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ xf], afFsL sfd p;nfO{ 5f]8\g]

xf] . t/ Tof] lgsfo h:tf] /fhZj cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL s'g} s'/f e|i6frf/sf] lz;l;nfdf

x]b}{ uof] eg] ljefusf] sfd cfof] eg] ljefusf] sfdsf] ;DaGwdf t ljefun] g}

17

t6:y eP/ x]g'{ kfpg' k¥of] lg . clVtof/n] lgb]{z ug]{ xf]Og lg . Tof] u/]g eGb]lvg\

To;nfO{ ;hfosf] efuL u/fpg] s'/f ;d]t n]v]/ cfO/fv]sf] 5 . of] s;/L x'G5 <

To;sf/0fn] ubf{v]l/ cf–cfˆgf] 7fpFdf, cf–cfˆgf] If]qdf ug'{ kg]{ s'/f rflxF of]

clVtof/sf] x:tIf]k x'g'x'Gg eGg] b[li6sf]0fn] h'g cg'lrt sfo{ x6fOPsf] lyof] .

To;sf] k|lts"n km]l/ 3'dfP/ of] rflxF Nofpg] sfd eof] . o;sf/0fn] of] sfd ;+ljwfg

lj?4sf] ePsf] x'gfn] ubf{v]l/ d dfggLo dGqLHo"nfO{, k|wfgdGqLHo"nfO{ dfggLo

dGqLHo" dfkm{t\ of] s'/f k'¥ofOlbg' x'g / o;nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZsotf b]v]sf]

5' .

csf]{ Pp6f s'/f s] 5 eGg'x'G5 eGbfv]l/ cg'lrt sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf lxhf]

xfdLn] lemSof}F t/ cg'lrt sfo{ ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf clxn];Dd lsg ePg < of]

af/Daf/ xfdL 5nkmn ul//x]sf 5f}F . dGqLHo";Fu klg 5nkmn ul//fv]sf 5f}F . cg'lrt

sfo{ ;DaGwL 5'§} ljw]os t Nofpg} k¥of] . cg'lrt sfo{sf] Joj:yf clVtof/;Fu

lemSg'sf] dtna Tof] cfjZos g} 5}g eGof xf] / < To;sf/0f Tof] s;nfO{ lbg] t

eGbfv]l/ xfdLn] s] ;f]r]sf lyof}F eGbfv]l/ cg'lrt sfo{ ;DaGwL To:tf ;Dk"0f{

Joj:yfx¿ k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no cGtu{t /x]sf] /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ lbg' k5{

eGg] xfd|f] dt 5 . Tof] rflxF lsg eGbfv]l/ k|wfgdGqLn] g} xf] x]g]{ . lgjf{lrt ;/sf/n]

x]g]{ xf] . clgoldttf ePsf] s'/fnfO{ lgoldt u/fpg] sfdx¿sf] af/]df, To;nfO{

hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ s'/fdf, To;nfO{ tbf?stf u/fpg' kg]{ s'/fdf ;a} s'/fdf

k|wfgdGqLsf] xft alnof] agfpg' k5{ eGg] b[li6sf]0f /fv]/ cg'lrt sfo{ ToxfFaf6

lemlsPsf] xf] . lxhf] s] lyof] eGbfv]l/ cg'lrt sfo{df klg p;}n] x]g]{, e|i6frf/df klg

p;}n] x]g]{ x'Fbfv]l/ ;Dk"0f{ kmfOnx¿ ljleGg lsl;dn] tflgg] / /f]lsg] cj:yf lyof] .

ca clxn] Tof] ug'{ ePg eg]/ xfdLn] ;a} Joj:yf u¥of}F t/ ptfaf6 lems]kl5

cg'lrt sfo{nfO{ s] 5 eGb]lvg\ ;DalGwt sfg"g Jo:yf gul/bf s] eof] eGb]lvg\ g

ufO{sf] y'gdf g afR5fsf] d'vdf eG5g\ lg To:t} cj:yf k'Uof] . of] s'/f ug'{ ePg .

o;nfO{ sfg"g dGqfnon] ug]{ xf] ls, k|wfgdGqL sfof{non] ug]{ xf] ls < l56f]eGbf

l56f] of] sfg"g cfpg' k¥of] . ca private ljw]os NofPg cfpg klg ;Dej ePg

lghL ljw]osdf klg ;f]r]sf] xf] . lghL ljw]os NofP/ cfpbf klg ;QfkIfsf] ;dy{g

a]u/ of] cfpg ;Sb}g . To;sf/0fn] ubf{v]l/ cg'lrt sfo{ ;DaGwL ljw]os l56f]eGbf

l56f] Nofpg] k|ltj4tf dfggLo dGqLHo"af6 kfpg] cfzf ub}{ d cfˆgf] s'/f

6'ª\Uofp5' . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo k|sfz kGy . ;do % ldg]6 .

18

dfggLo >L k|sfz kGy -g]kfnL sfFu|];_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, d of]

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os, @)&^ dflysf] ;}4flGts

5nkmnsf] nflu oxfF pkl:yt ePsf] 5' . ;+ljwfgd} Joj:yf ePsf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u

cg';Gwfg cfof]u xf] h'g g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @#* df o;sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5

eg] @$( df o;sf ljleGg sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf af/]df :ki6 Joj:yfx¿

ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;Fu;Fu} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! df klg o;nfO{ of] /fHosf] lgb]{zs

l;4fGt / gLltleq kg]{ sf/0fn] ubf{ ca of] e|i6frf/b]lv lnP/, lg:kIf, kf/bzL{

s'/fx¿nfO{ /fHon] klg ;dfwfg ug'{ kg]{ / ToxfF klg o;nfO{ :ki6 JofVofx¿ ul/Psf]

5 . t;y{ of] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs

clwsf/ eg]sf] To; ;DaGwdf k/]sf ph'/Lx¿sf] clVtof/ b'?kof]usf] ;DaGwdf

k/]sf ph'/Lx¿, e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL k/sf ph'/Lx¿nfO{ 5fglag ug]{, To;kl5 To;df

s;'/x¿ b]lvPdf d'2fx¿ rnfpg] / o;nfO{ e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f u/]/ clVtof/sf]

b'?kof]unfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ xf] eGg] s'/f ;d]t ;+ljwfgd} klg o;sf] :ki6 JofVof

u/]sf] 5 . t/ of] ljw]os cfOUbfv]l/ clnslt ;+ljwfg k|lts'n x'g] u/L cfof] eGg]

xfd|f] 7x/ 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] 7\ofSs} lj?4df klg of] 5, s;/L 5 eGbfv]l/ of] ;+3Lo /

k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ ca of] gLltut ¿kd} e|i6frf/ ug{ ldNg] u/L of] ljw]os cfPsf]

5 . ca o; cufl8 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Sofljg]6n] h]–h] lg0f{o u/] klg kfpFYof] . ToxfF

clVtof/n] cfFvf nufpg kfpFb}g lyof] eg] ca rflxF k|b]z ;/sf/sf] Sofljg]6;Dddf

klg ltgn] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿df klg ;'/lIft ug]{ u/L ltgnfO{ rf]Vofpg] u/L,

ltgLx¿nfO{ arfpg] u/L, ltgLx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ u/L of] ljw]os cfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo

txsf] rflxF 5f]8]5 x]g{';\ . e|i6frf/ ug]{ s'/f :yfgLon] kfpFb}g x}, xfdL dfq} u5f}{F

eg]sf] h:tf] tl/sfn] of] ljw]osdf To:tf] Joj:yfx¿ klg b]lvPsf] 5 . lsgls ;a}

7fpFdf e|i6frf/nfO{ /f]Sg' kb{5, hxfF h'g;'s} Sofljg]6n] u/] klg tL e|i6frf/ x'g\ eg]

tL clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u xf] eg] tL s'/fx¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg ug]{, To;nfO{ x]g]{, 5fglag

ug]{ s'/f t kfpg' k¥of] lg eGg] s'/fx¿ o;df 5f]l8P 5 .

ca o;df xfdLn] csf]{ jif{b]lv ;DklQ ljj/0f klg a'emfpg gkg]{ eof] .

