flexsim tutorial

8/15/2019 Flexsim Tutorial

1/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' 6,6

]x}eqif`{

Ig}qemxk}ieg

D`hz{il {ilx`f}ieg {ed}sfqh i{ f }qxh eabhk} eqihg}hm {ilx`f}ieg

{ed}sfqh ~qecqfl deq axi`migc lemh`{ }jf} kfg jh`~ yex ti{xfìrh dès

~qekh{{h{ ig eqmhq }e e~}ilirh }jqexcj~x} fgm ligilirh e~hqf}igc

hz~hg{h{' F dès ~qekh{{ i{ mhdighm f{ f {h} ed e~hqf}ieg{ eq

~qekh{{ {}h~{ ~hqdeqlhm eg fg i}hl *ig D`hz{il sh si`` qhdhq }e fg

i}hl f{ f dèsi}hl)' Id yex kfg mhdigh yexq ~qekh{{ ig f cqf~jikf`

{oh}kj eq f dèskjfq}, yex kfg axi`m f {ilx`f}ieg lemh` si}j D`hz{il'

D`hz{il ~qetimh{ x{hq{ si}j fg h`hcfg} deqlf} }e ti{xfìrh, lemh`,

fgm {ilx`f}h dès ~qekh{{h{ x{igc mqfc fgm mqe~ eabhk}{ ig f ;M

hgtiqeglhg}' Ig fmmi}ieg, fg igmh~}j {}f}i{}ikf` fgf`y{i{ ed ~qekh{{

~hqdeqlfgkh, ae}}`hghko{, fgm }jqexcj~x} i{ ftfi`fa`h'

]ji{ af{ik }x}eqif` si`` }foh yex }jqexcj }jh {}h~{ ed {h}}igc x~ f

~qekh{{ dès, axi`migc f lemh`, ig~x}}igc mf}f, tihsigc }jh fgilf}ieg,

fgm fgf`yrigc ex}~x}' Hfkj `h{{eg si`` axi`m x~eg }jh ~qhtiex{ egh' I}

i{ }jhqhdeqh il~eq}fg} }e }jeqexcj`y xgmhq{}fgm hfkj `h{{eg ahdeqh

letigc eg }e }jh ghz} egh' Yex {jex`m ~`fg eg f} `hf{} =8 ligx}h{ }e

kel~`h}h hfkj `h{{eg' @h{{eg{ 1 fgm `h{{eg ; si`` f`{e igk`xmh fg

‐Hz}qf Li`h“ {hk}ieg f} }jh hgm }jf} si`` fmm fmmi}iegf` tf`xh }e yexq

lemh`' ]jh de`èsigc `h{{eg{ fqh keg}fighm ig }ji{ }x}eqif`2

@h{{eg 62 Axi`migc f {il~`h lemh` }jf} si`` ~qekh{{ ; middhqhg}

dèsi}hl }y~h{' Hfkj i}hl}y~h si`` jfth f {~hkidik qex}igc' Eabhk}{

x{hm ig }ji{ lemh` si`` ah }jh [exqkh, Vxhxh, ^qekh{{eq, Kegthyeq,

fgm [igo' ]jh af{ik {}f}i{}ik{ ed lemh` ~hqdeqlfgkh si`` ah

ig}qemxkhm, fgm }jh ~fqflh}hq e~}ieg{ deq hfkj eabhk} si`` ah

hz~`fighm'

@h{{eg 12 X{igc }jh lemh` dqel `h{{eg 6, yex si`` fmm e~hqf}eq{,

fgm }qfg{~eq}hq{ }e }jh ~qekh{{' Eabhk} ~qe~hq}ih{ si`` ah ig}qemxkhm,

fgm fmmi}iegf` {}f}i{}ikf` fgf`y{i{ kegkh~}{ si`` ah mi{kx{{hm'


2/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 6

6,1

@h{{eg 1 Hz}qf Li`h2 Fd}hq yex jfth kel~`h}hm `h{{eg 1 yex si``

ges ah {jesg jes }e fmm ;M kjfq}{ fgm cqf~j{ }e }jh lemh` x{igc

}jh Qhkeqmhq eabhk}' ;M ti{xf` }hz} si`` f`{e ah fmmhm x{igc }jh

Ti{xf`]ee` eabhk} }e cith fgge}f}ieg }e }jh lemh`'

@h{{eg ;2 X{igc }jh lemh` dqel `h{{eg 1, yex si`` fmm qfko {}eqfch

fgm gh}seqo ~f}j{' Fmtfgkhm {}f}i{}ik{ fgm lemh` ècik si`` ah

fmmhm, f{ si`` cèaf` }fa`h{ x{hm deq qhfmigc fgm sqi}igc mf}f' Digf``y,

yex si`` ah {jesg jes }e x{h d`y ~f}j{ deq lemh` ~qh{hg}f}ieg'

@h{{eg ; Hz}qf Li`h2 F} }jh hgm ed }jh lemh` axi`migc }x}eqif`{ yex

si`` ah {jesg jes }e x{h D`hz{il’{ ;M ~qh{hg}f}ieg dhf}xqh{' Yex

si`` `hfqg jes }e kelaigh }jh Ti{xf`]ee` ~qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmh e~}ieg

si}j }jh ^qh{hg}f}ieg Axi`mhq }e kqhf}h hzki}igc ;M d`y }jqexcj

~qh{hg}f}ieg{' ]ji{ si`` f`ès yex axi`m f`` yexq lemh` ~qh{hg}f}ieg{

si}jex} {si}kjigc ah}shhg êshq êig} fgm D`hz{il' D`hz{il

~qetimh{ f {hfl`h{{ ~qh{hg}f}ieg fgm lemhìgc hgtiqeglhg} deq }jh

diq{} }ilh hthq'

Hfkj `h{{eg si`` jfth }jh de`èsigc deqlf}2

6' Ig}qemxk}ieg

1' Sjf} yex si`` `hfqg

;' F~~qezilf}h kel~`h}ieg }ilh

=' Lemh` mh{kqi~}ieg

8' Lemh` mf}f

4' D`hz{il {ed}sfqh kegkh~} `hfqgigc

3' [}h~ay{}h~ lemh` keg{}qxk}ieg

Dhh` dqhh }e keg}fk} exq }hkjgikf` {x~~eq} cqex~ id yex jfth fgy

vxh{}ieg{ sji`h seqoigc eg }ji{ }x}eqif`' D`hz{il }hkjgikf` {x~~eq}

kfg ah qhfkjhm f} :>611=496=, eq hlfi` yexq vxh{}ieg }e

{x~~eq}Nd`hz{il'kel' Sh je~h yex hgbey `hfqgigc jes D`hz{il kfg

jh`~ yex e~}ilirh yexq dès ~qekh{{'

ILÊQ]FG] GE]IKH2 ]jh D`hz{il {ed}sfqh si`` ge} seqo ~qe~hq`y

xg`h{{ Likqe{ed}’{ Ti{xf` K//'GH] kel~i`hq i{ ig{}f``hm eg yexq

kel~x}hq' ]jh kel~i`hq }jf} kelh{ si}j }jh mhle thq{ieg meh{ ge}

~qetimh }jh {flh kf~faiì}y }jf} }jh qh}fi` thq{ieg ed Likqe{ed} Ti{xf`

K// meh{' Sjhg yex ~xqkjf{h D`hz{il yex jfth }jh e~}ieg ed

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' 6,;

axgmìgc Ti{xf` K// si}j }jh D`hz{il {ed}sfqh id yex me ge} f`qhfmy

esg f ke~y'

Hfkj }ilh yex {}fq} D`hz{il, yex lx{} diq{} kìko }jh ‐Kel~i`h“ ax}}eg

eg }jh }eeàfq ahdeqh yex ahcig }e axi`m yexq lemh`' ^`hf{h sfi} deq

}jh kel~i`f}ieg }e kel~`h}h ahdeqh kìkoigc eq }y~igc' Id yex jfth

hqqeq{ eq }jh kel~i`f}ieg dfi`{ }e kel~`h}h, ~`hf{h keg}fk} D`hz{il

}hkjgikf` {x~~eq} deq f{{i{}fgkh f} :>611=496=, eq

{x~~eq}Nd`hz{il'kel'

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


4/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 6

6,=

@h{{eg 6

Ig}qemxk}ieg

@h{{eg 6 ig}qemxkh{ }jh af{ik kegkh~}{ ed mifcqflligc fgm axi`migc

f {il~`h lemh`' Axi`migc f mifcqfl ed }jh ~qekh{{ i{ f cqhf} sfy }e

{}fq} hthqy lemh` }jf} yex si`` axi`m ig D`hz{il' Id yex kfg ge} axi`m f

mifcqfl, d`eskjfq}, eq f} `hf{} f ~ik}xqh ig yexq ligm ed jes }jh

~qekh{{ seqo{ yex si`` jfth f middikx`} }ilh axi`migc }jh lemh` ig

D`hz{il'

Sjf} Yex Si`` @hfqg

6' Jes }e axi`m f {il~`h `fyex}

1' Jes }e kegghk} ~eq}{ deq qex}igc d`esi}hl{

;' Jes }e mh}fi` fgm hg}hq mf}f ig}e D`hz{il eabhk}{

=' Jes }e kel~i`h }jh lemh`

8' Jes }e gfticf}h ig }jh fgilf}ieg tihs{

4' Jes }e tihs {il~`h {}f}i{}ik{ eg hfkj D`hz{il eabhk}

Ghs Eabhk}{

Ig }ji{ `h{{eg yex si`` ah ig}qemxkhm }e }jh [exqkh, Vxhxh,

^qekh{{eq, Kegthyeq, fgm [igo eabhk}{'

F~~qezilf}h ]ilh }e Kel~`h}h }ji{ @h{{eg]ji{ `h{{eg {jex`m }foh faex} ;>=8 ligx}h{ }e kel~`h}h


5/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Lemh` 6 Mh{kqi~}ieg

Ig exq diq{} lemh` sh si`` èeo f} }jh ~qekh{{ ed }h{}igc }jqhh ~qemxk}{

keligc edd f lfgxdfk}xqigc ìgh' ]jhqh fqh }jqhh middhqhg} dèsi}hl

i}hl}y~h{ }jf} si`` fqqith af{hm eg f geqlf` mi{}qiax}ieg' I}hl}y~h{

si`` ah xgideql`y mi{}qiax}hm ah}shhg i}hl}y~h 6, 1, fgm ;' F{

dèsi}hl{ fqqith }jhy si`` ah ~`fkhm ig f vxhxh fgm sfi} }e ah }h{}hm'

]jqhh }h{}hq{ si`` ah ftfi`fa`h deq }h{}igc' Egh }h{}hq si`` ah x{hm deq

i}hl}y~h 6, fge}jhq deq i}hl}y~h 1, fgm }jh }jiqm deq i}hl}y~h ;' Egkh

}jh dèsi}hl i{ }h{}hm i} si`` ah ~`fkhm eg f kegthyeq' F} }jh hgm ed

}jh kegthyeq }jh dèsi}hl si`` ah {hg} }e f {igo sjhqh i} si`` hzi} }jh

lemh`' Dicxqh 66 {jes{ f mifcqfl ed }jh ~qekh{{'

Dicxqh 66' Lemh` 6 Mifcqfl

Lemh` 6 Mf}f

[exqkh fqqitf` qf}h2 geqlf`*1>,1)Vxhxh {irh2 18 DèsI}hl{

]h{}igc }ilh2 hz~eghg}if`*;>)

Kegthyeq {~hhm2 6 lh}hq ~hq {hkegm

Dèsi}hl qex}igc2 I}hl}y~h 6 }e ]h{}hq 6, I}hl}y~h 1 }e

]h{}hq 1, I}hl}y~h ; }e ]h{}hq ;'


6/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 6

6,4

D`hz{il [ed}sfqh Kegkh~} @hfqgigc

D`hz{il ]hqligeècy

Ahdeqh yex {}fq} yexq diq{} lemh` i} si`` ah jh`~dx` }e xgmhq{}fgm {elh

ed }jh af{ik }hqligeècy ed }jh {ed}sfqh'

D`hz{il eabhk}{ 2 D`hz{il eabhk}{ fqh dexgm ig }jh Eabhk} @iaqfqy cqim

~fgh`' ]jh cqim i{ fqqfgchm ay cqex~' Ay mhdfx`} }jh af{ik eabhk}{ fqh

{jesg' I} lfy ah jh`~dx` }e {h`hk} ‐F`` Eabhk}{“ }e {hh }jh hg}iqh

ìaqfqy' D`hz{il eabhk}{ igk`xmh }jh [exqkh, Vxhxh, ^qekh{{eq,

Lx`}i^qekh{{eq, [igo, Qhkeqmhq, [~ìghKegthyeq, Kegthyeq,

Kelaighq, [h~fqf}eq, Qfko, DèsQfko, Qh{hqteiq, Mi{~f}kjhq,

E~hqf}eq, ]qfg{~eq}hq, Gh}seqoGemh, Kqfgh, F[Q[thjik`h,

Ti{xf`]ee`, fgm Ke`ì{iegEabhk}' D`hz{il eabhk}{ fqh mqfc fgm mqe~

eabhk}{'

Dèsi}hl {2 Dèsi}hl{ fqh }jh eabhk}{ }jf} leth }jqexcj yexq lemh`'

Dèsi}hl{ kfg ah ~fq}{, ~f``h}{, f{{hlaìh{, ~f~hq, keg}fighq{, eq

fgy}jigc }jf} leth{ }jqexcj }jh lemh`' Le{} dèsi}hl{ jfth

~qekh{{h{ ~hqdeqlhm eg }jhl eq fqh kfqqihm }jqexcj }jh lemh` ay

lf}hqif` jfgmìgc qh{exqkh{' Dèsi}hl{ fqh mhdighm cèaf``y ig

D`hz{il fgm fqh chghqf}hm ig }jh {exqkh eabhk}'

I}hl}y~h 2 ]jh i}hl}y~h i{ f `fah` }jf} i{ ~`fkhm eg }jh dèsi}hl }jf}kex`m qh~qh{hg} f afqkemh gxlahq, ~qemxk} }y~h, eq ~fq} gxlahq'

D`hz{il i{ {h} x~ }e x{h }jh i}hl}y~h f{ f qhdhqhgkh ig qex}igc

dèsi}hl{, fgm ig }qicchq{' F dèsi}hl mhdigh{ }jh af{ik k`f{{ ed

~qemxk}, eq ~fq}, sjhqhf{ }jh i}hl}y~h mhdigh{ }jh igmitimxf` ~fq}

}y~h, eq ~fq} gxlahq si}jig }jh dèsi}hl k`f{{'

êq}{ 2 Hthqy D`hz{il eabhk} jf{ fg xgìli}hm gxlahq ed ~eq}{

}jqexcj sjikj }jhy kellxgikf}h si}j e}jhq eabhk}{' ]jhqh fqh }jqhh

}y~h{ ed ~eq}{2 ig~x}, ex}~x}, fgm khg}qf`' Ig~x} fgm ex}~x} ~eq}{ fqh

x{hm ig }jh qex}igc ed dèsi}hl{ eq }e kqhf}h gh}seqo ~f}j{ deq leai`h

qh{exqkh{ }e de`ès x{igc Gh}seqoGemh{' Khg}qf` ~eq}{ fqh x{hm }e

kqhf}h qhdhqhgkh{, eq ~eig}hq{, dqel egh eabhk} }e fge}jhq' F

kelleg x{h deq khg}qf` ~eq}{ i{ deq qhdhqhgkigc leai`h eabhk}{ {xkj


7/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


f{ e~hqf}eq{, }qfg{~eq}hq{, kqfgh{, fgm F[Q[thjik`h{ dqel dizhm

qh{exqkh{ {xkj f{ lfkjigh{, vxhxh{, eq kegthyeq{'

êq}{ fqh kqhf}hm fgm kegghk}hm ay kìkoigc eg egh eabhk} fgm

mqfccigc }e f {hkegm eabhk} sji`h je`migc mesg middhqhg} `h}}hq{ eg

}jh ohyaefqm' Id }jh `h}}hq ‐F“ i{ jh`m mesg sji`h kìkoigcfgm

mqfccigc, fg ex}~x} ~eq} si`` ah kqhf}hm eg }jh diq{} eabhk} fgm fg

ig~x} ~eq} si`` ah kqhf}hm eg }jh {hkegm eabhk}' ]jh{h }se ghs ~eq}{

si`` }jhg ah fx}elf}ikf``y kegghk}hm' Je`migc mesg }jh ‐[“ ohy si``

kqhf}h f khg}qf` ~eq} eg ae}j eabhk}{ fgm kegghk} }jh }se ghs ~eq}{'

Kegghk}ieg{ fqh aqeohg fgm ~eq}{ mh`h}hm ay je`migc mesg }jh ‐V“

deq ig~x} fgm ex}~x} ~eq}{ fgm }jh ‐S“ ohy deq khg}qf` ~eq}{' êq}

kegghk}ieg{ si`` ah i``x{}qf}hm ig }jh }x}eqif`'