;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQmx¿, dfggLo ;f+;bx¿, dGqLx¿, hgk|ltlglwx¿ hf]

;'s}n] klg cfkm\gf] ;DklQ ljj/0f a'emfpg gkg]{ . gkg]{ eof] eg]sf] dtna p;n]

hlt sdfP klg eof], hlt e|i6frf/ u/]] klg eof] . hlt n'6] klg eof] eGg] s'/f of]

ljw]osn] To;/L NofPsf] 5 . oL ;a} s'/fx¿ x]bf{v]l/ ;+ljwfgsf] Psbd k|lts'n x'g]

u/L, ;+ljwfgsf] lj?4df x'g] u/L cfPsf] 5 . ToxfF eO/x]sf] cg'lrt sfo{ eGg] klg

x6fOP 5 . To;nfO{ cGt} sxLF Joj:yf ul/of] eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUb}g . d}n] vf]Hbfv]l/

klg Tof] s'/fx¿ kfPg . tL ;a} lx;fan] of] ljw]os clnslt ;+ljwfg k|lts'n 5 .

o;nfO{ cem} y'k}| ax;, y'k|} 5nkmn, o;df cem} uDeL/ ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{ s'/fx¿, y'k}|

s'/fx¿ o;df cfjZostf 5 . oyfl:yltdf of] ljw]os kf; x'g ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g .

o;nfO{ clnslt ;/sf/n] uDeL/ ¿kd} ;f]Fr]/ oL ;a} ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfx¿nfO{

19

;+/If0f u/]/, cem} ;lhnf] u/]/ o;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg cfjZos 5 . oyfl:yltdf of]

cufl8 ga9fOof];\ eGg] s'/f d eGg rfxG5' . wGojfb . ho g]kfn .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo j[z]if rGb| nfn ;do % ldg]6 .

dfggLo >L j[z]if rGb| nfn -/fli6«o hgtf kf6L{_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo,

o; ljifodf deGbf klxn] dfggLoHo"x¿n] /fVg' ePsf] s'/fsf] d ;dy{g ub{} d s]xL

s'/f ;Ddflgt ;bg ;dIf /fVg rfxG5' . s'g} klg sfg"gsf] ;+zf]wg ubf{v]l/ ;a}eGbf

klxn] dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] xfdLn] Wofg lbg' kg{] s'/f s] xf] eg] of] sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog

sxfFg]/ afwf cfof] t < To;nfO{ xfdL ;Daf]wg ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5f}F ls 5}gf}F eGg] s'/f

;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 xf]nf h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u

;+j}wflgs cfof]u xf] . dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] / dnfO{ nfU5 of] ;fdfGo a'emfO klg xf]

ls clVtof/Lsf] b'?kof]u gxf];\ . /fHo ;~rfng ubf{v]l/ clVtof/Lsf] b'?kof]u rflxF

gxf];\ / To;sf] kf/bzL{ tl/sfn] To;sf] 5fglag, To;sf] cg';Gwfg, To;sf] lgoGq0f

/ o:tf] gxf];\ eGg] s'/fsf] lgldQ g} ;+j}wflgssf] cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

To;sf/0fn] of] sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ubf{v]l/ xfdLn] o;qmddf cfPsf afwfx¿ s]–s] x'g\

< To;sf] ;Daf]wg rflxF xfdLn] ug'{ kg{] x'G5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj

;/sf/af6 cfPkl5 / clxn] s] b]lvof] eg] clxn] lg dfggLoHo"x¿n] /fVg'sf] Pp6f

s'/f s] ca of] clVtof/sf] b'?kof]usf] cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/fnfO{ a9fpg] xf] ls 36fpg]

xf] < olb 36fpg] xf] eg] xfdLn] of] dfGg' kg{] x'G5 ls ca rflxg] clVtof/sf]

b'?kof]usf] ;d:of TolQsf] /x]g pRr :t/df gLltut lg0f{o ug{]x¿ clVtof/sf

b'?kof]u ub{}gg\, cg'lrt sfo{ ub{}gg\ To;sf/0f o;sf] bfo/f rflxF 36fp eg]kl5

36fpg' k¥of] . dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg]b]lv clVtof/sf] b'?kof]usf] hlt klg 36gfx¿

3l6/x]sf 5g\ hlt klg rrf{x¿ cufl8 cfO/x]sf 5g\, hlt klg ;drf/x¿ xfdLn]

k|fKt ul//x]sf 5f}F . b}lgsL hLjgsf klg xfdLn] h'g s'/f ef]lu/x]sf 5f}F To;sf]

lgldQ lhDd]jf/ zLif{ txdf g} gLltut lg0f{ox¿ ubf{v]l/ g} clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u

To;sf/0f o; h'g ;+zf]wg cfPsf] 5 of] a9fpg] 36fpg] To;dfly ljrf/ ug{' kg{]

x'G5 . o; ;Ddflgt ;bg;Fu d of] cg'/f]w ub{5' . of] xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L klg xf] /

;/sf/n] ls t eGg ;Sg' k¥of] xf]Og eg] bfof/f 36fpg' kg{] sf/0f s] xf] ca of]

hxfFaf6 xfdL 36fO/xsf 5f}F ToxfF gLltut lg0f{o ubf{v]l/ gLltut clwsf/sf]

b'?kof]u eO/x]sf] 5}g . e|i6frf/nfO{ cl3 a9fO/x]sf] sfdx¿ eO/x]sf] 5}g csf{] s'/f

dnfO{ s] nfUof] eg] ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, ls ;+3 clVtof/ b'?kof]u clwsf/sf]

cfo'Qm klg k"jf{u|xn] u|l;t eP/ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cfof]usf] cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efljt

ug{' ePsf] 5 / k"jf{u|xn] u|l;t eP/ To;f] ug{' ePsf] pbfx/0fx¿ xfd|f] cufl8 5 .

clxn] klg of] nlntf lgjf;sf] hldgsf] k|s/0fdf klg clVtof/sf] cfo'Qmsf]

20

;+nUgtfsf] rrf{x¿ 5fkfx¿df xfdL b]lv/x]sf 5fF}F . Tof] cg';Gwfgdf xfdL b]lv/x]sf

5f}F of] ;+zf]wgn] ;j{k|yd oxfF ;jfn s] p7\5 eg] clVtof/ b'?kof]usf] h;n]

cg';Gwfg ug'{ kg{] xf] ToxL lgsfodf ha u8a9L 5 eg] To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{]

;+zf]wgdf s]xL 5 ls 5}g <

csf{] s'/f s] eg] yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] % jif{leq kfpg' k5{ % jif{leq d'2f

rnfOPg eg] clVtof/df ph'/L kl/;s]kl5 eg]kl5 Tof] d'2f t uof], vQd eof] .

csf{] Pp6f s'/f d s] eGg rfxG5' ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, ls of] -sydicate_ h:tf]

k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 < kmfOnx¿ xfdL ;'Gb5f}F jl/i7x¿dfly 7"nf–7"nf g]tfx¿dfly,

7"nf–7"nf /fhgLlt kbdf hfg]x¿dfly kmfOnx¿ 5g\ t/ tL kmfOnx¿ /fhgLlts

lgo'lQm ubf{v]l/ kmfOn bjfP/ /fVg] clg cGo a]nfdf Tof] kmfOnsf] rrf{ ug{] . Pp6f

xltof/sf] ¿kdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 o;nfO{ s;/L ug{] < clVtof/n] of] kf/bzL{tf

s;/L ckgfpg ;S5 < Tof] ;+zf]wg dfkm{t\ klg cfpg' k¥of] y'k|} ;jfnx¿ 5g\ t/

elgG5 xhf/f}F nf]s, xhf/f}F aft, xhf/f}F ;jfn, hjfkm t'd\ ;/sf/n] hjfkm lbg'

k¥of] < o;nfO{ s;/L ;+zf]wg ug{' k5{ s;/L ;Daf]wg ug{] s'/fx¿sf] ;dfwfg s;/L

ug{] < wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo k|ldnf s'df/L . ;do % ldg]6 .

dfggLo k|ldnf s'df/L -;dfhjfbL kf6L{_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, o;

æclVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os @)&^Æ df efu

lng'ePsf ;fyLx¿df ;dy{g hgfpFb} d cfˆgf egfOx¿ /fVg rfxG5' . ca d"n

P]gsf] bkmf $ df ;+zf]wg h'g 5 . $ df o;df cfof]usf] clwsf/sf] If]q 5, o;df

cfof]usf] clwsf/sf] If]q 5 $ sf] v08 -v_ df s] n]lvPsf] 5 . ;+3Lo ;+;b k|b]z

;ef jf ;f] cGtu{tsf ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ePsf] sfd sfo{afxL jf lg0f{o jf To:tf]

a}7sdf s'g} ;b:on] af]n]sf] jf u/]sf] s'g} sfd s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf jf g]kfn ;/sf/

dlGqkl/ifb\ jf ;f]sf] s'g} ;ldltn] jf k|b]z ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\ jf ;f]sf] s'g} ;ldltn]

u/]sf] s'g} gLltut lg0f{o jf cbfntsf] Goflos sfd sfo{afxLsf ;DaGwdf

cfof]uaf6 o; P]g cGtu{t cg';Gwfg txlssft jf cGo s'g} sfo{jfxL x'g] 5}g . ca

olt lbg ;+3Lo dlGqkl/ifb\n] h'g e|i6frf/sf] nflu g} gLltut lg0f{o ub}{ lyof] .

To;df clVtof/n] cg';Gwfg ub}{GYof] . ca k|b]z ;efsf] dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ k|b]z

;/sf/sf] dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ klg ;fyL agfPsf] 5 . k|b]z ;/sf/sf] dlGqkl/ifb\n]

e|i6frf/s} nflu gLltut lg0f{o ul/of] eg] To;df clVtof/n] s'g} lsl;dsf]

cg';Gwfg ug{ kfpFb}g . o;sf] dtna ca e|i6frf/ emg\ a9L x'g] ;Defjg b]lvG5 .

ca h:t} g]kfn 6«:6sf] hUuf b]zJofkL ¿kn] olt xf]nl8Ë;n] h'g sAhf ub} { 5g\ .

21

ltgLx¿sf] dgf]an emg\dfly p7]sf] h:tf] d}n] dxz'; u/]sf] 5' . ca wide body

sf08 NCELL sf08 h:tf lg0f{ox¿ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 x'g] t/ To;sf] txlssft,

To;sf] cg';Gwfg clVtof/n] ug{ gkfpg] h:tf of] ;+zf]wgx¿ o; ljw]osdf klxnf

klg lyof] clxn] k|b]z ;/sf/sf] dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ klg yk u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

csf]{ s'/f d"n P]gsf] bkmf @( df ;+zf]wg 5 . ca o;df d'2f rnfpg] cjlw

lbPsf] 5 . d'2f rnfpg] cjlwdf e|i6frf/, e|i6frf/hGo s;'/df To:tf] sfo{ ePsf]

yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] % jif{leq d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ 5 . ca ;do l;df klg tf]lslbPsf]

5 . ca k|wfgdGqL dGqLHo"x¿n] hlt e|i6frf/ ubf{ klg dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 hlt

e|i6frf/ ubf{ klg 5'6 x'g] eof] . To;df clVtof/n] s'g} lsl;dsf] cg';Gwfg ug{

kfpFb}g . ca % jif{sf] cjlw lbPsf] 5 . % jif{ clxn]sf ;Qf kIfn] rnfpF5 . % jif{

k|wfgdGqL / dGqLHo"x¿n] ;/sf/df ePsf] a]nf, kbdf ePsf] a]nf txlssft ug}{

ldNb}g . To;kl5 % jif{ d'2f rnfpg' k5{ . ca To;kl5 km]l/ csf]{ ;/sf/ cfPkl5

p;sf] ;xof]u, csf]{ ;/sf/sf] ;xof]un] km]l/ p;dfly d'2f To:tf kb b'?kof]u

ug]{x¿dfly d'2f rnfpFb}g . lsgls clxn]sf] ;/sf/n] ljutsf ;/sf/x¿dfly

ljutsf ;/sf/n] u/]sf] ulNtx¿dfly====-;do ;lsPsf]n] dfOs sfl6Psf]_ .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo lht]Gb| gf/fo0f b]j . ;do % ldg]6 .

dfggLo lht]Gb| gf/fo0f b]j -g]kfnL sfFu|];_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, clxn]

xfdL /fli6«o hLjgsf] Pp6f cToGt dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf ;}4flGts 5nkmn ul//x]sf

5f}F . dnfO{ nfU5 d}n] w]/} s'/fx¿ /fVg' kg]{ 5}g . s]lx dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ of]eGbf

cufl8 g} dfggLoHo"x¿n] /flv;Sg' ePsf] 5 . t/ d}n] Pp6f uDeL/ ljifo ePsf]

x'gfn] d'Vo ¿kdf # j6f ljifo of] ul/dfdo ;bgdf /fVg rfx]sf] 5' / ;DdfggLo

cWoIf dxf]bo dfkm{t\ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofg cfslif{t ug{ rfxG5' . d}n] af/Daf/ oxL