Lemh` tihs{ 2 D`hz{il i{ f tiq}xf` qhfì}y lemhìgc hgtiqeglhg} }jf}

x{h{ e~hgC@ }hkjgeècy' ]jh mhdfx`} tihs deq axi`migc lemh`{ i{

dqel }jh }e~mesg ig fg eq}jecqf~jik tihs' D`hz{il {x~~eq}{

eq}jecqf~jik *Eq}je) fgm ~hq{~hk}ith *^hq{~) tihs{' I} i{ chghqf``y

hf{ihq }e mhthè~ f `fyex} dqel }jh }e~mesg ig }jh Eq}je tihs' Ax}

yex lfy x{h fgy tihs e~}ieg }e axi`m eq qxg }jh lemh`' Yex lfy

e~hg f{ lfgy tihs sigmes{ f{ yex sfg} ig D`hz{il' Bx{} qhlhlahq

}jf} f{ leqh tihs sigmes{ fqh e~hg }jh cqhf}hq }jh mhlfgm eg

kel~x}hq qh{exqkh{' ]jh ^hq{~ tihs eddhq{ }jh ah{} tihs{ deq lemh`

~qh{hg}f}ieg'


8/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 6

6,:

[}h~Ay[}h~ Lemh` Keg{}qxk}ieg

Axi`migc Yexq Diq{} Lemh`

]e thqidy }jf} }jh D`hz{il {ed}sfqh jf{ ahhg ig{}f``hm keqqhk}`y, e~hg

}jh f~~ìkf}ieg ay mexa`h kìkoigc eg }jh D`hz{il ikeg eg yexq

mh{o}e~' Egkh }jh {ed}sfqh èfm{ yex {jex`m {hh }jh D`hz{il lhgx

fgm }eeàfq{, Eabhk} ìaqfqy, fgm Eq}jecqf~jik Lemh` Tihs sigmes{'

F} }ji{ ~eig} {h`hk} }jh ‐Kel~i`h“ e~}ieg eg }jh }eeàfq'

[]H^ 62 Kel~i`h

Mxqigc }jh axi`m ~qekh{{, }jh x~~hq `hd} ed }jh f~~ìkf}ieg sigmes si``

mi{~`fy *kel~iìgc, ~`hf{h sfi}․)' Id }jh axi`m ~qekh{{ i{ {xkkh{{dx`,

}jh }i}`h ed }jh f~~ìkf}ieg si`` kjfgch dqel ‐D`hz{il“ }e ‐D`hz{il

*kel~i`hm)“' Id yex me ch} fg hqqeq lh{{fch mxqigc }jh axi`m ~qekh{{,

lfoh {xqh }jh {ed}sfqh keg}fighm eg }jh D`hz{il KM jf{ ahhg

ig{}f``hm keqqhk}`y' Kf`` D`hz{il }hkjgikf` {x~~eq} id yex ghhm fgy

f{{i{}fgkh'

Egkh }jh D`hz{il f~~ìkf}ieg jf{ ahhg kel~i`hm yex fqh ges qhfmy

}e ahcig }jh lemh` axi`migc ~qekh{{'


9/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


[]H^ 12 Mqfc fgm mqe~ f [exqkh dqel }jh Eabhk} @iaqfqy ig}e

}jh Lemh` Tihs sigmes f{ {jesg ig Dicxqh 61'

Dicxqh 61'

[]H^ ;2 Mqfc fgm mqe~ }jh qhlfigigc eabhk}{ ig}e }jh Lemh`

Tihs sigmes f{ {jesg ig Dicxqh 6;'

Dicxqh 6;' Yexq lemh` {jex`m èeo ìoh }ji{ sjhg yex fqh digi{jhm' Yex {jex`m jfth f

[exqkh, Vxhxh, ; ̂ qekh{{eq{, ; Kegthyeq{, fgm f [igo

[]H^ =2 Kegghk} }jh ~eq}{

]jh ghz} {}h~ i{ }e kegghk} }jh ~eq}{ deq }jh qex}igc ed }jh DèsI}hl{'

]ji{ i{ fkkel~ì{jhm ay ~qh{{igc fgm je`migc }jh ‐F“ ohy eg }jh

ohyaefqm, }jhg kìko fgm je`m }jh `hd} lex{h ax}}eg eg }jh [exqkh,

}jhg mqfc }jh lex{h }e }jh vxhxh fgm }jhg qh`hf{h }jh lex{h

ax}}eg' Yex {jex`m {hh f yh`ès ìgh *Dicxqh 6=) f{ yex mqfc fgm f

a`fko kegghk}ieg ìgh *Dicxqh 68) sjhg yex qh`hf{h'


10/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 6

6,6>

Dicxqh 6='Yh`ès ̀ igh f~~hfq{ mxqigc }jh mqfc'

Dicxqh 68' A`fko kegghk}ieg ̀ igh sjhg yex qh`hf{h'

Digi{j }jh kegghk}ieg{ ay kegghk}igc }jh Vxhxh }e hfkj ed }jh

^qekh{{eq{, hfkj ^qekh{{eq }e }jh keqqh{~egmigc Kegthyeq, fgm

hfkj kegthyeq }e }jh {igo' Yex `fyex} {jex`m èeo ìoh Dicxqh 64

sjhg yex’qh digi{jhm'

Dicxqh 64' Kel~`h}hm ~eq} kegghk}ieg{'


11/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


]jh ghz} {}h~ si`` ah }e kjfgch }jh ~fqflh}hq{ ed }jh middhqhg}

eabhk}{ {e }jhy si`` ahjfth }jh sfy yex sfg}' Sh si`` {}fq} si}j }jh

[exqkh fgm seqo exq sfy }e }jh [igo'

Mh}fiìgc }jh Lemh`

Hfkj eabhk} jf{ i}{ esg cqf~jikf` x{hq ig}hqdfkh *CXI) }jexcj sjikj

mf}f fgm ècik fqh fmmhm }e }jh lemh`' Mexa`hkìkoigc eg fg eabhk}

fkkh{{h{ }jf} eabhk}’{ CXI'

Deq }ji{ lemh`, sh sfg} }jqhh middhqhg} ~qemxk} }y~h{ }e hg}hq }jh

{y{}hl' ]e me }ji{, hfkj dèsi}hl’{ i}hl}y~h *{hh faeth deq f

mh{kqi~}ieg ed i}hl}y~h) si`` ah f{{icghm fg ig}hchq tf`xh ah}shhg

egh fgm }jqhh x{igc f xgideql mi{}qiax}ieg' ]ji{ si`` ah fkkel~ì{jhm

x{igc }jh {exqkh’{ hzi}}qicchq'

[]H^ 82 F{{icgigc }jh fqqitf` qf}h

Mexa`h kìko eg }jh [exqkh }e aqigc x~ i}{ CXI *{hh Dicxqh 63)'

Dicxqh 63' [exqkh CXI

F`` D`hz{il eabhk}{ jfth f gxlahq ed ~fch{ eq }fa{ }jf} ~qh{hg}

tfqifa`h{ fgm igdeqlf}ieg }jf} }jh lemh`hq kfg kjfgch af{hm eg }jh

qhvxiqhlhg}{ ed }jh lemh`' Ig }ji{ lemh` sh ghhm }e kjfgch }jh


12/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 6

6,61

Ig}hqFqqitf` }ilh fgm }jh i}hl}y~h }e chghqf}h ; }y~h{ ed i}hl{' ]e

{h} }jh Ig}hqFqqitf` }ilh }e geqlf`*6>,1) f{ {}f}hm ig }jh lemh`

mh{kqi~}ieg {h`hk} }jh mesg fqqes eg }jh Ig}hqFqqitf` }ilh ~iko ì{}

fgm {h`hk} }jh keqqhk} e~}ieg *{hh Dicxqh 6:)'

Dicxqh 6:'

Egkh yex jfth {h`hk}hm }jh geqlf` mi{}qiax}ieg e~}ieg i} si`` ges

{jes }jf} e~}ieg ig }jh sigmes' Id yex sex`m ìoh }e lfoh f kjfgch

}e }jh ~fqflh}hq{ ed }jh mi{}qiax}ieg yex kfg {h`hk} }jh }hl~`f}h

ax}}eg * ) fgm kjfgch fgy tf`xh }jf} i{ ig }jh }fg keèq'

[h`hk}

Yex si`` {hh }ji{ sigmes *Dicxqh 69)2

Dicxqh 69

X{igc }jh }hl~`f}h yex kjfgch }jh tf`xh{ }e fmbx{} }jh mi{}qiax}ieg

eq yex kfg hthg ig{hq} fg hz~qh{{ieg' Deq }ji{ lemh`, kjfgch }jh 6>

}e f 1>' [h`hk} }jh EO ax}}eg }e qh}xqg }e }jh ~fqflh}hq{ ~fch'


13/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' 6,6;

]jh ghz} }jigc sh ghhm }e me i{ f{{icg fg i}hl}y~h gxlahq }e }jh

dèsi}hl{ f{ }jhy hg}hq }jh {y{}hl }jf} i{ xgideql`y mi{}qiax}hm

ah}shhg 6 fgm ;' ]jh le{} h`hcfg} sfy }e me }ji{ sex`m ah }e

kjfgch }jh i}hl}y~h eg }jh EgHzi} }qicchq ed }jh {exqkh'

[]H^ 42 F{{icg }jh DèsI}hl I}hl}y~h fgm Keèq

[h`hk} }jh [exqkh ]qicchq{ }fa *Dicxqh 66>)' [h`hk} }jh ~ikoì{} deq

}jh EgKqhf}ieg }qicchq' [h`hk} }jh e~}ieg }e kjfgch }jh dèsi}hl

i}hl}y~h fgm keèq'

Dicxqh 66>

Fd}hq {h`hk}igc }jh e~}ieg }e kjfgch }jh dèsi}hl i}hl}y~h fgm keèq

{h`hk} }jh }hl~`f}h ax}}eg fgm {hh }jh de`èsigc igdeqlf}ieg

*Dicxqh 666)2

Dicxqh 666


14/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 6

6,6=

]jh mxgideql mi{}qiax}ieg i{ {ili`fq }e f xgideql mi{}qiax}ieg hzkh~}

}jf} ig{}hfm ed qh}xqgigc fgy qhf` gxlahq ah}shhg }jh cithg

~fqflh}hq{, eg`y sje`h gxlahq{ si`` ah qh}xqghm'

Kìko }jh EO ax}}eg deq }ji{ sigmes fgm deq }jh [exqkh’{ lfig CXI'

]jh ghz} {}h~ si`` ah }e mh}fi` }jh Vxhxh' [igkh }jh Vxhxh i{ f ~`fkh

}e je`m dèsi}hl{ xg}i` }jhy kfg ah ~qekh{{hm f} }jh ~qekh{{eq, }jhqh

fqh 1 }jigc{ sh ghhm }e me' Diq{} sh ghhm }e {h} }jh kf~fki}y ed }jh

Vxhxh }e je`m 18 dèsi}hl{' [hkegm, {h} }jh dès e~}ieg{ }e {hgm

i}hl}y~h 6 }e ~qekh{{eq 6, i}hl}y~h 1 }e ~qekh{{eq 1 fgm {e eg'

[]H^ 32 [h}}igc }jh Vxhxh kf~fki}y

Mexa`h kìko eg }jh Vxhxh' ]jh Vxhxh ~fqflh}hq{ CXI {jex`m

f~~hfq *Dicxqh 661)'

Dicxqh 661

Kjfgch }jh Lfzilxl Keg}hg} dih`m }e 18' [h`hk} }jh

ax}}eg'

[h`hk} }jh Dès }fa }e {h} }jh dès e~}ieg{ deq }jh Vxhxh'

Sjhg letigcah}shhg }fa{f`sfy{ kìko }jhf~~`y ax}}eg }e

lfoh {xqh fgykjfgch{ fqh {fthm'Id yex {h`hk}fge}jhq }fa si}jex}kìkoigc }jh f~~`yax}}eg diq{} fgykjfgch{ lfmh }e}jf} }fa lfy ah

è{}'


15/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


[]H^ :2 F{{icg }jh Dès e~}ieg{ deq }jh Vxhxh

Ig }jh ‐Ex}~x}“ aèko, eg }jh ‐[hgm ]e êq}“ ~iko ì{} {h`hk} }jh e~}ieg

{hgm }e ‐êq} Ay I}hl}y~h Miqhk}“ *Dicxqh 66;)'

Dicxqh 66;

[igkh sh jfth f{{icghm fg i}hl}y~h gxlahq hvxf` }e 6, 1, eq ;, sh kfg

ges x{h }jh i}hl}y~h }e {~hkidy }jh ~eq} gxlahq }jqexcj sjikj dèsi}hl{

si`` ~f{{' ^qekh{{eq 6 {jex`m ah kegghk}hm }e ~eq} 6, ~qekh{{eq 1 {jex`m

ah kegghk}hm }e ~eq} 1 fgm {e eg'

Egkh yex jfth {h`hk}hm }jh ‐êq} Ay I}hl}y~h Miqhk}“ e~}ieg {h`hk} }jh

EO ax}}eg }e kè{h }jh ~fqflh}hq{ CXI deq }jh Vxhxh'

]jh ghz} {}h~ i{ }e {h} }jh ~qekh{{eq }ilh{'


16/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 6

6,64

[]H^ 92 F{{icgigc e~hqf}ieg }ilh{ }e }jh ^qekh{{eq{

Mexa`h kìko eg ~qekh{{eq gxlahq 6' ]jh ^qekh{{eq’{ CXI {jex`m

f~~hfq *Dicxqh 66=)'

Dicxqh 66=

Ig }jh ‐^qekh{{ ]ilh“ ~iko ì{} {h`hk} }jh e~}ieg deq ‐Hz~eghg}if`

Mi{}qiax}ieg“' Ay mhdfx`} }jh }ilh i{ {h} }e 6> {hkegm{ {e sh si`` ghhm }e

kjfgch }ji{ ay {h`hk}igc }jh }hl~`f}h ax}}eg *{hh dicxqh 668)'

Dicxqh 668

Kjfgch }jh tf`xh }e ;>' Kìko }jh EO ax}}eg }e kè{h }jh sigmes' F} }ji{

}ilh }ji{ i{ }jh eg`y kjfgch sh si`` lfoh }e }jh ^qekh{{eq' Sh si``

hz~èqh {elh ed }jh e}jhq e~}ieg{ ig `f}hq `h{{eg{' Kìko }jh EO ax}}eg }e

kè{h }jh ^qekh{{eq CXI'

Qh~hf} }ji{ ~qekh{{ deq }jh e}jhq 1 ^qekh{{eq{'

]jh mhdfx`} {~hhm deq }jh kegthyeq{ i{ f`qhfmy {h} }e 6 xgi} ~hq }ilh xgi}'

F} }ji{ }ilh }jhqh i{ ge ghhm }e lemidy }jh kegthyeq{'


17/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


F} }ji{ ~eig} sh fqh qhfmy }e kel~i`h fgm }jhg qxg }jh lemh`'

[]H^ 6>2 Kel~i`h

[h`hk} }jh dqel }jh }eeàfq'

Egkh }jh kel~i`h ~qekh{{ i{ kel~`h}h sh fqh qhfmy }e qxg }jh lemh`'

[]H^ 662 Qh{h} }jh lemh` *Dicxqh 664)

Dicxqh 664

Eg }jh èshq `hd} ed }jh lfig sigmes fgm kìko eg }jh

ax}}eg'

[]H^ 612 Qxg }jh lemh`

Eg }jh {ilx`f}ieg qxg keg}qe` sigmes fgm kìko eg }jh

ax}}eg'

]jh lemh` {jex`m ges {}fq} }e qxg' Yex {jex`m {hh dèsi}hl{ hg}hqigc

}jh Vxhxh fgm }jhg letigc }e }jh ^qekh{{eq{' Dqel }jh ~qekh{{eq{,

dèsi}hl{ {jex`m leth }e }jh kegthyeq{ fgm }jhg }e }jh [igo'


18/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 6

6,6:

[]H^ 6;2 Lemh` Gfticf}ieg

]jh lemh` i{ kxqqhg}`y ig f }e~ mesg eq}jecqf~jik tihs' I} x{xf``y i{

ah}}hq }e tihs }jh qxggigc lemh` ig f ~hq{~hk}ith tihs' Yex kfg me }ji{

ay kè{igc }jh eq}jecqf~jik sigmes ay {h`hk}igc }jh Z ig }jh x~~hq qicj}

keqghq ed }jh sigmes' E~hg }jh ~hq{~hk}ith tihs ay {h`hk}igc }jh

ax}}eg eg }jh }eeàfq *Dicxqh 663)'

Lex{h Gfticf}ieg

@hd} lex{h ax}}eg 2 Leth{ }jh lemh` ig }jh ZY ~`fgh' Id yex kìko eg fg

eabhk} i} si`` leth }jh eabhk} ig }jh ZY ~`fgh'

Qicj} lex{h ax}}eg 2 Leth{ }jh Z,Y,R qe}f}ieg{' Id yex kìko eg fg

eabhk} yex kfg qe}f}h }jh eabhk}'