;bgdf s'/f /fv]sf] 5' ls of] d'n'sdf olb syd syflrt xfd|} s'zf;gn] k|ltudg

lgDTof] eg] Tof] k|ltudg e|i6frf/sf] 3f]8fdf r9]/ cfp5 eGg] s'/f d}n] af/Daf/

af]Ng] u/]sf] 5' . ev{/} dnfO{ v';L nfu]sf] 5 . clxn] g]skfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s

eO/fv]sf] 5 / Tof] a}7sdf klg s]xL ;b:ox¿, g]tfx¿n] of] e|i6frf/sf] 3f]8f r9]/

k|ltudgsf] vt/f lglDtg ;S5 eGg] s'/f p7fP/ g]t[Tjsf] Wofg cfs{lift u/fO/fv]sf]

5 . of] ;Gbe{df d}n] elgxfn], To;sf/0fn] of] xfd|f] /fi6«sf] Pp6f ax't uDeL/ xfdL

8]df]qm];LnfO{, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg rfxg] zlQm ePsf]

gftfn] xfd|f] cufl8 of] ljifosf] 7'nf] r'gf}lt 5 . To;sf/0f d}n] tLg j6f ljifo s]

/fVg rfxG5' eg] klxnf] s'/f, /fhgf/fo0f kf7sn] Tof] Pp6f JolQm dfq xf]Og, Pp6f

k|j[lQsf] ¿kdf xfdLn] a'em\g ;Sg' k5{ . of] d'n'saf6 e|i6frf/nfO{ lgd"{n ug]{ xf] eg]

22

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u eGg] h'g ;+:yf 5 . Tof] ;+:yfnfO{ g} s;/L

e|i6frf/ d'Qm ug]{ < Tof] ;+:yf g} Pp6f ;flrs} Anti Corruption crusade sf]

¿kdf Tof] ;+:yf xf] . To;sf] Tof] commitment, sincerity, Tof] honesty, Tof]

morality Tof] ;+:yfsf] anti corruption campion df 5 eGg] justify ug{sf] nflu

Tof] ;+:yfnfO{ g} Tof] ;+:yf ;flrSs} Pp6f To:tf] ;+:yf xf] eGg] g]kfnL hgdgdf Tof]

ljZjf; s;/L :yflkt ug]{ < of] Pp6f ljifo dxTjk"0f{ ljifo 5 . Tof] ljifo s'g} g

s'g} ¿kdf clxn] ;+zf]wg u/L /fVbfv]l/ of] P]gdf kg{ ;Sg' k5{ . 5nkmn ug]{

bf}/fgdf of] h'g ;ldltx¿df hfG5, ljwfog ;ldltdf Tof] ljifo Pp6f cfslif{t x'g'

k5{ h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 klxnf] s'/f .

bf];|f] ljifo s] xf] eGbfv]l/ cToGt uDeL/ ljifo ;+j}wflgs clxn] ev{/} Ps

hgf dfggLoHo"n] /fVg' eof] ls nlntf lgjf;sf] hUufsf] ;Gbe{df h'g clxn]

l;cfOlan] klg clGtd cfˆgf] 5fglag g]kfn ;/sf/fnfO{ k|ltj]bg summit

ul/;s]sf] 5 . Tof] ;Gbe{df Pp6f s'/f ldl8ofdf s] cfPsf] 5 eGbfv]l/ ca clVtof/

b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] /fhgLlts ;ª\s]t klv{/fv]sf] 5 . ca ;/sf/sf]

/fhgLlts ;ª\s]t O;f/f kv]{/ al;/fv]sf] 5 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u .

olb of] ;ª\s]tdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u rNg] xf] eg] of] d'n'sdf t

lgd'vfx¿, lgbf]{ifx¿ h;sf] s'g} political linkage 5}g, power center df h;sf]

apporach 5}g, excess 5}g, kx'Fr 5}g . tL dfG5]x¿ t Tolts} dfl/G5g\, ;dfKt

x'G5g\ tL dfG5]x¿ . To;sf/0fn] /fhgLlts efua08fsf] cfwf/df clVtof/ b'?kof]u

cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ;+/rgf h'g aG5 . s]xL JolQm sfFu|];sf] ;dy{gdf, s]xL JolQm

sDo'lgi6sf] l;kmfl/;df, s]xL JolQm kmnfgf]sf] l;kmfl/;df . of] k|lqmofnfO{ tf]8\g] ls

gtf]8\g] / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ ;fRr} g} Pp6f lgikIf / kf6L{

/fhgLltaf6 d'Qm, /fhgLlts k|efjaf6 d'Qm ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf xfdL o;nfO{ cufl8

a9fpg] ls ga9fpg] < of] bf];|f] s'/f .

t];|f] s'/f clxn] of] h'g k]h gDa/ # df /flvPsf] 5 . gLltut lg0f{osf] af/]df

s'g} 5fglag cg';Gwfg gx'g] . o; af/]df klg s]xL review xf];\ 5nkmnsf]

bf}/fgdf . of] tLgj6f s'/fx¿ ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo d rflxF /fVg vf]h]sf] x'F . d

cfzf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' ls 5nkmnsf] bf}/fgdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] of] # j6f ljifo s'g} g

s'g} ¿kdf pko'Qm lx;fan] o;df ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L of] 6'ª\luG5 . olt s'/f eGb} d

cfˆgf] s'/f oxL ;dfkg ug{ rfxG5' . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo 7u]Gb| k|sfz k'/L . ;do % ldg]6 .

23

dfggLo >L 7u]Gb| k|sfz k'/L -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo

cWoIfHo", æclVtof/ b'?kof]u c'g;Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$*Æ nfO{ t];|f] k6s ;+zf]wg

ug{sf nflu ;/sf/n] xfd|f] o; ;Ddflgt ;bgdf ljw]os k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . cWoIf

dxf]bo, xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ckgfPsf] 5 . h; cGtu{t

Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf / sfo{kflnsf Ps cfk;df :jtGq / Ps cfk;df

kf/:kl/s ;xof]usf cfwf/df tL rN5g\ / xfd|f] ;j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ ljifo

ljlzi6tfsf cfwf/df ljleGg ;+j}wflgs cfof]ux¿sf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 / oL

;+j}wflgs cfof]ux¿n] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] tf]s]adf]lhd cfˆgf] sfo{nfO{ ;Dkfbg ug]{

xf] / of] ;a} s'/fsf] ;f/ s] xf] eg] xfdL s;/L ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;S5f}F < / ;Dk"0f{

;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ d'n'ssf] kIfdf, hgtfsf] kIfdf s;/L clwstd 9ª\un] k|of]u ug{

;S5f}F eGg] g} xf] . To;}n] of] @)$* ;fndf ag]sf] h'g a]nfsf] ;do h'g a]nfsf]

Pp6f /fhgLlts Joj:yf of] ;a} s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ cfh xfdLn] h'g Joj:yf

ckgfPsf 5f}F, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq / cfhsf] ;dfhn] h'g ;dosf] k|ltlglwTj

u5{ / cfhsf] ;dfhnfO{ h] s'/f rflxPsf] 5 To;sf cfwf/df ;/sf/n] of] clVtof/

b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* nfO{ h'g 9ª\un] rflxF modified ug{

vf]lh/fv]sf] 5 . of] s'/f Psbd k|z+;gLo 5 / cfkm}df Pp6f :jfutof]Uo s'/f 5 /

xfdL /fd|f];Fu hfGb5f}F ls jf:tjdf ;+;bn] cyjf Joj:yflksfn] sfg"g agfpF5 / tL

sfg"gx¿ ;+j}wflgs lx;fan] pko'Qm 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;+j}wflgs kl/If0f