@hd} fgm Qicj} lex{h ax}}eg*eq lex{h sjhh`) 2 Reel{ }jh fgilf}ieg

ig fgm ex} ay qe`ìgc }jh lex{h deqsfqm eq afkosfqm' Id yex kìko eg fgeabhk} yex kfg kjfgch i}{ R jhicj}' Id yex jfth f sjhh` eg yex lex{h

yex kfg qe`` }jh sjhh` ig{}hfm ed }jh `hd} fgm qicj} kìko'

D3 Ohy 2 ]jh D3 ohy si`` }ecc`h }jh tihs }e d`y}jqexcj lemh' Sjhg ig d`y

}jqexcj lemh yex kfg leth }jh lex{h x~ dqel khg}hq }e leth deqsfqm,

mesg dqel khg}hq }e leth afkosfqm, `hd} ed khg}hq }e qe}f}h `hd}, fgm qicj}

ed khg}hq }e qe}f}h qicj}' ]e hzi} d`y}jqexcj lemh, ~qh{{ D3' ]ji{ egh

lfy }foh f ì}}`h ~qfk}ikh }e lf{}hq'

Dicxqh 663


19/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


[]H^ 6=2 Tihsigc {il~`h {}f}i{}ik{

Dicxqh 66:

]e tihs {il~`h {}f}i{}ik{ deq hfkj eabhk} {h`hk} }jh {h}}igc lhgx eg }jh

lemh` tihs sigmes fgm xg{h`hk} }jh e~}ieg }e ‐Jimh Gflh{“' ]jh mhdfx`}

ig }jh ‐Eq}je“ tihs i{ }e {jes }jh gflh{, fgm ig }jh ‐ ^qh{~“ tihs }jh

mhdfx`} i{ }e jimh }jh gflh{'

Yex jfth ges kel~`h}hm @h{{eg 6' [~hgm {elh }ilh qhtihsigc }jh

{}h~{ fgm tihsigc }jh lemh` f{ i} qxg{' Kegcqf}x`f}ieg{&


20/122


21/122


22/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,1

Lemh` 1 Mh{kqi~}ieg

Ig lemh` 1 sh si`` x{h f }hfl ed e~hqf}eq{ }e ~hqdeql }jh {h}x~ deq

}jh }h{}igc ~qekhmxqh deq }jh dèsi}hl{ ig }jh lemh`' ]jhqh si`` ah 1

e~hqf}eq{ }jf} si`` ghhm }e {h} x~ }jh }h{}' Egkh {h} x~ }jh }h{} kfg

qxg si}jex} }jh ghhm deq }jh e~hqf}eq }e ah ~qh{hg}' ]jh e~hqf}eq{

lx{} f`{e kfqqy }jh dèsi}hl }e }jh }h{} {}f}ieg ahdeqh }jh {h}x~ kfg

ahcig' Sjhg }jh }h{} i{ kel~`h}h }jh d èsi}hl leth{ }e }jh kegthyeq

si}jex} }jh f{{i{}fgkh ed }jh e~hqf}eq'

Sjhg }jh dèsi}hl qhfkjh{ }jh hgm ed }jh kegthyeq i} si`` ges ah

~`fkhm ig f vxhxh sjhqh i} si`` ah ~ikohm x~ ay f deqo }qxko fgm }fohg

}e }jh {igo' Sh lfy digm i} ghkh{{fqy }e jfth leqh }jfg egh deqo

}qxko egkh sh tihs }jh lemh` f{ i} qxg{' Id ghhmhm fmm fg fmmi}iegf`

deqo }qxko id ae}}`hghko{ ekkxq' Fd}hq }jh lemh` i{ kel~`h}hm tihs }jh

mhdfx`} kjfq}{ fgm cqf~j{ fgm fmmqh{{ fgy ae}}`hghko{ eq hddikihgkykegkhqg{' [hh Dicxqh 16 deq f dès mifcqfl ed lemh` 1'

Dicxqh 16' Mifcqfl ed lemh` 1

Lemh` 1 Mf}f

]h{}hq {h}x~ }ilh2 Keg{}fg} }ilh ed 6> {hkegm{

^qemxk} jfgmìgc2 E~hqf}eq dqel vxhxh }e }h{}hq' Deqo }qxko dqel

kegthyeq vxhxh }e {igo'

Kegthyeq Vxhxh2 Kf~fki}y


23/122


24/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,=

Chghqf` ~qe~hq}ih{ 2 }jh Chghqf` }fa keg}fig{ chghqf` igdeqlf}ieg faex}

}jh eabhk} {xkj f{ }jh gflh, }y~h, `ekf}ieg, kqhf}ieg }ilh, ~eq}

kegghk}ieg{ fgm mi{~`fy d`fc{ *{hh Dicxqh 1;)'

Dicxqh 1;' Chghqf` ~qe~hq}ih{

]jh d`fc{, fgm ~jy{ikf` mh{kqi~}ieg{ ed }jh eabhk} kfg ah hmi}hm ig }ji{

tihs'


25/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Ti{xf` ~qe~hq}ih{ 2 ]jh Ti{xf` }fa f`ès{ }jh lemh`hq }e {~hkidy }jh ti{xf`

f{~hk}{ {xkj f{ ;M {jf~h, 1M {jf~h, ;M }hz}xqh{, keèq, ~e{i}ieg, {irh,

qe}f}ieg, fgm kx{}el EgMqfs kemh' ê{i}ieg, {irh, fgm qe}f}ieg qhd`hk}

}jh kxqqhg} ~qe~hq}ih{ ed }jh eabhk} *{hh Dicxqh 1=)' ]jh lemh`hq kfg

kjfgch tf`xh{ ig }jh dih`m{ }e kjfgch ~e{i}ieg, {irh, eq qe}f}ieg, eq }jh

lemh`hq kfg kjfgch }jhl ay x{igc }jh lex{h ig }jh lemh` tihs

sigmes'

Dicxqh 1=' Ti{xf` ~qe~hq}ih{


26/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,4

@fah` ~qe~hq}ih{ 2 ]jh @fah`{ }fa mi{~`fy{ }jh x{hq mhdighm `fah`{ }jf}

fqh f{{icghm }e }jh eabhk}' @fah`{ fqh f lhkjfgi{l }jqexcj sjikj

lemh`hq{ kfg {}eqh }hl~eqfqy mf}f' ]jhqh fqh }se ~fq}{ }e f `fah`, f

gflh fgm f tf`xh' ]jh gflh kfg ah fgy}jigc yex sfg} fgm }jh

tf`xh kfg ah gxlhqik eq f`~jfgxlhqik *f {}qigc)' ]e fmm f `fah` }jf}

si`` je`m eg`y gxlhqik mf}f, kìko eg }jh ‐Fmm Gxlahq @fah`“ ax}}eg

f} }jh ae}}el ed }jh sigmes' @iohsi{h, id f `fah` si`` je`m ae}j

gxlahq{ fgm `h}}hq{, kìko eg }jh ‐Fmm [}qigc @fah`“ ax}}eg' Yex kfg

}jhg lemidy ae}j }jh gflh{ fgm tf`xh{ ed }jh `fah`{ x{igc }jh }fa`h'

@fah`{ kfg ah x~mf}hm, kqhf}hm, eq mh`h}hm mygflikf``y sji`h

qxggigc }jh lemh`' ]ji{ }fa si`` {jes f`` }jh kxqqhg} `fah`{ fgm }jhiq

keqqh{~egmigc tf`xh{' F`` igdeqlf}ieg i{ mi{~`fyhm ig qhf` }ilh f{ }jh

lemh` qxg{' ]ji{ igdeqlf}ieg i{ thqy jh`~dx` }e lemh`hq{ f{ }jhy }h{}

ècik fgm mhaxc lemh`{'

Dicxqh 18' @fah` ~qe~hq}ih{


27/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


[}f}i{}ik ~qe~hq}ih{ 2 ]jh [}f}i{}ik{ }fa mi{~`fy{ }jh mhdfx`} igdeqlf}ieg

}jf} i{ ke``hk}hm eg fg eabhk}' ]ji{ igdeqlf}ieg i{ mi{~`fyhm

mygflikf``y f{ }jh lemh` qxg{' Sjhg }ji{ }fa i{ {h`hk}hm dexq {xa

}fa{ fqh mi{~`fyhm *{hh Dicxqh 14)'

Dicxqh 14' [}f}i{}ik ~qe~hq}ih{

[}f}i{}ik{ Chghqf` ~qe~hq}ih{ 2 Mi{~`fy{ }jh keg}hg}, {}fy}ilh, kxqqhg}

{}f}h, fgm }jqexcj~x} ed }jh eabhk}' ]jh {h}}igc{ a`eko f``es{ }jh

x{hq }e mh}hqligh jes lxkj mf}f si`` mh mi{~`fyhm ig }jh keg}hg},

{}fy}ilh, fgm {}f}h kjfq}{'


28/122


29/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


[}f}i{}ik{ Keg}hg} ~qe~hq}ih{ 2 ]jh keg}hg} ~qe~hq}ih{ kjfq} {jes{ }jh

keg}hg} ed }jh eabhk} *{hh Dicxqh 1:)'

Dicxqh 1:' Keg}hg} kjfq}

]jh keg}hg} kjfq} i{ mygflikf``y x~mf}hm f{ }jh lemh` qxg{' F

{h~fqf}h sigmes si}j }jh kjfq} tihs kfg ah mi{~`fyhm ay {h`hk}igc

}jh kjfq} ax}}eg dqel }jh chghqf` {}f}i{}ik{ }fa'


30/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,6>

[}f}i{}ik{ [}fy}ilh ~qe~hq}ih{ 2 ]jh {}fy}ilh ~qe~hq}ih{ kjfq} {jes{ f

{}fy}ilh ji{}ecqfl deq d`esi}hl{ ig }jh eabhk} *{hh Dicxqh 19)'

Dicxqh 19' [}fy}ilh ji{}ecqfl

]jh {}fy}ilh ji{}ecqfl i{ mygflikf``y x~mf}hm f{ }jh lemh` qxg{' F

{h~fqf}h sigmes si}j }jh kjfq} tihs kfg ah mi{~`fyhm ay {h`hk}igc

}jh kjfq} ax}}eg dqel }jh chghqf` {}f}i{}ik{ }fa'


31/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


GE]H2 ]e tihs qh~eq}{, keg}hg} kjfq}{ fgm {}fy}ilh ji{}ecqfl{ }jh

lemh`hq lx{} }xqg eg }jh eabhk} {}f}i{}ik{ fgm }jh {}f}{ ji{}eqy' [igkh

}jh {}eqigc ed ji{}eqih{ kfg qhvxiqh `fqch flexg}{ ed jfqm mi{o {~fkh,

}jh {}f}{ ji{}eqy i{ }xqghm edd ay mhdfx`}' ]jh dèsigc {}h~{ fqh

ghhmhm }e }xqg eg }jh eabhk} {}f}{ fgm }jh {}f}{ ji{}eqy'

[}h~ 62 [h`hk}igc eabhk}{ deq {}f}{

Ig }jh lemh` tihs sigmes yex si`` ghhm }e lfoh f {h`hk}ieg ed

eabhk}{ deq sjikj yex sex`m ìoh }e qhkeqm {}f}{' ]ji{ i{ megh ay

~qh{{igc }jh ‐[jid}“ ohy eg }jh ohyaefqm fgm mqfccigc }jh lex{h }e

igk`xmh }jh eabhk}{ yex sfg} }e {h`hk} *Dicxqh 16>)' ^qh{{igc }jh

‐K}q`“ ohy fgm }jhg kìkoigc fg eabhk} fmm{ fmmi}iegf` eabhk}{'

Dicxqh 16>' ‐[jid}“ fgm mqfc deq {h`hk}ieg


32/122


33/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Egkh }jh [}f}{ jfth ahhg }xqghm eg, id yex {h`hk} }jh lemh` tihs

sigmes yex si`` {hh f cqhhg aez fqexgm }jh eabhk}{ }jf} jfth ahhg

{h`hk}hm fgm }jhiq [}f}{ }xqghm eg *{hh dicxqh 16;)' Yex lfy

kjee{h }e }xqg edd }jh mi{~`fy ed cqhhg aezh{ ay {h`hk}igc ‐Jimh

Cqhhg Igmikf}eq Aezh{“ dqel }jh [}f}{ lhgx *{hh dicxqh 16=)'

Dicxqh 16;' [h`hk}hm eabhk}{ si}j {}f}{ ji{}eqih{ }xqghm eg

Dicxqh 16=' Jimh Cqhhg Igmikf}eq Aezh{

Yex kfg ges qxg }jh lemh` fgm ke``hk} {}f} ji{}eqih{ eg f`` eabhk}{

}jf} shqh {h`hk}hm'

Ge}h2 ]e xg{h`hk} }jh eabhk}{ *}e }xqg edd }jh qhm aezh{) ~qh{{ }jh

{jid} ohy fgm k`ikofgmmqfc f {lf`` aez eg }jh cqim sjhqh }jhqh fqh

ge eabhk}{' ]e xg{h`hk} }jh {}f} {h`hk}ieg cqex~ *cqhhg aez {h`hk}ieg

{h}), yex lx{} jfth ge eabhk}{ kxqqhg}`y {h`hk}hm *qhm aezh{) fgm


34/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,6=

}jhg kjee{h }jh lhgx e~}ieg ‐[h`hk}ieg }e [}f}{“ dqel }jh l fig Qxg

lhgx'

Eabhk} ^fqflh}hq{

]jh eabhk}’{ ~fqflh}hq{ CXI si`` middhq {ìcj}`y mh~hgmigc eg }jh

eabhk} {h`hk}hm' [igkh hfkj eabhk} jf{ f {~hkidik dxgk}ieg ig }jh

lemh` }jh ~fqflh}hq{ si`` ah kx{}elirhm }e f`ès }jh lemh`hq }e x{h

}jh eabhk} ig }jh le{} d`hzia`h sfy' Khq}fig ~fch }fa{ si`` ah {ili`fq

eg f`` eabhk}{ fgm e}jhq{ si`` ah thqy {~hkidik }e }jh eabhk}' Deq f

{~hkidik mhdigi}ieg ed f`` }jh eabhk} ~fqflh}hq{ deq hfkj eabhk}, {hh

}jh D`hz{il Eabhk} @iaqfqy' Mexa`h kìkoigc eg fg eabhk} fkkh{{h{

}jf} eabhk}’{ ~fqflh}hq{' ]jh `fyex} ed }jh ~fqflh}hq{ CXI i{

i``x{}qf}hm ig Dicxqh 168'

Dicxqh 168' ̂ fqflh}hq{ CXI

]ji{ hgm{ }jh D`hz{il {ed}sfqh kegkh~} `hfqgigc {hk}ieg' I} i{ ges

}ilh }e axi`m lemh` 1'


35/122


36/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,64

[]H^ ;2 Kegghk}igc Khg}qf` fgm Ig~x}%Ex}~x} êq}{

Ig }ji{ kf{h }jh vxhxh i{ ceigc }e qhvxh{} }jf} fg e~hqf}eq ~iko x~

}jh dèsi}hl fgm }foh i} }e egh ed }jh }h{}hq{' ]jh dès ècik jf{

f`qhfmy ahhg {h} eg }jh vxhxh ig `h{{eg 6' Yex si`` ge} ghhm }e

kjfgch }jh dès ècik' Yex si`` eg`y ghhm }e qhvxh{} fg e~hqf}eq }e ah

x{hm deq }jh }f{o' [igkh sh fqh x{igc 1 e~hqf}eq{ sh si`` x{h f

mi{~f}kjhq }e vxhxh }jh qhvxh{}{ fgm }jhg ~iko f dqhh e~hqf}eq }e

~hqdeql }jh }f{o' Id sh eg`y jfm 6 e~hqf}eq sh sex`m ge} ghhm }jh

mi{~f}kjhq fgm kex`m kegghk} }jh e~hqf}eq }e }jh vxhxh miqhk}`y'

Ig eqmhq }e x{h }jh mi{~f}kjhq }e miqhk} f }hfl ed e~hqf}eq{ }e

~hqdeql f }f{o, }jh mi{~f}kjhq lx{} ah kegghk}hm }e }jh khg}qf` ~eq}

ed }jh eabhk} qhvxh{}igc }jh e~hqf}eq' ]e kegghk} }jh khg}qf` ~eq} ed

}jh mi{~f}kjhq }e }jh vxhxh, ~qh{{ fgm je`m }jh ‐[“ ohy eg }jh

ohyaefqm fgm }jh kìkofgmmqfc dqel }jh mi{~f}kjhq }e }jh vxhxh

*{hh Dicxqh 163)'

Dicxqh 163' ̂ qh{{ ‐[“ fgm kìkofgmmqfc


37/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Sjhg yex qh`hf{h }jh lex{h f kegghk}ieg dqel }jh mi{~f}kjhq’{

khg}qf` ~eq} si`` kegghk} }e }jh khg}qf` ~eq} ed }jh vxhxh *Dicxqh 1

6:)'