;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ug]{ xf] / xfdLn] agfPsf sfg"g cg'?k xfd|f ;/s/fn] rfx]F xfd|f]

g]kfn ;/sf/n], rfx] k|b]zsf ;/sf/n] s] u5{g t eGbfv]l/ Tof] sfg"g cg'?k

pgLx¿n] lgod agfpF5g\ / tL lgodx¿ klg sfg"g ;Ddt\ / ;+ljwfg ;Ddt 5g\ ls

5}gg\ eGg] s'/f x'G5 . olb cfkm";Fu ;/sf/;Fu ePsf ;|f]tx¿n], ;fwgx¿n] ;Daf]wg

ug{ ;S5 eg] hgtfnfO{ lg{eo tl/sfn] p;n] rflxF Tof] ;]jf ug{ kfpg' k5{ / Tof]

s;}n] klg ltldn] of] lg0f{o u/]kl5 of] clVtof/ cg';f/ x'G5 . of] lg0f{o ePg eg]

kl5 x'Fb}g eg]/ k/ s'g} Pp6f s'g} To:tf] t;f{pg] lgsfosf ¿kdf /xg x'b}Fg . tL

xfd|f lgsfox¿ klg s] x'g' k5{ eGbfv]l/ hgtflt/ g} kms]{sf x'g' k5{ To;}n] ubf{v]l/

;/sf/n] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿ Ps k|sf/n] lgod x'g / tL lgodx¿ ;+j}wflgs lx;fan] /

sfg"g ;Ddt\ 9ª\un] pko'Qm 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f ;+j}wflgs k/LIf0f x'g ;S5 t/

csf]{ s'g} lgsfon] of] l7s 5 / of] a]l7s 5 eg]/ Pp6f hfFr lng], hfFr ug]{ l:ylt

x'g' x'Fb}g eGg] xfd|f] s'/f xf] . To;}n] of] rflxF ;+zf]wgn] h'g s'/fx¿ af]s]/ cfPsf] 5

tL s'/fx¿ hgkIfLo 5g\ eGg ;lsG5 / csf]{ s'/f ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, s] xf]

eGbfv]l/ clxn] of] s;}n] k|Zg u5{ eg] Tof] k|Zg ug]{ s'/fnfO{ sdhf]/Lsf] ¿kdf 7fGg]

cyjf ckl/kStf 7fGg] t/ h;n] ;x]/ a:5 ;x]/ a:g' eg]sf] Pp6f eb|tf xf],

kl/kStf xf], eGg] s'/f 7fGg] Pp6f ;dfhsf] ;+:sf/ 5 . Tof] ;+:sf/nfO{ tf]8\gsf]

lglDt of] sfg'gn] h'g k|sf/sf] xb Dofbsf] Joj:yf u/]/ cfPsf] 5 Tof] xb Dofbn] s]

eG5 t eGbfv]l/ ltdLnfO{ s]xL s'/f nfu]sf] 5 eg] ca ;dodf g} eGg' kg]{ 5 x} .

olb ltdLn] ;dodf eGg ;s]gf}F / s'g} df}sf kv]{/ kl5 :Jffy{ lng] ¿kdf cyjf s'g}

24

:jfy{ l;4 ug]{ ¿kdf dfq} tL s'/fx¿nfO{ Pp6f e|i6frf/sf] cfIf]k nufpg x'b}Fg .

;dodf g} To;sf] ;Daf]wg x'g ;Sof] eg]kl5 dfq} ;dfhsf] lxt x'g ;S5, b]zsf]

sNof0f x'g ;S5 . / Tof] s'/fdf ;dfhn] ca cfˆgf] ;+:sf/ lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ eGg] s'/f

dfGotf of] hf] ljw]osn] af]s]sf] 5 d To;sf] :jfut ug{ rfxG5' / cGo o;df rflxF

ck'u ePsf s'/fx¿ / ljleGg 7fpFaf6 cfPsf ;'emfjx¿ / o;nfO{ c? yk e/0f

kf]if0f ug]{ s'/f xfdL cfˆgf] k|lqmof / ;+zf]wgsf] dfWodaf6 ug]{ g} 5f}F / d ;d|udf

of] ljw]ossf] xflb{s :jfut ub{5' xflb{s wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo /fdk[t kf;jfg . ;do % ldg]6 .

dfggLo >L /fdk[t kf;jfg -;dfhjfbL kf6L{_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo,

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] ljw]ossf]

5nkmnsf] qmddf d}n] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff /fVg] cg'dlt rfxG5' .

;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, o; P]gsf] bkmf $ df cfof]usf] If]qsf] clwsf/

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h;df ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] clVtof/

b'?kof]u u/]df cfof]un] To:tf] JolQm pk/ of] P]g jf cGo k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd

cg';Gwfg u/fpg jf lgh pk/ d'2f rnfpg jf tt\ ;DaGwL sf/afxL ug{ ;Sg] 5

eGg] s'/f n]lvPsf] 5 . ha ls o;df clVtof/ b'?kof]u u/]df s:tf] clVtof/

b'?kof]u u/]df oxfF klxnfsf] Joj:yfdf, klxnfsf] P]gdf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/

b'?kof]u u/]df To;}n] of] e|i6frf/ u/L eGg] zAb oxfFaf6 lemlsPsf] 5 . t;y{

o;nfO{ yKg] sfd ul/of];\ . To:t} of] ;+3Lo ;+;b k|b]z jf ;f] cGtu{tsf ;ldltsf]

a}7sdf cfPsf] sfd, sf/afxL jf lg0f{o jf To:tf] a}7sdf s'g} ;b:on] af]n]sf] jf

s'g} sfd s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf jf g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb jf ;f]sf] s'g} ;ldltn] jf

k|b]z ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\ jf ;f]sf] ;ldltn] u/]sf] s'g} gLltut lg0f{o jf cbfntsf]

Goflos sfd, sf/afxLsf ;DaGwdf oxfF s'g} gLltut lg0f{o eGg] s'/f ul/Psf] 5 .

t/ of] gLltut lg0f{o eGg] s'/f d}n] rflxF a'‰g ;lsgF . ToxL eP/ oxfF gLltut

lg0f{o eGgfn] s] eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] < o;sf] :ki6Ls/0f klg oxfF ;dfj]z ul/of];\ .