Dicxqh 16:' Khg}qf` ~eq} kegghk}ieg

]jh khg}qf` ~eq} i{ `ekf}hm ig }jh khg}hq ae}}el ~e{i}ieg ed }jh eabhk}'

I} i{ k`hfq`y ge} fg ig~x} eq ex}~x} ~eq}'

Ig eqmhq deq }jh mi{~f}kjhq }e {hgm }f{o{ }e }jh e~hqf}eq{ }jh

mi{~f}kjhq ex}~x} ~eq} ghhm{ }e ah kegghk}hm }e }jh e~hqf}eq{ ig~x}

~eq}' ]ji{ i{ megh ay ~qh{{igc fgm je`migc }jh ‐F“ ohy eg }jh

ohyaefqm fgm k`ikofgmmqfc dqel }jh mi{~f}kjhq }e }jh e~hqf}eq f{

{hhg ig Dicxqh 169' ]ji{ lx{} ah megh deq hfkj e~hqf}eq' ]jh

kegghk}ieg{ fqh {jesg ig Dicxqh 11>'


38/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,6:

Dicxqh 169' ̂ qh{{igc ‐F“ fgm k`ikofgmmqfc

Dicxqh 11>' Mi{~f}kjhq ex}~x} ~eq}{ kegghk}hm }e e~hqf}eq{ ig~x} ~eq}{


39/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


[]H^ =2 Lemidyigc Vxhxh Dès }e X{h ]qfg{~eq}hq *E~hqf}eq{)

]jh ghz} {}h~ i{ }e lemidy }jh vxhxh’{ dès ~fqflh}hq{ }e x{h }jh

e~hqf}eq{ }e lfoh }jh leth' ]ji{ i{ megh ay mexa`h kìkoigc eg }jh

vxhxh }e aqigc x~ }jh ~fqflh}hq{ CXI' Egkh }jh CXI jf{ f~~hfqhm

{h`hk} }jh dès }fa' Kjhko }jh aez }e ‐X{h ]qfg{~eq}“ ig }jh ex}~x}

aèko xgmhq }jh ‐[hgm ]e êq}“ ~ikoì{} *Dicxqh 116)'

Dicxqh 116' Kjhko ‐X{h ]qfg{~eq}“

Sjhg ‐X{h ]qfg{~eq}“ i{ kjhkohm f ghs ~iko ì{} si`` f~~hfq kf``hm

‐Qhvxh{} ]qfg{~eq} Dqel“' ]ji{ ~iko ì{} si`` {h`hk} }jh khg}qf` ~eq}

}jf} }jh ]qfg{~eq}hq eq E~hqf}eq i{ kegghk}hm' Ig }ji{ kf{h i} i{

kegghk}hm }e }jh Mi{~f}kjhq }jf} f{{icg{ }jh e~hqf}eq }e }jh }f{o'

[h`hk} ‐EO“ }e kè{h }jh CXI'


40/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,1>

[]H^ 82 Kel~i`h, [fth }jh Lemh`, fgm ]h{} Qxg

F} }ji{ ~eig} sh {jex`m qxg }jh lemh` }e lfoh {xqh }jf} }jh kjfgch{

sh jfth lfmh }e }ji{ ~eig} fqh seqoigc' ]jh diq{} }jigc sh ghhm }e me

ahdeqh sh qxg i{ }e ' Fd}hq }jh kel~i`h i{ kel~`h}h {fth

}jh lemh` f{ lemh` 1 ay ~qh{{igc }jh ax}}eg eg }jh }eeàfq

fgm {ftigc }jh lemh` xgmhq }jh gflh lemh` 1'

Qxg }jh lemh` }e thqidy }jf} }jh e~hqf}eq{ fqh letigc }jh dèsi}hl{

dqel }jh vxhxh }e }jh }h{}hq{'

[]H^ 42 Igkeq~eqf}igc E~hqf}eq{ deq }jh [h}x~ ]ilh deq }jh

]h{}hq{

Ig eqmhq deq }jh }h{}hq{ }e x{h }jh e~hqf}eq{ mxqigc {h} x~, f

kegghk}ieg lx{} ah lfmh ah}shhg }jh khg}qf` ~eq}{ ed hfkj }h{}hq }e

khg}qf` ~eq}{ ed }jh mi{~f}kjhq' ]ji{ i{ megh ay ~qh{{igc fgm je`migc

}jh ‐[“ ohy eg }jh ohyaefqm fgm kìkofgmmqfc ah}shhg }jh

mi{~f}kjhq fgm hfkj }h{}hq' Sjhg kel~`h}hm }jh ìgo{ si`` ah

mi{~`fyhm f{ {jesg ig Dicxqh 111'

Dicxqh 111' Khg}qf` ~eq} ̀ igo{ dqel mi{~f}kjhq fgm hfkj }h{}hq


41/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Ges sh ghhm }e mhdigh }jh {h}x~ }ilh deq }jh }h{}hq{' Mexa`hkìko eg

}jh diq{} }h{}hq }e aqigc x~ }jh ~fqflh}hq CXI *Dicxqh 11;)'

Dicxqh 11;

Eg }jh ‐[h}x~ ]ilh“ ~iko ì{} {h`hk} }jh ax}}eg }e aqigc x~ }jh

kemh }hl~`f}h sigmes fgm kjfgch }jh }ilh }e 6> *Dicxqh 11=)'

Dicxqh 11=

Kìko ‐EO“ }e kè{h }jh kemh }hl~`f}h sigmes' Kìko ‐F~~`y“ eg }jh

lfig ~fch }e {fth }jh kjfgch' Ges e~hg }jh ‐E~hqf}eq{“ }fa'


42/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,11

Ig }jh ‐Bea“ aèko, kjhko }jh aez ghz} }e ‐X{h E~hqf}eq*{) deq [h}x~“'

Sjhg }jh aez i{ kjhko yex si`` {hh }jh ‐Gxlahq ed E~hqf}eq{“ ig~x}

aez fgm }jh ‐îko E~hqf}eq“ ~iko ì{} f~~hfq' ]jh gxlahq ed

e~hqf}eq{ ghhmhm deq }jh {h}x~ i{ 6 fgm }jh qhdhqhgkh deq }jh ‐îko

E~hqf}eq“ {jex`m ah {h} }jh khg}qf` ~eq} gxlahq 6 f{ {hhg ig Dicxqh

118'

Dicxqh 118

Kìko ‐EO“ }e {fth }jh kjfgch{ fgm kè{h }jh sigmes' Qh~hf} }jh

~qekh{{ deq hfkj }h{}hq ig }jh lemh`' Sjhg digi{jhm {fth }jh lemh`,

Kel~i`h, fgm qxg }jh lemh` }e thqidy }jf} }jh e~hqf}eq{ fqh ahigc

x{hm mxqigc }jh {h}x~ }ilh'

]jh ghz} {}h~ ig }jh lemh` i{ }e fmm }jh kegthyeq vxhxh{ fgm

qhkegghk} }jh ig~x} fgm ex}~x} ~eq}{'


43/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


[]H^ 32 Mi{kegghk}igc êq}{ dqel Kegthyeq{ }e }jh [igo

Ahdeqh fmmigc }jh kegthyeq vxhxh i} i{ ghkh{{fqy }e mi{kegghk} }jh

ig~x} fgm ex}~x} ~eq} kegghk}ieg{ ah}shhg }jh kegthyeq{ fgm }jh

{igo' ]ji{ i{ megh ay ~qh{{igc fgm je`migc }jh ‐V“ ohy eg }jh

ohyaefqm fgm }jhg kìkofgmmqfc dqel }jh kegthyeq }e }jh {igo'

Egkh }jh ~eq}{ fqh mi{kegghk}hm, mqfcfgmmqe~ f vxhxh dqel }jh

ìaqfqy }e }jh hgm ed }jh khg}hq kegthyeq' ]jhg kegghk} }jh

kegthyeq{’ ex}~x} ~eq}{ }e }jh vxhxh ig~x} ~eq} ay ~qh{{igc fgm

je`migc }jh ‐F“ ohy fgm kìkofgmmqfc dqel hfkj kegthyeq }e }jh

vxhxh' ]jhg kegghk} }jh ex}~x} ~eq} ed }jh vxhxh }e }jh {igo ay }jh

{flh ~qekh{{' Sjhg digi{jhm yexq `fyex} {jex`m èeo ìoh Dicxqh 1

14'

Dicxqh 114' Kel~`h}hm kegghk}ieg{

Ges }jf} }jh `fyex} jf{ ahhg qhti{hm fgm }jh ~eq} kegghk}ieg

kqhf}hm }jh deqo }qxko kfg ah fmmhm'

]jh ‐F“ ohy si``kegghk} ig~x}%ex}~x}~eq}{ sji`h }jh ‐V“ ohysi`` mi{kegghk}ig~x}%ex}~x} ~eq}{'


44/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,1=

[]H^ :2 Fmmigc }jh Deqo ]qxko

]e fmm }jh deqo }qxko }e }jh lemh` }e leth dèsi}hl{ dqel }jh

kegthyeq vxhxh }e }jh {igo i{ hzfk}`y }jh {flh f{ fmmigc e~hqf}eq{

}e leth dèsi}hl{ dqel }jh ig~x} vxhxh }e }jh }h{}hq{' [igkh }jhqh

si`` ah eg`y 6 deqo }qxko ig }jh lemh` }jhqh i{ ge ghhm deq f

mi{~f}kjhq' ]jh deqo }qxko si`` ah miqhk}`y kegghk}hm }e }jh khg}qf`

~eq} ed }jh vxhxh'

Mqfc fgm mqe~ f deqo }qxko dqel }jh ìaqfqy ig}e }jh lemh` tihs

*Dicxqh 113)'

Dicxqh 113

Egkh }jh deqo }qxko i{ ig }jh lemh`, kegghk} }jh khg}qf` ~eq} ed }jh

vxhxh }e }jh deqo }qxko' ^qh{{ fgm je`m }jh ‐[“ ohy eg }jh ohyaefqm

fgm kìkofgmmqfc dqel }jh vxhxh }e }jh deqo }qxko'


45/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


]jh lemh` `fyex} {jex`m èeo ìoh Dicxqh 11: sjhg digi{jhm'

Dicxqh 11:

[]H^ 92 Fmbx{} }jh Vxhxh Dès ^fqflh}hq{ }e X{h }jh Deqo

]qxko

]jh ghz} {}h~ ig }ji{ lemh` i{ }e fmbx{} }jh vxhxh dès ~fqflh}hq{ }e

x{h }jh deqo }qxko' Mexa`h kìko eg }jh vxhxh }e aqigc x~ }jh

~fqflh}hq{ CXI *Dicxqh 119)'

Dicxqh 119


46/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,14

[h`hk} }jh dès }fa fgm kjhko }jh ‐X{h ]qfg{~eq}“ e~}ieg' ]jh khg}qf`

~eq} 6 ed }jh vxhxh i{ f`qhfmy kegghk}hm {e }jhqh i{ ge ghhm deq fgy

fmbx{}lhg}{' [h`hk} ‐EO“ }e kè{h }jh CXI'

Sjhg digi{jhm fmbx{}igc }jh vxhxh {fth yexq lemh`' Ahdeqh qxggigc

}jh lemh`, kìko ' Egkh }jh lemh` jf{ kel~i`hm i} i{ }ilh}e qxg }jh lemh`'


47/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


[]H^ 6>2 Qxg }jh Lemh`

]ji{ i{ }jh qhsfqmigc ~fq} ed axi`migc }jh lemh`' I}’{ }ilh }e kjhko

fgm {hh id }jh lemh` i{ seqoigc }jh sfy yex sfg}' Mxqigc }jh lemh`

qxg x{h }jh fgilf}ieg }e ti{xf``y ig{~hk} }jh lemh` }e {hh id

hthqy}jigc i{ seqoigc ~qe~hq`y *Dicxqh 1;>)'

Dicxqh 1;>' Qxggigc lemh`

Yex si`` ge}ikh }jf} sjhg f }h{}hq i{ sfi}igc deq fg e~hqf}eq }e

~hqdeql }jh {h}x~ f yh``es {vxfqh i{ ~`fkhm fqexgm }jh eabhk}' Yex

{jex`m {hh }jh e~hqf}eq{ letigc afko fgm deq}j fgm }jh deqo }qxko

letigc d`esi}hl{ dqel }jh vxhxh{ }e }jh {igo'


48/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,1:

[]H^ 662 Fgf`yrigc }jh Ex}~x}

X{igc }jh igdeqlf}ieg faex} jes }e }xqg eg }jh {}f} ji{}eqih{

hz~`fighm hfqìhq ig }jh `h{{eg, tihs }jh eabhk} {}f}i{}ik{ ig }jh

~qe~hq}ih{ CXI' Ay èeoigc f} }jh fgilf}ieg fgm }jh kjfq}{ *Dicxqh 1

;6), meh{ }ji{ lemh` jfth f ae}}`hghko5

Dicxqh 1;6' Tfqiex{ kjfq}{ mxqigc {ilx`f}ieg qxg

I} ahkelh{ eatiex{ }jf} id yex fmm egh leqh e~hqf}eq }jh lemh` si``

qxg ah}}hq' Hthg }jexcj }jh dèsi}hl{ lfy {}i`` afko x~ f} }jh ig~x}

vxhxh i} si`` ah ig i}{ e~}ilxl kegdicxqf}ieg si}j }jh fmmi}ieg ed }jh

e~hqf}eq'

Fmm fge}jhq e~hqf}eq ay {il~`y mqfcfgmmqe~ fge}jhq e~hqf}eq dqel

}jh ìaqfqy fgm }jhg kegghk} }jh mi{~f}kjhq }e }jh e~hqf}eq ay

~qh{{igc fgm je`migc }jh ‐F“ ohy fgm kìkofgmmqfc f kegghk}ieg'

Kel~i`h, {fth }jh lemh`, fgm }jhg qxg' ]ji{ hgm{ `h{{eg 1'

Kegcqf}x`f}ieg{& Kfg yex ce }jh hz}qf li`h5 Cqhf}& I} bx{} ch}{ ah}}hq&


49/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


@h{{eg 1 Hz}qf Li`h

Ig}qemxk}ieg

]ji{ hz}qf li`h {h{{ieg i{ mh{icghm }e }hfkj }jh lemh`hq jes }e fmm

}jh hz}qf }exkj }e lfoh }jh lemh` {jes mf}f fgm igdeqlf}ieg f{ }jh

lemh` i{ qxggigc' Ig }ji{ `h{{eg sh si`` `eeo f} jes }e fmm ;M kjfq}{

fgm cqf~j{, fgm ti{xf` ;M }hz} }e }jh lemh` yex digi{jhm ig `h{{eg 1'

Sjf} Yex Si`` @hfqg

6' Fmm f ;M keg}hg} cqf~j deq }jh Vxhxh'

1' Fmm f ;M ji{}ecqfl }e {jes }jh sfi} }ilh deq }jh Vxhxh

;' Fmm f ;M ~ih kjfq} }e {jes }jh {}f}h ~qedi`h deq hfkj

e~hqf}eq6, fgm e~hqf}eq1'

=' Fmm ;M ti{xf` }hz} }e {jes }jh fthqfch sfi} f} }jh Kegthyeq

Vxhxh'

8' Jes }e ~e{i}ieg }jh cqf~j{, kjfq}{, fgm }hz} deq ah{} tihsigc'

Ghs Eabhk}{

Ig }ji{ `h{{eg yex si`` ah ig}qemxkhm }e }jh Ti{xf`]ee`, fgm Qhkeqmhq

eabhk}{'

F~~qezilf}h ]ilh }e Kel~`h}h }ji{ @h{{eg

]ji{ `h{{eg {jex`m }foh faex} 1>;> ligx}h{ }e kel~`h}h


50/122


51/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' 1,;6

[]H^ =2 Fmbx{} }jh ^fqflh}hq ed }jh Qhkeqmhq }e {jes f

Keg}hg} Cqf~j ed }jh Vxhxh

Mexa`hk`iko eg }jh Qhkeqmhq eabhk} }e aqigc x~ }jh ‐Qhkeqmhq

^fqflh}hq Sirfqm“ f{ {jesg ig Dicxqh 1;;'

Dicxqh 1;;' Qhkeqmhq ^fqflh}hq{ Sirfqm

^qh{{ }jh ‐Mf}f Kf~}xqh [h}}igc{“ ax}}eg' Ig }jh ‐]y~h ed Mf}f“ dih`m

{h`hk} }jh ‐[}fgmfqm Mf}f“ e~}ieg' ]jhg {h`hk} }jh ‐Vxhxh“ ig }jh

~iko `i{} ed }jh ‐Eabhk} Gflh“ dih`m' ]jh ig }jh ‐Mf}f }e kf~}xqh“ dih`m

{h`hk} ‐Keg}hg}“ *{hh Dicxqh 1;=)'

Dicxqh 1;=' Kf~}xqh Mf}f E~}ieg{

]jhg ~qh{{ }jh ‐Ghz}“ ax}}eg'