;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, To:t} oxfF !$ df o; P]gdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f

n]lvPsf] eP klg eg]/ oxfF sf/afxL ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo jf clwsf/L ;dIf n]vL

k7fpg ;Sg] 5 eGg] s'/f;Dd Psbd} 7Ls} 5 . t/ o;/L cfof]uaf6 n]vL cfPsf]

;DaGwdf cfjZos sfd, sf/afxL, cyf{t\ of] cgfjZos ¿kdf of] k|fjwfgnfO{

aª\Uofpg] sfd ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] oxfF h'g yk ul/Psf] zAb 5, of] cfjZos

b]lvb}g . csf]{ s'/f h'g k|of]uzfnfsf] ;Gbe{df h'g s'/fx¿ ul/Psf] 5, l8lh6n

clen]vsf] ;ª\sng, k|of]uzfnf jf km/]lG;s OsfO{ :yfkgf jf ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg], of]

25

k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ x]bf{v]l/ of] 7f8} k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] ljk/Lt 5 . To;}n] o;nfO{

k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] cg'¿k o;nfO{ sfod ug]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 . Tolx eP/

o;nfO{ ToxL cg';f/ sfod ul/of];\, cWoIf dxf]bo / of] ;a} k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ x]bf{v]l/

of] h'g klxnfsf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] h'g Joj:yf lyof], ljw]osdf

To;nfO{ w]/} 7fpFdf km]/abn ul/Psf] cyf{t\ kl/jt{g ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . x'gt dnfO{

Pp6f s'/f s] eGg dg nfUof] eGbfv]l/ d afNosfndf d cfkm\gf] ;fyLx¿;Fu

v]Nbfv]l/ slxn]sfxLF v]ndf Pp6f lglZrt lgod x'G5, Tof] lgod cg';f/ xfdLn] v]Ng'

kg]{ x'G5 . t/ slxn]sfxLF cfkm";Fu v]Ng] ;fyL olb alnof] kl/lbof] eg] p;n] s] u5{

eGbf]v]l/ cfkm" cg'¿k Tof] lgod ;do–;dodf abNb} hfg] / Tof] v]nnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf

cfkm\gf] kIfdf kfg]{ lx;fan] lgodx¿ kl/jt{g ub}{ hfg] sfd Tof] ;fyLaf6 u/]sf] d}n]

b]v]sf] lyPF . clxn] of] h'g k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ sfd ul/Psf] 5, To:t} Tof]

afNosfnsf] ememNsf] dnfO{ lbnfPsf] 5 .

csf]{ s'/f, x'gt ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg d'n'sdf ha ;/sf/ ;a{;QfjfbL x'g

rfxG5, Tof] ;aeGbf ug]{ sfd eg]sf] h'g ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ x'G5g\, ;+j}wflgs

cfof]ux¿ x'G5g\, tL cfof]ux¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] k|efjdf s;/L kfg]{, cfkm\gf] dftxtdf

s;/L /fVg] ;a{k|yd Tof] sfd ul/G5 / ToxL cg';f/ h'g of] clVtof/ b'?kof]u

cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ klg cfkm\gf] k|efjdf kfg]{, cfkm\gf] cGtu{tdf kfg]{ h'g ;/sf/sf]

lgot b]lvPsf] 5, o;af6 :ki6 x'G5 ls oxfF g]kfndf klg ;/sf/ ;a{;QfjfbL x'g

vf]h]sf] 5 eGg] d}n] rflxF efg u/]sf] 5' . To;}n] o:tf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf]

ljk/Lt / cGo P]g sfg"gsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] cg's"n x'g] u/L Tof]

Joj:yf gul/of];\ eGg] d cg'/f]w ug{ rfxG5' . vf;df clxn];Dd h'g of] ;+j}wflgs

cfof]ux¿ 5g\, clxn] klg bnLo efua08f sfod 5, To;df clg xfdL s;/L

lgikIftfsf] s'/f u5f}{F < ToxL eP/ ha;Dd oL ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿df, ;+j}wflgs

cfof]ux¿df bnLo efua08fsf] v]n rln/xG5, ta;Dd xfdLn] :jtGq ¿kdf sfd

u5{ eGg] s'/fsf] olb cfz u5f}{F eg] ====-;do ;lsPsf] x'Fbf dfO{s sfl6Psf]_ .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ca d ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL s]=kL=

cf]nL zdf{sf] tkm{af6 dfggLo :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqL / sfg"g, Gofo tyf

;+;bLo dfldnf dGqL efg'eQm 9sfnnfO{ 5nkmndf p7]sf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg

;do pknAw u/fpF5' .

dfggLo :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof Pjd\ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqL

>L efg'eQm 9sfnM– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, k|:t't ljifodf & hgf dfggLo

;b:oHo"x¿n] of] ;}4flGts 5nkmndf efu lng' ePsf] 5 . ;j{k|yd d cWoIf dxf]bo

26

dfkm{t\ dfggLoHo"x¿nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . k|:t't ul/Psf] ljw]osnfO{

cem ;fjwfgLk"0f{ 9ª\un] ;+ljwfg cg's"n agfpgsf] lglDt / sfg"gL lx;fadf clwsf/

;+/lIft ug{sf nflu dfggLoHo"x¿n] lbg' ePsf sltko ;'emfjx¿ u|x0f of]Uo g}

5g\ . nfu]sf e|dk"0f{ ;"rgfsf cfwf/df cfˆgf ljZn]if0fx¿ cleJolQm ug{] :jtGqtf

To;sf] ;fj{ef}d ;+;bdf JoQm ePsf ljrf/k|lt d JolQmut lx;fadf ljifosf]

lx;fan] ;xdlt hgfpg g;s] klg Tof] pxfFx¿sf] cleJolQm :jtGqtfk|lt rflxF

xflb{s ;Ddfg k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' . klxnf] ljifo dfggLoHo"x¿n] p7fpg' ePsf] of]

cg'lrt sfo{sf] ;Gbe{df xfdLn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ w]/} 5nkmn u/]/ of] ljifo

;+ljwfgaf6 xfdLn] x6fPsf 5fF} . lsgeg] of] cg'lrt zAbsf] tTsfnLg clVtof/

b'?kof]u cfof]usf] kbflwsf/Lx¿ dfkm{t\ To;sf] x}l;otsf] b'?kof]u eof] . htf klg

To;sf] k|of]u eof] eGg] ;Gbe{df xfdLn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ ;xdltsf ;fy g} of]

cg'lrt eGg] zAb /fv]/ To;sf] hyfefjL k|of]u ug{ lbg] vfnsf] s'/f rflxF agfpg

lbg' x'Fb}g eg]/ ;'ljrfl/t 9ª\un] To;nfO{ x6fOPsf] xf] . Tof] cg'lrt sfo{nfO{ an

k'Ug] vfnsf] ljifox¿sf] af/]df dfggLoHo"n] h'g wf/0ff /fVg' ePsf] 5 tbg'?k of]

cg'lrt sfo{sf] b'?kof]u gx'g] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf ;fy g} of] P]gnfO{ xfdLn]

Jojl:yt ug'{ k5{ . lsgeg] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ xfd|f] d"n dd{ rflxF oxL g} lyof] .

of] cg'lrt sfo{ ;DaGwL ljw]os lgdf{0f ug{] ;Gbe{df ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" ;dIf

oxfFaf6 Tof] s'/f k'uf];\ / kxn xf];\ eGg] h'g ;b\efj /fVg' ePsf] 5 d To;nfO{

:jfut ug{ rfxG5' . o;nfO{ xfdL cfk;L 5nkmnåf/f klg ;DdfggLo

k|wfgdGqLHo"nfO{ eg]/ klg of] P]gnfO{ l5§} Joj:yf ug{ ;lsof] eg] /fd|f] x'g]5 eGg]

s'/f klg d oxfF /fVg rfxG5' .