52/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,;1

[]H^ 82 [h} }jh Mi{~`fy E~}ieg{ ed }jh Qhkeqmhq

Ges {h`hk} }jh ‐Mi{~`fy E~}ieg{“ ax}}eg eg }jh sirfqm ~fch *{hh

Dicxqh 1;;)' Ig }jh ‐Cqf~j ]i}`h“ dih`m }y~h }jh }i}`h ‐Vxhxh Keg}hg}

Cqf~j“ *{hh Dicxqh 1;8)' ]ji{ i{ f x{hq mhdighm dih`m deq }jh }i}`h ed

}jh cqf~j' Yex kfg }y~h fgy}jigc yex sfg} jhqh' ]jhg ~qh{{ }jh

‐Megh“ ax}}eg'

Dicxqh 1;8' [}fgmfqm Mi{~`fy E~}ieg{

[]H^ 42 Fmbx{} }jh Ti{xf` ^qe~hq}ih{ ed }jh Cqf~j

]jh ti{xf` ~qe~hq}ih{ ed }jh cqf~j kfg ah hmi}hm ig }jh ‐^qe~hq}ih{“

CXI ay qicj} k`ikoigc eg }jh Qhkeqmhq fgm }jhg {h`hk}igc ~qe~hq}ih{

*{hh Dicxqh 1;4)'

Dicxqh 1;4' [h`hk}igc }jh ^qe~hq}ih{ CXI


53/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' 1,;;

Ay mhdfx`} }jh cqf~j si`` `fy d`f} eg }jh d`eeq ed }jh lemh`' I} lfoh{ f

ceem il~qh{{ieg id }jh kjfq} i{ }i`}hm x~ 9> mhcqhh{ }e {}fgm {}qficj}

x~' ]ji{ i{ megh ay kjfgcigc }jh qe}f}ieg fgm jhicj} ed }jh qhkeqmhq

*{hh Dicxqh 1;3)'

Dicxqh 1;3' Qhkeqmhq ^fqflh}hq{

Kjfgch }jh ‐R“ ~e{i}ieg }e 3':> fgm }jh ‐QZ“ qe}f}ieg }e 9>' ]ji{ si``

qe}f}h }jh kjfq} x~ fgm {h} }jh jhicj} }e ~`fkh }jh ae}}el ed }jh kjfq}

eg }jh d`eeq `hth` *{hh Dicxqh 1;:)'


54/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,;=

'

Dicxqh 1;:' Fmbx{}hm keg}hg} cqf~j'

Fd}hq yex ‐Kel~i`h“ }jh lemh` fgm qxg yex {jex`m {hh }jh cqf~j

mi{~`fy }jh keg}hg} ed }jh ‐Vxhxh“'

[]H^ 32 Fmm f Qhkeqmhq }e {jes }jh [}fy}ilh Ji{}ecqfl ed }jh Vxhxh

De``esigc }jh {flh {}h~{ }e fmm f keg}hg} cqf~j fmm f ‐[}fy}ilh“

ji{}ecqfl }e }jh lemh`' ]jh eg`y middhqhgkh si`` ah }jf} yex si`` {h`k}

}jh ‐[}fy}ilh“ e~}ieg *{hh Dicxqh 1;9) ig{}hfm ed }jh ‐Keg}hg}“

{h`hk} ahdeqh'

Dicxqh 1;9' [h`hk}igc }jh ‐{}fy}ilh“ e~}ieg


55/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


^`fkh }jh qhkeqmhq bx{} }e }jh qicj} ed }jh keg}hg} cqf~j' [h`hk} }jh

~qe~hq}ih{ f{ {jesg ig []H^ 4, qe}f}h }jh cqf~j, fgm kjfgch }jh

jhicj}' Sjhg kel~i`hm fgm qxg }jh cqf~j {jex`m èeo ìoh Dicxqh 1

=>'

Dicxqh 1=>' [}fy}ilh cqf~j

[]H^ :2 Fmm f [}f}h îh Kjfq} deq hfkj E~hqf}eq

De`ès }jh {flh ~qekhmxqh ex}ìghm ig {}h~{ ;8 }e fmm f {}f}h ~ih

kjfq} deq hfkj e~hqf}eq' ]jh eg`y middhqhgkh i{ }e {h`hk} }jh {}f}h

e~}ieg ig }jh ‐Mf}f }e kf~}xqh“ dih`m *{hh Dicxqh 1=6)'

Dicxqh 1=6' [`hk}igc }jh ‐[}f}h“ e~}ieg


56/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,;4

[irh ae}j cqf~j{ }e ah 8 ay 8 ig }jh ~qe~hq}ih{ CXI *{hh Dicxqh 1

=1)'

Dicxqh 1=1' [irigc }jh cqf~j{ }e ‐[Z“ 8 fgm ‐[Y“ 8

Deq }jh{h }se ~ih cqf~j{ sh si`` `hfth }jhl d`f} eg }jh d`eeq {e sh me

ge} ghhm }e kjfgch }jh qe}f}ieg tf`xh{'


57/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Sjhg kel~i`hm fgm qxg, }jh lemh` {jex`m èeo ìoh Dicxqh 1=;'

Dicxqh 1=;' [}f}h ~ih kjfq}{ deq E~hqf}eq 6 fgm E~hqf}eq 1

[]H^ 92 Fmmigc ;M ]hz} }e }jh Lemh`

Fge}jhq sfy }e fmm igdeqlf}ieg }e }jh lemh` }jf} kfg {jes

~hqdeqlfgkh lhf{xqh sji`h }jh lemh` i{ qxggigc i{ }e ~`fkh ;M }hz}

f} {}qf}hcik ~eig} ig }jh `fyex}' ]ji{ i{ megh x{igc }jh Ti{xf`]ee`

eabhk}, fgm {h`hk} }jh ‐]hz}“ e~}ieg deq }jh ‐Ti{xf` Mi{~`fy“' Ig }ji{

lemh` sh si`` fmm ;M }hz} }e {jes }jh fthqfch sfi} }ilh id dèsi}hl{

ig }jh ‐Kegthyeq Vxhxh“'

Mqfc ex} f ‐Ti{xf`]ee`“ eabhk} ig}e }jh lemh` fgm ~`fkh i} ay }jh

‐Kegthyeq Vxhxh“ *{hh Dicxqh 1==)'


58/122


59/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


[h`hk} }jh ‐]hz}“ e~}ieg deq }jh Ti{xf` Mi{~`fy' Ges yex kfg mhdigh

}jh ]hz} ~fqflh}hq{' Ig }jh ‐]hz}“ kelae aez {h`hk} }jh ~iko`i{}

e~}ieg deq ‐Mi{~`fy Ftc [}fy]ilh“ *{hh dicxqh 1=4)'

Dicxqh 1=4' ]hz} mi{~`fy ~iko `i{}

]jhg {h`hk} }jh kemh }hl~`f}h ax}}eg }e kjfgch }jh mi{~`fyhm

}hz} }e qhfm ‐]jh fthqfch {}fy}ilh ed }jh Kegthyeq Vxhxh i{2“ f{

{jesg ig Dicxqh 1=3'

Dicxqh 1=3' Mhdigigc }jh ;M }hz} mi{~`fy


60/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,=>

Yex si`` ge}ikh }jf} f} }jh hgm ed }jh }hz} mi{~`fy {}qigc }jf} }jhqh i{ f

qhdhqhgkh }e }jh ‐khg}hqeabhk}*kxqqhg},6)“ {}f}hlhg} *{hh Dicxqh 1

=3)' ]ji{ qhdhqhgkh i{ x{hm }e }h`` }jh Ti{xf`]ee` sjhg }e `eeo deq }jh

mf}f }e {jes' ]jh khg}hqeabhk}*kxqqhg},6) {il~`y lhfg{ }e mi{~`fy

}jh fthqfch {}fy}ilh ed }jh eabhk} kegghk}hm }e }jh khg}hq ~eq} ed }jh

Ti{xf`]ee`' ]ji{ lhfg{ }jf} yex si`` jfth }e lfoh f khg}hq ~eq}

kegghk}ieg ah}shhg }jh ‐Kegthyeq Vxhxh“ fgm }jh ‐Ti{xf`]ee`“

eabhk}{' ]ji{ i{ megh ay ~qh{{igc }jh ‐[“ ohy eg }jh ohyaefqm fgm

k`ikoifgmmqfc ah}shhg }jh Ti{xf`]ee` fgm }jh Kegthyeq Vxhxh

*{hh Dicxqh 1=:)'

Dicxqh 1=:' Kegghk}igc }jh Ti{xf`]ee` si}j }jh Kegthyeq Vxhxh


61/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' 1,=6

Kel~i`h }jh lemh` fgm yex si`` {hh }jh }hz} ig }jh lemh` tihs *{hh

Dicxqh 1=9)'

Dicxqh 1=9' ;M }hz} ig }jh lemh` tihs

F} }ji{ ~eig} yex lfy sfg} }e fmbx{} }jh mi{~`fy ed }jh }hz}' ]jh }hz}

{irh i{ {h} }e 6 ay mhdfx`} fgm yex lfy sfg} }e lfoh i} {lf``hq' Yex

lfy f`{e sfg} }e jfth }jh }hz} ‐jethq“ ethq }jh vxhxh'

]e lfoh }jh }hz} {lf``hq, }y~h }jh mh{iqhm {irh, {fy '8 ig }jh }hz}

~fqflh}hq{ ed }jh Ti{xf`]ee` *{hh Dicxqh 18>)' F`{e fmbx{} }jh

}jikogh{{ }e '6 }e cith }jh }hz} f ;M f~~hfqfgkh'

Dicxqh 18>' Fmbx{}igc }jh }hz} {irh fgm }jikogh{{


62/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,=1

F} }jh ae}}el `hd} ed }jh Ti{xf`]ee`{ ~fqflh}hq{ CXI {h`hk} }jh

‐^qe~hq}ih{“ ax}}eg }e e~hg }jh ~qe~hq}ih{ CXI *{hh dicxqh 186)'

Dicxqh 186' ]jh ^qe~hq}ih{ Ax}}eg

Ig }jh ~qe~hq}ih{ CXI, qe}f}h }jh }hz} }e 9> ig }jh ‐QZ“ dih`m *{hh

Dicxqh 181)'

Dicxqh 181' Qe}f}h }jh }hz} }e 9> mhcqhh{


63/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' 1,=;

Sjhg yex ~qh{{ ‐EO“ eg }jh ~qe~hq}ih{, fgm ~fqflh}hq{ CXI }jh }hz}

si`` ges ah qe}f}hm ig }jh lemh`' X{h yex lex{h }e {h`hk} fgm

~e{i}ieg }jh }hz} f{ mh{iqhm' Qhlhlahq }jf} }jh jhicj} ed }jh }hz} kfg

ah keg}qe``hm ay {h`hk}igc }jh }hz} si}j ae}j }jh `hd} fgm qicj} lex{h

ax}}eg{ fgm qe`ìgc }jh lex{h deqsfqm fgm afko, eq {h`hk}igc }jh }hz}

fgm }jhg qe`ìgc }jh lex{h sjhh` }e leth }jh }hz} x~ eq mesg *{hh

Dicxqh 18;)'

Dicxqh 18;' ê{i}iegigc }jh ;M }hz}

[]H^ 6>2 [fth }jh Lemh`, Kel~i`h fgm Qxg

Sjhg }jh }hz} i{ ~`fkhm sjhqh yex sfg}, {fth }jh lemh`, }jhg

kel~i`h' Sjhg }jh lemh` jf{ digi{jhm kel~iìgc yex fqh qhfmy }e

qxg }jh lemh` fgm èeo f} }jh cqf~j{, kjfq}{, fgm ;M }hz} yex jfth

bx{} digi{jhm ~x}}igc ig }jh lemh` *{hh Dicxqh 18;)'


64/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg 1

1,==

Dicxqh 18=' ]jh kel~`h}hm Lemh`

]ji{ hgm{ }jh ‐Lemh` 1 Hz}qf Li`h“ `h{{eg' F{ yex kfg {hh i} i{ thqy

hf{y }e fmm ~eshqdx` ;M qh~eq}igc ti{xf`{ }e yexq {ilx`f}ieg lemh`{'


65/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' ;,6

@h{{eg ;

Ig}qemxk}ieg

@h{{eg ; ig}qemxkh{ }jh Qfko, gh}seqo gemh{, fgm {~ìgh ~eig}{ fgm

jes }jhy fqh x{hm ig f kegthyeq `fyex}, fmtfgkhm {}f}i{}ik{, fgm

lemh` ècik x{igc f cèaf` }fa`h' Ig}qemxk}ieg ed lx`}i~`h qxg{ fgm

lemh` {khgfqie{ si`` f`{e ah mi{kx{{hm' @h{{eg ; si`` x{h }jh lemh`

dqel `h{{eg 1 f{ f {}fq}igc ~eig}' Lfoh {xqh yex jfth kel~`h}hm

`h{{eg 6, fgm `h{{eg 1 ahdeqh {}fq}igc `h{{eg ;'

Ig `h{{eg ; i} si`` ah f{{xlhm yex jfth seqohm }jqexcj `h{{eg{ 6

fgm 1, fgm fqh dfliìfq si}j }jh }f{o{ ed seqoigc ig }jh ~qe~hq}ih{ fgm

~fqflh}hq{ CXI{' Ig }jh ~qhtiex{ `h{{eg{ hthqy {}h~ sf{ i``x{}qf}hm

}e lfoh {xqh }jh lemh`hq jfm kel~`h}h xgmhq{}fgmigc ed }jh {}h~{

ghhmhm }e axi`m }jh lemh`' Ig `h{{eg ; {elh ed }jh {il~`h }f{o{ {xkj

f{ fmmigc f ghs eabhk} }e }jh lemh` fgm hg}hqigc af{ik ~fqflh}hq{

si`` ah imhg}idihm ig }jh {}h~ay{}h~ mh{kqi~}ieg ax} {kqhhg {je}{ lfy

ge} ah ~qetimhm' I} si`` ah f{{xlhm }jf} }jh lemh`hq jf{ `hfqghm jes

}e ~hqdeql }je{h }f{o{ ig ~qhtiex{ `h{{eg{' Fgy ghs igdeqlf}ieg si``

ah mh{kqiahm ig mh}fi` fgm si`` ah fkkel~fgihm ay {kqhhg{je}{ f{ ig

~qhtiex{ `h{{eg{'

Sjf} Yex Si`` @hfqg

6' Jes }e x{h {~ìgh ~eig}{ deq kegthyeq `fyex}

1' X{igc cèaf` }fa`h{ deq qex}igc ècik

;' X{igc f ~f}j gh}seqo deq }jh deqo }qxko

= 'Jes }e x{h }jh qh~eq} }e kqhf}h x{hq mhdighm ex}~x}

8' Jes }e hzhkx}h lx`}i~`h qxg{ ed }jh lemh`

4 'Jes }e x{h D`y ^f}j{ deq lemh` ~qh{hg}f}ieg

Ghs Eabhk}{

Ig }ji{ `h{{eg yex si`` ah ig}qemxkhm }e }jh Qfko, Gh}seqoGemh, fgm[~ìgh eabhk}{'


]ji{ `h{{eg {jex`m }foh faex} =84> ligx}h{ }e kel~`h}h


66/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,1

Lemh` ; Mh{kqi~}ieg

Ig lemh` ; }jh {igo si`` ah qh~`fkhm si}j ; qfko{ }jf} si`` ah x{hm }e

{}eqh }jh kel~`h}hm dèsi}hl{ ~qieq }e {ji~~igc *Dicxqh ;6)' Kjfgch

}jh `fyex} ed kegthyeq 6, fgm ; }e ~jy{ikf``y mqe~ dèsi}hl{ edd f} }jh

kegthyeq vxhxh' X{igc f cèaf` }fa`h deq qhdhqhgkh, jfth f`` i}hl}y~h

6 dèsi}hl{ ah {hg} }e qfko 1, f`` ed i}hl}y~h 1{ {hg} }e qfko ;, fgm f``

i}hl}y~h ;{ {hg} }e qfko 6' X{igc }jh gh}seqogemh eabhk} {h} x~ f

~f}j gh}seqo deq }jh deqo }qxko }e x{h f} i} leth{ dèsi}hl{ dqel }jh

kegthyeq vxhxh }e }jh qfko{' Fd}hq }jh lemh` i{ kel~`h}h, {h} x~ f

d`y~f}j }e {jes }jh lemh` mxqigc f ~qh{hg}f}ieg' [h} x~ f lx`}i~`h

qxg ed }jh lemh` }e {jes {}f}i{}ikf` tfqifgkh'

Dicxqh ;6' Lemh` ; mifcqfl

Lemh` ; Mf}f

Lemidy kegthyeq 6 fgm ; }e leth dèsi}hl{ ig}e }jh kegthyeq vxhxh'

Qex}igc dqel kegthyeq vxhxh }e qfko{2 X{h f cèaf` }fa`h }e qex} }jh

dèsi}hl{ ig }jh de`èsigc lfgghq

I}hl}y~h 6 }e qfko 1

I}hl}y~h 1 }e qfko ;