hxfF;Dd of] ljw]os ;+ljwfgsf] ljk/Lt 5 eGg] k|:tfj 5 ;+ljwfg;Fu ljk/Lt

ePsf] t oxfFaf6 kf;} x'g ;Sb}g . lsg eg] sfg"g ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt aGg ;Sb}g ;+3Lo

;+;bn] agfPsf] P]g / ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] u/L k|b]zx¿n] klg sfg"g agfpg

kfpFb}gg\ eGg] xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf xf] . To;n] ubf{ of];Fu 7f8} aflemPsf] xb;Dd

o;nfO{ xfdLn] kf; ug'{ k5{ eg]/ jsfnt g} ug{ ;Sb}gf}F . o;nfO{ cem ;+ljwfg

k|lts"n 5 eGg] ;fyLx¿nfO{ xfdL of] clxn] t ;}4flGts 5nkmndf 5f}F, bkmfjf/

5nkmndf klg hfG5f}F xfdL ToxfF rflxF w]/} 5nkmn ug{ ;S5f}F . hxfF;Dd klxn]sf

Sofljg]6af6 lg0f{o ePsf] k|b]z ;/sf/nfO{ klg clxn] Tof] lbof] eGg] vfnsf] s'/f 5

To;df xfdLn] of] ljw]osdf s] s'/fnfO{ cufl8 NofPsf 5f}F eg] k|b]z ;/sf/n] k|b]z

;+;baf6 P]g agfP/ of] P]g cg'¿k rflxF gLltut lg0f{o ug{ kfpF5 eGg] s'/fnfO{

/flvPsf] 5 / To;nfO{ a]nufd rflxF p;n] ug{ kfpF5 eGg] vfnsf] k|fjwfg of]

k|:tfljt d:of}bfdf 5}g . ca P]g agfP/ ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemg] u/L cfˆgf] k|b]zsf]

lglDt p;n] P]g agfp5 / tbg'?ksf] lg0f{o ug{] s'/fdf o;nfO{ Tolt dfq} xfdLn]

;xhLs/0f u/]sf 5f}F . hxfF;Dd ;DklQ ljj/0f a'emfpg kb{}g eGg] vfnsf] k|:t't eof]

ljw]os cem Ps rf]6L;Fu u/]/ Tof] ls6fgL JoJ:yf ePsf] eP ;/sf/nfO{ pknAw

27

u/fpgsf nflu d ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub{5' . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQmx¿n]

;fj{hlgs kb wf/0ff u/]sf] # dlxgfleq ;DklQ ljj/0f a'emfpg' k5{ / Tof] ljj/0f

Pp6f ax; 5 To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{] cyjf ;+j}wflgs cª\uleq To;nfO{ /fVg] . Tof]

Pp6f ax; 5nkmnsf] ljifo 5 t/ ;DklQ ljj/0f g} a'emfpg] s'/faf6 pGd'lQm lbg]

eGg] s'/f ;/sf/sf] Tof] dg;fo 5}g . h:t} clxn] klg tkfO+{ xfdL ;f+;b 5f}F dnfO{

nfU5 dfggLoHo"x¿n] klg ;f+;b eP/ cfPkl5 k|To]s jif{df cfly{s jif{sf] ^)

lbgleq ;DklQ ljj/0f xfdLn] ;+;b ;lrjfnodf a'emfpF5f}F ;/sf/sf] dGqLx¿n] klg

a'emfpg' x'G5 c?n] klg a'emfpg' x'G5 . Ps y/L ax; s] 5 eg] Tof] Toltdf dfq

lsg a'emfpg] ;fj{hlgs g} ug{' k¥of] eGg] vfnsf] ax; 5 . Ps y/Lsf] egfO s] 5

eg] ;DklQ ljj/0f a'emfp5 clgoldttf eof] eGg] k|Zg p7\of] eg] clVtof/jfnf

;+:yfn] To;sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f dfu]/ 5fglag u5{ .

clxn];Ddsf] xfd|f] Joj:yf of] vfnsf] /x]sf] 5 . ca clxn] xfdLn] of]

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg o;sf] clwsf/ a9fpg vf]h]sf] xf], 36fpg vf]h]sf] xf]

eGg] vfnsf] ljifo / ToxfF clVtof/ b'?kof]u cfof]udf ePsf JolQmx¿n] g}

clgoldttf u/] eg] s] ug{] eGg] vfnsf] ljifo klg of] ;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf] 5 .

hxfF;Dd xfdLn] o;nfO{ ;+ljwfg ag]kl5 t];|f] ;+zf]wgsf] qmddf 5 . ;+ljwfg ag]kl5

xfdLn] o;nfO{ ;+ljwfg cg's"n agfpgsf nflu klg of] ;+zf]wg lnP/ cfPsf 5f}F .

To;nfO{ sfd ug{sf nflu ;lhnf] xf];\ eGg] ljifodf klg ;/sf/sf] s'g} To;df

cˆ7 \of/f] kg 5}g . clwsf/x¿ ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf kl/eflift clwsf/sf] bfo/fleqaf6

p;n] To;sf] k|of]u u5{ To;sf] k|of]u ug{] ;Gbe{df slt ;lqmotfk"j{s u5{ Tof]

p;sf] s'/f xf] . 36fpg] ;Gbe{df xfdLn] bfo/feGbf aflx/ uP/ clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u

x'g] vfnsf] s'/f eof] eg] To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] vfnsf] s'/fsf] nflu g} of] Joj:yf

rflxF xfdLn] u/]sf 5f}F . hxfF;Dd clVtof/ b'?kof]u cfof]udf /x]sf kbflwsf/Ln] g}

clgoldttf u/] eg] s] ug{] eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgeGbf dfly s'g} klg JolQm ;+:yf /xFb}g

tL sfg"gL bfo/fdf cfpF5g\ . ljuts} k|lqmof x]g{] xf] eg] klg g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] k|d'v cfo'Qmsf lj?4 ;+;bdf dxfcleof]u

;d]t btf{ u/]/ Tof] clgoldttfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu kxn ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5

;Ddflgt ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] km};nf u/]kl5 Tof] otf ;+;baf6 6'ª\Uofpg' t k/]g eg]

lxhf] klg Tof] k|lqmof hLljt} lyof] eg] clxn] klg ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf JolQmx¿n]

cg'lrt sfo{ ubf{v]l/ cyjf clwsf/eGbf aflx/ uP/ sfd u/] eg] To;nfO{ xfd|f]

;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] Joj:yfleqaf6} g} b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf x'G5 . slxn] sfxL

cln–cln b08 / k'/:sf/ ;'if'Kt x'g] k/Dk/fn] xfdLnfO{ yf]/ ax't e/ u/]sf] 5 eg]

clxn] rflxF To:tf] x'Fb}g . hxfF;Ddf xbDofbsf] ljifodf gePsf] eGbf klg yfxf kfPsf]

ldltn] % jif{;Dd eg]sf 5fF} . of] cgGt k|jfx gxf];\ eGg] s'/f dfq} xf] . pGd'lQm

lbgsf nflu eGbf klg ;dodf g} ljifo j:t'sf] af/]df cln hfFu/0f klg xf];\ Wofg

cfsif{0f klg xf];\ eGg] vfnsf] dg;fo klg xfd|f] /x]sf] 5 . hxfF;Dd dfggLoHo"n] w]/}