I}hl}y~h ; }e qfko 6

[h} x~ f gemh gh}seqo deq }jh deqo }qxko }e }qfth` }jf} i{ dqel }jh

kegthyeq vxhxh }e }jh qfko{'

[h} x~ f d`y~f}j deq lemh` ~qh{hg}f}ieg'


67/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' ;,;

D`hz{il [ed}sfqh Kegkh~} @hfqgigc

[~ìghêig}{

[~ìghêig}{ fqh x{hm ig D`hz{il }e mhdigh fgm mh{icg

[~ìghKegthyeq fgm ~f}j `fyex}{' D`hz{il x{h{ fmtfgkhm {~ìgh

}hkjgeècy }e f`ès }jh lemh`hq f kegthgihg} lh}jem }e fmm kxqth{,

igkìgh{, fgm mhkìgh{ }e [~ìghKegthyeq{ fgm Gh}seqoGemh ~f}j{'

]jexcj }jh x{h ed f {~ìgh deq f [~ìghKegthyeq fgm f Gh}seqoGemh

lfy middhq, }jh f~~ìkf}ieg i{ }jh {flh' ]ji{ mi{kx{{ieg si`` ah

dekx{hm eg }jh Gh}seqoGemh ~f}j ax} }jh f~~ìkf}ieg i{ }jh {flh deq

}jh [~ìghKegthyeq'

Sjhg }se Gh}seqoGemh{ fqh ~`fkhm ig }jh lemh` tihs fgm

kegghk}hm }e }ech}jhq ay ~qh{{igc }jh ‐F“ ohy fgm kìko fgmmqfc f

cqhhg ~f}j ìgh si`` ah mi{~`fyhm *Dicxqh ;1)'

Dicxqh ;1' Kegghk}igc Gh}seqoGemh{

Id yex reel }jh tihs kè{h }e }jh [~ìghêig} D`hz{il si`` mi{~`fy

‐[~ìghêig}“ igdeqlf}ieg deq }jh lemh`hq *Dicxqh ;;)'


68/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,=

Dicxqh ;;' ‐[~ìghêig}“ igdeqlf}ieg tihs

[~ìghêig} ~fqflh}hq{

Mh`}fz2 ]jh middhqhgkh ig }jh Z miqhk}ieg dqel }jh `f{} [~ìghêig}'

Mh`}fy2 ]jh middhqhgkh ig }jh Y miqhk}ieg dqel }jh `f{} [~ìghêig}'

Mh`}fr2 ]jh middhqhgkh ig }jh R miqhk}ieg dqel }jh `f{} [~ìghêig}'

ZYfgc`h2 ]jh ZYfgc`h dqel }jh `f{} [~ìghêig}' Fgc`h{ fqh dqel

~`x{ */) fgm ligx{ *) >9> mhcqhh{'@hgc}j2 ]ji{ i{ }jh ethqf`` `hgc}j ed }jh ~f}j dqel }jh ahciggigc eq

diq{} [~ìghêig}'

]e leth }jh [~ìghêig}, {h`hk} }jh af`` si}j }jh lex{h' F yh`ès

aez si`` f~~hfq fqexgm }jh [~ìghêig} af`` *Dicxqh ;=)'

Dicxqh ;=' [h`hk}hm [~ìghêig} af``'

]e leth }jh [~ìghêig} ig }jh ZY fgc`h eq }e fmm f kxqth }e }jh

~f}j bx{} kìkofgmmqfc }jh af`` si}j }jh `hd} lex{h ax}}eg ig }jh

lemh` tihs sigmes' ]e kjfgch }jh R jhicj} ed }jh [~ìghêig},

{h`hk} }jh af`` fgm kìkofgmmqfc si}j ae}j }jh qicj} fgm `hd} lex{h

ax}}eg{, }jhg qe`` }jh lex{h deqsfqm }e èshq }jh [~ìghêig}, eq qe``

}jh lex{h afkosfqm }e qfi{h }jh [~ìghêig} *Dicxqh ;8)'


69/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Dicxqh ;8' Kjfgcigc }jh R jhicj} ed }jh [~ìghêig}

Fmmigc Fmmi}iegf` [~ìghêig}{

Fmmi}iegf` [~ìghêig}{ kfg ah fmmhm }e }jh ~f}j ay je`migc mesg

}jh ‐K}q`“ ohy fgm }jhg kìkoigc eg f [~ìghêig} *Dicxqh ;4)' Id f

[~ìghêig} i{ kìkohm f [~ìghêig} si`` ah fmmhm f} }jh khg}hq ~eig}

ah}shhg }jh kìkohm [~ìghêig} fgm }jh [~ìghêig} }jf}

illhmif}h`y de`ès{ }jh kìkohm [~ìghêig} *Dicxqh ;3)'

Dicxqh ;4' Fmmigc f [~ìghêig} f} }e }jh ~f}j


70/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,4

Dicxqh ;3' Fmmigc f [~ìghêig} ah}shhg 1 [~ìghêig}{

Egkh [~ìghêig}{ jfth ahhg fmmhm }e }jh ~f}j }jhy kfg ah lethm

igmh~hgmhg}`y }e kegdicxqh }jh {jf~h *Dicxqh ;:)'

Dicxqh ;:' Letigc [~ìghêig}{ }e kegdicxqh }jh {jf~h ed }jh ~f}j

Gh}seqoGemh{ kfg ah kegdicxqhm }e {~hkidy }jh gxlahq ed qh{exqkh{

fgm miqhk}ieg ed }jh ~f}j' Ay ~qh{{igc }jh ‐[“ ohy fgm kìkoigc fgm

mqfccigc dqel egh Gh}seqoGemh }e }jh e}jhq yex kfg mhdigh }jh ~f}j

f{ f {igc`h miqhk}ieg ~f}j' ]ji{ i{ igmikf}hm ay f qhm ìgh eg }jh {imh ed

}jh ~f}j }jf} kfg ge ègchq ah x{hm' *Dicxqh ;9)'


71/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Dicxqh ;9' [igc`h miqhk}ieg ~f}j

Sjhg f ~f}j jf{ ahhg kegdicxqhm x{igc [~ìghêig}{, }jh leai`

qh{exqkh{ }jf} x{h }jh ~f}j si`` fx}elf}ikf``y de`ès }jh {~ìgh }jf}

jf{ ahhg mhdighm' ]jh [~ìghêig} af``{ kfg ah }ecc`hm eg fgm edd ay

je`migc mesg }jh ‐K}q`“ ohy fgm kìkoigc eg }jh Gh}seqoGemh *Dicxqh

;6>)'

Dicxqh ;6>' [~ìghêig}{ }xqghm edd si}j ‐K}q`“ kìko eg }jh Gh}seqoGemh

Ge}h2 Sjhg x{igc f [~ìghêig}{ ig yexq lemh` i} i{ il~eq}fg} }e

{h`hk} }jh ‐@eko [~ìgh{“ ig }jh ‐Hmi}“ lhgx' ]ji{ si`` èko }jh

[~ìghêig}{ fgm si`` igkqhf{h }jh qxg {~hhm {xa{}fg}if``y'


72/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,:

]jh Lemh` ]qhh Tihs

]jh lemh` }qhh tihs i{ x{hm ig D`hz{il }e hz~èqh }jh lemh`

{}qxk}xqh fgm eabhk}{ ig mh}fi`' ]e fkkh{{ }jh lemh` }qhh tihs {h`hk}

}jh ax}}eg dqel }jh }eeàfq' ]jh lemh` }qhh tihs si`` }jhg

ah mi{~`fyhm *Dicxqh ;66)'

Dicxqh ;66' Lemh` }qhh tihs

]jh lemh` }qhh tihs i{ f tihs sigmes }jf} ~qetimh{ lfgy xgivxh

dhf}xqh{ deq }jh lemh`hq' Ig }ji{ tihs }jh lemh`hq kfg2

6' Kx{}elirh D`hz{il eabhk}{ x{igc K// eq D`hz{kqi~}

1' Tihs f`` eabhk} mf}f

;' Fkkh{{ }jh ~qe~hq}ih{ fgm ~fqflh}hq{ CXI

=' Hmi} }jh lemh`, mh`h}h eabhk}{, lemidy f`` mf}f

Id yex de`ès f dhs {il~`h gfticf}ieg qx`h{ yex si`` digm }jh }qhh tihs

egh ed }jh le{} x{fa`h tihs{ si}jig D`hz{il' [igkh f`` }qhh tihs{ ig

D`hz{il seqo }jh {flh sfy, egkh yex xgmhq{}fgm jes }jh }qhh tihs

seqo{ yex si`` ah fa`h }e gfticf}h fgm xgmhq{}fgm }jh {}qxk}xqh ed

fgy }qhh tihs }jf} i{ fkkh{{ia`h ay }jh x{hq'


73/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


]qhh Tihs Af{ik{

D`hz{il jf{ ahhg mh{icghm }e je`m f`` mf}f fgm igdeqlf}ieg ig f }qhh

{}qxk}xqh' ]ji{ }qhh {}qxk}xqh i{ }jh keqh mf}f {}qxk}xqh deq f`` ed

D`hz{il’{ eabhk} eqihg}hm mh{icg' ]je{h sje fqh dfliìfq si}j K//

eabhk} eqihg}hm ~qecqflligc si`` illhmif}h`y qhkecgirh D`hz{il’{

}qhh tihs f{ }jh K// {}fgmfqm deq eabhk} eqihg}hm mf}f lfgfchlhg}'

]jhqh fqh {hthqf` {ylae`{ x{hm ig }jh }qhh tihs }jf} si`` jh`~ yex

xgmhq{}fgm }jh {}qxk}xqh f{ yex gfticf}h }jh }qhh'

]jh hg}iqh lfig }qhh tihs i{ qhdhqqhm }e f{ f ~qebhk}' ]jh ìaqfqy,

dèsi}hl aig, fgm lemh` fqh keg}fighm ig f ~qebhk}' ]jh tihs }qhh

keg}fig{ f`` }jh tihs{ fgm CXI mhdigi}ieg{' Sjhg f {h{{ieg i{ {fthm

}jh lfig }qhh fgm }jh tihs{ }qhh fqh {fthm'

]jh de`mhq ikeg imhg}idih{ lfig kel~eghg}{ ed }jh kel~`h}h

~qebhk}' ]jh lemh` i{ f kel~eghg} ed }jh lfig ~qebhk}' ]jh ìaqfqy i{

fge}jhq kel~eghg} ed }jh lfig ~qebhk}'

]jh eabhk} ikeg i{ x{hm }e qh~qh{hg} D`hz{il eabhk}{ ig

}jh }qhh tihs'

]jh gemh ikeg i{ x{hm }e {~hkidy mf}f gemh{ si}jig

fg eabhk}' Mf}f gemh{ kfg jfth fmmi}iegf` mf}f gemh{ ~`fkhm ig{imh

}jhl' Id f mf}f gemh jf{ f ‐/“ bx{} }e }jh `hd} ed }jh ikeg i} si`` keg}fig

egh eq leqh fmmi}iegf` mf}f gemh{' Mf}f gemh{ kfg je`m gxlhqik eq

f`~jfgxlhqik tf`xh{'

Khq}fig mf}f gemh{ fqh {~hkidihm f{ K// mf}f gemh{

}jf} je`m K// kemh' K// kemh kfg ah hg}hqhm miqhk}`y ig f K// mf}f

gemh' ]ji{ kemh i{ kel~i`hm sjhg }jh ‐Axi`m K//“ i{ hzhkx}hm'

Mf}f gemh{ kfg f`{e ah {~hkidihm f{ f ‐D`hz{kqi~}“ gemh'

]ji{ gemh kfg keg}fig D`hz{kqi~} kemh fgm si`` ah fx}ekel~i`hm

mxqigc }jh qxggigc ed }jh lemh`' D`hz{kqi~} kellfgm{ fqh ~qh

kel~i`hm K// dxgk}ieg{' D`hz{kqi~} kellfgm{ kfg ah tihshm ay

{h`hk}igc }jh ax}}eg ig }jh }eeàfq *Dicxqh ;61)'


74/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,6>

Dicxqh ;61' D`hz{kqi~} kellfgm{

Sjhg yex {h`hk} fg eabhk} ig }jh }qhh tihs ay kìkoigc eg }jh ikeg

si}j }jh lex{h, }jh }qhh tihs si`` mi{~`fy }jh eabhk} f{ de`ès{2

F jicjìcj}igc aez si`` ah ~`fkhm fqexgm }jh eabhk} ikeg fgm fg

hz~fgm }qhh {ylae` si`` ah ~`fkh }e }jh `hd} ed }jh eabhk} ikeg' Id

yex {h`hk} }ji{ hz~fgm }qhh {ylae` }jh mf}f gemh{ deq }jf} eabhk} si``

ah mi{~`fyhm f{ {jesg ig Dicxqh ;6;'


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D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Dicxqh ;6;' Hz~fgmhm eabhk} }qhh tihs

F{ eabhk}{ fgm mf}f gemh{ fqh hz~fgmhm }jh }qhh tihs kfg vxiko`y

cqes }e ah ex}{imh }jh tihsigc ìli}{ ed }jh }qhh tihs sigmes'

D`hz{il f`ès{ yex }e leth }jh }qhh fqexgm ig }jh sigmes ay x{igc

}jh lex{h' ]e leth }jh }qhh fqexgm ig }jh sigmes bx{} kìkofgm

mqfc eg }jh `hd} {imh ed }jh }qhh, eq x{h }jh lex{h sjhh` }e {kqe`` x~

fgm mesg'

Mf}f gemh{ kfg ah hz~fgmhm ay kìkoigc eg }jh ‐/“ }e }jh `hd} ed }jh

gemh ikeg' [igkh mf}f gemh{ kfg jfth tf`xh{ eq }hz} yex si`` {hh }jh

}hz} igdeqlf}ieg eq }jh mf}f tf`xh{ }e }jh qicj} ed }jh gemh *Dicxqh ;

6=)'


76/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,61

Dicxqh ;6=' ]hz} fgm tf`xh mf}f gemh{

Mf}f kfg ah hmi}hm miqhk}`y ig }jh }qhh ay {h`hk}igc }jh gemh yex si{j

}e hmi}' Id i} i{ f tf`xh mf}f gemh yex si`` ah fa`h }e hmi} }jh tf`xh ig

}jh dih`m *Dicxqh ;68)' Id i} i{ f }hz} mf}f gemh yex si`` ah cithg f }hz}hmi} dih`m eg }jh qicj} {imh ed }jh sigmes }e hmi} }jh }hz} *Dicxqh ;64)'

Id yex {h`hk} eg fg

eabhk} eq mf}f gemhyex si`` ge} ah fa`h}e leth }jh }qhh'[h`hk} f {~e} ig }jhtihs }jf} i{ hl~}y}jhg mqfc }jhlex{h }e leth }jh}qhh' Yex kfg f`{ex{h }jh lex{hsjhh` }e leth }jh}qhh x~ fgm mesg'


77/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' ;,6;

Dicxqh ;68' Hmi}igc ed f tf`xh mf}f gemh

Dicxqh ;64' Hmi}igc f }hz} mf}f gemh

F{ yex kfg {hh }jh }qhh i{ }jh qh~e{i}eqy ed f`` mf}f deq }jh lemh`'

]jh ~qe~hq}ih{ fgm ~fqflh}hq{ CXI{ fqh x{hm }e ~qetimh f leqh

x{hqdqihgm`y sfy }e lfgi~x`f}h }jh mf}f ig }jh }qhh' I} i{ ~e{{ia`h }e

kel~`h}h`y hmi} yexq lemh` dqel }jh }qhh ax} i} i{ qhkellhgmhm }jf}

yex x{h }jh CXI{ }e fteim igfmthq}hg} mh`h}ieg ed lemh` mf}f' ]jh

~qe~hq}ih{ fgm ~fqflh}hq{ CXI{ kfg ah fkkh{{hm ig }jh }qhh tihs ay

qicj} k`ikoigc eq mexa`h k`ikoigc eg }jh eabhk} ikeg '


78/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,6=


Axi`migc Lemh` ;

]e {}fq} axi`migc lemh` ; yex si`` ghhm }e èfm lemh` 1 dqel }jh `f{}

`h{{eg'

[]H^ 62 @efm Lemh` 1 fgm Kel~i`h

Egkh }jh lemh` jf{ èfmhm ~qh{{ }jh Kel~i`h ax}}eg eg }jh }eeàfq'

Sjhg }jh axi`m ~qekh{{ i{ kel~`h}h yex si`` ah qhfmy }e qhkegdicxqh }jh

`fyex}'

[]H^ 12 Qhkegdicxqh }jh kegthyeq{ cqf~jikf``y }e mqe~ dèsi}hl{

ig}e }jh vxhxh

X{igc }jh Kegthyeq@fyex} }fa eg Kegthyeq 6 fgm ;, qhkegdicxqh }jh

kegthyeq `fyex} }e mqe~ dèsi}hl{ ig }jh vxhxh *{hh Dicxqh ;63f fgm

Dicxqh ;63a)' Yex si`` ghhm }e fmm f} `hf{} 6 fmmi}iegf` kxqthm kegthyeq

{hk}ieg }e me }ji{'

Dicxqh ;63f' Fmmigc {hk}ieg{ }e qhkegdicxqh Kegthyeq{ 6fgm ;'


79/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Dicxqh ;63a' @fyex} fd}hq }jh Kegthyeq{ jfth ahhg qhkegdicxqhm'

[]H^ ;2 Mh`h}h }jh ~eq} kegghk}ieg dqel }jh kegthyeq vxhxh }e }jh

{igo' ]jhg mh`h}h }jh {igo

]e ~qh~fqh }jh lemh` }e fmm }jh qfko{, }jh ~eq} kegghk}ieg ah}shhg }jh

Vxhxh fgm }jh {igo ghhm{ }e ah mh`h}hm' ]ji{ i{ megh ay ~qh{{igc fgm

je`migc }jh ‐V“ ohy fgm kìkofgmmqfc f ìgh dqel }jh vxhxh }e }jh {igo'

Egkh }jh ~eq} kegghk}ieg i{ mh`h}hm, {h`hk} }jh {igo si}j }jh lex{h fgm

}jhg ~qh{{ }jh ‐Mh`“ ohy'

[]H^ =2 Fmm }jqhh qfko{ }e }jh lemh`

[h`hk} }jh qfko *ig }jh {}eqfch cqex~) eabhk} ig }jh ìaqfqy

fgm mqfcfgmmqe~ }jqhh qfko{ ig}e }jh lemh`' Egkh }jh qfko{ fqh ig }jh

lemh` kqhf}h ~eq} kegghk}ieg{ dqel }jh vxhxh }e hfkj qfko ay ~qh{{igc

}jh fgm je`migc }jh ‐F“ ohy fgm }jhg kìko fgmmqfc f ìgh deql }jh vxhxh

}e hfkj qfko *{hh Dicxqh ;6:)'


80/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,64

Dicxqh ;6:' Qfko{ fmmhm }e }jh lemh`

^`fkh }jh qfko{ dfq hgexcj fsfy dqel }jh vxhxh }e f`ès }jh deqo }qxko }e

}qfth` f sfy{ }e qhfkj }jh qfko'

[]H^ 82 [h} x~ }jh cèaf` }fa`h deq dèsi}hl qex}igc dqel }jh vxhxh

}e }jh qfko{

]jh ghz} {}h~ i{ }e {h} x~ f cèaf` }fa`h }jf} si`` ah x{hm }e qhdhqhgkh

sjikj qfko hfkj dèsi}hl si`` ah {hg} }e' [igkh sh ghhm }e {hgm f``

i}hl}y~h 6{ }e qfko 1, f`` i}hl}y~h 1{ }e qfko ;, fgm f`` i}hl}y~h ;{ }e

qfko 6' Jhqh fqh }jh {}h~{ }e {h}}igc x~ f cèaf` }fa`h2

6' [h`hk} }jh ax}}eg eg }jh }eeàfq'

1' Sjhg }jh ‐X{hq Mhdighm ]fa`h{ fgm Hthg}{“ sigmes f~~hfq{

~qh{{ }jh ax}}eg xgmhq cèaf` }fa`h{' ]jh mhdfx`} gflh

ed }jh }fa`h si`` f~~hfq ig }jh cèaf` }fa`h{ ~iko ì{}'

;' [h`hk} }jh ax}}eg }e mhdigh }jh }fa`h'

=' Ig }jh ‐Hmi} Cèaf` ]fa`h{“ sigmes kjfgch }jh gflh ed }jh }fa`h

}e ‐qex}“' 8' [h} }jh }fa`h }e jfth ; qes{ fgm 6 ke`xlg'

4' Gflh }jh qes{ i}hl6i}hl; fgm di`` ig }jh tf`xh{ }e keqqh{~egm }e

}jh qfko gxlahq sh sfg} }e {hgm }jh dèsi}hl{'


81/122


82/122


83/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


1' Kegghk} }jh Gh}seqoGemh{ }e hfkj e}jhq ay ~qh{{igc

}jh ‐F“ ohy eg }jh ohyaefqm fgm kìko fgmmqfc f ìgh

ah}shhg hfkj Gh}seqoGemh *{hh Dicxqh ;16)' F cqhhg

ìgh si`` f~~hfq sjhg }jh kegghk}ieg i{ lfmh'

Dicxqh ;16' Kegghk}ieg{ ah}shhg Gh}seqoGemh{ *~eq} kegghk}{ jfth ahhg jimmhg }e

hgfa`h ah}}hq tihsigc ed }jh Gh}seqoGemh kegghk}ieg{)


84/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,1>

;' Kegghk} }jh Gh}seqoGemh }e }jh eabhk} }jf} }jh deqo

}qxko si`` ~ikox~ fgm mqe~edd' ]ji{ ghhm{ }e ah megh {e

}jf} deqo }qxko si`` oges sjf} Gh}seqoGemh }e ah f}

sjhg }jh ~ikox~ eq mqe~edd i{ lfmh' ]ji{ i{ megh ay

~qh{{igc }jh ‐F“ ohy eg }jh ohyaefqm fgm }jhg kìko fgm

mqfc f ìgh dqel }jh Gh}seqoGemh }e }jh eabhk}' F }jig

a`xh ìgh si`` f~~hfq sjhg }jh kegghk}ieg i{ lfmh *{hh

Dicxqh ;11)'

Dicxqh ;11' Kegghk}ieg{ dqel Gh}seqoGemh{ }e eabhk}{


85/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


=' ]jh `f{} {}h~ i{ }e kegghk} }jh deqo }qxko }e }jh gemh

gh}seqo' Ig eqmhq deq }jh deqo }qxko }e oges }jf} i} jf{ }e

x{h }jh ~f}j i} lx{} ah kegghk}hm }e egh ed }jh

Gh}seqoGemh{ ig }jh ~f}j gh}seqo' ]ji{ i{ megh ay

~qh{{igc }jh ‐F“ ohy eg }jh ohyaefqm fgm }jhg kìko fgm

mqfc f ìgh dqel }jh deqo }qxko }e f Gh}seqoGemh' F qhm

ìgh si`` f~~hfq sjhg }jh kegghk}ieg i{ lfmh *{hh dicxqh

;1;)'

Dicxqh ;1;' Kegghk}igc }jh deqo }qxko }e }jh Gh}seqoGemh

[]H^ 92 Kel~i`h, {fth fgm qxg }jh lemh`

F} }ji{ ~eig} i} sex`m ah f ceem imhf }e {fth }jh lemh`, Kel~i`h fgm

}jhg qxg }jh lemh` }e lfoh {xqh }jh deqo }qxko i{ x{igc }jh ~f}j

gh}seqo'


86/122


87/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' ;,1;

^f}j [~ìghêig}{

Yex si`` ge}ikh }jf} sjhg }se Gh}seqoGemh{ fqh kegghk}hm f cqhhg

ìgh {jes{ }jh kegghk}ieg' Ig }jh limm`h ed }jh ìgh yex si`` {hh f

[~ìghêig}' ]jh af`` }jf} qh~qh{hg}{ }jh [~ìghêig} i{ }jh {flh f{

yex jfth {hhg eg }jh kegthyeq' Yex kfg fmm [~ìghêig}{, fgm

leth }jhl fqexgm }e lfoh kxqth{, }xqg{, fgm qfl~{ ig }jh ~f}j

*{hh Dicxqh ;18)'

Dicxqh ;18' ̂ f}j [~ìghêig}{

^f}j [~ìghêig}{ fmm f }qhlhgmex{ flexg} ed d`hziaiì}y f{ sh`` f{ f

qhmxk}ieg ed Gh}seqoGemh{ ghhmhm }e axi`m kel~`hz ~f}j{' ^f}jgh}seqo{ fx}elf}ikf``y x{h Mybo{}qf’{ f`ceqi}jl }e mh}hqligh }jh

{jeq}h{} mi{}fgkh deq f`` ~f}j lethlhg}{'


88/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,1=

[]H^ 6>2 X{igc }jh qh~eq} }e tihs ex}~x}

]e fkkh{{ }jh qh~eq}igc dhf}xqh{ ig D`hz{il yex lx{} {h`hk} }jh

eabhk}{ ig }jh lemh` yex sfg} igk`xmhm ig }jh qh~eq}' ]ji{ i{ megh f}

}jh hgm ed }jh qxg' ]e {h`hk} eabhk}{ ~qh{{ fgm je`m }jh ‐K}q`“ ohy eg

}jh ohyaefqm fgm }jhg {h`hk} }jh eabhk} si}j yexq lex{h' Sjhg fg

eabhk} i{ {h`hk}hm f qhm aez si`` f~~hfq fqexgm }jh eabhk} *{hh Dicxqh

;14)' ]e {h`hk} f kegthyeq yex lx{} k`ikofgmmqfc f aez }jf}

igk`xmh{ f ~eq}ieg ed }jh kegthyeq'

Dicxqh ;14' [h`hk}igc eabhk}{ }e igk`xmh ig }jh qh~eq}


89/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Egkh yex jfth {h`hk}hm }jh eabhk}{ }jf} yex sfg} ig }jh qh~eq} {h`hk}

}jh ‐[}fgmfqm Ex}~x} Qh~eq}“ e~}ieg ig }jh ‐[}f}{“ lhgx '

Sjhg }jh qh~eq} ax}}eg i{ ~qh{{hm yex si`` ah ~qh{hg}hm si}j }jh

‐Qh~eq} Hmi}eq fgm Chghqf}eq“ CXI *{hh Dicxqh ;13)'

Dicxqh ;13' Qh~eq} Hmi}eq fgm Chghqf}eq

]e fkkh{{ }jh af{ik fgm {}f}h qh~eq} e~}ieg{ ~qh{{ }jh ‐CHGHQF]H

AF[IK QHÊQ]“ eq }jh ‐CHGHQF]H []F]H QHÊQ]“ ax}}eg *{hh

Dicxqh{ ;1:, ;19)' Id yex jfth fgy tfqifa`h{ yex sex`m ìoh }e fmm

}e fgy ed }jh qh~eq}{ yex kfg fmm }jhg x{igc }jh }fa`h ig}hqdfkh

~qetimhm' ]jh qh~eq} si`` ah hz~eq}hm }e Hzkh` fgm mi{~`fyhm

fx}elf}ikf``y''


90/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,14

Dicxqh ;1:' Af{ik qh~eq} *Likq{ed} Hzkh`)

Dicxqh ;19' [}f}h qh~eq} *Likqe{ed} Hzkh`)


91/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


[]H^ 662 Qxggigc lx`}i~`h qxg{ ed yexq lemh` x{igc }jh

[ilx`f}ieg Hz~hqilhg}hq

]e fkkh{{ }jh ‐Hz~hqilhg}hq“ ig D`hz{il {h`hk} }jh hz~hqilhg}hq

ax}}eg ig }jh `eshq qicj} ed }jh lfig sigmes *{hh Dicxqh ;;>)'

Dicxqh ;;>

Sjhg ~qh{{hm, }jh ‐[ilx`f}ieg Hz~hqilhg} Keg}qe`“ sigmes si``

f~~hfq *{hh Dicxqh ;;6)'

Dicxqh ;;6' [ilx`f}ieg Hz~hqilhg} Keg}qe`


92/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,1:

]jh {ilx`f}ieg hz~hqilhg} keg}qe` CXI f`ès{ yex }e mhdigh f

gxlahq ed qh~ìkf}ieg{ }e qxg }jh lemh`, f sfql x~ ~hqiem, fgm }jh

{ilx`f}ieg hgm }ilh' Hfkj qxg i{ {fthm ig }jh ‐Hz~hqilhg}“ miqhk}eqy

f{ f ~qebhk}' ]jh lemh` i{ {fthm ig }jh digf` {}f}h {e }jh x{hq kfg

èfm }jh lemh` fgm qhtihs }jh ex}~x} mf}f'

GE]H2 Qhlhlahq }e }xqg eg }jh {}f}{ ahdeqh }jh lemh` i{ qxg id yex

si{j }e {fth }jh ji{}eqy' [}f}{ fqh qhvxiqhm id yex si{j }e qhtihs fgy

ji{}ecqfl{, eq keg}hg} t{' }ilh ~è}{' Qh~eq}{ fgm {}f}h cqf~j{ }e ge}

ghhm ji{}eqy {}eqhm' [hh @h{{eg 1 deq f mi{kx{{ieg eg jes }e }xqg eg

}jh {}f}{ fgm {fth {}f} ji{}eqih{'

[]H^ 612 X{igc D`y~f}j{ deq lemh` ~qh{hg}f}ieg

D`y~f}j{ f`ès f lemh`hq }e {~hkidy f {hvxhgkh ed tihs ~eig}{ }jf}

kfg ah ~`fyhm afko f} x{hqmhdighm }ilh ig}hqtf`{' Lx`}i~`h d`y~f}j{

kfg ah mhdighm' Sjhg hmi}igc f d`y~f}j, }jh {hvxhgkh ed tihs ~eig}{

kfg ah kf~}xqhm fx}elf}ikf``y' ]jh x{hq {~hkidih{ }jh }ilh qhvxiqhm

}e }qfth` dqel egh tihs ~eig} }e }jh ghz} ig }jh {hvxhgkh'

]jh de`èsigc {}h~{ kqhf}h d`y~f}j{2

6' [h`hk} }jh ‐D`y ^f}j{“ e~}ieg ig }jh ‐^qh{hg}f}ieg“ lhgx *{hh

Dicxqh ;;1)'

1'

Dicxqh ;;1


93/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


;' ]jh d`y~f}j CXI si`` }jhg f~~hfq *{hh Dicxqh ;;;)'

Dicxqh ;;;

=' [h`hk} }jh ‐Fmm“ ax}}eg, }jhg {h`hk} }jh hmi} ax}}eg deq ~f}j

6' ]jh hmi} d`y~f}j mif`ec si`` f~~hfq *{hh Dicxqh ;;=)'

Dicxqh ;;=' Hmi} d`y~f}j mif`ec


94/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,;>

8' I} i{ x{xf``y ~qhdhqfa`h }e x{h f ‐^hq{~“ tihs fgm fmbx{}{ }jh

{h}}igc{ }e jimh kegghk}ieg{' ]ji{ i{ megh ay {h`hk}igc }jh

{h}}igc{ lhgx eg }jh lemh` tihs sigmes *{hh Dicxqh ;;8)'

Dicxqh ;;8' Lemh` tihs sigmes {h}}igc{


95/122


96/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,;1

3' Egkh }jh lemh` tihs jf{ ahhg mh{icgf}hm f{ }jh {h`hk}hm

tihs yex kfg fmm f tihs ~eig} }e }jh d`y~f}j' ]ji{ i{ megh ay

gfticf}igc }jh lemh` tihs }e }jh mh{iqhm tihs si}j }jh

lex{h' Egkh yex jfth }jh tihs ig }jh lemh` tihs sigmes

}jf} yex sfg} }e fmm }e }jh d`y ~f}j bx{} ~qh{{ }jh

ig }jh hmi} d`y~f}j mifèc' ]jh tihsigdeqlf}ieg si`` ah fmmhm }e }jh d`y~f}j }fa`h *{hh Dicxqh ;

;3)'

Dicxqh ;;3' Fmmigc f {t*) ~eig} }e }jh d`y~f}j mifèc

GE]H2 ]jh }ilh tf`xh i{ ig li`ì{hkegm{' ]jh tf`xh 6>>> si`` qh}xqg f

6 {hkegm d`y}e }ilh deq }jh tihs'

:' Qh~hf} }jh ~qekh{{ ay fmbx{}igc }jh lemh` tihs }e f

middhqhg} èkf}ieg fgm }jhg fmmigc }jh ~eig} }e }jh ì{} f{

mh{kqiahm ig }jh ~qhtiex{ {}h~'

9' Egkh yex jfth digi{jhm fmmigc tihs ~eig}{ }e }jh ì{} gflh

}jh d`y~f}j fgm }jhg {h`hk} }jh ‐EO“ ax}}eg'

6>' ]e qxg }jh d`y~f}j {h`hk} }jh qxg e~}ieg dqel }jh d`y ~f}j CXI

*{hh Dicxqh ;;:)' ]jh d`y~f}j si`` qxg hthg }jexcj }jh


97/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' ;,;;

lemh` i{ ge} qxggigc' ]jh d`y~f}j i{ af{hm edd }jh kel~x}hq

kèko }ilh ge} }jh {ilx`f}ieg kèko' ]ji{ f`ès{ }jh x{hq }e

qxg }jh lemh` df{} sji`h lfig}figigc f gikh {lee}j d`y

}jqexcj hz~hqihgkh'

Dicxqh ;;:' Qxg }jh d`fy ~f}j

GE]H2 Id }jh d`y~f}j meh{ ge} qxg, lfoh {xqh }jf} }jh kxqqhg} lemh`

tihs i{ mh{icgf}hm f{ }jh {h`hk}hm tihs {t*)' [hh {}h~ 8 faeth'