28

;'emfjx¿ klg oxfF lbg'ePsf] 5 ;Qf?9 kf6L{sf] a}7sdf klg ljifo p7]s} ljifo slt

Wofg cfsif{0f klg u/fpg' ePsf] 5 . dnfO{ v';L nfUof] ls lxhf] pxfF ePsf] ;+:yf

cfh ToxL ljifodf ljifo p7fO/x]sf] /x]5 s'/f ldn]sf] g} /x]5 eGg] cy{df dnfO{

;Gt'li6 klg nfu]sf] 5, v';L klg nfu]sf] 5 . e|i6rf/af6 k|ltudg cfpg] vt/faf6

ca g]kfn d'Qm ePsf] 5 . ca e|i6rf/Lx¿sf lbguGtL ;'? ePsf 5g\ / ;/sf/n]

e|i6rf/Lx¿nfO{ bl08t ug{] k|lqmof rflxF cufl8 a9fpF5 . To;n] ubf{ of] dfkm{t\ s'g}

To:tf] vfnsf] sfd x'Gg / hxfF;Dd nlntf lgjf; ;DalGwt ljifo 5 of] oxL

;/sf/sf] kfnfdf pTvgg\ eP/ aflx/ cfPkl5 ;a}n] o;nfO{ d]nf]8L efiffdf uLt

ufpg kfPsf 5g\ .

o;df s'g} ;/sf/sf] arfpg' kg{] ;+/If0f ug{' kg{] s'g} ljifo 5}g . ;/sf/sf]

;ª\s]t kv{]sf] 5g\ eGbf klqsfx¿, cgnfOgx¿;Fu w]/} 5g\ nf]stflGqs clwsf/af6

;a} cleJolQm n]vg :jtGqtf ;a}nfO{ 5 ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 xfdL Psbd k|i6 5f}F .

clgoldttf ug{] h'g;'s} dfG5]x¿ h'g;'s} cf]xf]bfdf eP/ hltv]/;Dd a;]/ ;/sf/L

;DklQsf] b'?kof]u u/]sf 5g\ eg] tL ;DklQx¿ Ps kl5 csf{] /fHosf gfddf Nofpg]

cleofg xfdLn] ;'? u/]sf 5f}F . Tof]dWo] Pp6f nlntf lgjf; xf], /;'jfsf] k|s/0fdf

klg xfdLn] w]/} ;o /f]kgL rflxF xfdLn] clxn] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 To;nfO{ ;/sf/L

p;df Nofpg] vfnsf] sfd u/]sf 5f}F / cGo ljifo j:t'sf] af/]df dfggLoHo"x¿n] h]

/fVg' ePsf] 5 of] ljifo cfh rflxF ;}4flGts 5nkmnsf] ljifo dfq xf] . xfdL

;}4flGts ¿kdf o;sf ljifodf 5nkmn u5f{}F of] kl5 ;ldltdf uPkl5 xfdL bkmfjf/

5nkmn ug{] ;Gbe{df dfggLoHo"x¿n] p7fpg' ePsf ljifox¿ ;+ljwfg k|lts"n gxf];\

eGg] s'/fdf P]gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpm / of] k|efjsf/L dfq o;sf] ;+zf]wg xf];\

cefjx¿ x6fpg] s'/fdf / o;df k|:tfljt u/]sf ljw]ossf slt kIfx¿df

kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostf 5 eGg] s'/f eof] eg] To;nfO{ ;xdltsf ;fy g} xfdL Pp6f

lgisif{df k'Ug ;S5f}F . k|df0f P]g;Fu of] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L eg]/ klg eGg' ePsf] 5 .

ljutdf agfPsf P]gx¿;Fu gaflemg] u/L ;+ljwfgsf] c08/df /xg] vfnsf] s'/f t

xfdLn] u5f}{F . ca hxfF;Dd ;+j}wflgs cfof]ux¿, ;+:yfx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{v]l/ sltko

ljifodf ;xdltsf ;fy ePsf 5g\ . ca To;nfO{ k|rlnt efiffdf xfdLnfO{ lk|o nfUg]

efua08fsf] s'/f 5 . ;xdlt gubf{ k|lqmofaf6 u¥of] eg] Psnf}6L u¥of] eGg] s'/f klg

5g\ . e/;s ;xdltsf ;fy g} o:tf ljifox¿nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug]{ ;+:sf/ eof] eg]

To;df ;a}sf] ;+nUgtf / ckgTj klg x'G5 . To;n] ubf{ dfggLoHo"x¿n] h'g ljifo

p7fP/ o;df /x]sf sdLx¿nfO{ ;}4flGts lx;fan] correction ug{sf] lglDt

Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg' ePsf] 5 . ef]ln bkmfjf/ 5nkmnsf] qmddf klg o;n] k"0f{tf

kfpg] qmddf klg dfggLoHo"x¿sf] ;xof]u cfheGbf cem pGgt /xg] ck]Iff ub}{

oxfF p7]sf ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df d olt hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' . wGojfb .

29

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, æclVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u

-t];|f] ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os, @)&^ dfly ljrf/ ul/of];\Æ eGg] k|:tfjdflysf] 5nkmn oxLF

;dfKt x'G5 .

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ca d æclVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -t];|f]

;+zf]wg_ ljw]os, @)&^ dfly ljrf/ ul/of];\Æ eGg] k|:tfjnfO{ lg0ff{ofy{ k|:t't

ub{5' .

of] k|:tfjsf] kIfdf x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] æx'G5Æ eGg' xf]nf / o;sf]

ljkIfdf x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] æx'GgÆ eGg' xf]nf .

of] k|:tfjsf] kIfdf x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] æx'G5Æ eGg'xf];\ .

–æx'G5Æ

of] k|:tfjsf] ljkIfdf x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] æx'GgÆ eGg'xf];\ .

æx'GgÆ eGg] cfjfh ;'lgPg . t;y{ æclVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -t];|f]

;+zf]wg_ ljw]os, @)&^ dfly ljrf/ ul/of];\Æ eGg] k|:tfj ;j{;Ddltn] :jLs[t ePsf]

3f]if0ff ub{5' .

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, æclVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_

ljw]os, @)&^Æ dfly ;+zf]wg k|:tfj /fVg rfxg' x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] /fli6«o

;ef lgodfjnL -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_, @)&% sf] lgod !)^ adf]lhd /fli6«o ;ef

cGtu{tsf] ljw]os zfvf l;+xb/af/df ;+zf]wg k|:tfj btf{ ug{ ;Sg] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L

u/fpF5' .

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ca csf]{ a}7s @)&^ ;fn df3 @@ ut] a'waf/ lbgsf]

!M)) ah] a:g] u/L of] a}7s :ylut x'G5 .

-tbgGt/ csf]{ a}7s @)&^ ;fn df3 @@ ut] a'waf/ lbgsf] !M)) ah];Ddsf]

nflu :ylut eof] ._

cGTo M !@M$% ah] .