]ji{ kel~`h}h{ `h{{eg ;' Kegcqf}x`f}ieg{&


98/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,;=

@h{{eg ; Hz}qf Li`h

Ig}qemxk}ieg

]ji{ hz}qf li`h {h{{ieg i{ mh{icghm }e }hfkj }jh lemh`hq jes }e

mhthè~ f D`hz{il ~qh{hg}f}ieg' D`hz{il jf{ f xgivxh kf~faiì}y }e

ig}hcqf}h {ilx`f}ieg lemh`{ si}j ;M }hz} {ìmh{ fgm d`y ~f}j{ }e

kqhf}h f dès deq }jh ~qh{hg}f}ieg' Ge e}jhq {ed}sfqh ig }jh seq`m

kelaigh{ mi{kqh}h hthg} {ilx`f}ieg, ~qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmh{, fgm d`y

}jqexcj ig f }qxh ;m hgtiqeglhg}' Ay `hfqgigc }ji{ }hkjgivxh f sje`h

ghs ~qh{hg}f}ieg ~`f}deql si`` ah ftfi`fa`h }e yex }e x{h si}j eq

si}jex} {ilx`f}ieg'

Sjf} Yex Si`` @hfqg

6' Jes }e fmm ~qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmh{ }e }jh lemh`'

1' Jes }e mhdigh ;M }hz}'

;' Jes }e x{h }jh ^qh{hg}f}ieg Axi`mhq lemh` tihs }e axi`m f

{hvxhgkh ed d`y ~f}j{'

=' Jes }e hmi} d`y ~f}j {hvxhgkh{'

8' Jes }e qxg f D`hz{il ̂ qh{hg}f}ieg'

Ghs Eabhk}{, fgm Lemh` Tihs E~}ieg{

Ig }ji{ `h{{eg yex si`` ah ig}qemxkhm }e }jh ^qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmh e~}ieg

ed }jh Ti{xf`]ee`' Yex si`` f`{e `hfqg jes }e x{h }e ^qh{hg}f}ieg

Axi`mhq lemh` tihs }e axi`m fgm hmi} d`y ~f}j {hvxhgkh{' Fgm yex si``

`hfqg jes }e x{h }jh Dx`` [kqhhg tihs }e {jes }jh ~qh{hg}f}ieg'


]ji{ `h{{eg {jex`m }foh faex} ;>=> ligx}h{ }e kel~`h}h


99/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' ;,;8

Lemh` ; Hz}qf Li`h Mh{kqi~}ieg

Ig lemh` ; Hz}qf Li`h sh si`` x{h }jh lemh` sh mhth`e~hm ig Lemh` 1

Hz}qf Li`h }e kqhf}h f ~qh{hg}f}ieg deq lfgfchlhg}' ]jh eg`y

fmmi}ieg{ sh si`` lfoh }e }jh lemh` si`` ah x{hm ig }jh ~qh{hg}f}ieg'

Diq{} sh si`` fmm fg e~hgigc {`imh }jf} si`` imhg}idy }jh eabhk}ith{ ed

}jh ~qh{hg}f}ieg' ]jh eabhk}ith ed }ji{ lemh` i{ }e {jes }jf} 1

e~hqf}eq{ fqh ghhmhm }e ligilirh }jh fthqfch sfi} }ilh ig }jh vxhxh

ahdeqh }jh ~qekh{{h{ fgm }e {jes }jh {}f}h kjfq}{ ed hfkj e~hqf}eq

}e ~qeth }jhy fqh ge} ethq seqo{' Fmmi}iegf``y sh sfg} }e oges sjf}

}jh fthqfch sfi} deq f deqo }qxko i{ ig }jh vxhxh fd}hq }jh ~qekh{{'

]jh ~qh{hg}f}ieg {jex`m ~qetimh }jh igdeqlf}ieg ghkh{{fqy }e

kegtigkh lfgfchlhg} }jf} }jh ~qekh{{ qxg qhf{egfa`y {lee}j`y'


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]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,;4


Axi`migc Lemh` ; Hz}qf Li`h

]e {}fq} axi`migc lemh` ; hz}qf li`h yex si`` ghhm }e èfm Lemh` 1

Hz}qf Li`h dqel }jh `f{} Hz}qf Li`h `h{{eg'

[]H^ 62 @efm Lemh` 1 Hz}qf Li`h fgm Kel~i`h

[]H^ 12 Fmm }jh Ti{xf`]ee` }e }jh lemh` fgm {h`hk} }jh

^qh{hg}f}ieg [ìmh e~}ieg

Ahdeqh sh {}fq} axi`migc }jh ~qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmh, kè{h }jh ‐Eq}je“ tihs

fgm e~hg }jh ‐^hq{~“ tihs' ]ji{ tihs i{ ~qhdhqqhm sjhg tihsigc

~qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmh{' ]e fmm f ~qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmh }e }jh lemh` mqfc

fgmmqe~ f Ti{xf`]ee` ig}e }jh lemh` tihs sigmes }e }jh `hd} ed }jh

lemh` *Dicxqh ;;9)'

Dicxqh ;;9' Fmmigc f Ti{xf`]ee` }e }jh lemh`


101/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


Ges mexa`hkìko eg }jh Ti{xf`]ee` }e e~hg }jh ~fqflh}hq{ CXI' Ig

}jh ‐Ti{xf` Mi{~`fy“ ~iko ì{} {h`hk} }jh ‐^qh{hg}f}ieg [ìmh“ e~}ieg

*Dicxqh ;=>) fgm kìko }jh ‐EO“ ax}}eg'

Dicxqh ;=>' [h`hk}igc }jh ^qh{hg}f}ieg [ìmh ti{xf` mi{~`fy

Egkh }jh ‐^qh{hg}f}ieg [ìmh“ e~}ieg i{ {h`hk}hm }jh Ti{xf`]ee` ges

ahkelh{ f {~hkif` keg}fighq deq }hz} mi{~`fy' ]ji{ lhfg{ }jf} sjhg

yex mqfcfgmmqe~ fge}jhq Ti{xf`]ee` eabhk} ig}e }jh ~qh{hg}f}ieg

{ìmh i} si`` fx}elf}ikf``y ah fmmhm f{ f ;M }hz} }e }jh {ìmh' ]jh diq{}

Ti{xf`]ee` yex fmm si`` ah ~`fkhm f{ f ‐jhfmhq }hz}“ eg }jh {ìmh'

Fmmi}iegf` Ti{xf`]ee`{ lfy ah fmmhm }e {ìmh f{ ax``h} ~eig}{ eg }jh

{ìmh' ]jhy si`` fx}elf}ikf``y ah deqlf}}hm eg }jh {ìmh' Id sh sfg}hm

}e jfth f {ìmh jhfmhq fgm ; ax``h} ~eig}{ eg }jh {ìmh sh sex`m ghhm

}e mqfcfgmmqe~ = Ti{xf`]ee`{ eg}e }jh {ìmh'


102/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,;:

[]H^ ;2 Mqfcfgmmqe~ = Ti{xf`]ee` eabhk}{ eg}e }jh

^qh{hg}f}ieg [ìmh

Mqfcfgmmqe~ = fmmi}iegf` Ti{xf`]ee`{ ig}e }jh ^qh{hg}f}ieg [ìmh'

Lfoh {xqh yex mqe~ }jhl eg }jh {ìmh' Id megh keqqhk}`y yex {jex`m

{hh }jh seqm ‐JH@@E“ = }ilh{ eg }jh {ìmh' ]jh diq{} si`` ah }jh

jhfmhq }hz} fgm }jh de`èsigc ; si`` ah ax``h} }hz} *dicxqh ;=6)'

Dicxqh ;=6' Fmmigc }hz} }e }jh {ìmh

F} }ji{ ~eig} sh jfth f`` }jh h`hlhg}{ }e axi`m }jh {ìmh' ]jhqh i{ f

afkocqexgm *}jh D`hz{il èce i{ mhdighm f{ }jh }hz}xqh eg }jh

~qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmh), fgm }hz} }e mhdigh sjf} sh sfg} }e {fy eg }jh

{ìmh' ]jh ghz} {}h~ i{ }e mhdigh }jh }hz} }e {fy sjf} sh sfg}'


103/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


[]H^ =2 Mhdigigc }jh }hz}

]e mhdigh }jh }hz} eg }jh {ìmh, mexa`hkìko eg }jh ~qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmh'

]ji{ si`` e~hg }jh ~fqflh}hq{ CXI deq }jh Ti{xf`]ee`' F ghs }fa si``

ges f~~hfq f} }jh }e~ kf``hm ‐]hz}{“' [h`hk} }ji{ }fa fgm yex si`` ges

{hh }jh ig~x} dih`m{ }e mhdigh }jh = }hz} eabhk}{ eg }jh {ìmh *Dicxqh ;

=1)' Deq kegthgihgkh yex lfy sfg} }e qhgflh ]jh Ti{xf`]ee` }e

‐E~hgigc [ìmh“'

Dicxqh ;=1' ]jh ‐]hz}{“ }fa

Hfkj }hz} kfg ges ah hmi}hm ay ~qh{{igc }jh kemh }hl~`f}h

ax}}eg'

]jhqh i{ qeel deq =}hz} eabhk}{ ig }jh]hz}{ }fa' Id yexjfth leqh }jfg =

}jh }hz} kfg ahhmi}hm ay mexa`hkìkoigc eg }jh }hz}i}{h`d eg }jh {ìmh']ji{ si`` e~hg }jh]hz} CXI eg`y fgm}jh }hz} kfg ahhmi}hm'

Hfkj }hz} i{ f{h~fqf}hTi{xf`]ee` eabhk}}jf} kfg ah hmi}hm

igmitimxf``y'


104/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,=>

Deq ]hz} 6 {h`hk} }jh ax}}eg fgm hg}hq }jh de`èsigc }hz}2

]jhg ~qh{{ }jh ‐EO“ ax}}eg'

]jhg cith }jh }hz} {elh ;M }jikogh{{ ay ~`fkigc }jh gxlahq '1 ig

}jh }jikogh{{ dih`m, fgm kjfgch }jh keèq ed }jh }hz} f{ {jesg ahès2

]jh }hz} si`` ge} kjfgch eg }jh {kqhhg xg}i` }jh lemh` i{ kel~i`hm'

[h`hk} ‐EO“ eg }jh ~qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmh fgm kel~i`h }jh lemh`' ]jh

jhfmhq }hz} {jex`m ges ah mi{~`fyhm *dicxqh ;=;)'

Dicxqh ;=;' Jhfmhq }hz} fd}hq kel~i`h

]hz} @fyex} ]i~

]hz} kfg ah lethmfgm fqqfgchm eg }jh{ìmh ay kìkoigc eg}jh }hz} fgm letigci} si}j }jh lex{h']jh }hz} si`` {jes f

yh`ès aez fqexgm i}sjhg {h`hk}hm'

]hz} kfg f`{e ahfqqfgchm ay{h`hk}igc }jh

‐Keg}fighq“ }fa f}}jh ae}}el ed }jh~qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmhCXI' ]ji{ si``~qetimh f `fyex} cqim}e ~e{i}ieg }jh }hz}'


105/122


106/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,=1

Yex lfy ghhm }e fmbx{} }jh {irh ed }jh {ìmh afkocqexgm }e di} }jh

}hz}' ]ji{ i{ megh ay {h`hk}igc }jh {ìmh fgm }jhg {}qh}kjigc }jh {ìmh

ay {h`hk}igc }jh yh`ès af`` eg }jh èshq qicj} keqghq *Dicxqh ;==)'

Dicxqh ;==' Fmbx{}igc }jh {ìmh {irh }e di} }jh }hz}

]jh {ìmh i{ ges qhfmy *Dicxqh ;=8)'

Dicxqh ;=8' Digi{jhm {ìmh


107/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' ;,=;

[]H^ 82 Mhdigigc }jh [ìmh Afkocqexgm

Yex lfy ge}ikh jes }jh afkocqexgm }hz}xqh ig}hqdhqh{ si}j }jh }hz}

eg }jh {ìmh {e i} lfy ah ghkh{{fqy }e kjfgch eq qhleth }jh

afkocqexgm }hz}xqh'

]qfg{~fqhgky

]jh afkocqexgm kfg ah lfmh }e jfth }qfg{~fqhgky ay {h`hk}igc f

'al~ eq 'b~c di`h }jf} jfth f '}l~ eq }~c kexg}hq~fq}' Sjhg hthq f

}hz}xqh i{ x{hm ig D`hz{il, {fy f di`h kf``hm ‐ly~ik}xqh'b~c“, }jh

{ed}sfqh si`` èeo deq f di`h si}j }jh {flh gflh si}j f '}~c hz}hg{ieg,

eq ig }ji{ kf{h f ‐ly~ik}xqh'}~c“ di`h ig }jh {flh miqhk}eqy' Id }jf} di`h

hzi{}{ i} si`` x{h }jh '}~c }e mh}hqligh }jh }qfg{~fqhgky ed }jh }hz}xqh'

Sjhqhthq }jh '}~c di`h i{ a`fko }jhqh si`` ah kel~`h}h }qfg{~fqhgky,

fgm sjhqh i} i{ kel~`h}h`y sji}h }jhqh si`` ah ge }qfg{~fqhgky' Deq{jfmh{ ig ah}shhg yex si`` jfth mhcqhh{ ed }qfg{~fqhgky' [hh }jh

de`èsigc hzfl~`h{2

D`hz{il'al~ / D`hz{il'}l~ < }qfg{~fqhgky

Af`fgkhQeko'b~c / Af`fgkhQeko'}~c < }qfg{~fqhg} fgm {eìm


108/122


109/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh

Ke~yqicj} © 1>>;, D`hz{il [ed}sfqh ^qemxk}{, Igk' ;,=8

]jh D`hz{il èce si`` ges jfth }qfg{~fqhgky eg }jh {ìmh

afkocqexgm *Dicxqh ;=3)'

Dicxqh ;=3' [ìmh si}j }qfg{~fqhgky ig }jh afkocqexgm


110/122

]x}eqif`{ @h{{eg ;

;,=4

[]H^ 42 ê{i}ieg }jh [ìmh deq }jh ^qh{hg}f}ieg

Deq exq ~qh{hg}f}ieg i} sex`m ah ah{} id }jh {ìmh sf{ {}fgmigc x~ fgm

ge} eg }jh dèeq' ]e lfoh }ji{ kjfgch mexa`hkìko eg }jh

~qh{hg}f}ieg {ìmh }e aqigc x~ }jh ~fqflh}hq{ CXI' Ig }jh ‐ê{i}ieg,

Qe}f}ieg, fgm [irh“ aez kjfgch }jh ‐R“ tf`xh }e ;'>> fgm }jh ‐QZ“

tf`xh }e 9>'>> *Dicxqh ;=:)'

Dicxqh ;=:' Fmbx{}igc }jh jhicj} fgm qe}f}ieg

[ìmh @fyex} ]i~

]jh {ìmh kfg ahlfgi~x`f}hm ig }jhlemh` tihs si}j }jhlex{h' Bx{} {h`hk}

}jh {ìmh }jhg si}j}jh qicj} lex{hax}}eg ~qh{{hm yexkfg qe}f}h }jh {ìmh'Si}j ae}j }jh qicj}fgm `hd} ax}}eg{~qh{{hm yex kfgkjfgch }jh jhicj}'


111/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


]jh {ìmh i{ ges kel~`h}h`y qhfmy deq }jh ~qh{hg}f}ieg *Dicxqh ;=9)'

Dicxqh ;=9' Tihs ed }jh kel~`h}hm {ìmh

[igkh f`` ed }jh e}jhq ti{xf` kel~eghg}{ jfth f`qhfmy ahhg ~`fkhm ig

}jh lemh` ig mhthè~igc }jh Lemh` 1 Hz}qf Li`h di`h sh fqh ges qhfmy

}e mhdigh }jh dès ed }jh ~qh{hg}f}ieg si}j d`y ~f}j{'


112/122


113/122

D`hz{il X{hq Cximh


^qh{hg}f}ieg Af{ik{

F D`hz{il ~qh{hg}f}ieg i{ f {hvxhgkh ed d`y ~f}j{' F {hvxhgkh *d`y

~f}j) lfy jfth {hthqf` ‐tihs ~eig}{“ eq d`y}e ~eig}{' Egkh f

{hvxhgkh i{ {}fq}hm i} si`` qxg }jqexcj hfkj tihs ~eig} xg}i` i} kelh{

}e }jh `f{} egh' Yex kfg mhdigh }jh }ilh i} }foh{ }e d`y}e hfkj ed }jh

tihs ~eig}{ ig f {hvxhgkh' ]jhg i} si`` {}e~' ]jh ghz} {hvxhgkh si``

ahcig sjhg }jh ‐[~fkh Afq“ i{ ~qh{{hm' Yex kfg f`{e ce afko }e }jh

~qhtiex{ {hvxhgkh ay ~qh{{igc }jh ‐A“ ohy' ]jh diq{} gigh *9)

{hvxhgkh{ mhdigh

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